View source for Great Sphinx of Giza

{{Short description|Limestone statue of a reclining sphinx}}
{{redirect|The Sphinx}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox ancient site
| name           = Great Sphinx of Giza
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| image          = Sphinx with the third pyramid.jpg
| image_size     = 250px
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| caption        =The Great Sphinx in 2017 
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| map_type       = Egypt
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| coordinates    = {{Coord|29.97526|31.13758|format=dms|display=title,inline|region:EG_type:landmark}}
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| location       = [[Giza, Egypt]]
| region         = [[Egypt]]
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| length         ={{convert|73|m|ft}}
| width          ={{convert|19|m|ft}}
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| height         ={{convert|20|m|ft}}
| builder        =
| material       = [[Limestone]]
| built          =c. 2500 BC
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| condition      =Partially restored
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The '''Great Sphinx of Giza''' is a [[limestone]] [[statue]] of a reclining [[sphinx]], a [[legendary creature|mythical creature]] with the head of a [[Khafre|human]] and the body of a [[lion]].<ref name="The Great Sphinx of Giza">{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/The_Great_Sphinx_of_Giza/|title=The Great Sphinx of Giza|newspaper=Ancient History Encyclopedia|access-date=2016-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612163646/https://www.ancient.eu/The_Great_Sphinx_of_Giza/|archive-date=12 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The monument was sculpted from the limestone [[bedrock]] of the [[Eocene]]-aged [[Mokattam Formation]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Aly |first1=Nevin |last2=Gomez-Heras |first2=Miguel |last3=Alveraz de Burgo |first3=Monica |last4=Hamed |first4=Ayman |last5=Soliman |first5=Farouk Ahmed |date=2014 |title=Describing differential decay in Mokattam formation limestone used in World Heritage Sites: the cases of the Great Sphinx – Giza and Historic Cairo, Egypt |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270492545 |journal=YOCOCU 2014 Youth in the Conservation of Cultural Heritage}}</ref> and faces east on the [[Giza Plateau]], on the west bank of the [[Nile]] in [[Giza]], Egypt. The oldest known [[monumental sculpture]] in Egypt, the Sphinx is part of the [[Memphite Necropolis]] and is a [[List of World Heritage Sites in Egypt|UNESCO World Heritage Site.]]

Archaeological evidence suggests the Sphinx was created by Egyptians of the [[Old Kingdom]] during the reign of Khufu ({{circa|2590–2566 BC}}){{sfn|Stadelmann|1998}} or Khafre ({{circa|2558–2532 BC}}).<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=10 September 2009 |title=Sphinx Project « Ancient Egypt Research Associates |url=http://www.aeraweb.org/projects/sphinx/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112153459/https://aeraweb.org/projects/sphinx/ |archive-date=12 November 2021 |accessdate=12 November 2021}}</ref><ref>Dunford, Jane; Fletcher, Joann; French, Carole (ed., 2007). [http://www.dorlingkindersley-uk.co.uk/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9781405320931,00.html?/Egypt ''Egypt: Eyewitness Travel Guide''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090218063731/http://www.dorlingkindersley-uk.co.uk/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0%2C%2C9781405320931%2C00.html?%2FEgypt|date=2009-02-18}}. London: [[Dorling Kindersley]], 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-7566-2875-8}}.</ref>{{sfn|Lehner|1991}} Scholars and Egyptologists believe the face of the Sphinx was carved to represent either the pharaoh [[Khufu]] or one of his sons, pharaohs [[Djedefre]] and [[Khafre]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Stadelmann |first=Rainer |title=Egypt: The World of the Pharaohs |date=1998 |publisher=Könemann |isbn=9783895089138 |editor-last1=Schulz |editor-first1=Regine |page=75 |chapter=Royal Tombs from the Age of the Pyramids |editor-last2=Seidel |editor-first2=Matthias}}</ref> but a consensus has not been reached and the person(s) in whose likeness the Sphinx was carved remains in dispute.

The Sphinx has undergone multiple restorations, the most recent of which involved  replacing layers of limestone blocks around the base.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/hawass-sphinx/ |title=Saving the Sphinx – NOVA |website=pbs.org |date=January 2010 |access-date=2016-12-07}}</ref> The monument is {{Convert|73|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} long from paw to tail, {{Convert|20|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} high from the base to the top of the head, and {{Convert|19|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} wide at its rear haunches.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4arwBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA148|title=Pyramids of the Giza Plateau|first= Charles|last= Rigano|year=2014|page=148|publisher=Author House |isbn=9781496952493}}</ref>

The circumstances of the destruction of the Sphinx's nose are unknown, but examinations of the face have shown evidence of a deliberate act with rods or chisels.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lehner |first=Mark |url=https://archive.org/details/completepyramids00lehn |title=The Complete Pyramids: Solving the Ancient Mysteries |publisher=[[Thames and Hudson]] |year=1997 |pages=11|isbn=9780500050842 }}</ref> Contrary to a [[popular myths|popular myth]], the nose was not destroyed by cannonfire from [[Napoleon]]'s troops during his 1798 [[Egyptian campaign]]. Sketches and drawings predating Napoleon clearly detail the missing nose, and the damage is referenced in descriptions by 15th-century historian [[al-Maqrīzī]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Journeys |first=Smithsonian |title=What happened to the Sphinx's nose? |url=https://www.smithsonianjourneys.org/blogs/blog/2020/05/20/photo-what-happened-to-the-sphinxs-nose/ |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=www.smithsonianjourneys.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Sphinx's Nose |url=http://www.catchpenny.org/nose.html |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=www.catchpenny.org}}</ref>

== Names ==
The original name the [[Old Kingdom of Egypt|Old Kingdom]] creators gave the Sphinx is unknown, as the Sphinx temple, enclosure, and possibly the Sphinx itself was not completed at the time, and thus little is known about its cultural context.{{Sfn|Lehner|1991|p=96}} In the [[New Kingdom of Egypt|New Kingdom]], the Sphinx was revered as the [[solar deity]] ''[[Horus|Hor]]-em-[[akhet (hieroglyph and season)|akhet]]'' ({{langx|en|"Horus of the Horizon"}}; [[Hellenization|Hellenized]]: ''Harmachis''),<ref>{{cite book|last=Hawkes|first=Jacquetta|url=https://archive.org/details/atlasofancientar00hawk/page/150|title=Atlas of Ancient Archaeology|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill Education|McGraw-Hill Book Company]]|year=1974|isbn=0-07-027293-X|page=[https://archive.org/details/atlasofancientar00hawk/page/150 150]|author-link=Jacquetta Hawkes}}</ref> and the 14th century BC pharaoh [[Thutmose IV]]{{efn|See [[Thutmose IV#Dates and length of reign]]}} specifically refers to it as such in his [[Dream Stele]].<ref>Bryan, Betsy M. (1991) ''The Reign of Thutmose IV''. The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 145–146</ref>

The commonly used name "[[Sphinx]]" was given to it in [[classical antiquity]], around 2,000 years after the commonly accepted date of its construction by reference to a [[Sphinx#Greece|Greek mythological beast]] with the head of a woman, a falcon, a cat, or a sheep and the body of a lion with the wings of an eagle (although, like most [[Sphinx#Egypt|Egyptian sphinxes]], the Great Sphinx has a man's head and no wings).<ref>{{Cite news|title=sphinx {{!}} mythology|newspaper=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/sphinx|access-date=2016-12-07}}</ref> The English word ''sphinx'' comes from the [[ancient Greek]] Σφίγξ (<small>[[Romanization of Greek|transliterated]]:</small> {{transliteration|grc|sphinx}}) apparently from the verb σφίγγω (<small>[[Romanization of Greek|transliterated]]:</small> {{transliteration|grc|sphingo}} / {{langx|en|to squeeze}}), after the Greek sphinx who strangled anyone who failed to answer [[The Riddle of the Sphinx|her riddle]].{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}

