View source for Green vehicle

{{Short description|Environmentally friendly vehicles}}
{{Redirect|Green vehicles}}
[[File:2019 Toyota Prius (ZVW50R) 1.8 Hybrid liftback (2018-12-19) 01.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|The [[Toyota Prius]] is the world's top selling [[hybrid electric vehicle]], with global sales of 3.7&nbsp;million units through April 2016.<ref name=PriusTop>{{ cite web | url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2016/05/20160520-tmc.html | title=Worldwide sales of Toyota hybrids surpass 9 million units; Prius family accounts for 63% | first=Mike | last=Millikin | publisher=Green Car Congress |access-date=2016-05-22}} ''The Prius family accounts for 63% of Toyota's total global cumulative hybrid car sales: 5.691 million units, consisting of Prius liftback: 3.733 million;  Aqua, Prius c: 1.249 million; Prius α, Prius v, Prius +: 0.634 million; Prius PHV: 75,000.''</ref> Some owners use its identity to make an environmental statement.<ref>{{cite journal
 | last =Maynard | first =Micheline | title =Say 'Hybrid' and Many People Will Hear 'Prius'
 | journal =[[New York Times]]| date =2007-07-04| url =https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/04/business/04hybrid.html?_r=0
 | access-date =2013-07-03}}</ref>]]
{{Sustainable energy}}

A '''green vehicle''',  '''clean vehicle''',  '''eco-friendly vehicle''' or '''environmentally friendly<!-- DO NOT LINK, see [[MOS:BOLDLINK]] for further guidance --> vehicle''' is a road [[motor vehicle]] that produces less harmful impacts to the [[Environment (biophysical)|environment]] than comparable conventional [[internal combustion engine]] vehicles running on [[gasoline]] or [[diesel fuel|diesel]], or one that uses certain [[alternative fuels]].<ref>{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Ax8ElEN5EcC&q=%22Green+vehicle%22&pg=PA67| page=67| title=Rainforests | author=R.I.C. Publications | year=2005| publisher=R.I.C. Publications| isbn=978-1-74126-330-5 }}</ref><ref name=GreenStudent>{{cite web|url=http://www.greenstudentu.com/encyclopedia/green_vehicle_guide|title=Green Vehicle Guide|publisher=Green Student U|access-date=2010-04-24|archive-date=2013-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203014603/http://www.greenstudentu.com/encyclopedia/green_vehicle_guide|url-status=dead}}</ref>  Presently, in some countries the term is used for any vehicle complying or surpassing the more stringent [[European emission standards]] (such as Euro6), or [[California]]'s [[zero-emissions vehicle]] standards (such as [[Zero-emissions vehicle|ZEV]], [[Ultra-low emission vehicle|ULEV]], [[Super ultra-low emission vehicle|SULEV]], [[Partial zero-emissions vehicle|PZEV]]), or the [[low-carbon fuel standard]]s enacted in several countries.<ref>{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6s7CDzLz5wC&q=%22Green+vehicle%22+lev&pg=PA84| pages=84–85| title=Can cars come clean?| author=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Working Group on Low-Emission Vehicles| publisher=OECD Publishing| year=2004| isbn=978-92-64-10495-2 }}</ref>

Green vehicles can be powered by [[alternative fuel]]s and advanced vehicle technologies and include [[hybrid electric vehicle]]s, [[plug-in hybrid electric vehicle]]s, [[battery electric vehicle]]s, [[compressed-air vehicle]]s, [[hydrogen vehicle|hydrogen]] and [[fuel-cell vehicle]]s, [[neat ethanol vehicle]]s, [[flexible-fuel vehicle]]s, [[natural gas vehicle]]s, [[clean diesel]] vehicles, and some sources also include vehicles using blends of [[biodiesel]] and [[ethanol fuel]] or [[gasohol]].<ref name=GreenStudent/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/vehicles/index.html|title=Alternative and Advanced Vehicles|publisher=Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicle Data Center, [[U.S. Department of Energy]]|access-date=2010-04-24}}</ref> In 2021, with an [[EPA]]-rated fuel economy of 142 [[miles per gallon gasoline equivalent]] (mpg-e) ({{convert|142|mpgus|L/100km|abbr=on|disp=out|1}}), the 2021 [[Tesla Model 3|Tesla Model 3 Standard Range Plus RWD]] became the most efficient EPA-certified vehicle considering all fuels and all years, surpassing the 2020 [[Tesla Model 3|Tesla Model 3 Standard Range Plus]] and 2019 [[Hyundai Ioniq Electric]].<ref name=EPAMost2017/>

