View source for Great Eastern Railway

{{short description|Pre-grouping British railway company}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox rail
| railroad_name     = Great Eastern Railway
| logo_filename     = Great Eastern Railway Shield.jpg
| logo_size         = 250px
| system_map        = Map_of_Great_Eastern_Railway_1920.jpg
| map_caption       = 1920 map of the railway
| map_size          = 
| marks             = 
| image             = 
| image_size        = 
| image_caption     = 
| locale            = 
| start_year        = 1862
| end_year          = 1922
| predecessor_line  = [[Eastern Counties Railway]]<br />[[Eastern Union Railway]]<br />and others
| successor_line    = [[London and North Eastern Railway]]
| gauge             = {{Track gauge|56.5in|allk=on}} 
| old_gauge         = 
| electrification   = 
| length            = {{convert|1191|mi|23|chain}} (1919)<ref name="RYB">{{Cite book |title=The Railway Year Book for 1920 |publisher=The Railway Publishing Company Limited |year=1920 |location=London |pages=129}}</ref>
| tracklength       = {{convert|2631|mi|24|chain}} (1919)<ref name="RYB" />
| hq_city           = 
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}}
The '''Great Eastern Railway''' (GER) was a [[Railways Act 1921|pre-grouping]] British railway company, whose [[Great Eastern Main Line|main line]] linked [[Liverpool Street station|London Liverpool Street]] to [[Norwich]] and which had other lines through [[East Anglia]].  The company was [[Railways Act 1921|grouped]] into the [[London and North Eastern Railway]] in 1923.

Formed in 1862 after the amalgamation of the [[Eastern Counties Railway]] and several other smaller railway companies the {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} served [[Cambridge]], [[Chelmsford]], [[Colchester]], [[Great Yarmouth]], [[Ipswich]], [[King's Lynn]], [[Lowestoft]], Norwich, [[Southend-on-Sea]] (opened by the {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} in 1889), and East Anglian [[seaside resort]]s such as [[Hunstanton]] (whose prosperity was largely a result of the {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}}'s line being built) and [[Cromer]].<ref>{{cite web|title=GER map 1923|url=http://www.gersociety.org.uk/images/stories/graphics/GERmap4.gif|website=Great Eastern Railway Society|publisher=Great Eastern Railway|access-date=21 August 2016}}</ref> It also served a suburban area, including [[Municipal Borough of Enfield|Enfield]], [[Chingford]], [[Loughton]] and [[Ilford]]. This suburban network was, in the early 20th century, the busiest steam-hauled commuter system in the world.

The majority of the Great Eastern's [[locomotive]]s and rolling stock were built at [[Stratford Works]], part of which was on the site of today's [[Stratford International station]] and the rest was adjacent to Stratford Regional station. The {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} owned {{convert|1200|mi|0|abbr=out}} of line and had a near-monopoly in East Anglia until the opening of the [[Midland and Great Northern Joint Railway]] in 1893 although there were a number of minor lines, such as the [[Mid-Suffolk Light Railway]] that stayed resolutely independent until after the grouping in 1923.

== History ==
===Amalgamation===
Between 1851 and 1854 the [[Eastern Counties Railway]] (ECR) under the chairmanship of [[David Waddington (Essex)|David Waddington]] had negotiated arrangements to work most of the other railways in East Anglia resulting in a network of lines totalling {{Convert|565|mi||abbr=}}. Whilst Parliament favoured competition it was also aware that the {{abbr|ECR|Eastern Counties Railway}} was constantly at war with its neighbours and whilst these working arrangements were approved there was a condition that a bill for full amalgamation was presented by 1861.

Waddington departed under a cloud in 1856 and was replaced by Horatio Love. By 1860 many shareholders were unhappy listing several grievances they saw as getting in the way of their dividend payments. These included continual conflict over working of other lines, suspicion and distrust of the joint committee, inadequate services to and from London, on-going litigation and law costs and a lack of progress on amalgamation.

{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title           = Great Eastern Railway Act 1862
| type                  = Act
| parliament            = Parliament of the United Kingdom
| long_title            = An Act to amalgamate the Eastern Counties, the East Anglian, the Newmarket, the Eastern Union, and the Norfolk Railway Companies; and for other Purposes.
| year                  = 1862
| citation              = [[25 & 26 Vict.]] c. ccxxiii
| territorial_extent    = [[United Kingdom]]
| royal_assent          = 7 August 1862
| commencement          = 
| expiry_date           = 
| repeal_date           = 
| amends                = 
| replaces              = 
| amendments            = 
| repealing_legislation = 
| related_legislation   = {{ubli|[[Navigation between Stowmarket and Ipswich Act 1846]]}}
| status                = 
| original_text         = 
| collapsed             = yes
}}
By February 1862 the bill had its second reading and was then followed by a lengthy committee process where various parties petitioned against the bill. On 7 August 1862 the bill passed as the '''{{visible anchor|Great Eastern Railway Act 1862}}''' ([[25 & 26 Vict.]] c. ccxxiii) and the Great Eastern Railway was formed by the amalgamation of the [[Eastern Counties Railway]] and a number of smaller railways (the [[Newmarket and Chesterford Railway]], the [[Eastern Union Railway]], and the [[Norfolk Railway]]).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ashton|first1=Geoff|title=The Great Eastern Railway 1862-1865|journal=Great Eastern Railway|date=April 2013|volume=154|pages=24, 25}}</ref>

===Early years (1862-1869)===
Unsurprisingly the first {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} board had a strong Eastern Counties flavour with Horatio Love in the chair and James Goodson the deputy chair. The board consisted of six former {{abbr|ECR|Eastern Counties Railway}} directors with two [[Eastern Union Railway]], two [[Norfolk Railway]] and one each from the [[Northern and Eastern Railway]] (still an independent body at this point) and East Anglian Railway.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ashton|first1=Geoff|title=The Great Eastern Railway 1862-1865|journal=Great Eastern Railway|date=April 2013|volume=154|page=25}}</ref>
 
Operational costs were high on the new railway and new sources of revenue needed quickly. Work at improving suburban services was put in hand and trains from London to Norwich speeded up to give businessmen and merchants more time to conduct their business. A new suburban line to [[Enfield Town]] via [[Seven Sisters, London|Seven Sisters]] was proposed as well as a new London terminus to replace an inadequate [[Bishopsgate railway station|Bishopsgate]]. By August 1863 receipts were increasing and many of the pre-amalgamation disputes were being settled.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ashton|first1=Geoff|title=The Great Eastern Railway 1862-1865|journal=Great Eastern Railway|date=April 2013|volume=154|page=25}}</ref>

The {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} and [[Great Northern Railway (Great Britain)|Great Northern Railway]] (GNR) each submitted bills for a line from [[March, Cambridgeshire|March]] to [[Spalding, Lincolnshire|Spalding]] and although the {{abbr|GNR|Great Northern Railway}} was successful the {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} was awarded running rights over the new line which would later become part of the [[Great Northern and Great Eastern Joint Railway]]. Steamboat services were also seen as a new source of revenue with services running from Harwich to Rotterdam, Flushing and Antwerp.

A change of leadership also occurred with Horatio Love being replaced by James Goodson as chairman with Captain [[Henry Jervis-White-Jervis]] as his deputy. Love was considered too cautious and some on the board still resented his role prior to amalgamation at the {{abbr|ECR|Eastern Counties Railway}}. Various directors were allocated specific responsibilities (generally running these through committees) leaving Goodson free to develop new schemes and represent the {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} on lines where they had a financial interest.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ashton|first1=Geoff|title=The Great Eastern Railway 1862-1865|journal=Great Eastern Railway|date=April 2013|volume=154|page=28}}</ref>

Following an accident at [[North Wootton railway station|North Wootton]] in early August 1863, where the deaths of five passengers was partially attributed to the poor state of the rolling stock, a large rolling stock order was placed.

By December 1863 the financial picture was looking better and in early 1864 the {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} started looking a new railway to move coal from [[South Yorkshire]] to London via Spalding and the {{abbr|GNR|Great Northern Railway}} link from Spalding to March. The Great Eastern was clearly in an expansionist phase with further locomotives (forming the basis of standardisation over its disparate inherited fleet), carriages and wagons under construction. More ships were being ordered for [[Antwerp]] and [[Rotterdam]] traffic and proposals for 28 miles of new metropolitan lines and a new city terminus.

In March 1864, a joint committee of the [[House of Commons]] and [[House of Lords]] approved the [[East London Line]] which would link the [[North London Railway|North London]], Great Eastern and [[London and Blackwall Railway|London and Blackwall]] railways.  The parliamentary bill for the new freight line failed although other bills including the construction of a new London terminus were approved. Later that year the {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} was in talks about expansion northwards with the [[Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway]] (L&YR) which lead to the deposition of a bill in early 1865.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ashton|first1=Geoff|title=The Great Eastern Railway 1862-1865|journal=Great Eastern Railway|date=April 2013|volume=154|page=29}}</ref>

The board meeting of February 1865 saw passenger receipts outstripping goods receipts. Fish traffic from [[Lowestoft]] and [[Great Yarmouth]] was growing and money was being spent on stations, replacing wooden bridges and upgrading the track. However, a number of shareholders voiced concern. The following month the House of Commons rejected the joint {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}}/{{abbr|L&YR|Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway}} bill forcing the {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} to restart negotiations with the Great Northern Railway. The chairman of the parliamentary committee suggested to the board that the next bill should include a direct Spalding to [[Lincoln, England|Lincoln]] link.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ashton|first1=Geoff|title=The Great Eastern Railway 1862-1865|journal=Great Eastern Railway|date=April 2013|volume=154|page=30}}</ref>

Board unity was about to be shattered when a short paragraph in ''The Times'' reported serious differences of opinions existed between the directors.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ashton|first1=Geoff|title=The Great Eastern Railway 1865-1867|journal=Great Eastern Railway|date=July 2013|volume=154|page=33}}</ref> In August 1865 deputy chairman Jervis-White-Jervis issued an appeal raising concerns about the management of the railway. This prompted an internal investigation and in a board meeting at the end of the month, an absent Jervis-White-Jervis was replaced by William Shaw as deputy chairman.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ashton|first1=Geoff|title=The Great Eastern Railway 1862-1865|journal=Great Eastern Journal|date=April 2013|volume=155|page=34}}</ref> The internal investigation concluded that many of Jervis-White-Jervis's concerns were relevant including borrowing more money than authorised and the poor deal the {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} got on leasing the London and Blackwell Railway. In a meeting in January the following year many of the directors were duly replaced (by members of the investigating committee) and at the following board meeting in February, Charles Turner was elected as the new chairman.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ashton|first1=Geoff|title=The Great Eastern Railway 1865-1867|journal=Great Eastern Journal|date=April 2013|volume=155|page=35}}</ref>

The new board, facing a financial crisis, had identified a number of issues including the provision of a new terminus station at [[Liverpool Street station|Liverpool Street]], Bishopsgate (the existing terminus) was to be converted to a goods terminal and a new coal depot to be built in Whitechapel. The financial environment was still proving difficult with losses on the London and Blackwell line and a cattle plague seriously affecting that traffic. By March the board was meeting most days in an effort to keep the railway running.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ashton|first1=Geoff|title=The Great Eastern Railway 1865-1867|journal=Great Eastern Journal|date=April 2013|volume=155|page=36}}</ref>

The [[Panic of 1866|financial crisis of 1866]] saw loan interest rates rise to 10% on 12 May. On 8 June the board approached Parliament for the right to borrow more money and raise additional money through new shares to fund the expansion programme outlined above. This was confirmed on 4 July. By this time there was little money available for dividends and the company looked very carefully at their expansion programme and unprofitable branch lines. By December 1866 little interest was being shown in the new shares, so the board went unsuccessfully to the Bank of England and [[Union Bank of London|Union Bank]] for further loans. The {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} did, however, manage to agree running rights via the Great Northern Railway as far as Wakefield and with the [[Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway]] to interchange traffic at Lincoln and Retford.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ashton|first1=Geoff|title=The Great Eastern Railway 1865-1867|journal=Great Eastern Journal|date=April 2013|volume=155|page=37}}</ref>

The crisis continued into 1867 and by March it was apparent that the preference share payments due in April could not be paid. The board also received a letter from the drivers seeking improved working conditions. Additionally ''[[The Times]]'' suggested the {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} may be about to appoint a receiver. Early April saw daily negotiations with the Union Bank although agreement was reached with the drivers by the middle of that month.

May saw the company trying to raise further funds via a parliamentary bill. However, by 25 June the House of Lords had rejected the bill and the board took steps to protect the company's property from its creditors. Matters were hardly helped when deputy chairman [[Samuel Laing (science writer)|Samuel Laing]] resigned to become the chairman of the [[London, Brighton & South Coast Railway]] on 1 July. On 2 July a suit was bought before [[Vice-Chancellor of England|vice-chancellor]] [[Richard Malins|Sir Richard Malins]] and the {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} was placed into [[Court of Chancery|chancery]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ashton|first1=Geoff|title=The Great Eastern Railway 1865-1867|journal=Great Eastern Journal|date=April 2013|volume=155|pages=36, 37}}</ref>

Regrouping after this, the board pursued [[Edward Watkin]], an MP with many other railway interests, as chairman. He did advise that the board that it needed to reconstitute itself in order to rebuild confidence in order to acquire new capital.  Some existing members of the board were not pleased with this and it was not until 3 January 1868 that a reduced board of eleven members met with six new members including Watkin and Viscount Cranbourne MP who was elected as the new chairman.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ashton|first1=Geoff|title=The Great Eastern Railway 1867-1872|journal=Great Eastern Journal|date=April 2013|volume=156|pages=42–44}}</ref>

The new directors were all allocated specific roles and a number of changes were made to reduce costs and improve profitability. Cranbourne also approached the [[London and North Western Railway]] to report on the state of the permanent way and rolling stock. By August 1868 the tide was turning with increased receipts and some debts being paid off. The {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} had done a deal with the [[Midland Railway]] to route their coal traffic via their lines and a new coal depot at [[Whitechapel]] opened in December further improving profitability.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ashton|first1=Geoff|title=The Great Eastern Railway 1867-1872|journal=Great Eastern Journal|date=April 2013|volume=156|pages=44–45}}</ref>

By August 1869 the financial position had improved enough to restore a dividend and this was whilst the [[Walthamstow]] line (now the [[Chingford branch line]]) was under construction.  In the same month, deputy chairman Charles Turner resigned due to suspected fraud which was to lead to his bankruptcy later in the year. Although proceedings were initiated no prosecution resulted.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ashton|first1=Geoff|title=The Great Eastern Railway 1867-1872|journal=Great Eastern Journal|date=April 2013|volume=156|page=46}}</ref>

===1870-1879 A new London terminus===
{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title           = {{visible anchor|Great Eastern Railway (Northern Extension) Act 1878}}
| type                  = Act
| parliament            = Parliament of the United Kingdom
| long_title            = An Act to authorise the Great Eastern Railway Company to raise capital for carrying into effect an arrangement with the Great Northern Railway Company with respect to an extension of their system to the railways of several other companies in Lincolnshire and Yorkshire; and for other purposes.
| year                  = 1878
| citation              = [[41 & 42 Vict.]] c. xc
| introduced_commons    = 
| introduced_lords      = 
| territorial_extent    = 
| royal_assent          = 
| commencement          = 
| expiry_date           = 
| repeal_date           = 
| amends                = 
| replaces              = 
| amendments            = 
| repealing_legislation = 
| related_legislation   = 
| status                = 
| legislation_history   = 
| theyworkforyou        = 
| millbankhansard       = 
| original_text         = 
| revised_text          = 
| use_new_UK-LEG        = 
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| collapsed             = yes
}}
The original London terminus was opened at [[Shoreditch]] in east London by the [[Eastern Counties Railway]] (ECR) on 1 July 1840 when the railway was extended westwards from an earlier temporary terminus in [[Devonshire Street railway station|Devonshire Street]], near [[Mile End]].<ref name="brithist">{{cite book|title=Bishopsgate Railway Terminus|editor=F.H.W. Sheppard|year=1957|series=Survey of London|volume=27: Spitalfields and Mile End New Town|pages=252–255|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=50177|access-date=13 June 2009}}</ref> The station was renamed [[Bishopsgate railway station|Bishopsgate]] on 27 July 1847.

The Great Eastern attempted to obtain a [[West End of London|West End]] terminus, alongside the one in east London, via the [[Tottenham and Hampstead Junction Railway]], formed by an [[act of Parliament]], the [[Tottenham and Hampstead Junction Railway Act 1862]] ([[25 & 26 Vict.]] c. cc) of 28 July 1862.<ref>[[Hansard]]: [https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1862/aug/07/local-and-personal-acts#S3V0168P0_18620807_HOC_341 LOCAL AND PERSONAL ACTS 7 August 1862]</ref> Plans to extend the western end of this line via a proposed 'London Main Trunk Railway', underneath Hampstead Road, the [[Metropolitan Railway]] (modern [[Circle line (London Underground)|Circle line]]) and Tottenham Court Road, to [[Charing Cross railway station|Charing Cross]], were rejected by Parliament in 1864.<ref>[[Hansard]]: [https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1864/mar/07/railway-schemes-metropolis-report-of-the RAILWAY SCHEMES (METROPOLIS). REPORT OF THE SELECT COMMITTEE]</ref>

A new London terminus at [[Liverpool Street station|Liverpool Street]] was opened to traffic on 2 February 1874, and was completely operational from 1 November 1875. From this date the original terminus at Bishopsgate closed to passengers, although it reopened as a goods station in 1881.{{efn|The Bishopsgate goods station was destroyed by a fire in 1964 which claimed the lives of two people.}}

===1900-1914===
In 1902 the [[Northern and Eastern Railway]] was finally absorbed by the {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}}, although it had been worked by the [[Eastern Counties Railway]] under a 999-year lease taken on 1 January 1844 whereby the Eastern Counties Railway would work the Northern and Eastern Railway in return for an annual rent and division of the profits.