Medieval [[Arabs|Arab]] writers, including [[Al-Maqrizi|al-Maqrīzī]], call the Sphinx by an Arabized [[Coptic language|Coptic]] name ''Belhib'' ({{Langx|ar|بلهيب}}), ''Balhubah'' ({{Langx|ar|بلهوبه}}) ''Belhawiyya (''{{Langx|ar|بلهويه}}),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://al-maktaba.org/book/11566/227|title=ص229 - كتاب المواعظ والاعتبار بذكر الخطط والآثار - ذكر الصنم الذي يقال له أبو الهول - المكتبة الشاملة الحديثة|website=al-maktaba.org|accessdate=12 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Makrîsî |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dalEAAAAcAAJ&dq=%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%87&pg=PA122 |title=Kitâb el mawâ'is wa 'l i'tibâr bidhikri 'lchitat wa 'l athâr d. h. Buch der Unterweisungen und der Betrachtung in der Geschichte der Länderstriche und Denkmale: Eine histor. und topogr. Beschreibung Ägyptens von Takieddîn Ahmed ben Ali ben Abdelkâder ben Mohammed Makrisi |date=1853 |language=ar}}</ref> which in turn comes from ''Pehor'' ({{Langx|egy|pꜣ-Ḥwr}}) or ''Pehor(o)n'' ({{Langx|egy|pꜣ-Ḥwr(w)n}}), a name of the [[Ancient Canaanite religion|Canaanite]] god [[Haurun|Hauron]] with whom the Sphinx was identified. It is also rendered as ''Ablehon'' on a depiction of the Sphinx made by [[François de La Boullaye-Le Gouz]]. The medieval [[Egyptian Arabic]] name is Abū il-Hawl ([[:wikt:أبو الهول|أبو الهول]]), meaning "father of terror", which may be a [[folk etymological]] reinterpretation of the name of the god Ḥwr.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Peust|first=Carsten|title=Die Toponyme vorarabischen Ursprungs im modernen Ägypten|url=http://www.peust.de/ortsnamen_original.pdf|page=46}}</ref> In other source the medieval [[Egyptian Arabic]] name is Abul-Hun.<ref>{{cite web | title=Szfinx-Torténelmi Kutatásom | url=https://www.magtudin.org/SZFINX.htm }}</ref>

== History ==

=== Old Kingdom ===
[[File:Khafre statue.jpg|thumb|right|Before being defaced, the Great Sphinx possibly bore the face of Pharaoh [[Khafre]], the builder of the [[Pyramid of Khafre|second Pyramid]] at Giza]]
[[File:Weisse Wüste.jpg|thumb|right|Natural rock formation at [[Farafra]], Egypt]]
The archaeological evidence suggests the Great Sphinx was created between 2600 and 2500 BC for the king [[Khufu]], the builder of the [[Great Pyramid of Giza]], or his son [[Khafre]], the builder of the [[Pyramid of Khafre|second Pyramid]] at [[Giza]].{{sfn|Stadelmann|1998}}<ref>{{cite web|date=2007|title=Sphinx Project: Why Sequence is Important|url=http://www.aeraweb.org/khafre_seq.asp|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726101013/http://www.aeraweb.org/khafre_seq.asp|archive-date=26 July 2010|access-date=27 February 2015}}</ref> The Sphinx is a [[monolith]] carved from the bedrock of the plateau, which also served as the [[quarry]] for the [[Great Pyramids of Giza|pyramids]] and other monuments in the area.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cheops-pyramide.ch/khufu-pyramid/stone-quarries.html|title=Stone quarries in ancient Egypt. Details about the Giza quarries, the granite quarries in Assuan, and the Tura limestone quarries|last=Zuberbühler|first=Franz Löhner, Teresa|website=cheops-pyramide.ch|access-date=2016-12-08}}</ref> Egyptian geologist Farouk El-Baz has suggested the head of the Sphinx may have been carved first, out of a natural [[yardang]]: a ridge of bedrock sculpted by the wind. These can sometimes achieve shapes resembling animals. El-Baz suggests the "moat" or "ditch" around the Sphinx may have been quarried out later to allow for the creation of the full body of the sculpture.<ref>Egyptology at the Dawn of the Twenty-first Century: Archaeology; INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF EGYPTOLOGISTS, Lyla Pinch Brock; American University in Cairo Press, 2003; pages 70-71</ref> The stones cut from around the Sphinx's body were used to construct a temple in front of it; however, neither the enclosure nor the temple were completed, and the relative scarcity of Old Kingdom cultural material suggests a Sphinx cult was not established at the time.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2017|title=Who Built the Sphinx?|url=https://www.aeraweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/AG_18_1.pdf|journal=Aeragram|volume=18 - 1|pages=2–6}}</ref> [[Selim Hassan]], writing in 1949 on recent excavations of the Sphinx enclosure, makes note of this circumstance:

{{blockquote|Taking all things into consideration, it seems that we must give the credit of erecting this, the world's most wonderful statue, to Khafre, but always with this reservation: that there is not one single contemporary inscription which connects the Sphinx with Khafre, so sound as it may appear, we must treat the evidence as circumstantial, until such time as a lucky turn of the spade of the excavator will reveal to the world a definite reference to the erection of the Sphinx.{{sfn|Hassan|1953|p=164}} |author=Hassan|source=page 164}}

In order to construct the temple, the northern perimeter wall of the Khafre Valley Temple had to be deconstructed; therefore, the Khafre funerary complex preceded the creation of the Sphinx and its temple. Furthermore, the angle and location of the south wall of the enclosure suggests the causeway connecting Khafre's pyramid and Valley Temple already existed before the Sphinx was planned. The lower base level of the Sphinx temple also indicates it does not pre-date the Valley Temple.<ref name=":3" />

=== New Kingdom ===
[[File:Great Sphinx with Stelae.jpg|thumb|The New Kingdom [[Dream Stele]] between the paws of the Sphinx, 2009]]
Some time around the [[First Intermediate Period of Egypt|First Intermediate Period]], the Giza Necropolis was abandoned, and drifting sand eventually buried the Sphinx up to its shoulders. The first documented attempt at an excavation dates to {{circa|1400 BC}}, when the young [[Thutmose IV]] (1401–1391 or 1397–1388&nbsp;BC) gathered a team and, after much effort, managed to dig out the front paws, between which he erected a shrine housing the [[Dream Stele]], an inscribed [[granite]] slab (possibly a repurposed door lintel from one of Khafre's temples). When the stele was discovered, its lines of text were already damaged and incomplete. An excerpt reads:
{{blockquote|... the royal son, Thothmos, being arrived, while walking at midday and seating himself under the shadow of this mighty god, was overcome by slumber and slept at the very moment when Ra is at the summit [of heaven]. He found that the Majesty of this august god spoke to him with his own mouth, as a father speaks to his son, saying: Look upon me, contemplate me, O my son Thothmos; I am thy father, Harmakhis-[[Khepri|Khopri]]-[[Ra]]-[[Atum|Tum]]; I bestow upon thee the sovereignty over my domain, the supremacy over the living&nbsp;... Behold my actual condition that thou mayest protect all my perfect limbs. The sand of the desert whereon I am laid has covered me. Save me, causing all that is in my heart to be executed.<ref>Mallet, Dominique, [http://www.harmakhis.org/The%20Stele%20of%20Thotmes%20IV%20%28Translation%29.htm ''The Stele of Thothmes&nbsp;IV: A Translation''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107083223/http://www.harmakhis.org/The%20Stele%20of%20Thotmes%20IV%20%28Translation%29.htm |date=7 November 2014 }}, at [http://www.harmakhis.org/ harmakhis.org]. Retrieved {{Nowrap|3 January}} 2009.</ref>|title=The Stele of Thothmes IV: A Translation}}