Several authors also include conventional motor vehicles with high [[fuel economy in automobiles|fuel economy]], as they consider that increasing fuel economy is the most [[Cost-effectiveness analysis|cost-effective]] way to improve [[Efficient energy use|energy efficiency]] and reduce carbon emissions in the transport sector in the short run.<ref name=TwoBillion/> As part of their contribution to [[sustainable transport]], these vehicles reduce [[air pollution]] and [[greenhouse gas emission]]s, and contribute to [[energy independence]] by reducing oil imports.<ref name=GreenStudent/><ref name=TwoBillion>{{Cite book | author1 = Sperling, Daniel | author2 = Deborah Gordon | title = Two billion cars: driving toward sustainability | year = 2009 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/twobillioncarsdr00sper_0/page/235 235–260] | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]], New York | isbn = 978-0-19-537664-7 | url = https://archive.org/details/twobillioncarsdr00sper_0/page/235 }} See ''Chapter 9: Driving Towards Sustainability''</ref>

An environmental analysis extends beyond just the operating efficiency and emissions. A [[life-cycle assessment]] involves production and post-use considerations. A [[cradle-to-cradle design]] is more important than a focus on a single factor such as energy efficiency.<ref>{{Citation
| url = http://yosemite.epa.gov/R10/OWCM.NSF/product+stewardship/autos-strategies
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121023220530/http://yosemite.epa.gov/R10/OWCM.NSF/product+stewardship/autos-strategies
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = October 23, 2012
| title = Strategies for Managing Impacts from Automobiles
| publisher = US EPA Region 10
| access-date = May 22, 2012
}}</ref><ref>
{{Citation
| url = http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/elv_index.htm
| title = European Union's End-of-life Vehicle (ELV) Directive
| work = End of Life Vehicles
| publisher = EU
| access-date = May 22, 2012
}}</ref>

==Energy efficiency==
{{main|Energy efficiency in transport}}
Cars with similar production of energy costs can be obtained, during the life of the car (operational phase), large reductions in energy costs through several measures:

* The most significant is by using [[alternative propulsion]]:
** An efficient engine that reduces the vehicle's consumption of [[petroleum]] (i.e. [[petroleum electric hybrid vehicle]]), or that uses [[renewable energy]] sources throughout its working life.
** Using [[biofuel]]s instead of petroleum fuels.
* Proper maintenance of a vehicle such as engine [[wikt:tune-up|tune-up]]s, [[oil change]]s, and maintaining proper [[tire pressure]] can also help.
* Removing unnecessary items from a vehicle reduces weight and improves fuel economy as well.