Despite several half-hearted attempts by the {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} during the latter part of the nineteenth century, it was the Midland Railway (MR) that finally bought the [[London, Tilbury and Southend Railway]] (LT&SR) in 1912 with the {{abbr|MR|Midland Railway}} offering a better deal for the {{abbr|LT&SR|London, Tilbury and Southend Railway}} shareholders than the {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} ever had. The agreement was ratified by the {{abbr|LT&SR|London, Tilbury and Southend Railway}} shareholders on 26 June 1911. During the following parliamentary session, the [[Midland Railway (London, Tilbury and Southend Railway Purchase) Act 1912]] ([[2 & 3 Geo. 5]]. c. c) allowing the takeover by the {{abbr|MR|Midland Railway}} was passed on 7 August 1912 although it was legally backdated to 1 January 1912. At the time of the sale the {{abbr|LT&SR|London, Tilbury and Southend Railway}} was one of the most prosperous railways in the UK but too small to fund the changes it needed to make.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kay|first1=Peter|title=The London, Tibury & Southend Railway - Volume 2 1893 – 1912 The history of the company and line |date=1996 |publisher=Peter Kay |location=Wivenhoe, Essex UK|isbn=1 899890-19-X|pages=128–130}}</ref>

In 1914 the {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} became the first UK railway company to employ a general manager from overseas, [[Henry Worth Thornton]]. He had previously worked as the General Superintendent of the [[Long Island Rail Road|Long Island Railroad]] in the USA.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Great Eastern Railway, its Predecessors and Successors|url=https://gersociety.org.uk/index.php/information/the-ger|website=Great Eastern Society|access-date=23 March 2018}}</ref>

===During the First World War 1914-1918===
The [[Railway Executive Committee]] was set up in 1912 after an incident between France and Germany in the Moroccan Port of [[Agadir Crisis|Agadir]] and would take directions from the military and liaise with the railway companies. As it adjoined the North Sea the {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} undertook a significant role in the war.
 
Had there been an invasion then the railways had evacuation plans for the civilian populations. The {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} did require some upgrading to deal with the increased levels of traffic – lines were doubled, additional passing loops provided, platforms extended and watering facilities improved (for both the iron and more conventional horses). A number of link lines were provided including the link between the [[Tottenham and Hampstead Junction Railway|Tottenham and Hampstead]] at [[Gospel Oak railway station|Gospel Oak]] to the Midland Railway and between the {{abbr|T&HJR|Tottenham and Hampstead Junction Railway}} and Great Northern Railway at [[Crouch Hill railway station|Crouch Hill]], Both links remain part of the national network {{As of|2019|July|alt=in 2019}}.

When the war started several jobs fell to the railway – reserve troops and naval personnel had to be returned to their units and this saw an upsurge in usage of normal services. Various units were moved to the coast for defensive purposes and at the same time the government had started buying horses throughout the area leading to additional trains.  There were also then the units that were being moved to the front line. The [[Royal Navy]] was using coal as its primary source of propulsion and additional coal trains would have been operated through the area as well.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Moss |first=Chris |date=July 2015 |title=GER and mobilization |magazine=Great Eastern Journal|volume=163 |page=21}}</ref>

In August 1914 the Germans disguised a passenger steamer (the {{ship|SS|Königin Luise|1913|2}}) in {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} colours and deployed it as a minelayer. This ruse was spotted on 5 August 1914 and the ship sunk by the British light cruiser {{HMS|Amphion|1911|6}} and destroyers {{HMS|Landrail|1914|6}} and {{HMS|Lance|1914|6}}.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Swieszkowski|first1=Jerry|title=Harwich Steamers in wartime|journal=Great Eastern Journal|date=January 2017|volume=169|page=169}}</ref>

The {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} employed significant numbers of women during this period as many men had joined the army.

By 1916 unnecessary travel was being discouraged to conserve coal supplies.

The company set up a section dedicated to the movement of military traffic and between 1914 and 1918 nearly 10.5 million men were moved on {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} services as well as significant numbers of horses and supplies. Specific military traffic was generated at [[Brimsdown]], [[Ponders End]] and [[Stowmarket]]. Because of attacks on east coast shipping, traffic previously moved by sea was also carried on the {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} (and more specifically the Great Eastern and Great Northern Joint Railway).

The {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} also suffered from a number of Zeppelin attacks with, amongst others, the dormitory at [[Stratford TMD|Stratford engine shed]] and the royal shelter at [[King's Lynn railway station|King's Lynn]] both being hit.<ref>Great Eastern Railway Society Journal Issue 111 Pages 12–20</ref>

===After the First World War (1918-1923)===
[[File:GER memorial Liverpool St.JPG|thumb|Memorial at [[Liverpool Street station]] to {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} staff who died during the [[First World War]], unveiled in 1922 by [[Sir Henry Wilson, 1st Baronet|Sir Henry Wilson]], who was assassinated by [[Irish Republican Army (1922–1969)|Irish Republican Army]] gunmen on his way home from the unveiling ceremony.]]

In 1922, a large marble memorial was installed at Liverpool Street station commemorating {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} staff who had answered the call of duty to fight but died in action in the First World War. The memorial was unveiled by [[Sir Henry Wilson, 1st Baronet|Sir Henry Wilson]], who was assassinated by two [[Irish Republican Army (1922–1969)|Irish Republican Army]] gunmen on his way home from the unveiling ceremony. A smaller memorial to Wilson was later placed adjacent to the {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} memorial, alongside one to [[Charles Fryatt]], a British mariner who was executed by the Germans for attempting to ram a U-boat in 1915.

The Great Eastern name has survived, being used both for the [[Great Eastern Main Line]] route between London and Norwich, and also for the [[First Great Eastern]] [[train operating company]] which served much of the old {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} route between 1997 and 2004.

==Constituent companies==
The Great Eastern Railway was made up of a number of constituent companies when it was formed in 1862. The most notable was the Eastern Counties Railway, which had taken over most of the main companies by this time. After 1862 there were still a number of companies operating independently in East Anglia, but most of these were eventually taken over by Great Eastern, although some such as the [[Mid-Suffolk Light Railway]] survived until 1923.<ref name="Allen 1955 234–239">{{harvnb|Allen|1955|pp=234–239}}</ref>
The history and exact status of many of these railways is quite complex. In many cases the operation of the railway that built the line was taken over (usually by the Eastern Counties Railway before 1862 and the Great Eastern Railway after that date) although the original railway company often existed in legal form after that date.

The Great Eastern Railway Act 1862 stated that the purpose of the legislation was "to amalgamate the Eastern Counties, the East Anglian, the Newmarket, the Eastern Union and the Norfolk railway companies, and for other purposes". This suggests that despite the fact that some of these railway companies had been taken over by the Eastern Counties Railway prior to the 1862 act, they still legally existed.
 
* BTR ([[Bury St Edmunds and Thetford Railway]]) – became part of the {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} in 1878.
* EAR ([[East Anglian Railway]]) – taken over by {{abbr|ECR|Eastern Counties Railway}} in 1852 but existed until the 1862 act
* ECR ([[Eastern Counties Railway]]) – was the principal constituent of the {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} in the 1862 act
* EHSR ([[Ely, Haddenham and Sutton Railway]]) – although independent, the {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} had a third share of its capital. The {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} also provided staff, locomotives and rolling stock in return for 50% of the gross takings. Changed name to ESIR in 1878
* ESIR ([[Ely and St Ives Railway]]) – taken over by {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} in 1898
* E&NR ([[Ely and Newmarket Railway]]) – built Ely to Newmarket line. Formed in 1875 and taken over by {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} in 1898.
* ENR ([[East Norfolk Railway]]) – built many lines in East Norfolk – later vested into the {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}}
* ESR ([[East Suffolk Railway]]) – taken over by {{abbr|ECR|Eastern Counties Railway}} in 1859
* EUR ([[Eastern Union Railway]]) – taken over by {{abbr|ECR|Eastern Counties Railway}} in 1854 but existed until the 1862 act.
* FR ([[Felixstowe Branch Line|Felixstowe Railway]]) – line operated by {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} from 1878 and taken over fully in 1885
* IBR ([[Ipswich and Bury Railway Company|Ipswich and Bury Railway]]) – amalgamated with {{abbr|EUR|Eastern Union Railway}} in 1847
* LBR ([[London and Blackwall Railway]]) – leased by the {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} in 1866, but remained independent until the [[1923 Grouping]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Awdry |first=Christopher |author-link=Christopher Awdry |title=Encyclopaedia of British Railway Companies |year=1990 |publisher=Guild Publishing |location=London |id=CN 8983 |page=144 }}</ref>
* LDR ([[Lynn and Dereham Railway]]) – amalgamated with {{abbr|LER|Lynn and Ely Railway}} to form {{abbr|EAR|East Anglian Railway}} in 1847
* LER ([[Lynn and Ely Railway]]) – amalgamated with {{abbr|LDR|Lynn and Dereham Railway}} to form {{abbr|EAR|East Anglian Railway}} in 1847
* LHR ([[Lynn and Hunstanton Railway]])
* LIDR ([[London and India Dock Railway]]) – lines operated by {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} from opening
* LRH ([[Lowestoft Railway and Harbour]]) – leased line to {{abbr|NR|Norfolk Railway}} in 1847
* N&ER ([[Northern and Eastern Railway]]) – leased by the {{abbr|ECR|Eastern Counties Railway}} in 1844, the {{abbr|N&ER|Northern and Eastern Railway}} lasted as a legal entity until 1902.
* NEW ([[Newmarket Railway]]) – purchased by the {{abbr|ECR|Eastern Counties Railway}} in 1854 but existed until the 1862 act
* NR ([[Norfolk Railway]]) – formed when the {{abbr|N&BR|Norwich & Brandon Railway}} and {{abbr|Y&NR|Yarmouth and Norwich Railway}} merged in 1845, worked by {{abbr|ECR|Eastern Counties Railway}} from 1848 existed until the 1862 act
* N&BR ([[Norwich and Brandon Railway]]) – merged with {{abbr|Y&NR|Yarmouth and Norwich Railway}} in 1845 to become the Norfolk Railway
* RSJR ([[Ramsey and Somersham Junction Railway]]) – became part of the {{abbr|GNGEJR|Great Northern and Great Eastern Joint Railway}} in 1897
* STJR ([[Stratford and Thames Junction Railway]]) – part of the {{abbr|ECR|Eastern Counties Railway}}
* SAWR ([[Saffron Walden Railway]]) – purchased by the {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} in 1877
* SVR ([[Stour Valley Railway]]) – taken over by {{abbr|EUR|Eastern Union Railway}} in 1848
* TEN ([[Tendring Hundred Railway]]) – vested into the {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} 1883<ref name="ReferenceA">Great Eastern Railway Society Journal 111-page 24 S Jenkins</ref>
* THJR ([[Tottenham and Hampstead Junction Railway]])
* TSR ([[Thetford and Swaffham Railway]])
* TWR ([[Thetford and Watton Railway]])
* WHBR ([[Ware, Hadham and Buntingford Railway]]) – merged with {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} in 1868
* WFR ([[Wells and Fakenham Railway]])
* WSR ([[Watton and Swaffham Railway]])
* WVR ([[Waveney Valley Railway]]) – taken over by {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} in 1863
* Y&NR ([[Yarmouth and Norwich Railway]]) – amalgamated with [[Norwich and Brandon Railway]] into the Norfolk Railway 1845

===Joint railways===
* ELR – East London Railway, created by the East London Railway Company, a consortium of six railway companies: the {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}}, the [[London, Brighton and South Coast Railway]] (LB&SCR), the [[London, Chatham and Dover Railway]] (LCDR), the [[South Eastern Railway (UK)|South Eastern Railway]] (SER), the [[Metropolitan Railway]], and the [[District Railway]]. The latter two operated what are now the [[Metropolitan line|Metropolitan]], [[Circle line (London Underground)|Circle]], [[District line|District]] and [[Hammersmith & City line|Hammersmith & City]] lines of the London Underground. The {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} had two seats on the management committee which met twice per year and the {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} members were supported by the company secretary and a solicitor.<ref name="Watling 2000 104.23">{{cite journal|last=Watling|first=John|title=The GER Board, its committees and what they did Part 3|journal=Great Eastern Railway Journal|date=October 2000|volume=104|page=104.23}}</ref>
* GNGEJR – [[Great Northern and Great Eastern Joint Railway]] – a joint railway committee formed in 1879. It consisted of five directors from each company, met every quarter and the {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} members were supported by the secretary, a solicitor, an engineer and the general manager.<ref name="Watling 2000 104.23"/> 
* NSJR – Norfolk and Suffolk Joint Railway Committee – a joint committee formed with the Midland and Great Northern Railway
* T&HJR – Tottenham and Hampstead Joint Railway – run in conjunction with the Midland Railway.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Watling|first=John|title=The GER Board, its committees and what they did Part 3|journal=Great Eastern Railway Journal|date=October 2000|volume=104|page=104.24}}</ref>