The Dream Stele associates the Sphinx with Khafre. However, this part of the text is not entirely intact:

{{blockquote|which we bring for him: oxen&nbsp;... and all the young vegetables; and we shall give praise to ''Wenofer'' ... ''Khaf'' ... the statue made for ''[[Atum]]-Hor-em-[[Akhet (hieroglyph and season)|Akhet]]''.<ref>Colavito, Jason (2001). [https://jcolavito.tripod.com/lostcivilizations/id17.html "Who Built the Sphinx?"] at [https://jcolavito.tripod.com/lostcivilizations/index.html Lost Civilizations Discovered]. Retrieved {{Nowrap|19 December}} 2008.</ref>|author=Jason Colavito|title=Who Built the Sphinx?}}

Egyptologist [[Thomas Young (scientist)|Thomas Young]], finding the ''Khaf'' [[hieroglyph]]s in a damaged [[cartouche]] used to surround a royal name, inserted the glyph ''ra'' to complete Khafre's name. When the stele was re-excavated in 1925, the lines of text referring to ''Khaf'' flaked off and were destroyed.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}} Later, [[Ramesses II|Ramesses II the Great]] (1279–1213&nbsp;BC) may have undertaken a second excavation.

In the [[New Kingdom of Egypt|New Kingdom]], the Sphinx became more specifically associated with the sun god ''Hor-em-akhet'' ([[Hellenization|Hellenized]]: ''Harmachis'') or "Horus-at-the-Horizon". The Pharaoh [[Amenhotep II]] (1427–1401 or 1397&nbsp;BC) built a temple to the northeast of the Sphinx nearly 1,000 years after its construction and dedicated it to the cult of ''Hor-em-akhet''.<ref>Stadelmann, Rainer (2001). "Giza". In Redford, Donald B. (ed), ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt''. Volume II, p. 29</ref>

=== Graeco-Roman period ===

In Graeco-Roman times, Giza had become a tourist destination—the monuments were regarded as antiquities—and some Roman emperors visited the Sphinx out of curiosity and for political reasons.{{sfn|Hassan|1953|p=119}} The Sphinx was cleared of sand again in the first century AD in honor of Emperor [[Nero]] and the Governor of Egypt [[Tiberius Claudius Balbilus]].{{sfn|Lehner|1991|p=34}} A monumental stairway—more than {{convert|12|m|ft}} wide—was erected, leading down to a pavement in front of the paws of the Sphinx. A podium positioned at the top of the stairs allowed a view into the Sphinx sanctuary. Farther back, another podium neighbored several more steps.{{sfn|Lehner|1991|p=35}} The stairway was dismantled during the 1931–32 excavations by [[Émile Baraize]].{{sfn|Lehner|1991|p=62}} [[Pliny the Elder]] describes the face of the Sphinx being colored red and gives measurements for the statue:<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pliny the Elder|url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D36%3Achapter%3D17|title=The Natural History}}</ref>

{{Quote frame|In front of these pyramids is the Sphinx, a still more wondrous object of art, but one upon which silence has been observed, as it is looked upon as a divinity by the people of the neighbourhood. It is their belief that King Harmaïs was buried in it, and they will have it that it was brought there from a distance. The truth is, however, that it was hewn from the solid rock; and, from a feeling of veneration, the face of the monster is coloured red. The circumference of the head, measured round the forehead, is one hundred and two feet, the length of the feet being one hundred and forty-three, and the height, from the belly to the summit of the asp on the head, sixty-two.}}

A stela dated to 166 AD commemorates the restoration of the retaining walls surrounding the Sphinx.{{sfn|Hassan|1953|p=123}} The last emperor connected with the monument is [[Septimius Severus]], around 200 AD.{{sfn|Hassan|1953|p=125}} With the downfall of Roman power, the Sphinx was once more engulfed by the sands.{{sfn|Hassan|1953|p=124}}

<gallery mode="packed" heights="180">
File:Retaining walls and Roman Period stairways east of the Sphinx.tif|Side view of the Sphinx with the Roman stairway on the right, c. 1930
File:Excavation East of Sphinx.tif|Top of the Roman stairway before dismantling in 1931–1932
File:Sphinx Map by Henry Salt.tif|Map of the area east of the Sphinx by [[Henry Salt (Egyptologist)|Henry Salt]]
</gallery>

=== Middle Ages ===
Some ancient non-Egyptians saw the Sphinx as a likeness of the god [[Hauron]]. The cult of the Sphinx continued into medieval times. The [[Sabians]] of [[Harran]] saw it as the burial place of [[Hermes Trismegistus]]. Arab authors describe the Sphinx as a [[talisman]] guarding the area from the desert.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rdI96px90kUC&pg=PA88|title=Egyptology: The Missing Millennium : Ancient Egypt in Medieval Arabic Writings|author=Okasha El Daly|date=12 November 2005|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=9781844720637|accessdate=12 November 2021|via=Google Books}}</ref> [[Al-Maqrizi]] describes it as the "talisman of the Nile" upon which locals believed the [[Season of the Inundation|flood cycle]] depended.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Joseph E Lowry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x_UoDgAAQBAJ&q=Al-Maqrīzī+talisman+of+the+Nile&pg=PA263|title=Arabic Humanities, Islamic Thought: Essays in Honor of Everett K. Rowson|author2=Shawkat M Toorawa|author3=Everett K Rowson|date=2017|publisher=Boston Brill|isbn=9789004343245|page=263|oclc=992515269|access-date=11 October 2017}}</ref> [[Muhammad al-Idrisi]] stated those wishing to obtain bureaucratic positions in the Egyptian government gave [[Religious use of incense|incense offering]] to the monument.<ref name="Egyptology">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rdI96px90kUC&dq=al+minufi&pg=PA89|title=Egyptology: The Missing Millennium : Ancient Egypt in Medieval Arabic Writings|author=Okasha El Daly|date=12 November 2005|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=9781844720637|accessdate=12 November 2021|via=Google Books}}</ref>

===Early modern period===
Over the centuries, writers and scholars have recorded their impressions and reactions upon seeing the Sphinx. The vast majority were concerned with a general description, often including a mixture of science, romance and mystique.{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}} A description was made by [[John Lawson Stoddard]]:

{{blockquote|It is the antiquity of the Sphinx which thrills us as we look upon it, for in itself it has no charms. The desert's waves have risen to its breast, as if to wrap the monster in a winding-sheet of gold. The face and head have been mutilated by Moslem fanatics. The mouth, the beauty of whose lips was once admired, is now expressionless. Yet grand in its loneliness, – veiled in the mystery of unnamed ages, – the relic of Egyptian antiquity stands solemn and silent in the presence of the awful desert&nbsp;– symbol of eternity. Here it disputes with Time the empire of the past; forever gazing on and on into a future which will still be distant when we, like all who have preceded us and looked upon its face, have lived our little lives and disappeared.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stoddard |first1=John L. |title=John L. Stoddard's Lectures |date=1 March 2009 |publisher=Wildside Press LLC |isbn=978-1-4344-5271-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gbQo08W-cq8C |language=en |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=gbQo08W-cq8C&pg=PA333 333]}}</ref>|title=John L. Stoddard's Lectures}}