{| class=" wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
! colspan="6"  style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"|Comparison of several types of green car basic characteristics<br /> (Values are overall for vehicles in current production and may differ between types)
|-
|  style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"|Type of vehicle/<br/>powertrain||  style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"|[[Fuel economy in automobiles|Fuel economy]] <br/>([[miles per gallon|mpg]] equivalent)||  style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"|Range||  style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"|Production cost<br/> for given range||  style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"|Reduction in [[carbon dioxide|CO<sub>2</sub>]]<br/> compared to conventional ||  style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"|Payback period
|- style="text-align:center;"
|align=left|[[Internal combustion engine|Conventional ICE]]||10–48<!--Audi A2-->||Long<br/>(400–600&nbsp;mi) || Low|| 0%||-
|- style="text-align:center;"
|align=left|[[Biodiesel]]||18–71<!--Audi A2-->||Long<br/>(360–540&nbsp;mi) || Low|| varies depending on biodiesel source<ref>{{Cite journal|last=van Renssen|first=Sonja|date=2011|title=A biofuel conundrum|url=http://archive.ffue.org/PDF/vanRenssen2011ABiofuelConundrum.pdf|journal=Nature Climate Change|volume=1, November 2011|issue=8|pages=389–390|doi=10.1038/nclimate1265|bibcode=2011NatCC...1..389V|access-date=2017-10-24|archive-date=2017-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024205954/http://archive.ffue.org/PDF/vanRenssen2011ABiofuelConundrum.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>||-
|- style="text-align:center;"
|align=left|[[Electric car|All-electric]]||54–142<!--Fisker Karma - Tesla Model 3-->||  Shorter<br/>(114–259&nbsp;mi)<br/>Luxury models<br/>Medium<br/>(419–516&nbsp;mi)<!--Lucid Air-->  ||High<br/><br/>Very high ||varies depending<br/>on energy source|| -
|- style="text-align:center;"
|align=left|[[Hydrogen car|Hydrogen]] [[fuel cell vehicle|fuel cell]]||80<ref name="str" />|| ||Astronomical || ||
|- style="text-align:center;"
|align=left|[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]]||30–60 ||380&nbsp;mi<ref name="str">[https://www.llnl.gov/str/Hybrid.html S&TR]</ref>||Medium|| ||5 years<ref name="autogenerated2" /><ref name="autogenerated1" />
|}

==Types==
[[File:Battery EV vs. Hydrogen EV.png|thumb|right|400px|Comparison of energy efficiency between [[battery electric vehicle|battery]] and [[hydrogen vehicle|hydrogen]] [[fuel-cell]] cars]]
{{Multiple image|direction=vertical|align=right|image1=Chevrolet Volt WAS 2011 837.JPG|image2=2011 Nissan Leaf -- 2011 DC.jpg|width=220|caption2=Sales of both the [[Chevrolet Volt]] [[plug-in hybrid]] (top) and the [[Nissan Leaf]] [[all-electric car]] (bottom) began in December 2010.}}
[[File:2013-03-05 Geneva Motor Show 8120.JPG|thumb|PSA Peugeot Citroën Hybrid Air concept exhibited at the 2013 [[Geneva Motor Show]] ]]
{{Further|Alternative fuel vehicle}}
Green vehicles include vehicles types that function fully or partly on alternative energy sources other than [[fossil fuel]] or less [[emission intensity|carbon-intensive]] than gasoline or diesel.

Another option is the use of [[alternative fuel]] composition in conventional fossil fuel-based vehicles, making them function partially on renewable energy sources. Other approaches include [[personal rapid transit]], a [[public transport]]ation concept that offers automated, on-demand, non-stop transportation on a network of specially built guideways.

===Electric and fuel cell-powered===
{{See also| Electric vehicle|Plug-in hybrid}}
Examples of vehicles with reduced petroleum consumption include [[electric car]]s, [[plug-in hybrid]]s and [[fuel cell]]-powered [[hydrogen car]]s.