==Geographical development==
The table below shows the building dates of the railways that made up the Great Eastern and the companies that built them. Abbreviations from above list.<ref name="Allen 1955 234–239"/>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Opening date !! Line !! Opening company !! Notes
|-
| 1839 || Mile End – Romford || {{abbr|ECR|Eastern Counties Railway}} || Initially built to {{Track gauge|5ft|lk=on}} gauge.
|-
| 1840 || Shoreditch – Mile End || {{abbr|ECR|Eastern Counties Railway}} || Initially built to {{Track gauge|5ft|disp=1}} gauge.
|-
| 1840 || Romford – Brentwood || {{abbr|ECR|Eastern Counties Railway}} || Initially built to {{Track gauge|5ft|disp=1}} gauge.
|-
| 1840 || Minories – Blackwall || {{abbr|LBR|London and Blackwall Railway}} || Minories used as a temporary terminus – initially a rope worked line.
|-
| 1840 || Stratford – Broxbourne || {{abbr|N&ER|Northern and Eastern Railway}} || Stratford was on the {{abbr|ECR|Eastern Counties Railway}} line – initially built to {{Track gauge|5ft|disp=1}} gauge.
|-
| 1841 || Fenchurch Street – Minories || {{abbr|LBR|London and Blackwall Railway}} || 
|-
| 1841 || Broxbourne – Spelbrook || {{abbr|N&ER|Northern and Eastern Railway}} || To Harlow (July), to Spelbrook (November).
|-
| 1842 || Spelbrook – Bishops Stortford || {{abbr|N&ER|Northern and Eastern Railway}} || 
|-
| 1843 || Brentwood – Colchester || {{abbr|ECR|Eastern Counties Railway}} || 
|-
| 1843 || Broxbourne Junction – Hertford || {{abbr|N&ER|Northern and Eastern Railway}} || Later named Hertford East.
|-
| 1844 || Norwich – Great Yarmouth (Vauxhall) || {{abbr|Y&NR|Yarmouth and Norwich Railway}} || Route via Reedham.
|-
| 1845 || Bishops Stortford – Newport || {{abbr|N&ER|Northern and Eastern Railway}} || 
|-
| 1845 || Newport – Brandon || {{abbr|ECR|Eastern Counties Railway}} || First line to Cambridge – working of Ely – Brandon taken over by Norfolk Railway March 1846.
|-
| 1845 || Brandon – Trowse || {{abbr|N&BR|Norwich and Brandon Railway}} || Open 30 June – bridge at Trowse unfinished.
|-
| 1845 || Trowse – Thorpe Junction || {{abbr|NR|Norfolk Railway}} || 15 December. Trowse bridge opened – through running from Norwich to London starts.
|-
| 1846 || Colchester – [[Ipswich Stoke Hill railway station|Ipswich (original station)]] || {{abbr|EUR|Eastern Union Railway}} || 
|-
| 1846 || King's Lynn – Downham || {{abbr|LER|Lynn and Ely Railway}} || King's Lynn Harbour branch also opened same day.
|-
| 1846 || King's Lynn – Narborough || {{abbr|LER|Lynn and Ely Railway}} || 
|-
| 1846 || Dereham – Wymondham || {{abbr|NR|Norfolk Railway}} || 
|-
| 1846 || Ipswich – Bury St Edmunds || {{abbr|IBR|Ipswich and Bury Railway}} || The line did not serve the original Ipswich station directly – trains had to reverse into the station at Halifax Junction a short distance to the south.
|-
| 1847 || Ely North Junction – Peterborough Junction || {{abbr|ECR|Eastern Counties Railway}} || 
|-
| 1847 || Colchester – Hythe Quay || {{abbr|SVR|Stour Valley Railway}} || Freight only – leased to the {{abbr|EUR|Eastern Union Railway}} and operated by them.
|-
| 1847 || Lowestoft – Reedham || {{abbr|LRH|Lowestoft Railway and Harbour}} || Leased to {{abbr|NR|Norfolk Railway}} from opening.
|-
| 1847 || March – Wisbech || {{abbr|ECR|Eastern Counties Railway}} || 
|-
| 1847 || Stratford – North Woolwich || {{abbr|ECR|Eastern Counties Railway}} || 
|-
| 1847 || Thames Wharf branch || {{abbr|STJR|Stratford and Thames Junction Railway}} || Opened same day as North Woolwich line.
|-
| 1847 || Narborough – Swaffham || {{abbr|EAR|East Anglian Railway}} || 
|-
| 1847 || Chesterton Junction (Cambridge) – St Ives || {{abbr|ECR|Eastern Counties Railway}} || Later part of {{abbr|GNGEJR|Great Northern and Great Eastern Joint Railway}} route.
|-
| 1847 || Huntingdon – St Ives || {{abbr|EAR|East Anglian Railway}} || 
|-
| 1847 || Bentley – Hadleigh || {{abbr|EUR|Eastern Union Railway}} || This is in Suffolk.
|-
| 1847 || Downham – Ely North Junction || {{abbr|EAR|East Anglian Railway}} || King's Lynn to Cambridge and London, now a through route.
|-
| 1848 || Swaffham – Sporle || {{abbr|EAR|East Anglian Railway}} || 
|-
| 1848 || Great Chesterford – Newmarket || {{abbr|NEW|Newmarket Railway}} || See below – possibly first passenger route to close in the UK.
|-
| 1848  || Watlington – Wisbech || {{abbr|EAR|East Anglian Railway}} || 
|-
| 1848 || St Ives – March South Junction || {{abbr|ECR|Eastern Counties Railway}} || Later part of {{abbr|GNGEJR|Great Northern and Great Eastern Joint Railway}} route.
|-
| 1848 || Haughley – Finningham || {{abbr|EUR|Eastern Union Railway}} || The first part of the link joining the Ipswich to Bury St Edmunds line to Norwich.
|-
| 1848 || Maldon – Witham || {{abbr|ECR|Eastern Counties Railway}} || Witham – Braintree opened same day.
|-
| 1848 || Witham – Braintree || {{abbr|ECR|Eastern Counties Railway}} || Maldon – Witham opened same day.
|-
| 1849 || Sporle – Dereham || {{abbr|ECR|Eastern Counties Railway}} || 
|-
| 1849 || Water Lane (Angel Road) – Enfield Town || {{abbr|ECR|Eastern Counties Railway}} || 
|-
| 1849 || Stepney – Bow Junction || {{abbr|LBR|London and Blackwall Railway}} || Most trains only worked as far as [[Bow and Bromley railway station|Bow and Bromley]] with a few trains being extended to a short lived interchange station called [[Victoria Park & Bow railway station|Victoria Park & Bow]] which was located near the modern day (2015) Bow Junction on the [[Great Eastern Main Line]]. The line became part of the original {{abbr|LT&SR|London, Tilbury and Southend Railway}} route from Tilbury via Stratford to Fenchurch Street in 1854 and {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} services to Loughton also started operating on this route.
|-
| 1849 || Marks Tey – Sudbury || {{abbr|SVR|Stour Valley Railway}} || Leased to the {{abbr|EUR|Eastern Union Railway}} and operated by them. The {{abbr|EUR|Eastern Union Railway}} had running powers over the {{abbr|ECR|Eastern Counties Railway}} route between Marks Tey and Colchester.
|-
| 1849 || Finningham – Norwich (Victoria) || {{abbr|EUR|Eastern Union Railway}} || Link between Ipswich and Norwich completed.
|-
| 1851 || Shelford – Shepreth || {{abbr|ECR|Eastern Counties Railway}} || End on working with {{abbr|GNR|Great Northern Railway}} allowing through trains between Cambridge and Kings Cross (London).
|-
| 1851 || Trowse Upper Junction – Trowse Lower Junction || {{abbr|EUR|Eastern Union Railway}} || This allowed {{abbr|EUR|Eastern Union Railway}} services from Ipswich to use Norwich Thorpe station rather than Norwich Victoria. 
|-
| 1851 || Cambridge – Six Mile Bottom || {{abbr|NEW|Newmarket Railway}} || Through route Cambridge to Newmarket now complete. This used materials from the closed [[Newmarket and Chesterford Railway]].
|-
| 1854 || Newmarket – Bury St Edmunds || {{abbr|ECR|Eastern Counties Railway}} || Through route Cambridge to Ipswich now complete.
|-
| 1854 || Manningtree – Harwich || {{abbr|ECR|Eastern Counties Railway}} || Construction started by {{abbr|EUR|Eastern Union Railway}} but the {{abbr|ECR|Eastern Counties Railway}} leased the {{abbr|EUR|Eastern Union Railway}} about one week before opening.
|-
| 1854 || Victoria Park (Hackney) – Stratford Market (North Woolwich line) || {{abbr|ECR|Eastern Counties Railway}} || Link to {{abbr|NLR|North London Railway}}. Worked by {{abbr|NLR|North London Railway}} until 1866, then by {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} one year and {{abbr|NLR|North London Railway}} the next until 1874 then {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} and successors. Known locally as "the Stratford Jack".
|-
| 1854 || Halesworth – Haddiscoe || {{abbr|ESR|East Suffolk Railway}} || 
|-
| 1855 || Tivetshall – Harleston || {{abbr|WVR|Waveney Valley Railway}} || 
|-
| 1856 || Loughton Branch Junction (Stratford) – [[Loughton]] || {{abbr|ECR|Eastern Counties Railway}} || Now part of London Underground Central line.
|-
| 1857 || Wells – Fakenham || {{abbr|WFR|Wells and Fakenham Railway}} || 
|-
| 1859 || East Suffolk Junction (Ipswich) – Woodbridge || {{abbr|ECR|Eastern Counties Railway}} || Opened same day as all East Suffolk lines listed below.
|-
| 1859 || Woodbridge – Halesworth || {{abbr|ESR|East Suffolk Railway}} || 
|-
| 1859 || Saxmundham – Leiston || {{abbr|ESR|East Suffolk Railway}} || 
|-
| 1859 || Wickham Market – Framlingham || {{abbr|ESR|East Suffolk Railway}} || 
|-
| 1859 || Snape Junction – Snape || {{abbr|ESR|East Suffolk Railway}} || Freight only.
|-
| 1859 || Haddiscoe – Great Yarmouth (South Town) || {{abbr|ESR|East Suffolk Railway}} || Great Yarmouth – Ipswich through route complete.
|-
| 1859 || Beccles – Lowestoft || {{abbr|ESR|East Suffolk Railway}} || Lowestoft – Ipswich through route complete. Note {{abbr|ESR|East Suffolk Railway}} taken over by {{abbr|ECR|Eastern Counties Railway}} on opening day.
|-
| 1860 || Leiston – Aldeburgh || {{abbr|ECR|Eastern Counties Railway}} || Built by {{abbr|ESR|East Suffolk Railway}} but completed by {{abbr|ECR|Eastern Counties Railway}}.
|-
| 1860 || Harleston – Bungay || {{abbr|WVR|Waveney Valley Railway}} || 
|-
| 1862 || King's Lynn – Hunstanton || {{abbr|LHR|Lynn and Hunstanton Railway}} || Worked by {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} in return for share of gross receipts.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ashton|first1=Geoff|title=The Great Eastern Railway 1862-1865|journal=Great Eastern Railway|date=April 2013|volume=154|page=28}}</ref>
|-
| 1863 || Bungay – Beccles || {{abbr|WVR|Waveney Valley Railway}} || Taken over by {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} on opening.
|-
| 1863 || Hythe – Wivenhoe || {{abbr|TEN|Tendring Hundred Railway}} || <ref name="ReferenceA"/>
|-
| 1863 || St Margarets – Buntingford || {{abbr|WHBR|Ware, Hadham and Buntingford Railway}} || Branch off the Hertford East line – operated by the {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} from opening and taken over in 1868.
|-
| 1865 || Loughton – Ongar || {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} || Now part of London Underground Central line as far as Epping. The rest is run as preserved line. Original station at Loughton abandoned.
|-
| 1865 || Shelford – Haverhill – Sudbury || {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} || 
|-
| 1865 || Haverhill – Colne Valley Junction || {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} || Junction with independent Colne Valley Line.
|-
| 1865 || Bury St Edmunds – Long Melford || {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} || 
|-
| 1865 || Saffron Walden – Audley End.<ref name="Paye 1980">{{cite book|last=Paye|first=Peter|title=The Saffron Walden branch|year=1980|publisher=Oakwood Press|location=Usk|isbn=978-0860931072}}</ref> || {{abbr|SAWR|Saffron Walden Railway}} || 
|-
| 1866 || Wivenhoe – Weeley|| {{abbr|TEN|Tendring Hundred Railway}} || 
|-
| 1866 || Sutton Bridge Junction (Ely) – Sutton Bridge || {{abbr|EHSR|Ely, Haddenham and Sutton Railway}} || 
|-
| 1866 || Wivenhoe – Brightlingsea || {{abbr|TEN|Tendring Hundred Railway}} || 
|-
| 1866 || Weeley – Kirby Cross || {{abbr|TEN|Tendring Hundred Railway}} || 
|-
| 1866 || Heacham – Wells || {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} ||
|-
| 1866 || Saffron Walden – Bartlow.<ref name="Paye 1980"/> || {{abbr|SAWR|Saffron Walden Railway}} || 
|-
| 1867<ref>{{cite book|last=Paye|first=Peter|title=The Mellis & Eye Railway|year=1980|publisher=Oakwood Press|location=Usk|isbn=978-0-85361-720-4}}</ref> || Mellis – Eye || {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} || 
|-
| 1867 || Kirby Cross – Walton-on-the-Naze || {{abbr|TEN|Tendring Hundred Railway}} || <ref name="ReferenceA"/>
|-
| 1868 || Tottenham North and South junction – Highgate Road || {{abbr|T&HJR|Tottenham and Hampstead Junction Railway}} || An attempt by the {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} to gain a terminus in the West End – Parliament terminated the line at Highgate Road, thus thwarting GE ambitions. The line, however went on to have a future with the [[Midland Railway]] – see [[Tottenham and Hampstead Junction Railway]] for further details – and for a few years some Great Eastern Cambridge line services were routed to St Pancras.
|-
| 1869 || Roudham Junction – {{rws|Watton}} || {{abbr|TWR|Thetford and Watton Railway}} || 
|-
| 1869 || Bishops Stortford – Braintree || {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} || Completion of through Witham to Bishops Stortford line.
|-
| 1869 || Wapping – New Cross|| {{abbr|ELR|East London Railway}} || First part of East London line.
|-
| 1870 || Lea Bridge – Shern Hall Street (Walthamstow) || {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} || First section of modern-day Chingford branch.
|-
| 1870 || Lynn Docks branch || {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} || 
|-
| 1872 || Bethnal Green – Bury Street Junction || {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} || opened in three stages. Gave shorter route to Enfield Town..
|-
| 1872 || Hackney Downs – Coppermill junction || {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} || This route is now used as main route to Cambridge.
|-
| 1872 || Bethnal Green – Bishopsgate Low Level  || {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} || First part of line into Liverpool Street.
|-
| 1872 || Clapton – Hall Farm Junction (Walthamstow) || {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} || Route used by present-day (2012) Chingford trains.
|-
| 1872 || Haddiscoe Spur || {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} || Enabled through running from Yarmouth South Town to Lowestoft.
|-
| 1873 || Shern Hall Street – Chingford || {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} || 
|-
| 1874 || Bishopsgate Low Level – Liverpool Street || {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} || Suburban traffic only.
|-
| 1874 || Custom House – Beckton || {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} || 
|-
| 1874 || Whitlingham Junction (Norwich) – North Walsham || {{abbr|ENR|East Norfolk Railway}} || Note C
|-
| 1875 || {{rws|Watton}} – {{rws|Swaffham}} || {{abbr|TSR|Thetford and Swaffham Railway}} || 
|-
| 1875 || {{rws|Liverpool Street}} || {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} || Open to all traffic.
|-
| 1876 || Bury St Edmunds – Thetford || {{abbr|BTR|Bury St Edmunds and Thetford Railway}} || 
|-
| 1876 || Thetford Junction – Thetford East || {{abbr|TSR|Thetford and Swaffham Railway}} || 
|-
| 1876 || East London Jn (Bishospgate) – Wapping || {{abbr|ELR|East London Railway}} || Northern section of the [[East London Line]].
|-
| 1876 || North Walsham – Gunton || {{abbr|ENR|East Norfolk Railway}} || Note C
|-
| 1877 || Gunton – {{rws|Cromer High}}  || {{abbr|ENR|East Norfolk Railway}} || Note C. Note also this is not the current Cromer station site.
|-
| 1877 || Westerfield Junction – Felixstowe (Beach) || {{abbr|FR|Felixstowe Railway}} || Extended to Pier later in year.<ref name="Quayle 1978">{{cite book|last=Quayle|first=H I|title=The Felixstowe Railway|year=1978|publisher=Oakwood Press|location=Usk|isbn=978-0853612193|author2=G T Bradbury}}</ref>
|-
| 1878 || Chingford (old station) – Chingford (present station) ||
|-
| 1878 || Seven Sisters – Palace Gates || {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} || Branch to Alexandra Palace – opened in two stages during year.
|-
| 1878 || Sutton – Needingworth Junction – St Ives || {{abbr|ESIR|Ely and St Ives Railway}} || 
|-
| 1879 || Wroxham – Buxton Lamas || {{abbr|ENR|East Norfolk Railway}} || Note C
|-
| 1879 || Wensum Curve (Norwich) || {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} || Norwich avoiding line.
|-
| 1879 || Ely – Fordham – Newmarket || {{abbr|E&NR|Ely and Newmarket Railway}} || Built by Ely and Newmarket Railway but operated by {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} from the outset.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Robertson|first1=Alic|title=Newmarket Warren Hill|journal=Great Eastern Journal|date=July 2005|volume=123|pages=42–45}}</ref>
|-
| 1880 || Chippenham Junction – Snailwell Junction || {{abbr|E&NR|Ely and Newmarket Railway}} || Completed direct route [[Ipswich to Ely line]]. Trains had had to reverse at Newmarket in 1879.
|-
| 1880 || Buxton Lamas – Aylsham || {{abbr|ENR|East Norfolk Railway}} || Note C
|-
| 1880 || Limehouse Jn – Salmons Lane Jn || {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} || 
|-
| 1880 || Custom House – Gallions || {{abbr|LIDR|London and India Dock Railway}} || 
|-
| 1880 || Aylsham – Cawston || {{abbr|ENR|East Norfolk Railway}} || Note C
|-
| 1881 || Cawston – Reepham || {{abbr|ENR|East Norfolk Railway}} || Note C
|-
| 1881 || Forncett – Wymondham || {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} || 
|-
| 1882 || Spalding – Lincoln || {{abbr|GNGEJR|Great Northern and Great Eastern Joint Railway}} || Opened in two sections - through running from the {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} to Doncaster and York was now possible.
|-
| 1882 || Reepham – County School || {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} || 
|-
| 1882 || Manningtree North Curve || {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} || Harwich branch doubled in the same year.
|-
| 1882 || Thorpe-le-soken – Clacton || {{abbr|TEN|Tendring Hundred Railway}} || 
|-
| 1882 || Stoke Ferry – Denver|| {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} || The Wissington Light Railway (an agricultural railway) had a junction with the Stoke Ferry branch from 1905.
|-
| 1883 || Breydon Junction (Yarmouth) – Brundall || {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} || Opened in two stages.
|-
| 1884 || Wisbech – Outwell Basin || {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} || Operated by tram type locomotives.
|-
| 1884 || Barnwell Junction – Fordham || {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} || 
|-
| 1885 || Fordham – Mildenhall || {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} || 
|-
| 1886 || {{rws|Norwich Thorpe}} || {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} || 
|-
| 1888 || {{rws|Highgate Road}} – {{rws|Gospel Oak}} || {{abbr|THJR|Tottenham and Hampstead Junction Railway}} || 
|-
| 1888 || Shenfield – Wickford || {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} || Initially open for goods traffic only.
|-
| 1889 || Wickford – Southend Victoria || {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} || Initially open for goods traffic only.
|-
| 1889 || Wickford – Southminster || {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} || Initially open for goods traffic only.
|-
| 1889 || {{rws|Somersham}} – {{rws|Ramsey East}} || {{abbr|RSJR|Ramsey and Somersham Junction Railway}} || 
|-
| 1891 || Edmonton Jn – Cheshunt || {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} || Known as the Southbury Loop.
|-
| 1894 || Liverpool Street (East side) || {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} || 
|-
| 1896 || Newmarket Curve || {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} || 
|-
| 1897 || Three Horse Shoes Jn – Burnt House || {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} || 
|-
| 1898 || North Walsham – Mundesley || {{abbr|NSJR|Norfolk and Suffolk Joint Railway}} || 
|-
| 1898 || Burnt House – Benwick  || {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} || 
|-
| 1898 || Felixstowe Town || {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} || Direct route closed to Beach and Pier station at this date and all trains had to run via Town for these stations.<ref name="Quayle 1978"/>
|-
| 1903 || Woodford – Fairlop – Ilford|| {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} || Remaining section part of {{abbr|LUL|London Underground Limited}} [[Central line (London Underground)|Central line]]
|-
| 1903 || Yarmouth – Gorleston – Lowestoft || {{abbr|NSJR|Norfolk and Suffolk Joint Railway}} || Provided a more direct route than the Haddiscoe spur.
|-
| 1904 || [[Kelvedon and Tollesbury Light Railway|Kelvedon – Tollesbury]] || {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} || Served dedicated station adjacent to {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} main line station at Tollesbury.
|-
| 1906 || Cromer Junction – Roughton Road Junction || {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} || 
|-
| 1906 || Roughton Road Junction – Runton West Junction || {{abbr|NSJR|Norfolk and Suffolk Joint Railway}} || 
|-
| 1906 || Roughton Road Junction – Mundesley || {{abbr|NSJR|Norfolk and Suffolk Joint Railway}} || 
|-
| 1907 || Tollesbury – Tollesbury Pier || {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} || Extension of 1904 line – passenger services withdrawn from this section in 1921.
|-
| 1913 || Elsenham – Thaxted<ref>{{cite book|last=Paye|first=Peter|title=The Elsenham & Thaxted light railway|year=1976|publisher=Oakwood Press|location=Usk|isbn=0853611904}}</ref> || {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} || Known as the 'Gin and Toffee' line.
|}

Other railways
* NLR – North London Railway
* GNR – Great Northern Railway

Notes
* C – Operated by the {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} from opening.