From the 16th to the 19th centuries, European observers described the Sphinx having the face, neck and breast of a woman.  Examples included Johannes Helferich (1579), [[George Sandys]] (1615), [[Johann Michael Vansleb]] (1677), [[Benoît de Maillet]] (1735) and [[Elliot Warburton]] (1844). Most early Western images were book illustrations in [[printmaking|print]] form, elaborated by a professional [[engraver]] from either previous images available or some original drawing or sketch supplied by an author, and usually now lost. Seven years after visiting Giza, André Thévet (''Cosmographie de Levant'', 1556) described the Sphinx as "the head of a colossus, caused to be made by [[Isis]], daughter of [[Inachus]], then so beloved of [[Jupiter (god)|Jupiter]]". He, or his artist and engraver, pictured it as a curly-haired monster with a grassy dog collar. Athanasius Kircher (who never visited Egypt) depicted the Sphinx as a Roman statue (''[[Turris Babel]]'', 1679). Johannes Helferich's (1579) Sphinx is a pinched-face, round-breasted woman with a straight-haired wig. George Sandys stated the Sphinx was a harlot; Balthasar de Monconys interpreted the headdress as a kind of hairnet, and [[François de La Boullaye-Le Gouz]] described the Sphinx as having a rounded hairdo with bulky collar.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}} Richard Pococke's Sphinx was an adaptation of Cornelis de Bruijn's drawing of 1698, featuring only minor changes, but is closer to the actual appearance of the Sphinx than anything previous.  The print versions of Norden's drawings for his ''[[Voyage d'Egypte et de Nubie]]'', 1755 clearly show the missing nose.

<gallery mode="packed" class="center">

Image:Hogenberg & Braun, 1572.png|[[Frans Hogenberg|Hogenberg]] and [[Georg Braun|Braun]] (map), ''Cairus, quae olim Babylon'' (1572), exists in various editions, from various authors, with the Sphinx looking different.
Image:Jan Sommer, 1591.png|Jan Sommer, (unpublished) ''Voyages en Egypte des annees 1589, 1590 & 1591'', Institut de France, 1971 (Voyageurs occidentaux en Égypte 3)
Image:George Sandys, 1615.png|[[George Sandys]], ''A relation of a journey begun an dom. 1610'' (1615)
Image:François de La Boullaye-Le Gouz, 1653.png|[[François de La Boullaye-Le Gouz]], ''Les Voyages et Observations'' (1653)
Image:Balthasar de Monconys, 1665.png|[[Balthasar de Monconys]], ''Journal des voyages'' (1665)
Image:Olfert Dapper, 1665.png|[[Olfert Dapper]], ''Description de l'Afrique'' (1665), note the two different displays of the Sphinx.
Image:Cornelis de Bruijn, 1698.png|[[Cornelis de Bruijn]], ''Reizen van Cornelis de Bruyn door de vermaardste Deelen van Klein Asia'' (1698)
Image:Johanne Baptista Homann, 1724.png|Johanne Baptista Homann (map), ''Aegyptus hodierna'' (1724)
Image:Norden, 1755 (1).png|[[Frederic Louis Norden]], ''Voyage d'Égypte et de Nubie'' (1755)
</gallery>

=== Modern excavations ===
[[File:Sphinx partially excavated2.jpg|thumb|The Great Sphinx partially excavated, ca. 1883]]
[[File:Sphinx-and-the-Pyramids-of-Ghiza-by-Facchinelli,-BNF-Gallica.png|thumb|The Sphinx by [[Beniamino Facchinelli]], c. 1885]]In 1817, the first modern archaeological dig, supervised by the Italian [[Giovanni Battista Caviglia]], uncovered the Sphinx's chest completely.

{{blockquote|In the beginning of the year 1887, the chest, the paws, the altar, and plateau were all made visible. Flights of steps were unearthed, and finally accurate measurements were taken of the great figures. The height from the lowest of the steps was found to be one hundred feet, and the space between the paws was found to be thirty-five feet long and ten feet wide. Here there was formerly an altar; and a stele of [[Thutmose IV|Thûtmosis IV]] was discovered, recording a dream in which he was ordered to clear away the sand that even then was gathering round the site of the Sphinx.<ref name="HistoryofEgypt">{{cite book|last1=Rappoport|first1=S.|title=The Project Gutenberg EBook of History Of Egypt From 330 B.C. To The Present Time, Volume 12 (of 12), by S. Rappoport|publisher=The Grolier Society Publishers, London|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/17332/17332-h/17332-h.htm|access-date=31 October 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095932/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/17332/17332-h/17332-h.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|date=2005-12-17}}</ref>|author=S. Rappoport|title=The Project Gutenberg EBook of History of Egypt From 330 B.C. To The Present|source=Volume 12}}

One of the people working on clearing the sands from around the Great Sphinx was [[Eugène Grébaut]], a French Director of the [[Supreme Council of Antiquities|Antiquities Service]].<ref name="SCAHistory">{{cite web|title=A Brief History of the Supreme Council of Antiquities (SCA): 1858 to present|url=http://www.sca-egypt.org/eng/sca_history.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017043511/http://www.sca-egypt.org/eng/SCA_History.htm|archive-date=2016-10-17|access-date=2017-03-21|website=SCA - Egypt}}</ref>

=== Opinions of early Egyptologists ===
Early Egyptologists and excavators had conflicting opinons regarding the age of the Sphinx and the associated temples. In 1857, [[Auguste Mariette]], founder of the [[Egyptian Museum]] in Cairo, unearthed the much later [[Inventory Stela]] (estimated to be from the [[Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt|Twenty-sixth Dynasty]], c.&nbsp;664–525&nbsp;BC), which tells how [[Khufu]] came upon the Sphinx, already buried in sand. Although certain tracts on the stela are likely accurate,<ref>[[Zahi Hawass|Hawass, Zahi]]. ([http://guardians.net/hawass/khufu.htm ''The Khufu''] at [http://guardians.net/hawass/ The Plateau]. Retrieved {{Nowrap|6 January}} 2009.</ref> this passage is contradicted by archaeological evidence, thus considered to be [[Late Period of Ancient Egypt|Late Period]] [[historical revisionism]],<ref name="Reader (2002)">{{cite book|last=Colin|first=Reader|title=Journal of the Ancient Chronology Forum|date=2002|volume=9|pages=5–21|chapter=Giza Before the Fourth Dynasty|access-date=11 October 2017|chapter-url=http://www.hallofmaat.com/modules.php?name=Articles&file=article&sid=93|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210134155/http://www.thehallofmaat.com/modules.php?name=Articles&file=article&sid=93|archive-date=10 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> a purposeful fake, created by the local priests as an attempt to imbue the contemporary Isis temple with an ancient history it never had. Such acts became common when religious institutions such as temples, shrines, and priests' domains fought for political attention, and for financial and economic donations.<ref name="MVTP">{{cite book|last=Verner|first=Miroslav|title=The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture, and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments|publisher=Grove/Atlantic Inc.|year=2007|isbn=978-0802198631|page=212}}</ref><ref name="PJDP">{{cite book|last=Jánosi|first=Peter|title=Die Pyramidenanlagen der Königinnen (= ''Denkschriften der Gesamtakademie, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften'', volume 13|year=1996|isbn=978-3700122074|pages=11, 125|publisher=Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften }}</ref>

