View source for Great Soviet Encyclopedia

{{Short description|1926–1990 encyclopedia in Soviet Union}}
{{Infobox book
| name              = Great Soviet Encyclopedia
| title_orig        = Большая советская энциклопедия
| orig_lang_code    = ru
| image             = GSE 3rd edition 1st volume title.jpg
| image_size        = 200px
| alt               = Title page of the 3rd ed. (in Russian), 1st vol.
| author            = 
| country           = 
| language          = Russian
| subject           = General
| publisher         = [[Sovetskaya Entsiklopediya]]
| release_date      = 1926–1981 (printed version)
| media_type        = 30 volumes (hardbound) in 1981
| isbn              = 
| congress          = 
| oclc              = 14476314
| website           = {{URL|http://bse.sci-lib.com}}
| followed_by       = [[Great Russian Encyclopedia]]
}}
The '''''Great Soviet Encyclopedia''''' ('''GSE'''; {{langx|ru|Больша́я сове́тская энциклопе́дия, БСЭ|Bolshaya sovetskaya entsiklopediya}}, '''''BSE''''') is one of the largest Russian-language [[encyclopedia]]s,<ref>The 3rd edition contains more than 95,000 articles, and nearly 35,000 illustrations and maps. Compare with over 120,000 articles in the Russian [[Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary]] (1890–1907) and with 100,000 in the 15th edition of [[Britannica]]</ref> published in the [[Soviet Union]] from 1926 to 1990. After 2002, the encyclopedia's data was partially included into the later ''[[Great Russian Encyclopedia]]'' in an updated and revised form. The GSE claimed to be "the first Marxist–Leninist general-purpose encyclopedia".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Great+Soviet+Encyclopedia|title=Great Soviet Encyclopedia|website=TheFreeDictionary.com}}</ref>

==Origins==
The idea of the ''Great Soviet Encyclopedia'' emerged in 1923 on the initiative of [[Otto Schmidt]], a member of the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]]. In early 1924 Schmidt worked with a group which included [[Mikhail Pokrovsky]], (rector of the [[Institute of Red Professors]]), [[Nikolai Meshcheryakov]] (Former head of the [[General Directorate for the Protection of State Secrets in the Press|Glavit]], the State Administration of Publishing Affairs), [[Valery Bryusov]] (poet), [[Veniamin Kagan]] (mathematician) and [[Konstantin Kuzminsky]] to draw up a proposal which was agreed to in April 1924. Also involved was [[Anatoly Lunacharsky]], People's Commissar of Education ([[Narkompros]]), who had previously been involved with a proposal by [[Alexander Bogdanov]] and [[Maxim Gorky]] to produce a Workers' Encyclopedia.

==Editions==
[[File:Большая советская энциклопедия - первое издание.jpg|260 px|thumb|The first edition of the ''Great Soviet Encyclopedia'', from 1927]]
There were three editions. The first edition of 65 volumes (65,000 entries, plus a supplementary volume about the [[Soviet Union]]) was published during 1926–1947, with the release of the initial volume being announced by the Soviet government on March 23, 1926, with a projection of all 30 volumes to be available within six years.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1926/03/24/archives/new-soviet-encyclopedia-bolsheviki-publish-first-book-of-a.html "New Soviet Encyclopedia; Bolsheviki Publish First Book of a Thirty-Volume Edition"], ''The New York Times'', March 24, 1926, p.15</ref> The chief editor was [[Otto Schmidt]] (until 1941). The second edition of 50 volumes (100,000 entries, plus a supplementary volume) was published in 1950–1958; chief editors: [[Sergei Vavilov]] (until 1951) and [[Boris Vvedensky]] (until 1969); two index volumes to this edition were published in 1960. The third edition of 1969–1978 contains 30 volumes (100,000 entries, plus an index volume issued in 1981). Volume 24 is in two books, one being a full-sized book about the USSR,  all with about 21 million words,<ref>Kister, p. 365</ref> and the chief editor being [[Alexander Prokhorov]] (since 1969). In the third edition, much attention was paid to the philosophical problems of natural sciences, physical and chemical sciences, and mathematical methods in various branches of knowledge.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prlib.ru/en-us/history/Pages/Item.aspx?itemid=812|title=Beginning of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia issue|publisher=Boris Yeltsin Presidential Library|access-date=2013-02-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725164037/http://www.prlib.ru/en-us/history/Pages/Item.aspx?itemid=812|archive-date=2014-07-25|url-status=live}}</ref>