==Infrastructure==

===Stations===
{{main category|Former Great Eastern Railway stations}}

{{gallery
|File:Liverpool Street Station 1896.jpg|The exterior of [[Liverpool Street station]] (1896)
|File:Liverpool Street Station Locomotive Yard geograph-2317029-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg|Former [[GER Class S69]] at Liverpool Street Station locomotive yard (1948)
|File:Norwich Station - geograph.org.uk - 1067457.jpg|[[Norwich railway station|Norwich Station]] (1993)
|File:County_School_station_Nov_08.jpg|[[County School railway station|County School]], a {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}}-built junction station (2008)
}}

===Engine sheds===
The Great Eastern had one of the largest engine sheds in the country at [[Stratford TMD|Stratford]] which in January 1923 had an allocation of 555 locomotives. At the other end of the scale, small engine sheds at the end of country branch lines had perhaps one or two locomotives in their charge. At this time the locomotives were generally allocated to the major shed in the area and the smaller sheds had no actual allocation.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hawkins|first=Chris|title=Great Eastern Railway Engine sheds Part 1|year=1986|publisher=Wild Swan|location=Didcot|author2=George Reeve|isbn=0-906867-401}}</ref>

Before 1914 the engine sheds were organised into districts, with sheds at: Stratford; Ipswich; Norwich; Cambridge; Peterborough; King's Lynn; and Doncaster. In 1914 this was reduced to five with King's Lynn and Doncaster being abolished. By 1915 they were organised onto four districts (primary sheds in parentheses): Southern (Stratford); Eastern (Ipswich); Northern (Norwich); and Western (Cambridge/Peterborough).

The Great Eastern did not see the maintenance of engine sheds as one of its top priorities. Many original structures it inherited from constituent railways struggled on in various states of disrepair, not only through Great Eastern days, but through its successor company [[London and North Eastern Railway]] from 1923 until 1947 and indeed to the end of steam on the Great Eastern in 1959.

Coaling at engine sheds was generally done by hand with the coaling stages constructed of wood. At a busy engine shed such as Stratford, each individual coaler employed on the coaling stage was expected to empty the contents of a {{Convert|10|LT||abbr=|adj=on}} coal truck during his shift.

Turntables were generally small – in 1900 the longest was {{Convert|50|ft||abbr=}} – enough to turn the later [[LNER Class B12|B12 Class 4-6-0 locomotive]]. By 1932, with the advent of bigger locomotives and the working of other companies' locomotives onto GE territory, turntables had grown, with the major sheds generally having {{Convert|60 or 65|ft||abbr=on|adj=on}} turntables.

In 1922 the {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} locomotive allocation across its sheds was: Cambridge - 178; Colchester - 47; Doncaster - 5; Ipswich - 131; King's Lynn - 37; Lincoln (Pyewipe Junction) - 12; Lowestoft - 22; March - 97; Norwich - 119; Parkeston - 20; Peterborough East - 86; Stratford - 555; Wisbech - 7; and Yarmouth - 20.<ref name="Yeadon 1996"/> Each main shed had a number of sub-sheds and locomotives would work from these sheds for significant periods. For instance it is estimated that some 150 engines were outbased from Stratford at any one time.

===Works===
{{main|Stratford Works}}
The main workshops were located at [[Stratford Works]] and was responsible for the building of locomotives and carriages. Wagons were initially built here as well but as the railway grew a new wagon works was built at [[Temple Mills]] in 1896.<ref>{{cite book|last=Great Eastern Railway|title=Memoranda connected with locomotive and carriage works at Stratford and the wagon works at Temple Mills (June 1921)|year=1991|publisher=Great Eastern Railway Society and Passmore Edwards Museum|isbn=1-85622-2225}}</ref>

In 1894 a carriage painting facility was opened at Felixstowe Beach station which dealt with the painting of around 200 carriages each year.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Great Eastern Railway Journal|date=January 1911}}</ref>

Many engine sheds carried out heavier repairs. [[Ipswich engine shed]] for instance had a tube shop and a smithy containing eight forges and a steamhammer.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hawlins|first=Chris|title=Great Eastern Engine Sheds Part 2|year=1987|publisher=Wild Swan|location=Didcot|isbn=0-906867-48-7|page=224|author2=George Reeve}}</ref>

Another wagon works was located at Ipswich (adjacent to the engine shed south of the tunnel).

Stratford Works and Ipswich lasted until the 1990s but Temple Mills closed in 1983.

===Signal boxes===
The {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} always allowed contractors a certain amount of freedom within their specified design, and three early types evolved built by [[John Saxby|Saxby & Farmer]], Stevens or McKenzie & Holland. By 1877 the {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} were consolidating their own design, which featured a gabled roof, with large overhang, and weatherboarding. Windows were always two panes high in this design. A more ornate style of construction replaced this type in 1882, but this did not last long – the {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} was never a rich railway. By 1883 brick boxes were being built to a plainer design, although 1884 saw some ornateness returning. For instance, March West box contained mock stonework in the gables, fancy window design and decorated bargeboards.

By 1886 timber boxes were being constructed again as well as brick examples but this – with some variation – was the last design for Great Eastern signal boxes.

By 1997 there were still 90 of these in service, but with recent (2012) changes, and more changes expected,<ref>{{cite journal|title=Another Linc in the chain|journal=Rail|year=2012|volume=699|publisher=EMAP|location=Peterborough}}</ref> then it is unlikely that many will remain in service for much longer.{{Update inline|date=July 2019|reason=}}
{{gallery
|File:Manea Signal Box - geograph.org.uk - 1929625.jpg|Manea signal box near March
|File:Attleborough railway station - geograph.org.uk - 1408035.jpg|Attleborough Signal Box
}}

==Operations and timetables==

===Main line===
Over the years the principal main line services between Norwich and Liverpool Street were routed via Ipswich or Cambridge, generally depending on the quickest journey time available. Before the {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} was formed its predecessor the [[Eastern Counties Railway]] had a reputation for speed second only to the [[Great Western Railway|Great Western]] and Great Northern Railways. From 1850 to 1855 Cambridge could be reached in 75 minutes ({{convert|53.75|mi|2|abbr=out}} from Stratford), a further 20 minutes to Ely ({{Convert|14|mi||abbr=}}) and a further 55 minutes to Wymondham ({{Convert|43.5|mi||abbr=}}) giving an average speed of {{convert|47.5|mph|0|abbr=on}}. There is some doubt as to the reliability of these times; as the writer [[William Makepeace Thackeray|Thackeray]] observed in The Lamentable Ballad of the Foundling of Shoreditch, "For even the Heastern Counties' trains must come in at last."

In the early days of the {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} the 5 p.m. departure from Shoreditch (the terminus before Liverpool Street) took 52 minutes to reach Bishop's Stortford (average speed {{Convert|38.5|mph||abbr=}}) and 92 to get to Cambridge.

Because the route via Colchester had been built by a number of different companies, mostly in dubious states of financial stability, it was some years before the Colchester route rose to prominence. Then, as line speeds on this or the Cambridge line improved, the focus of the Norwich services would shift from one to another. On taking over the entire route in 1862, the {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} improved speeds on the Colchester line so that Colchester was reached in 70 minutes (non-stop) and Yarmouth (via the East Suffolk route) could be reached in 3 hours 25 minutes. Norwich was 3 hours and 15 minutes via Ipswich and 4 hours via Cambridge.

In 1869 the situation had been reversed and it was quicker to get to Norwich via Cambridge (3 hours 30 minutes) compared to 4 hours 15 minutes via Ipswich. In 1870/1 the balance shifted back to the Ipswich route, with a time of 3 hours 35 minutes compared to 3 hours 53 minutes via Cambridge. By 1878 the Cambridge route was ascendant, with times of 3 hours 12 minutes for the fastest trains compared to a time of 4 hours 10 minutes via Ipswich. In the 1880s both routes had similar times, but by 1887 the Ipswich route offered a time of 2 hours 40 minutes which improved to 2 hours 31 minutes in 1897 and by a further five minutes in 1906.<ref name="Allen 1955 163–166">{{harvnb|Allen|1955|pp=163–166}}</ref>

===Main line boat trains===
[[Boat train]]s commenced running to [[Harwich Parkeston Quay railway station|Harwich Parkeston Quay]] in 1882 and were timed at 1 hour 45 minutes from Liverpool Street. By 1895 this was down to 1 hour 30 minutes. In 1897 the 8:30&nbsp;pm train was run as two separate trains - 8:30&nbsp;pm for the [[Hook of Holland]] and 8:35&nbsp;pm for Antwerp. With the introduction of the corridor restaurant cars in 1904, the time was eased to 87 minutes, but the introduction of the [[GER Class S69|Class 1500]] 4-6-0 express engines in 1912 saw a running time of 82 minutes.<ref>{{harvnb|Allen|1955|p={{page needed|date=January 2013}}<!-- note to bot operators: this is not the same as the later two which *appear* to be the same - the requested page number will be different --> }}</ref>

===Suburban services (the Jazz)===
[[File:Canonbury, Highgate Road, Junction Road, South Tottenham, Tottenham & Tufnell Park RJD 112.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Map dated 1914, showing, on the right, some of the north London branches of the Great Eastern Railway]]

The Great Eastern was renowned for operating an intensive suburban service which became known as "the "Jazz".

Serving the [[East End of London]], the [[London Docklands]] and the capital's eastern suburbs, the Great Eastern's suburban services had a much greater proportion of working class industrial workers, labourers and lower-ranking office workers than the suburban networks of the likes of the [[London and South Western Railway]] or the [[Metropolitan Railway|Metropolitan]]. The {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} had to transport greater numbers of passengers commuting in and out of the urban centre and at lower fares. The {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} encouraged passenger numbers with low-price 'workman fares' services which ran in the early morning and late evening. These used older rolling stock with high-density seating (often using wooden benches for ease of cleaning after being used by passengers from docks, factories and markets in dirty work clothes). There were also 'half fare trains' using more modern and comfortable suburban coaching stock aimed at lower-income [[white-collar worker]]s such as [[clerk]]s and junior office workers. There was a symbiotic relationship between the railway and property development - the existence of the railway made it possible for even industrial workers to move into new housing developments in the suburbs which then provided extra custom for the {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}}. The {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} itself invested in property development near its routes and in some cases even built its own housing on land purchased as part of railway construction. Although most closely associated with these crowded, low-cost commuter train serving the suburbs of [[East London|eastern London]], the {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} also provided luxurious [[First class travel|first class]] compartments in many of its commuter trains for businessmen and wealthier customers travelling to and from [[City of London|the City]] with its numerous banks and other financial offices.

By 1900 over 90 per cent of passengers using [[Liverpool Street station]] were making journeys of 12 miles (19&nbsp;km) or less and around 75,000 people arrived at the station before 10.30am each morning. A total of 400 suburban and 36 main line trains were timetabled to use the terminus each day. Passenger numbers continued to rise in the early 20th century and a survey in 1913 showed that some of the {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}}'s suburban trains were carrying up to 1400 people each and the station itself was beginning to suffer from overcrowding at peak times that was not only preventing the easy movement of people in and out and delaying the departure of trains but presenting a danger to the public.

After [[World War I]] (during which a decline in passenger numbers provided something of a reprieve) the {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} began to consider ways of alleviating the problem. The Liverpool Street site and its approaches were already full utilised, with no room for additional or extended platforms, more tracks or an enlarged station concours. Consideration was given to [[electrification]], following the model of the [[London, Brighton and South Coast Railway]] which had electrified its inner suburban routes between 1909 and 1912 and so been able to run both more and faster services on existing infrastructure. However the high capital costs required of electrifying the {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}}'s much more extensive and wider-reaching suburban network - estimated at £3 million (£140 million in 2021) - were beyond the perennially cash-strapped {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}}'s resources. Before the war the GER had recruited the American executive [[Henry Worth Thornton]] - former superintendent of the  [[Long Island Rail Road]] (in many ways an American counterpart to the {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}}, operating an intensive commuter service in and out of [[New York City]]) - as its general manager. Working with operations superintendent F.&nbsp;V. Russell (former chief designer at [[Stratford Works]]), Thornton developed a way of comprehensively overhauling and optimising the Great Eastern's suburban service to increase capacity on the existing infrastructure with minimal investment.

At Liverpool street tracks were rearranged and new junctions between running lines added to improve capacity and flexibility. Small refuge tracks were added at the platform ends to stable locomotives between duties without blocking running lines, signalling was expanded to allow more than one train to occupy a platform road at a time and on the station [[concourse]] the passenger barriers were moved back to both direct outward-going passengers more effectively to their trains and to encourage outward-going passengers to leave the station without getting in the way of other streams of people leaving or joining other trains.

Improvements to the rolling stock were made on services running to [[Chingford]]. [[Enfield, London|Enfield]] and [[Wood Green]] ([[Palace Gates railway station|Palace Gates]]). Trains were reformed into sets of 16 four-wheel coaches with each train having seating capacity for 848 people, with additional standing room in peak hours. These were non-corridor [[Passenger railroad car#Compartment|compartment]]-type coaches, but in for third class the compartment dividing walls were cut down to the level of the tops of the seats, allowing more nimble passengers to climb over the seat backs between seating bays to find empty seats. This meant that passengers no longer had to find a compartment with vacant seats before boarding which reduced the [[Dwell time (transportation)|dwell time]] – Thornton and Russell aimed to get the time spent at intermediate stops down from minutes to seconds. To help with this the coaches had their doors painted in different colours to identify the class of each compartment - first class were painted yellow and second class for blue, with the third class accommodation which made up the majority of all the {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}}'s trains being unmarked. Similarly, a system of coloured boards representing the destination and/or route of each train was introduced, with the boards being fitted to the rear and sides of the [[Brake van|guard's van]] which would be nearest the concourse at Liverpool Street and enable passengers to quickly find and board their train.

The {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} had already adopted the [[Railway air brake|Westinghouse air brake]] due to its greater effectiveness and quicker response when making frequent stops in suburban services. Thornton and Russell instructed drivers to adopt a new technique of running into stations at speed, fully applying the brake as the engine reached the start of the platform, then fully releasing the brake as it approached the end, which would bring the train to a rapid but smooth stop with the engine right at the end of the platform. This would shave further crucial seconds of the time required for each intermediate stop when compared to the more usual technique of cutting speed on the approach to stations, making an initial part-application of the brake and easing the train to a stop. However, with the new method there was very little room for error and drivers had to learn exactly when to apply the brake (and by exactly what amount) and when to release it in order to bring the train to a stop without under- or over-shooting the stopping point and without jolting the train and its passengers.

The new services were introduced in July 1920. When fully combined these improvements and alterations allowed 24 suburban trains to use Liverpool Street each hour - over 40,000 passengers when inward and outward flows were combined. This was a world record for a steam-hauled railway system. On arrival, the engine that had brought the train in would immediately be uncoupled, while another engine was attached at the other end - in many cases this engine would have followed the train into the platform through the station approaches, having been let out of a holding siding to run close behind by the new signalling arrangements.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Butcher|first=David|title=The Jazz train workings at Liverpool Street Station|journal=Great Eastern Railway Society Journal|date=July 2006|issue=127|pages=127.3–127.10}}</ref> The detached engine would be topped up with water from a newly installed [[Water crane|water column]] at the concourse end of each platform road. As the train departed, the now-available engine would follow it down the platform before being sent either to one of the refuge bays in the platform ends or to a siding at the approaches to follow another arriving service into another platform in its turn. In most cases engines were not kept at Liverpool Street for more than ten minutes between duties. Each individual train was arranged to spend as little as four minutes at the terminus between arrival and departure.<ref>{{harvnb|Allen|1955|pp=176–190}}</ref> This intensity of service is all the more remarkable when it is considered that the vast majority of the suburban services were concentrated in only four of Liverpool Street's 18 platforms, with the remainder being used for outer suburban and mainline services.

In total, Thornton and Russell's new optimised service provided an increase in capacity of between 50 and 75 per cent without any major changes to infrastructure, no new rolling stock and a total cost of only £80,000 (£3.6 million in 2020 - only a fortieth of the projected cost of electrification). The new suburban services were popular with passengers and the press (which had frequently criticised the {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} in the pre-WW1 years for overcrowding and slow journey times, even to the extent of running long-term campaigns against the company). The clashing bright colours of the painted doors and the identification boards were seen as a distinctive feature of the new services from the start and early GER publicity referred to 'The Rainbow Service'. However the appearance was thought of as '[[jazz]]y' in the slang of the period and a local newspaper called the service '''The Jazz''', which quickly became widely used.