In 1883, [[Flinders Petrie]] wrote, regarding the state of opinion of the age of the Khafre Valley Temple, and by extension the Sphinx: "The date of the Granite Temple has been so positively asserted to be earlier than the fourth dynasty, that it may seem rash to dispute the point. Recent discoveries, however, strongly show that it was really not built before the reign of Khafre, in the fourth dynasty."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Petrie |first=Flinders |title=The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh |year=1883 |location=London |pages=133}}</ref> [[Gaston Maspero]], the French Egyptologist and second director of the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, conducted a survey of the Sphinx in 1886. Maspero concluded because the Dream Stela showed the cartouche of Khafre in line 13, it was he who was responsible for the excavation and therefore the Sphinx must predate Khafre and his predecessors—possibly [[Fourth Dynasty of Egypt|Fourth Dynasty]], {{circa|2575–2467 BC}}. Maspero believed the Sphinx to be "the most ancient monument in Egypt".{{sfn|Hassan|1953|p=17-18}}

[[Ludwig Borchardt]] attributed the Sphinx to the Middle Kingdom, arguing the particular features seen on the Sphinx are unique to the 12th dynasty and the Sphinx resembles [[Amenemhat III]].{{sfn|Hassan|1953|p=86-87}} [[E. A. Wallis Budge]] agreed the Sphinx predated Khafre's reign, writing in ''The Gods of the Egyptians'' (1904): "This marvelous object [the Great Sphinx] was in existence in the days of Khafre, or Khephren,{{efn|Early Egyptologists were inconsistent in their transliteration of pharaonic names: ''Khafre'' and ''Khephren'' are both references to Khafre.}} and it is probable that it is a very great deal older than his reign and that it dates from the end of the [[Early Dynastic Period of Egypt|archaic period]] [{{circa|2686 BC}}]."<ref>{{cite book|last=Wallis Budge|first=E. A.|url=https://archive.org/details/godsofegyptianso02budg|title=The Gods of the Egyptians: Studies in Egyptian Mythology|publisher=[[Dover Publications|Courier Dover Publications]]|year=1904|isbn=978-0-486-22055-0|pages=361|author-link=E. A. Wallis Budge}}</ref> [[Selim Hassan]] reasoned the Sphinx was erected after the completion of the Khafre pyramid complex.{{sfn|Hassan|1953|p=88}}

=== Modern dissenting hypotheses ===
[[Rainer Stadelmann]], former director of the [[German Archaeological Institute]] in Cairo, examined the distinct [[iconography]] of the ''[[nemes]]'' (headdress) and the now-detached beard of the Sphinx and concluded the style is more indicative of the pharaoh [[Khufu]] (2589–2566&nbsp;BC), known to the Greeks as Cheops, builder of the [[Great Pyramid of Giza]] and Khafre's father.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/transcripts/3703_sphinx.html | title=NOVA &#124; Transcripts &#124; Riddles of the Sphinx | website=[[PBS]] }}</ref>{{when|date=April 2024}} He supports this by suggesting Khafre's Causeway was built to conform to a pre-existing structure, which, he concludes, given its location, could only have been the Sphinx.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.academia.edu/21651229 | title=Giza Before the Fourth Dynasty | last1=Reader | first1=Colin }}</ref>

In 2004, Vassil Dobrev of the [[Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale]] in Cairo announced he had uncovered new evidence the Great Sphinx may have been the work of the little-known pharaoh [[Djedefre]] (2528–2520&nbsp;BC), Khafre's half brother and a son of Khufu.<ref name="Riddle of the Sphinx">[https://documentarystorm.com/history-archaeology/riddle-of-the-sphinx/ Riddle of the Sphinx] Retrieved {{Nowrap|6 November}} 2010.</ref> Dobrev suggests Djedefre built the Sphinx in the image of his father Khufu, identifying him with the sun god [[Ra]] in order to restore respect for [[Fourth Dynasty of Egypt|their dynasty]]. Dobrev also says the causeway connecting Khafre's pyramid to the temples was built around the Sphinx, suggesting it was already in existence at the time. Egyptologist [[Nigel Strudwick]] responded to Dobrev, saying: "It is not implausible. But I would need more explanation, such as why he thinks the pyramid at Abu Roash is a sun temple, something I'm sceptical about. I have never heard anyone suggest that the name in the graffiti at Zawiyet el-Aryan mentions Djedefre. I remain more convinced by the traditional argument of [the sphinx] being Khafre or the more recent theory of it being Khufu."<ref name="Fleming (2004)"/>

Geologist Colin Reader suggests water runoff from the Giza plateau is responsible for the differential erosion on the walls of the sphinx enclosure. Because the hydrological characteristics of the area were significantly changed by the quarries, Reader contends this suggests the sphinx likely predated the quarries (and thus, the pyramids). He points towards the larger cyclopean stones in part of the Sphinx Temple, as well as the causeway alignment with the pyramids and the break in the quarries, as evidence the pyramids took the alignment with some pre-existing structure, such as the sphinx, into consideration when they were constructed, and the sphinx temple was built in two distinct phases. He contends such erosion could have occurred relatively rapidly and suggests the sphinx was no more than a few centuries older than present archaeology would suggest, suggesting a late [[Prehistoric Egypt|Predynastic]] or [[Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)|Early Dynastic]] origin, when Ancient Egyptians already were known to be capable of sophisticated masonry.<ref name="Reader (2002)" />

=== Recent restorations ===
In 1931, engineers of the Egyptian government repaired the head of the Sphinx. Part of its headdress had fallen off in 1926 due to erosion, which had also cut deeply into its neck.<ref>''Popular Science Monthly'', July 1931, page 56.</ref> This questionable repair was by the addition of a concrete collar between the headdress and the neck, creating an altered profile.<ref>{{cite web|date=2017-04-17|title=Filmed in 1897, THIS is the OLDEST footage of the Great Sphinx of Giza - Ancient Code|url=https://www.ancient-code.com/filmed-1897-oldest-footage-great-sphinx-giza/|access-date=23 October 2017|website=ancient-code.com}}</ref> Many renovations to the stone base and raw rock body were done in the 1980s and then redone in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hawass|first=Zahi|title=HISTORY OF THE CONSERVATION OF THE SPHINX|url=http://www.guardians.net/hawass/sphinx2.htm|access-date=23 October 2017}}</ref>{{wide image|Sphinx and the Great Pyramid of Giza panorama.jpg|800px|Panoramic view of the Sphinx and the Great Pyramid of Giza, 2010}}

== Degradation and violation ==
The [[nummulitic]] [[limestone]] in the area consists of layers with varying resistance to the [[erosion]] caused primarily by wind and windblown sand, resulting in the uneven degradation evident in the body of the Sphinx.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=1999-02-11|title=How old is the Sphinx?|newspaper=msnbc.com|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna3077390|access-date=2016-12-07}}</ref> The lowest part of the body, including the legs, is solid rock.<ref name="The Great Sphinx of Giza" /> The middle body of the Sphinx has significantly disintegrated because the limestone from which it is comprised is softer than the surrounding rock,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=The Great Sphinx {{!}} Geology of a Statue {{!}} Dating the Sphinx {{!}} Ancient Egypt Research Associates|url=https://www.aeraweb.org/sphinx-project/geology-of-the-sphinx/|access-date=2016-12-08|website=aeraweb.org| date=13 October 2009 }}</ref> whereas the layer from which the head was sculpted is a harder limestone and therefore more resistant to erosion.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="zivie-coche">{{cite book|last=Zivie-Coche|first=Christiane|title=Sphinx: History of a Monument|publisher=[[Cornell University Press]]|year=2002|isbn=978-0-8014-3962-9|pages=99–100}}</ref> Treasure hunters and tomb robbers have dug several "dead-end" shafts and passageways within and below the body of the Sphinx.