From 1957 to 1990,  the ''Yearbook of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia'' was released annually with up-to-date articles about the Soviet Union and all countries of the world.

The first online edition, an exact replica of text and graphics of the third (so-called Red) edition, was published by Rubricon.com in 2000.

==Editors==
Editors and contributors to the GSE included a number of leading Soviet scientists and politicians:
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Georgy Aleksandrov]] (author of article on [[materialism]], first edition)
* [[Hamid Alimjan]]
* [[Victor Ambartsumian]]
* [[Valentin Asmus (philosopher)|Valentin Asmus]] (author of articles on [[metaphysics]], [[Plato]], [[Arthur Schopenhauer|Schopenhauer]], [[Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher|Schleiermacher]], [[Nikolai Chernyshevsky|Chernyshevsky]] and [[Oswald Spengler|Spengler]], first edition)
* [[Nikolai Baibakov]]
* [[Mykola Bazhan]]
* [[Walter Benjamin]] (author of article on [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]], first edition)
* [[Maia Berzina]]
* [[Nikolay Bogolyubov]]
* [[Andrei Bubnov]] (executed in 1938)
* [[Nikolai Bukharin]] (executed in 1938)
* [[Nikolai Burdenko]]
* [[Abram Deborin]] (author of article on [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Hegel]], first edition)
* [[Mikhail Frunze]]
* [[Victor Glushkov]]
* [[Igor Grabar]]
* [[Mykhailo Hrushevsky|Mikhail Grushevsky]] (author of article on [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)]], first edition)
* [[Hugo Huppert]] (author of article on [[Heinrich von Kleist]], first edition)
* [[Veniamin Kagan]]
* [[Lev Kamenev]] (author of article on [[Alexander Herzen|Herzen]], first edition)
* [[Ivan Knunyants]]
* [[Andrei Kolmogorov]]
* [[Gleb Krzhizhanovsky]]
* [[Nikolay Kun]]
* [[Valerian Kuybyshev]]
* [[Pavel Lebedev-Polianskii]]
* [[Solomon Lozovsky]] (author of article on [[Popular Front]], first edition)
* [[György Lukács]] (author of articles on [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]] and [[novel]], first edition)
* [[Anatoly Lunacharsky]] (author of articles on [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]], [[Fyodor Dostoyevsky|Dostoyevsky]], [[Maxim Gorky|Gorky]], [[Vissarion Belinsky|Belinsky]], [[Johann Georg Hamann|Hamann]], [[Walter Hasenclever|Hasenclever]], [[Bohemianism]], [[Julius Bab|Bab]], [[Giuseppe Garibaldi|Garibaldi]], [[Wilhelm Hausenstein|Hausenstein]], first edition)<ref>{{Cite web
|url=http://lunacharsky.newgod.su/lib/neizdannye-materialy/bolsaa-sovetskaa-enciklopedia/|title=В редакцию БСЭ. Письмо 1|date=29 March 1929 }}</ref><ref>[http://lunacharsky.newgod.su/categories/%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F-%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F-%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8/ Указатель жанров > Статья для энциклопедии]</ref>
* [[Nikolai Meshcheryakov]] (author of articles on [[Bolsheviks]], [[Etienne Cabet]] and [[Gleb Uspensky]], first edition)
* [[Mark Borisovich Mitin]] (author of article on [[dialectical materialism]], first edition)
* [[Vladimir Obruchev]]
* [[Aleksandr Oparin]]
* [[Valerian Pereverzev]] (author of article on [[Nikolai Gogol|Gogol]], first edition)
* [[Wilhelm Pieck]] (author of articles on [[Karl Liebknecht]] and [[Wilhelm Liebknecht]], first edition)
* [[Mikhail Pokrovsky]] (author of articles on [[bureaucratism]], [[Julius Caesar]], [[Allies of World War I|Entente]] and the biographies of most Tsars, first edition)
* [[Yuri Vasilyevich Prokhorov|Yuri Prokhorov]]
* [[Karl Radek]] (executed in 1939, author of articles on [[Victor Adler]], [[Africa]], [[Bavarian Soviet Republic]], [[Berlin–Baghdad railway]], [[Otto Bauer]], [[August Bebel]], [[Belgium]], [[Conference of the Three Internationals]], [[Eduard Bernstein]], [[Otto von Bismarck]], [[Ulrich von Brockdorff-Rantzau]], [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Emperor Wilhelm II]], [[History of Germany during World War I|Germany during World War I]], [[German Revolution of 1918–1919]], [[Rudolf Hilferding]] and [[Paul von Hindenburg]], first edition)
* [[Otto Schmidt]]
* [[Nikolai Semashko (medicine)|Nikolai Semashko]]
* [[Alexander Sergeevich Serebrovsky]] (co-author of article on [[genetics]], first edition)
* [[Sergei Skazkin]] (author of articles on [[History of Germany]], first edition, and [[Catholicism]], third edition)
* [[Ivan Sollertinsky]] (author of article on [[drama]], first edition)
* [[Pēteris Stučka]] (author of article on [[democracy]], first edition)
* [[Nikolai Vavilov]] (author of articles on [[genetics]] and [[eugenics]], first edition)
* [[Kliment Voroshilov]]
* [[David Zaslavsky]] (author of article on [[Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin|Shchedrin]], first edition)
* [[Grigory Zinoviev]] (author of article on the [[Moscow uprising of 1905]], first edition)
{{div col end}}