[[Electric car]]s are typically more efficient than [[fuel cell]]-powered vehicles on a [[Tank-to-wheel]] basis.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.teslamotors.com/display_data/twentyfirstcenturycar.pdf |title=Energy efficiency comparison article |access-date=2010-12-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091014073730/http://www.teslamotors.com/display_data/twentyfirstcenturycar.pdf |archive-date=2009-10-14 }}</ref> They have better [[fuel economy in automobiles|fuel economy]] than conventional [[internal combustion engine]] vehicles but are hampered by [[All-electric range|range]] or maximum distance attainable before discharging the battery. The [[Electric car#Batteries|electric car batteries]] are their main cost. They provide a 0%<ref>http://shrinkthatfootprint.com/electric-car-emissions#.UWMjH5xsYH4.email|"eg India, China, Australia"</ref> to 99.9% reduction in [[carbon dioxide|CO<sub>2</sub>]] emissions compared to an [[Internal combustion engine|ICE]] (gasoline, diesel) vehicle, depending on the source of electricity.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.asecert.org/Template.cfm?Section=Clean_Fuels_Clean_Vehicle_Technology1&Template=/ContentManagement/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentFileID=609 |title= Alternate Fuel Technology - Battery Electric Vehicles |access-date= 2020-01-03 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071008073124/http://www.asecert.org/Template.cfm?Section=Clean_Fuels_Clean_Vehicle_Technology1&Template=%2FContentManagement%2FContentDisplay.cfm&ContentFileID=609 |archive-date= 2007-10-08 |url-status= dead }}&nbsp;{{small|(245&nbsp;KB)}}</ref>

===Hybrid electric vehicles===
{{See also| Hybrid vehicle}}
[[Hybrid car]]s may be partly fossil fuel (or biofuel) powered and partly electric or hydrogen-powered. Most combine an internal combustion engine with an electric engine, though other variations too exist. The internal combustion engine is often either a gasoline or Diesel engine (in rare cases a Stirling engine may even be used<ref>[http://www.precer.com/Technology.html Precer's BioRacer Stirling engine-electric hybrid]</ref>). They are more expensive to purchase but cost redemption is achieved in a period of about 5 years due to better fuel economy.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite news | title = Consumer Reports Revises Financial Analysis In Report on Ownership Costs for Hybrid Cars | date = 7 March 2006 | publisher = Consumers Union | url = http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/cu-press-room/pressroom/archive/2006/04/eng0604ehv.htm | work = Consumer Reports | access-date = 2007-04-27 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070921103910/http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/cu-press-room/pressroom/archive/2006/04/eng0604ehv.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 2007-09-21}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web | url = http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/cars/new-cars/high-cost-of-hybrid-vehicles-406/overview/index.htm | title = The dollars & sense of hybrid cars }}</ref>

===Compressed air cars, stirling vehicles, and others===
{{See also| Compressed-air vehicle| Compressed air car}}

[[Compressed air car|Compressed air cars]], [[Zero-emissions vehicle|stirling-powered]] vehicles, and [[Liquid nitrogen vehicle|Liquid nitrogen vehicles]] are less polluting than an electrical vehicles, since the vehicle and its components are environment friendly{{cn|date=July 2023}}.

[[Solar car racing|Solar car races]] are held on a regular basis in order to promote green vehicles and other "[[environmental technology|green technology]]". These sleek driver-only vehicles can travel long distances at highway speeds using only the electricity generated instantaneously from the sun.

===Improving conventional cars===
[[File:Brazilian Fiat Siena TetraFuel four views.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Fiat Siena|Fiat Siena Tetrafuel]] 1.4 is a [[multifuel]] car designed to run as a [[flex-fuel]] on [[gasoline]], or [[w:Common ethanol fuel mixtures#E20, E25|E20–E25 blend]], or neat ethanol ([[Neat alcohol fuel|E100]]); or to run as a [[bi-fuel vehicle|bi-fuel]] with [[Compressed natural gas|natural gas (CNG)]].]]
{{Main|Biofuel|compressed natural gas|clean diesel}}
{{See also|Volkswagen emissions scandal}}
A conventional vehicle can become a greener vehicle by mixing in [[renewable fuel]]s or using less carbon intensive [[fossil fuel]]. Typical [[gasoline]]-powered cars can tolerate up to 10% [[alcohol fuel|ethanol]]. Brazil manufactured cars that run on neat ethanol, though there were discontinued. Another available option is a [[flexible-fuel vehicle]] which allows any blend of gasoline and ethanol, up to 85% in North America and Europe, and up to 100% in Brazil.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Dual Fuel Cars Revive Brazil's Alcohol Industry
|url=http://www.tierramerica.net/2003/0825/iacentos.shtml
|access-date=2005-08-22
|archive-date=2012-02-05
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205102730/http://www.tierramerica.net/2003/0825/iacentos.shtml
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> Another existing option is to convert a conventional gasoline-powered to allow the alternative use of [[compressed natural gas|CNG]]. [[Pakistan]], [[Argentina]], [[Brazil]], [[Iran]], [[India]], [[Italy]], and [[China]] have the largest fleets of [[natural gas vehicle]]s in the world.<ref name=IANGV>{{cite web|url=http://www.iangv.org/tools-resources/statistics.html |title=Natural Gas Vehicle Statistics |publisher=International Association for Natural Gas Vehicles |access-date=2009-10-19 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100110101111/http://www.iangv.org/tools-resources/statistics.html |archive-date=2010-01-10 }}</ref>