=== Missing nose ===
[[File:Great Sphinx (أبو الهول).jpg|thumb|left|The Sphinx in profile, 2023]]
[[File:Norden, 1755 (2).png|thumb|left|The Sphinx as seen by [[Frederic Louis Norden]] before Napoleon's time (sketches made in 1737, published 1755)]]The destruction and fate of the Sphinx's missing nose has long been the subject of myths and stories. Although false, the most popular story is the Sphinx's nose was destroyed by cannonballs fired by the army of [[Napoleon Bonaparte]]. However, drawings made by [[Frederic Louis Norden]] in 1737 show the Sphinx's nose missing, over 60 years before Napoleon's arrival.<ref>{{cite web |title=F.L. Norden. Travels in Egypt and Nubia, 1757. Plate 47, Profil de la tête colossale du Sphinx |url=https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/archives/image/37200 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406141503/https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/archives/image/37200 |archive-date=6 April 2016 |access-date=24 January 2014 |website=Brooklyn Museum}}</ref>  Examination of the Sphinx's face shows marks made by long rods or [[chisels]] hammered into the face: one at the bridge of the nose, and another below the nostril. The nose was apparently then pried off, and the stonework crumbled as it fell or was subsequently destroyed.

Some 10th-century Arab authors claimed the damaged nose was the result of [[Iconoclasm|iconoclastic]] attacks. Other writers have attributed the damage to the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluks]] in the 14th century.<ref name="Lehner">{{Cite book |last=Zivie-Coche |first=Christiane |url=http://archive.org/details/sphinx00chri |title=Sphinx: History of a Monument |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-8014-8954-9 |location=Ithaca, New York, US |pages=16 |language=en}}</ref> According to Ibn Qadi Shuhba, Muhammad ibn Sadiq ibn al-Muhammad al-Tibrizi al-Masri (d. 1384), desecrated the sphinxes of "Qanatir al-Siba".<ref name="Egyptology" />

Writing in the early 15th century, Arab historian [[Al-Maqrizi|al-Maqrīzī]] attributed the loss of the nose to Muhammad Sa'im al-Dahr, a [[Sufi]] Muslim from the [[khanqah]] of Sa'id al-Su'ada in 1378. According to [[Al-Maqrizi|al-Maqrīzī]], Sa'im al-Dahr saw local peasants making offerings to the Sphinx in the hope of increasing their harvest and defaced the Sphinx in an act of [[iconoclasm]]. According to al-Maqrīzī, people living in the area believed the sand covering the [[Giza Plateau]] was retribution for al-Dahr's act of defacement.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Joseph E Lowry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x_UoDgAAQBAJ&q=al+maqrizi+sphinx+sands&pg=PA264 |title=Arabic Humanities, Islamic Thought: Essays in Honor of Everett K. Rowson |author2=Shawkat M Toorawa |author3=Everett K Rowson |date=2017 |publisher=Boston Brill |isbn=9789004343245 |page=264 |oclc=992515269 |access-date=11 October 2017}}</ref><ref>The Wonders of the Ancients:&nbsp;Arab-Islamic Representations of Ancient Egypt, Mark Fraser Pettigrew, page 201, University of California, Berkeley</ref> [[ʿAbd al-Salām al-Manūfī|Al-Minufi]] (1443–1527) wrote the [[Alexandrian Crusade]] in 1365 was, "...divine retribution for Muhammad Sa'im al-Dahr's breaking off the nose of a sphinx."<ref name="Egyptology" />
[[File:Beard_of_the_sphinx.jpg|thumb|[[Limestone]] fragments of the Sphinx's beard in the [[British Museum]], 14th century BC<ref>{{cite web |title=British Museum - Fragment of the beard of the Great Sphinx |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/aes/f/fragment_of_the_beard_of_the_g.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018105335/http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/aes/f/fragment_of_the_beard_of_the_g.aspx |archive-date=2015-10-18 |work=britishmuseum.org}}</ref>]]

=== Beard ===
The Sphinx may have also had a [[Regalia of the Pharaoh#Beard|ceremonial pharaonic beard]], possibly added subsequent to the original construction. If the beard had been an original part of the Sphinx, Egyptologist Vassil Dobrev suggested the beard would have damaged the chin of the statue upon falling.<ref name="Fleming (2004)">{{cite news|last=Fleming|first=Nic|date=14 December 2004|title=I have solved riddle of the Sphinx, says Frenchman|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/egypt/1478998/I-have-solved-riddle-of-the-Sphinx-says-Frenchman.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/egypt/1478998/I-have-solved-riddle-of-the-Sphinx-says-Frenchman.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=28 June 2005}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Residue of red pigment is visible on areas of the Sphinx's face, and traces of yellow and blue pigment have been found elsewhere on the Sphinx, leading Mark Lehner to suggest the monument "was once decked out in gaudy comic book colours".<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite web|author=Evan Hadingham|date=February 2010|title=Uncovering Secrets of the Sphinx|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/uncovering-secrets-of-the-sphinx-5053442/?no-ist=&page=2|work=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref>

{{Clear}}

== Holes and tunnels ==
[[File:Top of Sphinx head with hole.tif|thumb|Man standing in the hole on top of the head of the Sphinx, 1925]]

=== Hole in the Sphinx's head ===
During his travels between 1565 and 1566, Johann Helffrich visited the Sphinx and described how a priest entered the head of the Sphinx, and when the priest spoke, it was as if the Sphinx itself was speaking.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Helffrich|first=Johann|title=Kurtzer und warhafftiger Bericht, Von der Reis aus Venedig nach Hierusalem, Von dannen in Aegypten, auff den Berg Sinai, und folgends widerumb gen Venedig|year=1579|pages=195|language=de}}</ref> Many New Kingdom stelae depict the Sphinx wearing a crown. If it in fact existed, the hole could have been the anchoring point for it.{{Sfn|Lehner|1991|p=363}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Accessions of the Griffith Institute Archive in 2009|url=http://www.griffith.ox.ac.uk/gri/4acc09.html}}</ref> [[Émile Baraize]] closed the hole with a metal hatch in 1926.<ref>{{Cite web|title=360° photograph of the Sphinx|url=https://www.airpano.com/360photo/egypt-cairo-pyramids/?startscene=1&ath=265.253&atv=17.140&fov=41.24}}</ref>{{Sfn|Lehner|1991|p=187}}

=== Perring's Hole ===
[[File:Sphinx, Perring's hole.tif|thumb|''Perring's Hole'' behind neck of the Sphinx. Part of headdress on the right]]
[[Howard Vyse]] directed [[John Shae Perring]] in 1837 to drill a tunnel in the back of the Sphinx, just behind the head. The boring rods became stuck at a depth of {{Convert|27|ft|m}}. Attempts to blast the rods free caused further damage. The hole was cleared in 1978. Among the rubble was a fragment of the Sphinx's [[nemes]] headdress.{{Sfn|Lehner|1991|pp=204-205}}

==== Major fissure ====
A major natural fissure in the bedrock cuts through the waist of the Sphinx, first excavated by [[Auguste Mariette]] in 1853. At the top of the back it measures up to {{Convert|2|m|ft}} in width. Baraize, in 1926, sealed the sides and roofed it with iron bars, limestone and cement, and installed an iron trap door at the top. The sides of the fissure might have been artificially squared; however, the bottom is irregular bedrock, about {{Convert|1|m|ft}} above the outside floor. A very narrow crack continues deeper.{{Sfn|Lehner|1991|pp=202-203}}

<gallery mode="packed" class="center" heights="170">
File:Top of Sphinx back before modern restorations.tif|Major fissure running through the waist of the Sphinx, before modern restorations in 1926
File:Iron trap-door over fissure at top of Sphinx back.tif|Trap-door access to major fissure, after restorations
</gallery>

=== Rump passage ===
In 1926, the Sphinx was cleared of sand under direction of Baraize, which revealed an opening to a tunnel at floor-level at the north side of the rump. It was subsequently closed by masonry veneer and nearly forgotten. More than 50 years later, the existence of the passage was recalled by three elderly men who had worked during the clearing as basket carriers. This led to the rediscovery and excavation of the rump passage, in 1980.