==Role and purpose in Soviet society==
The foreword to the first volume of the GSE (2nd ed.) proclaims "The Soviet Union has become the center of the civilized world."<ref name=Benton /> The ''GSE'', along with all other books and other media and communications with the public, was directed toward the "furtherance of the aims of the party and the state."<ref name=Benton>''From extensive discussions with the editors of the second edition of the ''GSE'', editor-in-chief Vvendensky.'' Benton, W. <u>This Is The Challenge</u>. Associated College Presses. 1959</ref> The 1949 decree issued for the production of the second edition of the GSE directed:

{{blockquote|text=The second edition of the ''Great Soviet Encyclopedia ''should elucidate widely the world-historical victories of socialism in our country, which have been attained in the U.S.S.R. in the provinces of economics, science, culture, and art. ... With exhaustive completeness it must show the superiority of socialist culture over the culture of the capitalist world. Operating on [[Marxist-Leninist]] theory, the encyclopedia should give a party criticism of contemporary bourgeois tendencies in various provinces of science and technics.<ref name=Benton/>}}

The foreword to the ''GSE'' (3rd ed.) expanded on that mission, paying particular attention to developments in science and technology: [[nuclear engineering]], [[space technology]], [[atomic physics]], [[polymer chemistry]], and [[radio electronics]]; also detailing the history and activities of the [[Bolshevik|Russian revolutionary movement]], the development of the [[labor movement]] worldwide and summarizing Marxist scholarship on [[political economy]], sociology, and political science.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rubricon.com/about_bse_3.asp |title=Editors Foreword, ''Great Soviet Encyclopedia'', 3rd Edition |access-date=2010-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130163425/http://www.rubricon.com/about_bse_3.asp |archive-date=2010-01-30 |url-status=live }}</ref> In support of that mission, the GSE (2nd ed.) described as the role of education:

{{blockquote|text=To develop in children's minds the Communist morality, ideology, and Soviet patriotism; to inspire unshakable love toward the Soviet fatherland, the Communist party, and its leaders; to propagate Bolshevik vigilance; to put an emphasis on internationalist education; to strengthen Bolshevik willpower and character, as well as courage, capacity for resisting adversity and conquering obstacles; to develop self-discipline; and to encourage physical and aesthetic culture.<ref name=Benton/>}}

The third edition of the ''GSE'' subsequently expanded on the role of education:
<blockquote>
Education is essential to preparing for life and work. It is the basic means by which people come to know and acquire culture, and it is the foundation of culture's development...The Soviet education rests on the principles of the unity of education and communist upbringing; cooperation among the school, the family, and the society in bringing up young people; and the linkage of education and training to life and the practical experience of building communism. The underlying principles of the Soviet system of public education include a scientific approach to and continual improvement of education on the basis of the latest achievements in science, technology and culture; a humanistic and highly moral orientation in education and upbringing; and co-education of both sexes, secular education which excludes the influence of religion.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://bse.sci-lib.com/article083210.html|access-date=22 June 2020|language=ru|title=Образование |work=Great Soviet Encyclopedia}}</ref>
</blockquote>

Based on his extensive talks with the editors of the ''GSE'', to whom he was granted unprecedented access, [[William Benton (senator)|William Benton]], publisher of the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'', wrote the following in observation of the ''GSE''{{'}}s chief editor B. A. Vvedensky stating their compliance with the 1949 decree of the Council of Ministers:
<blockquote>
It is just this simple for the Soviet board of editors. They are working under a government directive that orders them to orient their encyclopedia as sharply as a political tract. The encyclopedia was thus planned to provide the intellectual underpinning for the Soviet world offensive in the duel for men's minds. The Soviet government ordered it as a fighting propaganda weapon. And the government attaches such importance to its ''political role'' that its board of editors is chosen by and is responsible only to the high Council of Ministers itself.<ref name=Benton/>
</blockquote>

== Translations ==

==={{anchor|English}}English===
[[File:UBN Great Soviet.JPG|thumb|Complete set of an English-language version of the ''Great Soviet Encyclopedia'']]

The third edition was translated and published into English in 31 volumes between 1974 and 1983 by [[Macmillan Publishers]]. Each volume was translated separately, requiring use of the [[index (publishing)|index]] (volume 31) to locate specific items.

===Greek===
The third edition was translated into Greek and published in 34 volumes between 1977 and 1983 from Akadimos publishing company (owned by [[Giannis Giannikos]]), which has also translated various Soviet encyclopedias and literature. All articles that were related to [[Greece]] or Greek history, culture and society were expanded and hundreds of new ones were written especially for the Greek edition. Thus the encyclopedia contains, for example, both the Russian entry on Greece as well as a much larger one prepared by Greek contributors. Each article written especially in the Greek edition is marked with the note "Greek version supplement" (or "Συμπλήρωμα ελληνικής έκδοσης" as written in the Greek translation).

Finally, a supplementary volume covering the 1980s was published in 1989. It contains translated and original Greek articles which, sometimes, do not exist in the 34-volume set. The articles of the Greek version are being gradually digitised now; the digitised volumes can be found on "vivlio2ebook" blog, which is dedicated on digitising various books in Greek language. It is written on Modern (Demotic) Greek, but it uses the polytonic alphabet.