The service was initially operated by the {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}}'s existing stud of 2-4-2T engines such as the [[GER Class M15|M15]] and [[GER Class G69|G69]] while carriages were adapted versions of either existing four-wheelers or new-builds to these older designs. The {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} had always intended to introduce more powerful engines and more modern and higher-capacity carriages to The Jazz to maximise the improvements. New [[0-6-2]] [[GER Class L77|L77 Class]] tank engines were introduced from 1921, along with new eight-wheel 57&nbsp;ft-long (17.3 metres) compartment coaches (with the added refinement of steam heating for winter use), which had their class identification colours painted in a strip between the windows and the roof rather than on the doors. By 1924 over 280,000 people were using The Jazz every day and Liverpool Street was regularly handling over 40,000 passengers per hour in peak periods. When the GER was [[Railways Act 1921|grouped]] into the [[London and North Eastern Railway]] in 1923 the LNER began introducing [[articulated car]] sets of even higher capacity [[List of rolling stock preserved on the North Norfolk Railway#"Quad Art" coaches|to a design]] developed by the [[Great Northern Railway (Great Britain)|Great Northern Railway]].

The true Jazz services only lasted until 1926 when the service frequency and intensity was cut down due to the [[1926 United Kingdom general strike|General Strike]] and rising competition from trams, trolley buses, motorbuses and private cars meant that the service on the former GER suburban lines was never brought back up to its planned level. Nonetheless, the services remained widely known as The Jazz and even in the 1940s was still running 18 trains per hour and between 160,000 and 180,000 passengers used Liverpool Street each day. Plans to electrify the former {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} system had been developed in the 1930s and were put into action under [[British Rail]]ways. Liverpool Street received its first electric lines in 1946 and electric suburban services – finally replacing The Jazz - began in 1960.

The {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} also operated suburban services out of [[Fenchurch Street]] station with trains to [[North Woolwich railway station|North Woolwich]], Blackwall (until 1925) [[Gallions railway station|Gallions]] and [[Loughton]] sharing the station with the [[London, Tilbury and Southend Railway|London Tilbury and Southend]] until 1912 when the Midland railway took over operation of that railway.

===Named trains===
The '''Cathedrals Express''' operated from Liverpool Street via Cambridge, Ely, Lincoln and Doncaster to York. Three services were run each day although it was never a particularly well patronised service.<ref>{{harvnb|Allen|1955|p={{page needed|date=January 2013}}<!-- note to bot operators: this is not the same as the other two which *appear* to be the same - the requested page number will be different --> }}</ref>

The '''North Country Continental''' operated between Harwich and Manchester Piccadilly usually being routed via March and the {{abbr|GNGEJR|Great Northern and Great Eastern Joint Railway}} route. This train included the first restaurant car on the Great Eastern (in 1891) and this was also the first service in the UK to allow third-class passengers to dine. A new train set was built for this service in 1906 and generally operated in the following formation:

ENGINE+THIRD CLASS BRAKE+CORRIDOR THIRD+OPEN THIRD+KITCHEN AND OPEN FIRST+SEMI-OPEN FIRST+SIX WHEEL BRAKE (this constituted the York section). Then followed various corridor composite brakes followed each detached from the rear of the northbound train en route. These were for LIVERPOOL (detached Doncaster on the outward journey)+ LIVERPOOL + MANCHESTER(detached at Lincoln and routed via the Great Central routes) + BIRMINGHAM (via Midland Railway routes) + BIRMINGHAM (via London and North Western routes)(both of which were detached at March).<ref>{{cite journal|last=Watling|first=John|title=Carriage Building in 1906 and the York-Harwich Train|journal=Great Eastern Railway Society Journal|date=July 2006|issue=127|pages=127.13–127.18}}</ref>

The '''[[Norfolk Coast Express]]''' operated between Cromer and Liverpool Street and a purpose-built train was built for this service in 1907. This was the first formation without six-wheeler carriages in the 12-car formation, which included eight carriages for Cromer, two for Sheringham and two for Mundesley. The portions were detached at North Walsham.

However whether all (or indeed any) of these trains carried nameboards in Great Eastern days is doubtful.

===Branch line services===
Typically branch line services were worked by small tank engines usually with ancient carriages handed down from main line or suburban services. Generally many branch services would be timed to connect to services to the main line thus providing through journeys. Many rural branch lines had no more than a handful of services each day.

For instance in the July 1922 Bradshaws Timetable Guide, Table 316 showed five departures from Framlingham at 07:20, 08:30, 12:40, 16:25 and 18:30. All services had connections to London Liverpool Street. All trains called at the two stations on the branch, taking 18 minutes to get to the junction station at Wickham Market.<ref>{{cite book|title=Bradshaw's July 1922 Railway Guide|year=1922|publisher=David and Charles|location=Newton Abbott|at=Table 316}}</ref>

From Wickham Market the trains departed at 07:56, 09:35, 13:14, 17:52 and 19:10. All services except the 09:35 departure had a connection from [[London Liverpool Street]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Bradshaws|title=Bradshaws July 1922 Railway Guide|year=1986|publisher=David and Charles|location=Newton Abbott|isbn=9780715387085}}</ref>

In 1865, when the [[Saffron Walden Railway]] opened, the {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} provided some of its most modern rolling stock on opening day before reverting to stock of more dubious quality for general operation of the line.<ref name="Paye 1980"/>

===Other services===
The {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} ran a number of trains from Ely and Cambridge to St Pancras after the Midland Railway completed the Tottenham and Hampstead Junction Railway in 1880. in 1914 there were three express services from St Pancras to Cambridge (12:22&nbsp;pm 2:40&nbsp;pm and 5:05&nbsp;pm) with the 12:22&nbsp;pm reaching Cambridge in a creditable 71 minutes. Suspended during the First World War, these were briefly revived but stopped running in 1922.<ref name="Allen 1955 163–166"/>

Royal trains were also worked from St Pancras to Sandringham in Norfolk, and race day trains to Newmarket also operated into St Pancras.

The {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} also operated services from Liverpool Street via the East London Line to [[New Cross railway station|New Cross]] and [[New Cross Gate railway station|New Cross Gate]] with some services being extended to [[East Croydon station|East Croydon]].

===Freight traffic===
As the {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} served a predominantly rural area, the majority of outward traffic was agricultural in nature. The opening of the Great Northern and Great Eastern Joint railway in 1882 gave the {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} access to the coal fields in South Yorkshire and East Nottinghamshire and this became an important source of traffic for the railway.

There were a number of ports on the {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} including King's Lynn, Great Yarmouth, Lowestoft, Felixstowe and Parkeston Quay. Fish traffic emanated from Lowestoft and Great Yarmouth.

One of the more obscure services the {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} offered was the delivery of sea water. This service started in the 1870s and by 1880 it was reported that {{Convert|4500|impgal||abbr=}} had been delivered on a single day. A redundant steam locomotive was employed in the task at Lowestoft and a number of fish and open carriage wagons were converted to saltwater tanks. The trains ran to London where the water was distilled into {{Convert|3|impgal||abbr=|spell=in|adj=on}} barrels and sold for sixpence (pre decimalisation price c. 1880, about £{{Format price|{{inflation|UK|0.06|1880}}|2}} in {{Inflation year|index=UK}}). The sea water was used in baths and was still running as late as 1910 although the exact final date of operation is unknown.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Watling|first=John|title=The GER and sea water|journal=Great Eastern Railway Society Journal|date=October 1991|issue=68|pages=16–17}}</ref>

==Accidents and incidents==
* On 3 August 1863, a passenger train ran into a bullock near [[North Wootton railway station|North Wootton]] station. Five passengers were killed as a result with the poor state of the rolling stock being partially to blame.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ashton|first1=Geoff|title=The Great Eastern Railway 1862-1865|journal=Great Eastern Railway|date=April 2013|volume=154|page=28}}</ref>
* On 26 September 1865, a light engine returning from Great Yarmouth to Ipswich derailed between [[Darsham railway station|Darsham]] and [[Halesworth railway station|Halesworth]] killing the driver and fireman.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cooper|first1=John M|title=East Suffolk Railway|date=1982|publisher=Oakwood Press|location=Usk|isbn=085361-285-4|page=29}}</ref>
* On 3 September 1881, there was a collision at [[Bow Road railway station|Bow Road]] where a train ran into the back of a stationary train which had failed at the station. The driver and fireman of the moving train were killed and 11 passengers injured. In the inquiry that followed the cause was deemed to be the failure of the signalman to protect the rear of the train by placing signals to danger. The train crew however were criticised in that while they had noticed the signals were not at danger, they had failed to inform the signalman. The guard of the failed train was criticised for not having properly protected the rear of that train.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Voisey|first1=F G|title=accidents on the Great Eastern no 22 - Bow Road|journal=Great Eastern Journal|date=August 1991|volume=66|page=14}}</ref>
*On 6 August 1889, there was an accident between Bishopsgate and Liverpool Street when an up passenger service ran into the back of a stationary empty coaching stock train. The enquiry was unable to determine the exact cause of the accident due to conflicting witness statements.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Voisey|first1=Frank|title=Accidents on the Great Eastern (part 18)|journal=Great Eastern Journal|date=January 1990|issue=60|pages=8, 9}}</ref>
*On 17 October 1891, a passenger train was derailed at [[Lavenham]], [[Suffolk]]. During recovery operations, a crane was derailed.<ref name="Earnshaw6">{{cite book |last=Earnshaw |first=Alan |title=Trains in Trouble: Vol. 6 |year=1990 |publisher=Atlantic Books |location=Penryn |isbn=0-906899-37-0 |page=5 }}</ref>
[[File:Witham.jpg|thumb|Witham.]]
* On 24 December 1891, an accident occurred at Barnby Box (between [[Beccles railway station|Beccles]] and [[Carlton Colville railway station|Carlton Colville]]) with three killed and four injuries.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cooper|first1=John M|title=East Suffolk Railway|date=1982|publisher=Oakwood Press|location=Usk|isbn=085361-285-4|page=42}}</ref>
* On 25 September 1900 at [[Westerfield railway station|Westerfield]] 0845, [[GER Class Y14]] 0-6-0 locomotive No. 522 which was then just a year old stopped at a signal on the Ipswich side of the level crossing awaiting a route to the Felixstowe branch. Shortly afterwards the boiler exploded killing driver John Barnard and his fireman William Macdonald, both based at [[Ipswich engine shed]]. The boiler was thrown {{Convert|40|yd||abbr=}} forwards, over the level crossing and ended up on the down platform. Apparently the locomotive had a history of boiler problems although in the official report the Boiler Foreman at Ipswich Engine shed was blamed. The victims were buried in Ipswich cemetery and both their gravestones have a likeness of a Y14 0-6-0 carved onto them.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Freestone|first1=Jill|last2=Smith|first2=Richard W|title=Ipswich Engines and Ipswich Men|date=1998|publisher=Under Stoke History group|location=Ipswich|isbn=0-9532257-0-4}}</ref><ref>http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/documents/BoT_Westerfield1900.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref>
* On 5 April 1905, two trains collided on the junction directly north of [[Stratford High Street DLR station|Stratford Market station]] with the goods engine overturning and crushing its fireman William Secker. The driver of the other train had mistakenly started his train thinking the signal was in his favour.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Board of trade (UK)|title=Accident report|url=http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/documents/BoT_StratfordMarket1905.pdf|website=Railwaysarchive.co.uk|publisher=Board of Trade (UK)|access-date=7 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ashton|first1=Geoff|last2=Challis|first2=David|title=Collision at Stratford Market|journal=Great Eastern Journal|date=October 2013|volume=156|pages=4–13}}</ref>
*On 1 September 1905, an express passenger train [[Witham rail crash|was derailed]] at {{rws|Witham}}, [[Essex]] due to a platelayer's error. Eleven people were killed and 71 were injured.
*On 9 January 1913, William Harwood, whilst on shift at [[Lowestoft railway station|Lowestoft station]], was struck by an overhanging footstep and fell onto the track. Harwood was run over by a passing carriage, resulting in him losing his left leg and breaking his right.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Esbester |first=Mike |date=2018-12-03 |title=William Harwood's missing leg |url=https://www.railwayaccidents.port.ac.uk/william-harwoods-missing-leg/ |access-date=2024-04-18 |website=Railway Work, Life & Death |language=en-US}}</ref>
*On 12 July 1913, an express passenger train collided with a light engine at {{rws|Colchester}}, Essex due to a signalman's error.  Three people were killed and fourteen were injured.<ref name="Trevena2">{{cite book |last=Trevena |first=Arthur |title=Trains in Trouble: Vol. 2. |year=1981 |publisher=Atlantic Books |location=Redruth |isbn=0-906899-03-6 |page=26 }}</ref>
*On 1 January 1915, an express passenger train [[Ilford rail crash (1915)|overran signals and collided]] with a local passenger train at {{rws|Ilford}}, [[Essex]]. Ten people were killed and over 500 were injured.

==Rolling stock and other material==

===Locomotives===
{{main|Locomotives of the Great Eastern Railway}}

====Prior to 1862====

Prior to 1862 the companies that had built the various parts of the network operated locomotives from a variety of engineering companies. Generally the wheel arrangements were {{whyte|2-2-0}} and {{whyte|2-2-2}} for most classes of locomotives. It was not until 1850 that the Eastern Counties Railway under [[John Viret Gooch|Gooch]] built a locomotive at the then newly opened Stratford Works. Number 20 was the first of a class of six {{whyte|2-2-2|T}} locomotives (although three more were also built by [[R B Longridge and Company|R B Longridge and Co]] of Bedlington, Northumberland). Slightly bigger improved versions of the class followed in 1853 and 1854.

In 1859 [[Robert Sinclair (locomotive engineer)|Sinclair]] ([[Chief mechanical engineer]] (CME) of the Eastern Counties Railway and later first CME of the Great Eastern) started some form of standardisation with the Y Class {{whyte|2-4-0}} locomotives, of which 110 were built by various engineering firms (including one French firm). The last locomotives of this class were withdrawn in 1894.

====1862 to 1880====
Sinclair's first design for the {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} was the [[GER Class W|W class]] single drivers built between 1862 and 1867 by a number of engineering firms. Two of these locomotives were rebuilt from the {{whyte|2-2-2}} to a {{whyte|4-2-2}} configuration later in their lives and these two, plus one of the original locomotives, carried a canary yellow livery. Another member of this class carried a cream livery "encircled by garlands of roses" when it was used to haul a special train in 1863 for the Prince and Princess of Wales ([[Edward VII]] and [[Alexandra of Denmark|Queen Alexandria]]) after their marriage at [[Westminster Abbey]]. These locomotives were responsible for running express services on the Great Eastern and in later life worked the Cathedrals Express to Lincoln and York.

Scrapping began in 1883 with the last two locomotives being withdrawn in 1894. The only other classes of locomotive that Sinclair designed were a {{whyte|2-4-0|T}} class of five engines built for the North Woolwich line and a class of {{whyte|2-4-2|T}} engines known as Scotchmen because they were built by [[Neilson and Company|Neilson, Reid & Co]] of Glasgow. Both classes entered service in 1864/65.

Generally Great Eastern locomotives carried a pea-green livery with black lining at this time.

When [[Samuel Waite Johnson|Johnson]] took over as CME, the {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} was so short of locomotives that he persuaded the [[North British Railway]] to let the GER have five locomotives of a {{whyte|2-4-0}} class being built by the [[Neilson, Reid & Co.|Neilson, Reid & Co]] for them on loan. These formed the basis of the 40 strong 'little Sharpie' (or [[GER Class 1|Number 1]]) class, with 10 being built by Stratford Works and the other 30 by [[Sharp Stewart]] hence the nickname. The GER was working many trains on the [[London Tilbury and Southend Railway]] at this time and the Sharpies were deployed on this traffic. The last two were withdrawn in 1913.

The next Johnson class was an {{whyte|0-6-0}} goods engine ([[GER Class 417|Class 417]]) introduced in 1867 and 1868 and numbering 60 engines. A number of these engines had hinged chimneys for use through Silvertown tunnel on the [[Eastern Counties and Thames Junction Railway|North Woolwich line]] which had limited headroom. Scrapping began in 1888 with the final locomotive withdrawn in 1899.

Another more powerful {{whyte|0-6-0}} design followed in 1872/3 and was known as the [[GER 477 class|477 class]]. Introduced in 1872 and 1873, this 50-strong class was built by 5 different companies, and was notable for being the first {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} engines with a six-wheeled tender. All were withdrawn between 1898 and 1902.

The growth of London suburban traffic saw a requirement for additional tank engines.  The GER borrowed some [[Metropolitan Railway A Class]] {{whyte|4-4-0|T}} engines in the early 1870s and had 15 [[GER T7 class|T7 class]] {{whyte|0-4-2|T}} engines built, followed by some {{whyte|0-4-4|T}} engines, one of which was the first locomotive to carry the distinctive GER Royal Blue livery.

The final locomotives introduced by Johnson were two [[GER C8 class|C8 class]] {{whyte|4-4-0}} locomotives which were built with no engine brakes and no dedicated tenders. These locomotives, numbers 305 and 306, were frequently used on royal trains and finished their careers as station pilots at St Pancras and Liverpool Street.