The passage consists of an upper and a lower section, which are angled roughly 90 degrees to each other:

* The upper part ascends to a height of {{Convert|4|m|ft}} above the ground-floor at a northwest direction. It runs between masonry veneer and the core body of the Sphinx and ends in a niche {{Convert|1|m|ft}} wide and {{Convert|1.8|m|ft}} high. The ceiling of the niche consists of modern cement, which likely spilled down from the filling of the gap between masonry and core bedrock, some {{Convert|3|m|ft}} above
* The lower part descends steeply into the bedrock toward northeast, for a distance of approximately {{Convert|4|m|ft}} and a depth of {{Convert|5|m|ft}}. It terminated in a cul-de-sac pit at groundwater level. At the entrance it is {{Convert|1.3|m|ft}} wide, narrowing to about {{Convert|1.07|m|ft}} towards the end. Among the sand and stone fragments, a piece of tin foil and the base of a modern ceramic water jar was found. The clogged bottom contained modern fill. Among it, more tin foil, modern cement and a pair of shoes

It is possible the entire passage was cut top down, beginning high up on the rump, and the current access point at floor-level was made at a later date. In his diary (February 27 and 28, 1837), Vyse noted he was "boring" near the tail, which indicates him as the creator of the passage, as no other tunnel has been identified at this location.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Vyse|first=Howard|title=Operations carried on at the pyramids of Gizeh in 1837|year=1840|volume=1|pages=173, 175}}</ref> Another interpretation suggests the shaft is of ancient origin, perhaps an exploratory tunnel or an unfinished tomb shaft.{{Sfn|Lehner|1994}}

<gallery mode="packed" heights="180">
File:Top-down plan of the rump of the Great Sphinx of Giza.tif|Top-down plan of the rump passage. Lower part labeled "Sub-Floor Shaft", upper part "Core-Body Trench".
File:Profile and elevation of rump passage of the Sphinx.tif|Profile of the rump passage with upper part (1+2) and lower part (3+4)
File:Sphinx rump, view to east.tif|Rump of the Sphinx, with passage entrance at floor-level, c. 1980
</gallery>
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Rump Passage Entrance Closeup.tif|Closeup of the entrance hole of the rump shaft
File:Rump passage, entrance from inside.tif|Inside the passage, looking up, seeing entrance stones and upper tunnel
File:Rump passage, upper part.tif|Looking up the upper tunnel
File:Rump passage, upper part, chamber 1.tif|Ceiling of upper tunnel
File:101-black-and-white-photo-02557.tif|Looking down the upper part from chamber 1
File:Rump passage, lower part before excavation.tif|Lower part of rump passage, before excavation
File:Rump passage, lower part after excavation.tif|Lower part after excavation
</gallery>

=== Niche in northern flank ===
A 1925 photograph shows a man standing below floor level in a niche in the Sphinx's core body. It was closed during the 1925–1926 restorations.{{Sfn|Lehner|1994|p=215}}

=== Gap under southern large masonry box ===
Another hole might have been at floor level in the large masonry box on the south side of the Sphinx.{{Sfn|Lehner|1994|p=215}}

=== Space behind Dream Stele ===
The space behind the Dream Stele, between the paws of the Sphinx, was covered by an iron beam and cement roof, which was fitted with an iron trap door.{{Sfn|Lehner|1991|p=298}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=360° photograph of the Sphinx|url=https://www.airpano.com/360photo/egypt-cairo-pyramids/?startscene=1&ath=268.933&atv=59.890&fov=40.00}}</ref>

=== Keyhole Shaft ===
At the ledge of the Sphinx enclosure, a square shaft is located opposite the northern hind paw. It was cleared during excavation in 1978 by Hawass and measures {{Convert|1.42 by 1.06|m|ft}} and about {{Convert|2|m|ft}} deep. Lehner interprets the shaft to be an unfinished tomb and named it "Keyhole Shaft", because of cuttings in the ledge above the shaft shaped like the lower part of a traditional (Victorian era) keyhole, upside down.{{Sfn|Lehner|1991|pp=160-163}}

== Pseudohistory ==
Although numerous ideas have been suggested to explain or reinterpret the origin and identity of the Sphinx, the ideas lack sufficient evidential support and/or are contradicted by such, and are therefore considered [[pseudohistory]] and [[pseudoarchaeology]].

=== Ancient astronauts/Atlantis ===
{{Further|Ancient astronauts|Atlantis#Atlantis pseudohistory}}