==Other Soviet encyclopedias==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Soviet encyclopedias
!scope="col" align="center" |Original title
!scope="col" align="center" |Transliteration (if applicable)
!scope="col" align="center" |English title
!scope="col" align="center" |Volumes
!scope="col" align="center" |Dates
|-
!scope="row"|Українська радянська енциклопедія
|''Ukrainśka radianśka entsyklopediia''||''[[Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedia]]''||align=right|17|| 1959–1965
|-
!scope="row"|Беларуская савецкая энцыклапедыя
|''Biełaruskaja savieckaja encykłapiedyja''||''[[Byelorussian Soviet Encyclopedia]]''||align=right|12||1969–1975
|-
!scope="row"|Ўзбек совет энциклопедияси
|''Oʻzbek sovet entsiklopediyasi''||''[[Uzbek Soviet Encyclopedia]]''||align=right|14||1971–1980
|-
!scope="row"|Қазақ совет энциклопедиясы
|''Qazaq sovet ensıklopedııasy''||''[[Kazakh Soviet Encyclopedia]]''||align=right|10||1972–1978
|-
!scope="row"|ქართული საბჭოთა ენციკლოპედია
|''kartuli sabch'ota encik'lop'edia''||''[[Georgian Soviet Encyclopedia]]''||align=right|12||1965–1987
|-
!scope="row"|Азәрбајҹан Совет Енсиклопедијасы
|''Azərbaycan Sovet Ensiklopediyası''||''[[Azerbaijani Soviet Encyclopedia]]''||align=right|10||1976–1987
|-
!scope="row"|Lietuviškoji tarybinė enciklopedija
|—||''[[Lithuanian Soviet Encyclopedia]]''||align=right|10||1976–1985
|-
!scope="row"|Енчиклопедия советикэ молдовеняскэ
|''Enciclopedia sovietică moldovenească''||''[[Moldavian Soviet Encyclopedia]]''||align=right|8||1970–1981
|-
!scope="row"|Latvijas padomju enciklopēdija
|—||''[[Latvian Soviet Encyclopedia]]''||align=right|10||1981–1988
|-
!scope="row"|Кыргыз Совет Энциклопедиясы
|''Kyrgyz Sovet Ensiklopediyasy''||''[[Kyrgyz Soviet Encyclopedia]]''||align=right|6||1976–1980
|-
!scope="row"|Энциклопедияи советии тоҷик
|''Entsiklopediya-i sovieti-i tojik''||''[[Tajik Soviet Encyclopedia]]''||align=right|8||1978–1988
|-
!scope="row"|Հայկական սովետական հանրագիտարան
|''Haykakan sovetakan hanragitaran''||''[[Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia]]''||align=right|13||1974–1987
|-
!scope="row"|Түркмен совет энциклопедиясы
|''Türkmen sowet ensiklopediýasy''||''[[Turkmen Soviet Encyclopedia]]''||align=right|10||1974–1989
|-
!scope="row"|Eesti nõukogude entsüklopeedia
|—||''[[Estonian Soviet Encyclopedia]]''||align=right|8||1968–1976
|-
!scope="row"|Сибирская советская энциклопедия
|Sibirskaya sovetskaya entsiklopediya
|''[[Siberian Soviet Encyclopedia]]''||align=right|4 (planned — 6)||1929—1933
|-
!scope="row"|Малая Советская Энциклопедия
|''Malaya sovetskaya entsiklopediya''||''[[Small Soviet Encyclopedia]]''||align=right|11||1928—1960 (3 editions)
|-
!scope="row"|Уральская советская энциклопедия
|Uralskaya sovetskaya entsiklopediya
|''[[Ural Soviet Encyclopedia]]''||align=right|1 (planned — ?)|| 1933
|}

==Content==
The ''Soviet Encyclopedia'' is a systematic summary of knowledge in social and economic studies with an emphasis on applied sciences.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2017/0323/Russia-set-to-unveil-the-world-s-newest-print-encyclopedia-and-its-last|title=Russia set to unveil the world's newest print encyclopedia – and its last?|date=23 March 2017|work=[[Christian Science Monitor]]|access-date=20 October 2024}}</ref> It became a universal reference work for the Soviet intelligentsia.<ref name="ReferenceA">Publishers' Foreword, ''Great Soviet Encyclopedia: A Translation of the Third Edition''. Volume 1. Macmillan, Inc.</ref> According to the publisher's foreword in the English-language translation of the encyclopedia, the encyclopedia is important for knowledge and understanding of the USSR. A major value of the ''Encyclopedia'' is its comprehensive information about the Soviet Union and its peoples. Every aspect of Soviet life is systematically presented, including history, economics, science, art, and culture. The ethnic diversity of USSR's peoples and its languages and cultures are extensively covered. There are biographies of prominent cultural and scientific figures who are not as well known outside of Russia. There are detailed surveys of USSR's provinces and towns, as well as their geology, geography, flora and fauna.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