The 0-4-4T [[GER 61 class|61 class]] was the first [[William Adams (locomotive engineer)|Adams]] engine, and these 50 engines were built for suburban traffic. Ten {{whyte|0-4-2|T}} locomotives (Class 61) followed between 1877 and 1879 and these lasted until 1907.  Adams next design was a {{whyte|4-4-0}} class known as Ironclads.  Unfortunately these were not very successful on passenger traffic and were soon deployed on freight workings.

The next Adams locomotive was the first UK {{whyte|2-6-0}} locomotive built in 1877. Another failure, this class of 15 locomotives were withdrawn after a working life of eight years, mostly working coal traffic between Peterborough and London.

Adams was succeeded by [[Massey Bromley]] who made the decision that henceforth more locomotives would be built at Stratford Works. Up to this point only 80 had been built.

However Bromley's first class of {{whyte|4-2-2}} locomotives were built by [[Dubs and Kitson]] with 12 allocated to Stratford and four each to Norwich and Yarmouth sheds. One of these locomotives was later equipped with oil-burning capabilities, but the increasing demands of railway traffic saw these engines withdrawn by 1893 after a relatively short life. Bromley also designed an {{whyte|0-6-0}} class which lasted some 24 years in traffic. He also designed the [[GER E10 Class|E10 class]] {{whyte|0-4-4|T}} some of which were fitted with [[condensing steam locomotive|condensing gear]] and operated over the [[East London Line]] to New Cross and East Croydon.

====1880 to 1922====
[[File:GER Claud Hamilton print cropped.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[GER Classes S46, D56 and H88|GER Class D56]] in original Great Eastern blue livery with decorative features as depicted in a 1910 colour plate by W.J. Stokoe.]]
[[File:2-4-0 GER 420.jpg|thumb|GER Class T26 no 420 2-4-0 (later LNER Class E4)]]
[[File:GER Decapod and James Holden.jpg|thumb|An official GER picture from 1902 showing CME James Holden alongside the unique 0-10-0T engine Decapod]]

Between 1880 and 1922 the Great Eastern produced some distinctive locomotives, and several of these have been preserved. Almost all of the Great Eastern's locomotives were, after 1880, built at [[Stratford Works]] and many lasted until the end of steam on the Great Eastern.<ref>{{harvnb|Allen|1955|pp=90–126}}</ref>

Express services on the {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} were latterly in the hands of the [[GER Class S69|Class S69]] (LNER class B12) {{whyte|4-6-0}} locomotives. Designed by James Holden and also known as the '1500 class', these engines were built at Stratford Works (51 engines) and William Beardmore (20 engines). Ten engines were later built for the London and North Eastern Railway by [[Beyer Peacock]], and it is one of these locomotives that is preserved today.

These locomotives were built to succeed the three classes of {{whyte|4-4-0}} employed by the {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} on express services which were becoming heavier as the railways prospered. Classes [[GER Class S46|S46]], [[GER Class D56|D56]] and [[GER Class H88|H88]] (LNER D14, D15, and D16) were collectively nicknamed "Claud Hamiltons" because the first S46 (built at Stratford in 1900, numbered 1900) was named after the then-current chairman of the GER, [[Lord Claud Hamilton (1843–1925)|Lord Claud Hamilton]]. Most of the "Clauds" were later rebuilt by the LNER; the final one was withdrawn in 1960 and scrapped.<ref name="LNER Encyclopedia, classes D14, D15, D16">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.lner.info/locos/D/d14d15d16.shtml|access-date=3 April 2013 |title=The Holden 'Claud Hamilton' Class D14, D15, & D16 4-4-0 Locomotives |encyclopedia=The London & North Eastern Railway Encyclopedia }}</ref>

Local suburban traffic was dealt with by numerous 2-4-2T and 0-6-0T locomotives belonging to several different classes. [[Stratford TMD|Stratford Engine Shed]], for instance, had 163 2-4-2T engines of four classes.  As trains got heavier, these locomotives were replaced by the [[GER Class L77|Class L77]] 0-6-2T (LNER N7) designed by [[Alfred John Hill]] and introduced in 1915. 134 were built, including a number after the LNER took over in 1923; one is preserved. The 2-4-2Ts, of which none survive, were mostly cascaded out of suburban traffic by the 1940s and worked until the late 1950s on branch lines.

Mention should also be made of the [[GER Class T26|T26]] (LNER E4) {{whyte|2-4-0}}s, which remained in service as the last locomotives of this wheel arrangement in Great Britain. Derived from the larger T19 {{whyte|2-4-0}}, 100 of these locomotives were built between 1891 and 1902 and worked a variety of trains across East Anglia. The last one, GER no. 490, was preserved as part of the [[National Collection]] when withdrawn in 1959. Today it resides at [[Bressingham Steam and Gardens|Bressingham Steam Museum]], Norfolk.<ref name="LNER Encyclopedia, class E4">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.lner.info/locos/E/e4.shtml|access-date=3 April 2013 |title=The Holden E4 (GER T26) 2-4-0 Locomotives |encyclopedia=The London & North Eastern Railway Encyclopedia }}</ref> Some of the [[GER Class T19|T19s]], incidentally, were rebuilt as {{whyte|4-4-0}}s (class T19R) between 1905 and 1908, having been taken off express work by the "Claud Hamiltons". As LNER class D13, the last worked until 1944.<ref name="LNER Encyclopedia, class D13">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.lner.info/locos/D/d13.shtml|access-date=3 April 2013 |title=The Holden Class D13 (GER T19 Rebuilt) 4-4-0 Locomotives |encyclopedia=The London & North Eastern Railway Encyclopedia }}</ref>

{{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} goods designs of this period were invariably {{whyte|0-6-0}} tender engines. The main freight class built by the GER was [[Thomas William Worsdell|Worsdell]]'s [[GER Class Y14|Y14]] (LNER J15) {{whyte|0-6-0}} class.  289 examples were produced between 1883 and 1913 with most being built at Stratford Works, although a small number were built by [[Sharp Stewart]]. On 10–11 December 1891, the Great Eastern Railway's [[Stratford Works]] built one of these locomotives and had it in steam with a coat of grey [[Primer (paint)|primer]] in just 9 hours 47 minutes; this remains a world record.{{Citation needed|date=July 2019}} The locomotive then went off to run {{convert|36000|mi|-3|abbr=out}} on [[Peterborough]] to [[London]] coal trains before coming back to the works for the final coat of paint. It lasted 40 years and ran a total of 1,{{convert|127750|mi|0|abbr=out}}.<ref>{{harvnb|Allen|1955|p=110}}</ref> As freight traffic grew heavier after 1900, more 0-6-0 freight locomotives were built including classes [[GER Class F48|F48]] (LNER J16), [[GER Class E72|E72]] (LNER J18), [[GER Class G58|G58]] (LNER J17) and [[GER Class D81|D81]] (LNER J20); the Y14s, meanwhile, went into general local and branch line service, on both passenger and freight trains. The last Y14s ran until 1962, and no. 564 is preserved on the [[North Norfolk Railway]];<ref name="LNER Encyclopedia, class J15">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.lner.info/locos/J/j15.shtml|access-date=3 April 2013 |title=The Class J15 (GER Class Y14) 0-6-0 Locomotives |encyclopedia=The London & North Eastern Railway Encyclopedia }}</ref> and G58 no. 1217 (withdrawn 1962) is in the National Railway Museum, York.<ref name="LNER Encyclopedia, classes J16, J17">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.lner.info/locos/J/j16j17.shtml|access-date=3 April 2013 |title=The Holden J16 & J17 (GER Classes F48 & G58) 0-6-0 Locomotives |encyclopedia=The London & North Eastern Railway Encyclopedia }}</ref>

Shunting was generally in the hands of {{whyte|0-6-0|T}} locomotives although of note were the [[LNER Class J70|Class J70]] tram engines employed at [[Ipswich dock]]s and on the [[Wisbech and Upwell Tramway]]. This class of locomotive was later the inspiration of the [[Wilbert Awdry|Reverend Awdry]]'s [[Toby the Tram Engine|Toby the tram engine]].

Finally mention must be made of the [[GER Class A55|Decapod]] which was the first {{whyte|0-10-0|T}} built in Britain, and possibly the only locomotive built for purely political purposes in order to block the passage through Parliament of a new rival scheme for an electric railway.{{Citation needed|date=July 2019}}

====Livery====
In the early years, the Great Eastern locomotive livery changed often, first being held in various shades of green and later black. In 1882 the well-known Ultramarine Blue livery was introduced. It consisted of [[ultramarine|Ultramarine Blue]] over an [[Primer (paint)|undercoat]] of [[Shades of gray#French Grey|French Grey]], with black [[smokebox]] and [[vermillion]] [[buffer beam]]s and lining. From 1915 locos were not given a top coat and ran in French Grey undercoat but with the boiler bands picked out in black.<ref>{{cite web | title = Locomotive liveries | publisher = Great Eastern Railway Society | url = http://www.gersociety.org.uk/loco/intro.htm#liv | access-date = 28 April 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081017191132/http://www.gersociety.org.uk/loco/index.htm?intro.htm | archive-date = 17 October 2008}}</ref>

====Locomotive stock (1923)====

Numbers of each {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} locomotive class and running numbers (first and last numbers only) in 1922, prior to the [[1923 Grouping]]. Note that the numbering is not necessarily contiguous:<ref name="Yeadon 1996">{{cite book|last=Yeadon|first=W B|title=LNER locomotive allocations 1st January 1923|year=1996|publisher=Challenger Publications|isbn=1-899624-19-8}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Class
! LNER<br />Class!! Wheel Arrangement!! Total!! Traffic type!! Running Numbers
|-
|[[GER Class S69|S69]]|| B12 || {{whyte|4-6-0}} || 70 || Express Passenger || 1500–1570
|-
|[[GER Class T19|T19]]||D13 || {{whyte|4-4-0}} || 58 || Passenger|| 700–779 1012–1039
|-
| [[GER Class S46|S46]]|| D14 || {{whyte|4-4-0}} || 21|| Passenger||1862–1900
|-
| [[GER Class D56|D56]] ||D15  || {{whyte|4-4-0}} || 90 || Passenger||1790–1899 Note D14/15 numbered in same series
|-
| [[GER Class T26|T26]] || E4 || {{whyte|2-4-0}} || 100 || Passenger||407–506
|-
| [[GER Class C32|C32]] || F3 || {{whyte|2-4-2|T}} || 50 || Branch Passenger || 1040–1099
|-
| [[GER Class M15|M15]]||F4 || {{whyte|2-4-2|T}}  || 118 || Suburban Passenger|| 71–189 211–244 572–591 650–679 791–800
|-
| [[GER Class M15|M15]]||F5 || {{whyte|2-4-2|T}}  || 30 || Suburban Passenger|| 91–96 100–110 141–147 170 179 188 589/90 780–788 
|-
| [[GER Class G69|G69]]|| F6 || {{whyte|2-4-2|T}}  || 22 || Suburban Passenger||1-10 61–70 789 790 Note F4/F5/F6 numbered in same series.
|-
| Y65|| F7 || {{whyte|2-4-2|T}}  || 12|| Passenger || 1300–1311
|-
| [[GER Class S44|S44]] || G4 || {{whyte|0-4-4|T}}  || 40 || Suburban Passenger || 1100–1139
|-
| [[GER Class N31|N31]] || J14 || {{whyte|0-6-0}} || 18|| Freight|| 604 951–998
|-
| [[GER Class Y14|Y14]] ||J15 || {{whyte|0-6-0}} || 272 ||Freight|| 37–39 119–124 507–699 801–945
|-
| [[GER Class F48|F48]] ||J16 || {{whyte|0-6-0}} || 46 ||Freight|| 1150–1209
|-
| [[GER Class G58|G58]] || J17 || {{whyte|0-6-0}} || 44|| Freight ||1153–1198 numbered in same series as J16. 1201–1239
|-
| [[GER Class E72|E72]] || J18 || {{whyte|0-6-0}} || 10|| Freight|| 1240–1249
|-
| [[GER Class F48|T77]] || J19 || {{whyte|0-6-0}} || 25|| Freight ||1140–1149 1250–1269
|-
| [[GER Class D81|D81]] || J20 || {{whyte|0-6-0}} || 25|| Freight ||1270–1294
|-
| [[GER Class E22|E22]] || J65 || {{whyte|0-6-0|T}} || 20|| Shunting/Local Freight||150–159 245–254
|-
| [[GER Class T18|T18]] || J66 || {{whyte|0-6-0|T}} || 50|| Shunting/Local Freight|| 275–326
|-
| [[GER Class R24|R24]] || J67 || {{whyte|0-6-0|T}} || 51|| Shunting/Local Freight/Suburban Passenger|| 11–20 161 164 169 199–264 327–336 397–406
|-
| [[GER Class C72|C72]] || J68 || {{whyte|0-6-0|T}} || 20|| Shunting/Local Freight/Suburban Passenger || 21–30 41–50
|-
| [[GER Class R24|R24]] / [[GER Class S56|S56]] || J69 || {{whyte|0-6-0|T}} || 109|| Shunting/Local Freight/Suburban Passenger|| 51–60 81–90 160–168 190–198 265–274 305 328 335 337–396
|-
| [[GER Class C53|C53]] || J70 || {{whyte|0-6-0|T}} || 12|| Tram type shunting locos || 125–139 
|-
| || J92|| {{whyte|0-6-0|T}} || 3|| Crane Tank engines|| B C and D were Stratford works shunters.
|-
| [[GER Class L77|L77]] ||  N7 || {{whyte|0-6-2|T}} || 12 || Suburban Passenger|| 1000–1011
|-
| [[GER Class B74|B74]] || Y4 || {{whyte|0-4-0|T}} || 5 || Dock/Works shunters|| 210 226–229
|-
| [[GER Class 209|209]] || Y5 || {{whyte|0-4-0|T}} || 4 || Dock/Works shunters|| 209 0228 230 231
|-
| [[GER Class G15|G15]] || Y6 || {{whyte|0-4-0|T}} || 6 || Dock/Works shunters|| 0125 0126 0129 132–134 - all allocated to Wisbech and Outwell tramway
|}

====Preserved locomotives====
[[File:Great Eastern Railway 0-6-0.jpg|thumb|J69 0-6-0T engine in GER livery and carrying headboard]]
The following GE locomotives are preserved:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Number!! GE class!! LNER class!! Wheel arrangement!! Location
|-
| BR 61572 || [[GER Class S69|S69]] || B12 || {{whyte|4-6-0}} ||[[North Norfolk Railway]]
|-
| GER 490 || [[GER Class T26|T26]] || E4 || {{whyte|2-4-0}} || [[Bressingham Steam and Gardens]]
|-
| GER 564 || [[GER Class Y14|Y14]] || J15 || {{whyte|0-6-0}} ||[[North Norfolk Railway]]
|-
| LNE 8217 || [[GER Class G58|G58]] || J17 || {{whyte|0-6-0}} ||[[Barrow Hill Roundhouse]]
|-
| GER 87 || [[GER Class S56|S56]] || J67 || {{whyte|0-6-0|T}} || [[Bressingham Steam and Gardens]]
|-
| BR 69621 || [[GER Class L77|L77]] || N7 || {{whyte|0-6-2|T}} ||[[East Anglian Railway Museum]]
|-
| GER 225 || [[GER Class 209|209]] || Y5 || {{whyte|0-4-0|T}} ||The Flour Mill, [[Lydney]]
|-
|}

{{As of|2025}} there are plans to build a replica steam locomotive - a class [[GER Class M15|M15]] {{whyte|2-4-2|T}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Home|url=http://holdenf5.co.uk/the-history-of-the-f5/|website=Holden F5 Locomotive Trust|access-date=3 November 2014}}</ref>

===Coaching stock===
Whilst not being at the forefront of carriage development, there were a number of interesting developments on the {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} worth noting.<ref>{{harvnb|Allen|1955|pp=154–162}}</ref>

====Main line====

Even by 1900 bogie coaches were rare on {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}}, with trains of six-wheelers being the norm. It was not until 1897 that the first bogie stock appeared, and these were a comparatively short {{Convert|48|ft|3|in|abbr=}} long. They contained two first-class compartments with lavatories sandwiched between four third-class compartments and a luggage compartment. The GER supplied separate luggage compartments for most of its main line stock. In 1900 an updated version had a corridor and third-class access to the lavatories but no corridor connections to other carriages.

In 1904 Stratford produced a complete corridor train (this means a person can walk from the first to the last carriage whilst the train is moving). Despite the trend to bogied stock, Stratford still included three 6-wheeler carriages and a 4-wheeled luggage van in this formation. The other vehicles were all bogied stock and included a kitchen car. This train was also fitted for steam heating throughout and was employed on Liverpool Street - Parkeston Quay services.

In 1906 a new train set was produced for the North Country Continental train (see below) and in 1907 for the Norfolk Coast Express (see below). The latter was notable for being the first all corridor set built by Stratford Works.<ref>Great Eastern Railway Society Journal 127-page 12 J Watling</ref> However, with the restaurant sets built in 1900 being corridor coaches, more corridor coaches were being added to main line sets.

The livery of the stock was [[teak]] (effectively varnished wood) but in 1919 the decision was taken to paint all stock dark red. At the grouping in 1923 however all stock reverted to the teak livery.

====Pullman====
The introduction of Pullman cars to the {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} was the idea of American General Manager Henry Worth Thornton. These were tried across the network and required payment of a supplementary fare. Unfortunately it was not a success although they were used on Liverpool Street - Harwich Continental trains for many years.