[[diesel fuel|Diesel]]-powered vehicles can often transition completely to [[biodiesel]], though the fuel is a very strong [[solvent]], which can occasionally damage [[rubber]] seals in vehicles built before 1994. More commonly, however, biodiesel causes problems simply because it removes all of the built-up residue in an engine, clogging [[filter (chemistry)|filter]]s, unless care is taken when switching from dirty fossil-fuel derived diesel to bio-diesel. It is very effective at 'de-coking' the diesel engines combustion chambers and keeping them clean. Biodiesel is the lowest emission fuel available for diesel engines. Diesel engines are the most efficient car internal combustion engines. Biodiesel is the only fuel allowed in some North American national parks because spillages will completely bio-degrade within 21 days. Biodiesel and [[vegetable oil fuel]]led, diesel engined vehicles have been declared amongst the greenest in the US ''Tour de Sol'' competition.

This presents problems, as biofuels can use food resources in order to provide mechanical energy for vehicles. Many experts point to this as a reason for growing food prices, particularly US Bio-ethanol fuel production which has affected maize prices. In order to have a low environmental impact, biofuels should be made only from waste products, or from new sources like [[algae fuel|algae]].
<!--This section needs to be expanded to include clean diesel (lower emissions and higher fuel economy) and the new breed of gasoline high fuel efficient vehicles, otherwise this article will be duplicating the content of alternative fuel vehicles-->

===Electric Motor and Pedal Powered Vehicles===
Multiple companies are offering and developing two, three, and four wheel vehicles combining the characteristics of a bicycle with electric motors. US Federal, State and Local laws do not clearly nor consistently classify<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.electric-bikes.com/nevs/legalnev.html|title=NHTSA/DOT final rule on Neighborhood Electric Vehicles (NEV)63 FR 33913, June 17, 1998|publisher=US DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION|access-date=2015-11-14}}</ref> these vehicles as [[bicycles]], [[electric bicycles]], [[motorcycles]], [[electric motorcycles]], [[mopeds]], [[Neighborhood Electric Vehicle]], [[motorised quadricycle]] or as a [[car]]. Some laws have limits on top speeds, power of the motors, range, etc., while others do not.<ref>[http://www.cpsc.gov/PageFiles/93295/low.pdf CPSC Requirements for Low-Speed Electric Bicycles]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d107:h.r.727: |title=Search Results - THOMAS (Library of Congress)<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2015-11-14 |archive-date=2016-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110013319/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d107:h.r.727: |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://electricbikereport.com/new-california-law-electric-bike-regulations/#more-18708|title = New California Law Brings Clarity to Electric Bike Regulations &#124; Electric Bike Report &#124; Electric Bike, Ebikes, Electric Bicycles, e Bike, Reviews|date = 8 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/15-16/bill/asm/ab_1051-1100/ab_1096_bill_20151007_chaptered.htm|title=California Assembly Bill No. 1096 CHAPTER 568 October 7, 2015.|access-date=2015-11-14}}</ref>

===Other===
{{Further|Personal rapid transit}}
[[File:Borealis3windmills.jpg|thumb|right|[[Solar vehicle]] ]]