The encyclopedia's Chief Editorial Board and advisory board sought input from the general public. The entry list was sent to universities, scientific institutions, museums, and private specialists in every field. More than 50,000 suggestions were received and many additions were made.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://bse.sci-lib.com/article128153.html|title=Большая советская энциклопедия|access-date=22 June 2020|work=Great Soviet Encyclopedia}}</ref> Scholars believe that the ''Encyclopedia'' is a valuable and useful source for Russian history.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7VyOANl2qxoC&q=Great+soviet+encyclopedia+valuable+reference&pg=PA179|title=Reference Sources in History: An Introductory Guide|first1=Ronald H.|last1=Fritze|first2=Brian E.|last2=Coutts|first3=Louis Andrew|last3=Vyhnanek|date=May 31, 2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9780874368833|via=Google Books}}</ref> The ''Encyclopedia'', though noted as having a strong Marxist bias, provides useful information for understanding the Soviet point of view.<ref>[[Allen Kent]], Harold Lancour, Jay E. Daily, ''Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science: Volume 25'' CRC Press, 1978, {{ISBN|0-8247-2025-3}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=l8mIFaw53JUC&dq=%22Great+Soviet+Encyclopedia%22+bias&pg=PA171 Google Print, p.171]</ref><ref>[[William Katz (librarian)|William A. Katz]], Ruth A. Fraley, ''Evaluation of reference services'', Haworth Press, 1984, {{ISBN|0-86656-377-6}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=2C4-Pq8N8MMC&dq=%22Great+Soviet+Encyclopedia%22+bias&pg=PA308 Google Print, p.308]</ref>

===''Damnatio memoriae''===
Following the arrest and execution of [[Lavrentiy Beria]], the head of the [[NKVD]], in 1953 the ''Encyclopedia''—ostensibly in response to overwhelming public demand—mailed subscribers to the second edition a letter from the editor<ref>Sophie Lambroschini, “[http://truthnews.com/world/2003090026.htm Russia: Putin-Decreed ‘Great Russian’ Encyclopedia Debuts At Moscow Book Fair] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071205081257/http://truthnews.com/world/2003090026.htm |date=2007-12-05 }},” [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]</ref> instructing them to cut out and destroy the three-page article on Beria and paste in its place enclosed replacement pages expanding the adjacent articles on [[Friedrich Wilhelm von Bergholz|F. W. Bergholz]] (an 18th-century courtier), the [[Bering Sea]], and [[Bishop Berkeley]].<ref>O. Lawrence Burnette Jr. and William Converse Haygood (Eds.), [https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=6048534 ''A Soviet View of the American past: An Annotated Translation of the Section on American History in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia'' (Chicago: Scott, Foresman, 1964), p. 7.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604140310/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=6048534 |date=2011-06-04 }}”</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1665&dat=19531202&id=pLkdAAAAIBAJ&pg=1280,7146113|title=Soviet Encyclopedia Omits Beria's Name|date=December 2, 1953|work=The Times-News|access-date=April 23, 2017|page=8|via=Google News Archive}}</ref> By April 1954, the Library of the University of California, Berkeley had received this “replacement.”<ref>“[http://spencer.lib.ku.edu/exhibits/bannedbooks/russia.html He who destroys a good Book, kills reason it self:an exhibition of books which have survived Fire, the Sword and the Censors] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070307055256/http://spencer.lib.ku.edu/exhibits/bannedbooks/russia.html |date=2007-03-07 }}” University of Kansas Library 1955</ref> This was not the only case of political influence. According to one author, ''Encyclopedia'' subscribers received missives to replace articles in the fashion of the Beria article frequently.<ref>John T. Jost, Aaron C., ''Social and Psychological Bases of Ideology and System Justification'', Oxford University Press US, 2009, {{ISBN|0-19-532091-3}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=hwV1P2oKliMC&dq=%22Great+Soviet+Encyclopedia%22+bias&pg=PA465 Google Print, p.465]</ref> Other articles, especially biographical articles on political leaders, changed significantly to reflect the current [[party line (politics)|party line]]. An article affected in such a fashion was the one on [[Nikolai Bukharin]], whose descriptions went through several evolutions.<ref>Ludwik Kowalski, [http://csam.montclair.edu/~kowalski/book/bse.html "Discriptions<!--SIC--> of Bucharin in Great Soviet Encyclopedia"]. {{Webarchive|url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160523231556/http://csam.montclair.edu/%7Ekowalski/book/bse.html |date=2016-05-23 }}.</ref>