====Dining and restaurant====
In 1891 the Great Eastern introduced the first restaurant car to its North Country Continental service.

In 1899 [[Stratford Works]] produced four restaurant car sets consisting of three cars vestibuled together but without any corridor connections. This meant passengers had to spend the whole journey in the restaurant car. These were employed on services from Cromer and Yarmouth to Liverpool Street.

====Suburban====
[[File:GER_Third_1380_2019.jpg|thumb|Body of GER 1380 4 Wheel Carriage, built 1892 at Stratford works for London suburban traffic (2019)]]

In 1900 the majority of {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} suburban trains were composed of four-wheeler carriages.

Interior design was spartan and around 1900 third-class passengers sat on bare boards five abreast, second-class passengers on cushions also five abreast, while first-class passengers sat four abreast and enjoyed more legroom. In 1899 James Holden produced the first six passengers sat abreast carriages in a 13-carriage, third-class only train (each carriage was {{Convert|27|ft||abbr=}} long and {{Convert|9|ft||abbr=}} wide and had five compartments). This set, which also included such modern features as slam lock doors and gas tail lamps became the model for future suburban carriage design.

In 1899 Holden built the first GER all-bogied suburban train and although a success, the next one did not follow until 1911.

The {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} made every effort to maximise the capacity of its suburban carriages to deal with the rise in usage. In the early 1900s some four-wheeler carriages were cut in half longitudinally and a section inserted to make them wider in order to increase the capacity.<ref>{{harvnb|Allen|1955|p={{page needed|date=January 2013}}<!-- note to bot operators: this is not the same as the earlier two which *appear* to be the same - the requested page number will be different --> }}</ref>
More bogied suburban trains followed in 1911 and were deployed on the Ilford, Gidea Park and Loughton services. By 1915 A. J. Hill instigated a policy of converting old four-wheel carriages into bogied stock and some 500 four-wheeled carriages were converted this way. The GER had a reputation for doing things on the cheap and this certainly was cheaper than building new stock.

===Ships===
The {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} also operated a number of [[ferry|ferries]].<ref name="Ship">{{cite web|url=http://www.simplonpc.co.uk/LNER_GER1.html |title=Great Eastern Railway |publisher=Simplon Postcards |access-date=5 December 2009}}</ref><ref name="Ship2">{{cite web|url=http://www.simplonpc.co.uk/LNER_GER2.html |title=Great Eastern Railway, Local Ferry & Excursion Services |publisher=Simplon Postcards |access-date=5 December 2009}}</ref><ref name="List">{{cite web|url=http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/lines/feeders.html |title=Great Eastern Railway |publisher=The Ships List |access-date=5 December 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091231142723/http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/lines/feeders.html |archive-date=31 December 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Clegg |last2=Styring |first1=W. Paul |first2=John S. |year=1971 |title=British Railways Shipping and Allied Fleets |location=Newton Abbot |publisher=David and Charles |page=15 |isbn=0-7153-5140-0 }}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Haws|1993|pp=38–56}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Ship
! Launched
! Tonnage (GRT)
! Notes
|-
| {{PS|Adelaide|1880|6}}
| 1880
| 969
| Built by [[Barrow Shipbuilding Company]]. The company's first steel ship and last paddle steamer on [[Harwich]] – [[Rotterdam]] route.<ref>{{harvnb|Haws|1993|p=43}}</ref> Named after Adelaide Simpson the wife of GER director [[Lightly Simpson]] and launched by her.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite journal|last1=King|first1=Bill|title=Directors of the GER - Lightly Simpson|journal=Great Eastern Journal|date=January 2015|volume=161|page=35}}</ref>
Sold for scrapping in 1896
|-
| {{SS|Amsterdam|1894|6}}
| 1894
| 1,745
| Built by [[Earle's Shipbuilding]] of Hull for [[Harwich]] – [[Hook of Holland]] route, and later transferred to [[Antwerp]] service in 1910 when replaced by modern tonnage.<ref name="Haws46">{{harvnb|Haws|1993|p=46}}</ref> Scrapped in 1928
|-
| {{RMS|Antwerp|1919|6}}
| 1919
| 2,957
| Built by [[John Brown and Company]] of Clydebank for [[Harwich]] – [[Antwerp]] service.<ref name="Haws55">{{harvnb|Haws|1993|p=55}}</ref> She served as a [[Q-ship]] in the First World War.<ref>{{cite book |title=German Submarine War 1914–1918 |first1=R. H. |last1=Gibson |first2=Maurice |last2=Prendergast |publisher=Periscope Publishing |year=2002 |page=47 |isbn=9781904381082 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uqj0bZR_EggC}}</ref> Scrapped in 1951
|-
| {{SS|Archangel}}
| 1910
| 2,570
| Built by [[John Brown and Company]] of Clydebank for [[Harwich]] – [[Hook of Holland]] service.<ref name="Haws52">{{harvnb|Haws|1993|p=52}}</ref> Bombed and sunk off east coast of [[Scotland]] in May 1941
|-
| {{PS|Avalon|1864|6}}
| 1864
| 670
| Built by [[J & W Dudgeon]] at [[Cubitt Town]] on the [[River Thames]] for service [[Harwich]] – [[Rotterdam]]. Sold in 1888 to [[Earle's Shipbuilding]], Hull and wrecked off [[Jamaica]] in 1909.<ref>{{harvnb|Haws|1993|p=39}}</ref>
|-
| {{SS|Berlin|1894|6}}
| 1894
| 1,745
| Built for [[Harwich]] – [[Hook of Holland]] service by [[Earle's Shipbuilding]] of Hull. Sister of SS Amsterdam. Sank whilst entering Hook of Holland in February 1907 with loss of 112 lives.<ref name=Haws46/>
|-
| {{SS|Brandon|1871|6}}
| 1871
| 718
| Built as the "Richard Young" by [[J & W Dudgeon]] at [[Cubitt Town]] on the [[River Thames]] for the [[Harwich]] – [[Rotterdam]] service. Converted to a single screw by [[Earle's Shipbuilding]] in 1890 and renamed "Brandon", after which she was used for secondary and relief services. Scrapped in 1905.<ref name="Haws40">{{harvnb|Haws|1993|p=40}}</ref>
|-
| {{MV|Brightlingsea|1925|6}}
| 1925 
| 51
| Built by Rowhedge Ironworks.<ref name="Clegg 1971 15">{{harvnb|Clegg|Styring|1971|p=15 }}</ref> Launch used between [[Harwich]], [[Felixstowe Docks]] and occasionally [[Shotley, Suffolk]]. Passed to [[London and North Eastern Railway|LNER]], [[British Rail]]ways and Orwell and Harwich Navigation Co. Ltd., who re-opened [[Felixstowe Docks]] service in 1962.<ref name="Clegg 1971 15"/>
|-
| {{SS|Bruges|1920|6}}
| 1920
| 2,949
| Built by [[John Brown and Company]] at Clydebank for the [[Harwich]] – [[Antwerp]] service. Bombed and sunk at [[Le Havre]] in 1940<ref name=Haws55/>
|-
| {{SS|Brussels}}
| 1902
| 1,380
| Built by [[Gourlay Brothers]], of Dundee for the [[Harwich]] – [[Antwerp]] service. Switched to [[Tilbury]] – [[Rotterdam]] when [[Harwich]] taken over by Admiralty in 1914. Captured by Germany in 1916 under command of Capt.[[Charles Fryatt]] who was tried and executed for an earlier war-like act. Scuttled 1918 at [[Zeebrugge]]. The ship was raised in 1919, sold at auction and repaired in 1920. She was eventually scrapped in 1929.<ref name="Haws49">{{harvnb|Haws|1993|p=49}}</ref>
|-
| {{SS|Cambridge|1886|6}}
| 1886
| 1,196
| Built by [[Earle's Shipbuilding]] of Hull for service from [[Harwich]] and her career included [[Antwerp]], [[Rotterdam]] and [[Hook of Holland]] routes. Sold in 1912 to Anglo-Ottoman Steamship Company.<ref name="Haws44">{{harvnb|Haws|1993|p=44}}</ref>
|-
| [[T.S.S. Chelmsford (1893)|SS ''Chelmsford'']]
| 1893
| 1,635
| Built by [[Earle's Shipbuilding]] of Hull for the [[Harwich]] – [[Hook of Holland]] service. The first triple expansion vessel for the company and inaugurated the new terminal at [[Hook of Holland]] in June 1893. Sold in 1910 to the [[Great Western Railway]] and renamed ''Bretonne'' where she was placed on the [[Plymouth]] – [[Nantes]] route.<ref name="Haws45">{{harvnb|Haws|1993|p=45}}</ref>
|-
| {{SS|Clacton|1904|6}}
| 1904
| 820
| Built by [[Earle's Shipbuilding]] in 1904. Sunk during the First World War in 1917. 
|-
| {{PS|Claud Hamilton|1875|6}}
| 1875
| 922
| Built by John Elder and Company, who were later known as [[Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company]] in Govan and launched the [[Harwich]] – [[Hook of Holland]] service. The vessel was named after the chairman of the company. Sold in 1897 to the [[City of London]] as a cattle carrier. Vessel broken up in 1914.<ref name="Haws41">{{harvnb|Haws|1993|p=41}}</ref>
|-
| {{SS|Colchester}}
| 1889
| 1,160
| Built by [[Earle's Shipbuilding]] of Hull and with her sister "Cambridge" operated the three main routes from [[Harwich]]. Was operating to neutral Holland when captured by Germany in 1916. She grounded at [[Kiel]] in 1918 and was scrapped in 1919.<ref name=Haws45/>
|-
| {{SS|Copenhagen|1907|6}}
| 1907
| 2,570
| Built by [[John Brown and Company]] at Clydebank as a replacement for the lost "Berlin" and was so successful that she was quickly followed by her sisters "Munich" [1908] and "St. Petersburg"[1910] on the [[Harwich]] – [[Hook of Holland]] service. The vessel was torpedoed and sunk in the [[North Sea]] in 1917 en route to [[Hook of Holland]].<ref name="Haws51">{{harvnb|Haws|1993|p=51}}</ref>
|-
| {{SS|Cromer|1902|6}}
| 1902
| 812
| A freight vessel which served until 1934.
|-
| {{SS|Dresden|1896|6}}
| 1896
| 1,805
| Built by [[Earle's Shipbuilding]] of Hull for the [[Harwich]] – [[Antwerp]] service.  Dr.[[Rudolf Diesel]] was travelling on the vessel in 1913 when he disappeared overboard in uncertain circumstances.  The vessel was requisitioned by the [[British Admiralty|Admiralty]] in 1915 and renamed ''Louvain'', and was lost when torpedoed in the [[Aegean Sea]] in 1918.<ref name="Haws47">{{harvnb|Haws|1993|p=47}}</ref>
|-
| {{MV|Epping|1914|6}}
| 1914
| 21
| Small launch used between [[Harwich]] and [[Shotley, Suffolk]].
|-
| {{PS|Essex|1896|6}}
| 1896
| 297
| Built by [[Earle's Shipbuilding]] of Hull and employed on local services and coastal excursions from [[Harwich]]. Sold in 1913 and became a [[River Thames]] excursion vessel.<ref name=Haws47/>
|-
| {{SS|Felixstowe|1918|6}}
| 1918
| 892
| Built by Hawthorns of Leith as a cargo steamer. Renamed HMS ''Colchester'' in 1942 and back to ''Felixstowe'' in 1946. Sold in 1951 to the Limerick Steam Ship Company and renamed ''Kylemore''. 
|-
| {{SS|Frinton|1903|6}}
| 1903
| 1,419
| Previously ''Kilkenny'', the vessel served the [[Harwich]] – [[Antwerp]] route. She passed to the [[London and North Eastern Railway|LNER]] in 1923 and was sold on again in 1926.<ref name="Haws53">{{harvnb|Haws|1993|p=53}}</ref>
|-
| {{SS|Great Yarmouth|1866|6}}
| 1866
| 731
| A freight vessel which served the [[Harwich]] – [[Antwerp]] route from 1866 to 1873. 
|-
| {{MV|Hainault|1914|6}}
| 1914
| 21
| Small launch used between [[Harwich]] and [[Shotley, Suffolk]].
|-
| {{PS|Ipswich|1864|6}}
| 1864
| 87
| Built by James Ash of [[Cubitt Town]] on the [[River Thames]] she served as a river steamer between [[Ipswich]] and [[Harwich]]. She was the first GER vessel having replaced the "Cardinal Wolsey" which was an [[Eastern Counties Railway]] ship on this service.<ref name="Haws38">{{harvnb|Haws|1993|p=38}}</ref> Withdrawn 1873.
|-
| {{SS|Ipswich|1883|6}}
| 1883
| 1,067
| Built by [[Earle's Shipbuilding]] of Hull, she was designed with her sister "Norwich" for the company's new quay at [[Parkeston, Essex]]. Operated on the [[Antwerp]] service until retired in 1905. Sold in 1906 to Shah Steam Navigation Co, [[Bombay]], where she was broken up in 1909.<ref name=Haws44/>
|-
| {{SS|Kilkenny}}
| 1903
| 1,419
| Purchased in 1917 from [[City of Dublin Steam Packet Company]], renamed ''Frinton'' in 1919. She was built at Port Glasgow and served on the [[Dublin]] – [[Liverpool]] and [[Cork (city)|Cork]] – [[Liverpool]] routes.<ref name=Haws53/>
|-
| {{PS|Lady Tyler}}
| 1880
| 995
| Built by T and W Smith at North Shields she operated on the [[Harwich]] – [[Rotterdam]] service. Sold in 1893 to [[Earle's Shipbuilding]] of Hull.<ref>{{harvnb|Haws|1993|p=42}}</ref>
|-
| {{SS|Malines|1921|6}}
| 1921
| 2,969
| Built by [[Armstrong Whitworth]] and Company at Newcastle, she was the final steamer ordered by the GER and entered service on the [[Harwich]] – [[Antwerp]] route. She was torpedoed by an air attack and was beached off [[Port Said]] in July 1942. Having been raised in September 1943 and towed back to her builders, the machinery damage caused her to be laid up 1945 and finally scrapped in 1948.<ref>{{harvnb|Haws|1993|p=56}}</ref>
|-
| {{PS|Middlesex|1879|6}}
| 1879
| 103
| Built in 1879 for the Woolwich Ferry and used in 1908.
|-
| {{SS|Munich|1908|6}}
| 1908
| 2,570
| Built by [[John Brown and Company]] of Clydebank for the [[Harwich]] – [[Hook of Holland]] service. A sister of "Copenhagen". Requisitioned in 1918, renamed ''St Denis'' and converted to a hospital ship. She retained her new name on return to GER and passed to [[London and North Eastern Railway|LNER]] in 1923.  She was relegated to relief and secondary services in 1932. Was scuttled when cornered in [[Amsterdam]] in 1940. Having been raised by the Germans, she had her name changed to "Barbara" and was found in [[Kiel]] in 1945 where she served as an accommodation ship for Kiel University. In 1950 she was towed to [[Sunderland, Tyne and Wear|Sunderland]] and scrapped.<ref name=Haws51/>
|-
| {{SS|Newmarket|1907|6}}
| 1907
| 833
| Built by [[Earle's Shipbuilding]] in 1907. Sunk during the First World War in 1918. 
|-
| {{PS|Norfolk|1882|6}}
| 1882
| 295
| Built on the Thames she was employed on summer excursions from Harwich to Felixstowe and Ipswich. Sold to the Eastham Ferry Pleasure Gardens and Hotel Company in 1897 and renamed ''Onyx''.
|-
| {{PS|Norfolk|1900|6}}
| 1900
| 295
| Built by [[Gourlay Brothers]], of Dundee. Used on local services and coastal excursions. Passed to [[London and North Eastern Railway|LNER]] in 1923 and withdrawn in 1931. Scrapped in 1935.<ref name=Haws49/>
|-
| {{SS|Norwich}}
| 1883
| 1,062
| Built by [[Earle's Shipbuilding]] at Hull as a sister to "Ipswich" for the [[Harwich]] – [[Antwerp]] service. Sold in 1905 to Channel Drydock & Shipbuilding Company, Harwich. Re-sold several times to companies in [[Cape Verde]], Montevideo, New York and [[Mexico]] and sank in 1920.<ref name=Haws44/>
|-
| {{PS|Orwell|1873|6}}
| 1873
| 114
| Built by Lewis and Stockwell in London and operated on [[Ipswich]] – [[Harwich]] ferry service with her sister "Stour". Sold in 1890 for scrapping.
|-
| {{PS|Pacific|1864|6}}
| 1864
| 700
| Built in 1864 by C. Lungley of Deptford, this ship was acquired by the Great Eastern Railway in 1872 and withdrawn in 1887
|-
| {{MV|Pin Mill|1912|6}}
| 1912
| 11
| Small launch used between Harwich and Shotley. Withdrawn from ferry service in 1925, converted to work boat. Still in service in 1985.
|-
| {{PS|Princess of Wales|1878|6}}
| 1878
| 1,098
| Built by [[London and Glasgow Shipbuilding Company]] at Govan. Entered [[Harwich]] – [[Rotterdam]] service and transferred to the [[Hook of Holland]] service when it opened in 1893. Sold and scrapped in May 1896.<ref name=Haws41/>
|-
| {{PS|Richard Young|1871|6}}
| 1871
| 718
| Built by [[J & W Dudgeon]] at [[Cubitt Town]] in London. Served on the [[Harwich]] – [[Rotterdam]] service. Converted to single screw propulsion by [[Earle's Shipbuilding]] of Hull and was renamed ''Brandon'' in 1890.<ref name=Haws40/>
|-
| {{SS|Roulers}}
| 1894
| 1,753
| Built by [[Earle's Shipbuilding]] at Hull and was launched as "Vienna".  Entered [[Harwich]] – [[Hook of Holland]] service with sister "Amsterdam" Was transferred to the [[Antwerp]] service in 1910. Renamed "Roulers" when she entered [[Harwich]] – [[Zeebrugge]] service in 1920. Passed to [[London and North Eastern Railway|LNER]] in 1923. Was withdrawn and scrapped in 1930.<ref name=Haws46/>
|-
| {{SS|St Denis|1908|6}}
| 1908
| 2,570
| Built by [[John Brown and Company]] at Clydebank and launched as "Munich" for the [[Harwich]] – [[Hook of Holland]] service. Renamed "St. Denis" in 1914 and returned to GER service with the new name after the war. Passed to [[London and North Eastern Railway|LNER]] in 1923 and relegated to relief work in 1932. Scuttled in 1940 at [[Amsterdam]], salvaged by the Germans and repaired. Scrapped 1950.<ref name=Haws51/>
|-
| [[TrSS St George (1906)|''St George'']]
| 1906
| 2,456
| Built by [[Cammell Laird]] at Birkenhead for the [[Great Western Railway|GWR]] and was sold to Canadian interests in 1913.  Purchased from the [[Canadian Pacific Railway]] in 1919 by GER. Passed to [[London and North Eastern Railway|LNER]] in 1923 and scrapped in 1929.<ref name=Haws55/>
|-
| {{PS|Stour|1864|6}}
| 1864
| 87
| Built by James Ash at [[Cubitt Town]] on the [[River Thames]]. A sister of "Ipswich" and operated as a river steamer from [[Ipswich]] to [[Harwich]]. Withdrawn in 1878 and replaced by a slightly larger newbuilding with the same name.<ref name=Haws38/>
|-
| {{PS|Stour|1878|6}}
| 1878
| 112
| Built by [[Thames Ironworks and Shipbuilding Company]] and a sister of the "Orwell". Based in [[Ipswich]] for the river service to [[Harwich]]. Replaced slightly smaller vessel of same name. Sold in 1900 for [[River Thames]] river service.<ref name=Haws41/>
|-
| {{SS|St Petersburg}}
| 1910
| 2,570
| Built by [[John Brown and Company]] of Clydebank. A sister of the very successful "Copenhagen" for the [[Harwich]] – [[Hook of Holland]] service.  Renamed ''Archangel'' in 1916 and used a cross-channel troop ship. Resumed service after the war and passed to [[London and North Eastern Railway|LNER]] in 1923.  The vessel was bombed and sank off Scotland in 1941.<ref name=Haws52/>
|-
| {{PS|Suffolk|1895|6}}
| 1895
| 245
| Built by [[Earle's Shipbuilding]] of Hull and employed on local services and coastal excursions from [[Harwich]]. Used as a picket ship at [[Harwich]] from 1914 to 1918. re-opened her pre-war services in 1919.  Withdrawn in 1931.<ref name=Haws47/>
|-
| {{SS|Vienna|1894|6}}
| 1894
| 1,753
| Built by [[Earle's Shipbuilding]] as a sister for "Amsterdam". Entered [[Hook of Holland]] service. Transferred to the [[Antwerp]] service in 1910. Renamed ''Roulers'' in 1920 when transferred to the [[Harwich]] – [[Zeebrugge]] route. Passed to [[London and North Eastern Railway|LNER]] in 1923 and withdrawn in 1930.<ref name=Haws46/>
|-
| {{PS|Woolwich|1890|6}}
| 1890
| 148
| Built as a sister to PS ''Middlesex'' for the Woolwich Ferry Service. Sold in 1908 to David Wilson and Sons for the service between North and South Queensferry on the Forth. 
|-
| {{SS|Yarmouth|1903|6}}
| 1903
| 805
| Built by [[Gourlay Brothers]], Dundee, for the Rotterdam–Harwich cargo service. Sank with all hands in the North Sea on 27 October 1908.<ref>{{cite news |title=Wreck of a G.E.R. cargo boat |newspaper=The Times |location=London |date=30 October 1908 |page=10 }}</ref>
|-
| {{PS|Zealous}}
| 1864
| 613
| Built by [[J & W Dudgeon]] at [[Cubitt Town]] on the Thames. Served on the [[Harwich]] – [[Rotterdam]] and [[Antwerp]] routes. Scrapped in 1887.<ref name=Haws38/>
|}