* In accordance with the ancient Egyptian solar cult, the Sphinx faces east towards the rising sun. The [[Orion correlation theory]] posits the Sphinx was built and aligned to face the constellation of [[Leo (constellation)|Leo]] during the vernal equinox around 10,500 BC. Since no textual, factual, or archaeological evidence supports the theory, the idea is considered [[pseudoarchaeology]].<ref>Hancock, Graham; Bauval, Robert (2000-12-14). [https://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2000/atlantisrebornagain.shtml ''Atlantis Reborn Again'']. [[Horizon (BBC TV series)|Horizon]]. [[BBC]]. Aired 2000-12-14.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Orser|first=Charles E.|title=Race and practice in archaeological interpretation|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|year=2003|isbn=978-0-8122-3750-4|page=73}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Hancock|first=Graham|url=https://archive.org/details/messagesphinxque00hanc|title=The Message of the Sphinx: A Quest for the Hidden Legacy of Mankind|author2=Bauval, Robert|publisher=Three Rivers Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-517-88852-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/messagesphinxque00hanc/page/n270 271]|url-access=limited}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Archaeological fantasies: how pseudoarchaeology misrepresents the past and misleads the public|publisher=Routledge|year=2006|isbn=978-0-415-30593-8|editor-last=Fagan|editor-first=Garrett G.|pages=20, 38–40, 100–103, 127, 197–201, 238, 241–255}}</ref>[[File:Pyramids5.jpg|thumb|Weathering on the Sphinx's body (north-eastern exposure), 2012]]
* The [[Sphinx water erosion hypothesis]] contends the main type of [[weathering]] evident on the enclosure walls of the Great Sphinx could only have been caused by prolonged and extensive [[rainfall]],<ref name="Schoch (1992)">{{cite book|last=Schoch|first=Robert M.|url=http://www.robertschoch.net/Redating%20the%20Great%20Sphinx%20of%20Giza.htm|title=Redating the Great Sphinx of Giza|date=1992|access-date=11 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204134600/http://www.robertschoch.net/Redating%20the%20Great%20Sphinx%20of%20Giza.htm|archive-date=2016-02-04|url-status=live}}</ref> and must therefore predate the time of the pharaoh Khafre. The hypothesis was championed by [[R. A. Schwaller de Lubicz|René Schwaller de Lubicz]], [[John Anthony West]], and [[geologist]] [[Robert M. Schoch]]. However, due to archaeological, climatological, and geological evidence proving otherwise, the water erosion hypothesis is considered pseudoarchaeology by mainstream scholarship.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/02/09/us/scholars-dispute-claim-that-sphinx-is-much-older.html|title=Scholars Dispute Claim That Sphinx Is Much Older|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=The New York Times|date=9 February 1992|accessdate=12 November 2021}}</ref><ref>}{{cite book|last=White|first=Chris|title=The Age of the Sphinx? Reader versus Schoch|url=http://ancientaliensdebunked.com/how-old-is-the-sphinx-colin-reader-vs-robert-schoch/|access-date=1 July 2016|archive-date=30 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630054326/http://ancientaliensdebunked.com/how-old-is-the-sphinx-colin-reader-vs-robert-schoch/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Reader|first=C. D.|date=February 2001|title=A Geomorphological Study of the Giza Necropolis, with Implications for the Development of the Site|journal=Archaeometry|volume=43|issue=1|pages=149–165|doi=10.1111/1475-4754.00009|bibcode=2001Archa..43..149R }}</ref>
* Among others, [[Harvey Spencer Lewis|H. Spencer Lewis]] made claims and speculated about hidden chambers beneath the Sphinx. In the 1930s, [[Edgar Cayce]] specifically predicted a "[[Hall of Records]]" containing knowledge from [[Atlantis]] would be discovered under the Sphinx in 1998. Cayce's prediction fueled much of the fringe speculation about the Sphinx in the 1990s, and was subsequently abandoned when the hall was not found when predicted.<ref>{{cite book|last1=MacDonald|first1=Sally|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3RAK5pL-m0IC&q=%22hall+of+records%22+cayce|title=Consuming Ancient Egypt|last2=Rice|first2=Michael|publisher=UCL Press|year=2003|isbn=978-1-84472-003-3|pages=180–181, 190}}</ref>
* Author [[Robert K. G. Temple]] postulated the Sphinx was originally a statue of the jackal god of funerals [[Anubis]], and its face was recarved in the likeness of a Middle Kingdom pharaoh, [[Amenemhet II]]. Temple based his identification on the style of the eye make-up and headdress pleats.<ref>Robert K. G. Temple, ''The Sphinx Mystery: The Forgotten Origins of The Sanctuary of Anubis'' (Rochester, Vermont: Inner Traditions, 2009). {{ISBN|978-1-59477-271-9}}</ref>

=== Racial characteristics ===
{{Further|Ancient Egyptian race controversy}}
Until the early 20th century, it was suggested the face of the Sphinx had "Negroid" characteristics, as part of the now outdated [[historical race concepts]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/booksphinx00regi|title=Book of the Sphinx|publisher=U of Nebraska Press|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8032-3956-2|editor-last=Regier|editor-first=Willis G.|page=[https://archive.org/details/booksphinx00regi/page/n175 157]|url-access=limited}}</ref><ref>Irwin, Graham W. (1977). [https://books.google.com/books?id=DBhqAAAAIAAJ&q=sphinx Africans abroad], Columbia University Press, p. 11</ref>

== Gallery ==
[[File:Scottish soldiers with the Sphinx (late 1942).webp|thumb|British soldiers stand next to Sphinx in late 1942 following the Battle of El Alamein]]<gallery mode="packed" class="center">
Image:Description de l'Egypte, 1823(1).png|''[[Description de l'Egypte (1809)|Description de l'Egypte]]'', Planches, Antiquités, volume V (1823)
Image:Description de l'Egypte, 1823(2).png|''[[Description de l'Egypte (1809)|Description de l'Egypte]]'', Planches, Antiquités, volume V (1823)
Image:Japanese-Mission-Samurai-Sphinx-Egypt-1864.png|Members of the [[Second Japanese Embassy to Europe (1863)]] in front of the Sphinx, 1864
Image:Pedro II of Brazil in Egypt 1871.jpg|French archaeologist [[Auguste Mariette]] (seated, far left) and Emperor [[Pedro II of Brazil]] (seated, far right) with others in front of the Sphinx, 1871
Image:'Le Sphinx Armachis, Caire' (The Sphinx Armachis, Cairo).jpg|The Great Sphinx partly under the sand, c. 1880
Image:Bonaparte ante la Esfinge, por Jean-Léon Gérôme.jpg|[[Jean-Léon Gérôme]]'s ''[[Bonaparte Before the Sphinx]]'', 1886
File:The amazing Sphinx.jpg|The Sphinx in profile in 2016 
Image:Nazlet El-Semman, Al Haram, Giza Governorate, Egypt - panoramio (27).jpg|Rear view of the Sphinx in 2014, showing some of the restoration work up to that time
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Sphinx of Memphis]]
* [[Sphinx of Taharqo]]
* [[African lion#In culture|African lions in culture]]
* [[Lion (heraldry)]]
* [[List of colossal sculpture in situ]]
* [[List of tallest statues]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Lehner |first=Mark |title=Archaeology of an Image: The Great Sphinx of Giza |year=1991 |url=https://archive.org/details/ArchaeologyOfAnImage }}
* {{cite journal |last=Lehner |first=Mark |title=The Passage Under the Sphinx | year = 1994 |journal=Hommages à Jean Leclant |volume=1 |pages= 201–216|url=https://www.academia.edu/36580782}}
* {{cite book |last=Hassan |first=Selim |title=Excavations at Giza 8: 1936-1937. The Great Sphinx and its Secrets. Historical Studies in the Light of the Recent Excavations. |year=1953 |url=http://giza.fas.harvard.edu/pubdocs/244/full/ |publisher=Government Press |location=Cairo }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
* [https://documentarystorm.com/history-archaeology/riddle-of-the-sphinx/ Riddle of the Sphinx]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081211015848/http://www.aldokkan.com/art/sphinx.htm Egyptian and Greek Sphinxes]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110717033510/http://www.eridu.co.uk/Author/egypt/lost.html Egypt—The Lost Civilization Theory]
* [http://www.catchpenny.org/nose.html The Sphinx's Nose]
* [http://www.smithsonianjourneys.org/blog/2009/12/08/photo-what-happened-to-the-sphinx%E2%80%99s-nose/ What happened to the Sphinx's nose?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140516191332/http://www.smithsonianjourneys.org/blog/2009/12/08/photo-what-happened-to-the-sphinx%E2%80%99s-nose/ |date=16 May 2014 }}
* [http://guardians.net/egypt/sphinx/ Sphinx photo gallery]
* [http://al-eman.com/Islamlib/viewchp.asp?BID=224&CID=1 Al Maqrizi's account] {{in lang|ar}}
* [https://skeptoid.com/episodes/4693 The Age of the Sphinx] by [[Brian Dunning (author)|Brian Dunning]]
* [[doi:10.6078/M7CZ356B|ARCE Sphinx Project 1979–1983 Archive]]

{{Giza}}
{{Ancient Egypt topics}}
{{Ancient Near East}}
{{Sculptures}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Great Sphinx Of Giza}}
[[Category:Great Sphinx of Giza| ]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in the 26th century BC]]
[[Category:Colossal statues in Egypt]]
[[Category:Giza pyramid complex]]
[[Category:Monoliths]]
[[Category:Art of ancient Egypt]]
[[Category:Sculptures of ancient Egypt]]
[[Category:Khafre]]
[[Category:3rd-millennium BC establishments in Egypt]]
[[Category:Limestone statues]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Egypt]]
[[Category:Sculptures of lions]]
[[Category:Sphinxes]]
[[Category:Iconoclasm in Egypt]]