==''Great Russian Encyclopedia''==
{{main|Great Russian Encyclopedia}}
Publication of the ''Great Soviet Encyclopedia'' was suspended in 1990 and halted in 1991, but in 2002 it was reinstituted by decree of [[Vladimir Putin]]. In 2003 and 2004 a team of editors overhauled the old encyclopedia by updating facts, removing most examples of overt political bias, and changing its name to the ''Great Russian Encyclopedia''. Many outdated articles were entirely rewritten. In 2004 the first volume of the newly overhauled ''Great Russian Encyclopedia'' was published. The complete edition of 36 volumes was released by 2017.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://vmdaily.ru/news/sergei-kravec-rossiiskaya-enciklopediya--eto-i-est-mi--1339530563.html | script-title=ru:Сергей Кравец: Российская энциклопедия – это и есть мы | publisher=Evening Moscow | language=ru | year=2014 | access-date=2014-05-02 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109103700/http://vmdaily.ru/news/sergei-kravec-rossiiskaya-enciklopediya--eto-i-est-mi--1339530563.html | archive-date=2013-11-09 }}</ref>

Publication of the ''Great Russian Encyclopedia'' is overseen by the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]], and funded by the [[Government of the Russian Federation]]. The encyclopedia is now found in libraries and schools throughout the [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.greatbook.ru/ |title=Главная |access-date=2014-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103123755/http://greatbook.ru/ |archive-date=2014-01-03 |url-status=live }}</ref> Additionally, the 1980s editions remain in widespread use, particularly as references in scientific and mathematical research.

==See also==
*''[[Damnatio memoriae]]''
*''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''
*[[Censorship in the Soviet Union]]
*''[[Great Russian Encyclopedia]]''

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
*''Great Soviet Encyclopedia'', ed. A. M. Prokhorov (New York: Macmillan, London: Collier Macmillan, 1974–1983) 31 volumes, three volumes of indexes. Translation of third Russian edition of ''Bol'shaya sovetskaya entsiklopediya''
*Kister, Kenneth. ''Kister's Best Encyclopedias''. 2nd ed. (1994)

==External links==
{{commons category|Great Soviet Encyclopedia}}
* [http://bse.sci-lib.com/ ''Great Soviet Encyclopedia'' online] {{in lang|ru}}
* [http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/ TheFreeDictionary.com's encyclopedia section] displays results from the English edition of the ''Great Soviet Encyclopedia''.
* [http://www.prlib.ru/en-us/History/Pages/Item.aspx?itemid=812 Beginning of the ''Great Soviet Encyclopedia'' issue]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Communist books]]
[[Category:Russian online encyclopedias]]
[[Category:Publications established in 1926]]
[[Category:Publications disestablished in 1990]]
[[Category:Russian-language encyclopedias]]
[[Category:Soviet encyclopedias]]
[[Category:General encyclopedias]]
[[Category:20th-century encyclopedias]]
[[Category:Propaganda in the Soviet Union]]