===Cranes===
The {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} had a total of 11 [[Crane (rail)|breakdown cranes]]. Numbers 1a, 2a and 3a were built at Stratford Works in 1885 initially as hand cranes. They were converted to steam cranes at Stratford {{circa}} 1905/06 and lasted into LNER days.

Three examples built by [[Cowans, Sheldon & Company]] were purchased between 1892 and 1899. With lifting capacity of {{Convert|10-12|LT||abbr=}} they were employed on permanent way work.

Three more cranes (numbers 4a, 5a and unnumbered) were also built at Stratford c1907. The unnumbered example was lost at sea during the First World War whilst in War Department use. All three cranes had a lifting capacity of {{Convert|20|LT||abbr=}} and were used as breakdown cranes. 4a and 5a worked from Ipswich (until 1967) and March (until 1962).

The last two cranes (number 6a and SB4) were built by [[Ransomes & Rapier]] of [[Ipswich]] in 1913 and 1919. With a lifting capacity of {{Convert|35|LT||abbr=}} both were employed on railway work until the 1960s. During LNER days SB4 was frequently used at publicity events to give people an aerial ride in an old wagon body.  While 6a was transferred away from the {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} shortly after 1923, SB4 was allocated to Stratford, Norwich and March before moving north to the Sheffield area.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Webb |first=A B |title=Breakdown cranes of the GER|magazine=Great Eastern Journal |publisher=Great Eastern Railway Society|volume=43|pages=19, 20|date=July 1985}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Webb |first=A B |title=Breakdown cranes of the GER (Part 2)|magazine=Great Eastern Journal |publisher=Great Eastern Railway Society|volume=45|pages=10|date=July 1985}}</ref>

===Buses and horses===
The May 1911 issue of the ''Great Eastern Railway Magazine'' (the in-house magazine of the {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}}) stated the company had 1,750 horses the majority of which worked in the London area. Some wagon shunting work was carried out by horses but they would have found widespread work hauling delivery carts.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Goldsmith|first=Paul|title=Mystery Photograph|journal=Great Eastern Railway Society Journal|date=July 2005|issue=123|page=123.59}}</ref>

The Great Eastern built buses at Stratford and ran a number of omnibus services including Halesworth to Southwold.<ref>{{cite journal|last=West|first=Dennis|title=The omnibuses of the Great Eastern Railway|journal=Great Eastern Railway Society Journal|date=July 2005|pages=123.10/123.11}}</ref>

==Hotels and other business interests==
The {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} owned five hotels at the end of their existence in 1922.<ref name="Brooks 2, 3">{{cite magazine |last=Brooks |first=Mike |title=Great Eastern Railwayana Part 4 - Hotels|magazine=Great Eastern Journal |publisher=Great Eastern Railway Society|volume=28 |pages=2, 3|date=October 1981}}</ref><ref>
{{cite magazine |last=Brooks |first=Mike |title=Great Eastern Railwayana Part 5 - Hotels (continued)|magazine=Great Eastern Journal |publisher=Great Eastern Railway Society|volume=29 |pages=4, 5|date=January 1982}}</ref>

===The Great Eastern Hotel===
The [[Great Eastern Hotel, London|Great Eastern Hotel]] was located at [[Liverpool Street station|Liverpool Street Railway station]] opened in May 1884 and enlarged in 1901. This was the biggest hotel on the system.
The large function room known as the Hamilton Hall was restored in the 1990s and re-opened as a pub. The hotel is still open today.
[[File:Broadgate, Great Eastern Hotel, Liverpool Street, EC2 - geograph.org.uk - 609014.jpg|thumb|Great Eastern Hotel, Liverpool Street, EC2 - geograph.org.uk - 609014]]

===The Felix Hotel===
The Felix Hotel located in Felixstowe was purchased by the {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} in the 1920s. Built by the local Tollemache family (of brewing fame) in 1902, the hotel was lavishly equipped with tennis courts, winter gardens, a putting course, croquet lawns and a squash court. Hugely popular when Felixstowe was a resort by the 1930s it was in decline and sold to [[Fisons]] in 1952. Visitors included [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Kaiser Wilhelm]] in 1891 and in later post GER days, [[Wallis Simpson]] and [[Fred Perry]]. In the 1980s the building - then named Harvest House – was converted to apartments.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Smith|first1=Richard|title=Milestone for historic building|url=http://www.eadt.co.uk/news/milestone_for_historic_building_1_59684|website=East Anglia daily Times|date=27 April 2003|publisher=Archant|access-date=9 November 2016}}</ref>

===The Harwich Hotel===
This was opened in 1865 and, although well-equipped and furnished, struggled to make a profit (especially after Parkeston Quay opened). The {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} tried to sell it in early 1907 but it failed to meet its reserve price so closed in July 1907.

The {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} refurbished the hotel and re-opened it in 1912 but when the First World War started in 1914 it became a naval hospital. After the war the GER opened the hotel again, but it closed in 1923. It was later used as council offices.

===The Parkeston Quay Hotel===
This hotel was opened in 1883 when the continental steamer services were transferred from Harwich. It had 26 rooms. It was part of the station buildings – later used as shipping agent's offices.

===Sandringham Hotel===
The Sandringham Hotel at [[Hunstanton]] was opened on 1 May 1876 and built by the [[Lynn and Hunstanton Railway]]. It was not acquired by the {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} until 1 July 1890 when the [[Great Eastern, Hunstanton and West Norfolk Railway Companies Act 1890]] ([[53 & 54 Vict.]] c. xiii) incorporated the [[West Norfolk Junction Railway|Hunstanton and West Norfolk Railway]]. The {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} expanded the premises in the early 1900s with rooms numbering over 100. The hotel prospered until the Second World War where it first housed the LNER accounts department and was then requisitioned by the War Department and used by various British and Canadian regiments during the rest of the war.

It was bought by Hunstanton Urban District Council in 1950 and used as offices and a library until 1959 when the property was converted into flats. The building was demolished in 1967.<ref name=Summers>{{cite magazine |last=Summers |first=Alan |title=The Sandringham Hotel, Hunstanton (letter) |magazine=Great Eastern Journal |publisher=Great Eastern Railway Society |volume=31 |pages=22, 23 |date=July 1982}}</ref>{{efn|There may have been an earlier Railway Hotel on the same site as the Sandringham Hotel which was opened by the Hunstanton and West Norfolk Railway (which avoided Hunstanton and terminated at Heacham just to the south). Both Summers<ref name=Summers/> and the first article on the subject by Mike Brooks<ref name="Brooks 2, 3">{{cite magazine |last=Brooks |first=Mike |title=Great Eastern Railwayana Part 4 - Hotels|magazine=Great Eastern Journal |publisher=Great Eastern Railway Society|volume=28 |pages=2, 3|date=October 1981}}</ref> are unclear about this.}}

===Laundry===
The {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} built a laundry in 1888 in Colchester that supplied the hotels with bed linen, tablecloths etc. At one point it employed 70 people.

===Farming===
During 1916 the {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} ran a poultry demonstration trains throughout East Anglia often visiting towns on market day. The purpose of this train was to encourage self-sufficiency during the food shortages of the First World War. Encouraged by the reception this train got, the {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} purchased Dodnash Priory Farm in [[Bentley, Suffolk]] as a poultry demonstration farm. The hen houses were built at [[Stratford Works]] and had individual works numbers. By 1920 the farm was producing 40,000 eggs per month for the {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} as well as chickens, turkeys, fruit and vegetables for the {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} hotels, restaurants, dining cars and buffets. Another establishment at Chigwell has been doing this for some years previously.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Brooks |first=Mike |magazine= Great Eastern Journal |title= Great Eastern Railwayana: Part 8, The G.E.R. and Dodnash Priory Farm |publisher= Great Eastern Railway Society |volume=32 |pages=12; 13 |date= October 1982}}</ref>

Dodnash Priory also served as a rest home for {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} horses. A siding about three-quarters of a mile south of [[Bentley (Suffolk) railway station|Bentley railway station]] on the down side served the farm.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Moss |first=Chris |title=Photo caption - alternative motive power |magazine= Great Eastern Journal |publisher= Great Eastern Railway Society |volume=71 |page=31 |date= July 1992}}</ref>

The farm survived into LNER days being sold in 1927 when the farmer reached 70 and retired. The siding had been removed in May 1925.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Watling |first=John |title=Dodnash Priory Farm (letter)|magazine=Great Eastern Journal |publisher=Great Eastern Railway Society|volume=89 |page=35|date=January 1997}}</ref>

=== Stratford Market ===
[[Stratford Market]] was founded by the {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} in 1879 as a wholesale fruit and vegetable market as a competitor to the [[City of London Corporation|City of London's]] [[Old Spitalfields Market|Spitalfields Market]]. The market also had an extensive goods depot and a nearby [[Stratford High Street DLR station|railway station.]]

==People==

===Chief mechanical engineers===
The [[chief mechanical engineer]]s of the Great Eastern Railway were:

* 1862–1866 [[Robert Sinclair (locomotive engineer)|Robert Sinclair]]
* 1866–1873 [[Samuel Waite Johnson|Samuel W. Johnson]]
* 1873–1878 [[William Adams (locomotive engineer)|William Adams]]
* 1878–1881 [[Massey Bromley]]
* 1881–1885 [[Thomas William Worsdell]]
* 1885–1907 [[James Holden (engineer)|James Holden]]
* 1908–1912 [[S. D. Holden]]
* 1912–1922 [[Alfred John Hill]]

===Chairmen===
The chairmen of the Great Eastern Railway were:

* Horatio Love 1862–1863 - a stockbroker and former chairman of the Eastern Counties Railway.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Ashton|first=Geoff|title=Great Eastern Railway:Incorporation and early changes|magazine=Great Eastern Journal |publisher=Great Eastern Railway Society|volume=154 |pages=28}}</ref>
* James Goodson 1863-1866 - a solicitor
* Charles Turner 1866-1868 (continued as vice chairman after 1868)
* [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury|Viscount Cranborne]] 1868–1871{{efn|Formerly Lord Cranborne and later the Marquess of Salisbury}}
* Lightly Simpson 1872–1874{{efn|Born in [[Tadcaster]] in 1810. He became a director of the [[Wharfedale Railway]] in 1846 and on 29 August 1849 he was elected as an auditor for the [[Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway]]. In the 1850s further railway directorships followed including that of the [[East Anglian Railway]] which later became part of the [[Eastern Counties Railway]] and then in 1862 the Great Eastern Railway. In 1869 Simpson became vice-chairman of the {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} and in 1872 chairman. He resigned in November 1874 stating "I cannot continue to hold office with advantage to the Company or pleasure to myself" although he remained a director of the {{abbr|GER|Great Eastern Railway}} until his death in 1883.}}<ref name="ReferenceB"/>
* Charles Henry Parkes 1874–1893
* [[Lord Claud Hamilton (1843–1925)|Lord Claud Hamilton]] 1893–1922

Viscount Cranborne went on to be the British prime minister between 1885 and 1892 and between 1895 and 1903. [[Harwich International Port|Parkeston Quay]] is named after C. H. Parkes and the famous Great Eastern 4-4-0 class was named after Claud Hamilton.

Some details of other directors can be found {{cl|Directors of the Great Eastern Railway|here}}.

==Notes==
{{reflist|group="Note"}}
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

===Sources===
*{{cite book |last=Allen |first=Cecil J.|title=The Great Eastern Railway|publisher=Ian Allan |location=Shepperton |year=1955 |isbn= 07110-0659-8 |author-link=Cecil J. Allen }}
*{{cite book |last=Haws |first=Duncan |year=1993 |title=Merchant Fleets – Britain's Railway Steamers – Eastern and North Western Companies + Zeeland and Stena |location=Hereford |publisher=TCL Publications |isbn=0-946378-22-3 }}

=== Further reading ===
*{{Cite book |publisher = C. Griffin and Co. |location=London |author = George Measom |author-link= George Samuel Measom |title = Official Illustrated Guide to the Great Eastern Railway |year=1865 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=GAoHAAAAQAAJ }}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.gersociety.org.uk/ Great Eastern Railway Society]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040331014645/http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~pstoog/trains/company/g/company_ger.htm Archived copy of a page containing comprehensive details of those railways]
* [http://www.simplonpc.co.uk/LNER_GER1.html Shipping interests of the company]
* [http://www.mrua.org Manningtree Rail Users Association] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525175003/http://www.mrua.org/ |date=25 May 2010 }}

{{Big Four pre-nationalisation British railway companies}}
{{LNERconstituents}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Great Eastern Railway| ]]
[[Category:Pre-grouping British railway companies]]
[[Category:London and North Eastern Railway constituents]]
[[Category:Transport in Epping Forest District]]
[[Category:5 ft gauge railways in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Railway companies established in 1862]]
[[Category:Railway companies disestablished in 1884]]
[[Category:1862 establishments in England]]
[[Category:1884 disestablishments in England]]
[[Category:British companies disestablished in 1884]]
[[Category:British companies established in 1862]]