* [[Public transportation]] vehicles are not usually included in the green vehicle category, but [[Personal rapid transit]] (PRT) vehicles probably should be. All vehicles that are powered from the track have the advantage of potentially being able to use any source of electric energy, including sustainable ones, rather than requiring liquid fuels. They can also switch regenerative braking energy between vehicles and the electric grid rather than requiring energy storage on the vehicles. Also, they can potentially use the entire track area for solar collectors, not just the vehicle surface. The potential [[Personal rapid transit#Energy efficiency|PRT energy efficiency]] is much higher than that which traditional automobiles can attain.
* [[Solar vehicle]]s are [[electric vehicle]]s powered by [[solar power|solar energy]] obtained from [[solar panel]]s on the surface (generally, the roof) of the vehicle. [[Photovoltaic]] (PV) cells convert the Sun's energy directly into [[electrical energy]]. Solar vehicles are not practical day-to-day transportation devices at present, but are primarily demonstration vehicles and engineering exercises, often sponsored by government agencies. However, some cities have begun offering [[solar bus|solar-powered buses]], including the [[Tindo]] in [[Adelaide|Adelaide, Australia]].
* [[Wind-powered land vehicle|Wind-powered electric vehicles]] primarily use wind-turbines installed at a strategic point of the vehicle, which are then converted into electric energy which causes the vehicle to propel.

==Animal powered vehicles==
[[Horse and carriage]] are just one type of animal propelled vehicle. Once a common form of transportation, they became far less common as cities grew and automobiles took their place. In dense cities, the waste produced by large numbers of transportation animals was a significant health problem. Oftentimes the food is produced for them using diesel powered tractors, and thus, there is some environmental impact as a result of their use.

==Human powered vehicles==
[[File:Vélo'v station 5002 - Place des Compagnons de la chanson.jpg|thumb|[[Vélo'v]] [[bicycle sharing system]] in [[Lyon]], [[France]] ]]
{{See also|Bicycle sharing system}}
[[Human-powered transport]] includes walking, [[bicycle]]s, [[velomobile]]s, [[row boat]]s, and other environmentally friendly ways of getting around. In addition to the health benefits of the exercise provided, they are far more environmentally friendly than most other options. The only downside is the speed limitations, and how far one can travel before getting exhausted.

==Benefits of green vehicle use==
===Environmental===
Vehicle emissions contribute to the increasing concentration of gases linked to [[climate change]].<ref name="world energy council">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldenergy.org/publications/809.asp |title=Transport Technologies and Policy Scenarios |publisher=[[World Energy Council]] |access-date=2009-05-26 |author=World Energy Council |year=2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204051628/http://www.worldenergy.org/publications/809.asp |archive-date=2008-12-04 }}</ref>  In order of significance, the principal [[greenhouse gases]] associated with road transport are carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>), methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) and [[nitrous oxide]] (N<sub>2</sub>O).<ref>{{cite web |first=Marianne |last=Weingroff |url=http://www.ucar.edu/learn/1_4_2_20t.htm |title=Activity 20 Teacher Guide: Human Activity and Climate Change |publisher=Ucar.edu |access-date=2010-12-12 |archive-date=2011-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610202146/http://www.ucar.edu/learn/1_4_2_20t.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Road transport is the third largest source of greenhouse gases emitted in the UK, and accounts for about 27% of total emissions,<ref>{{cite web|last=Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy|date=2019|title=2019 UK Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Final Figures|url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/957887/2019_Final_greenhouse_gas_emissions_statistical_release.pdf|access-date=2010-12-12|publisher=Whatgreencar.com}}</ref> and 33% in the United States.<ref>{{cite journal| url=http://www.climateactionproject.com/docs/crs/80733.pdf| page=16| title=Climate Change: Action by States To Address Greenhouse Gas Emissions| date=January 18, 2007| author=Jonathan L. Ramseur| publisher=Congressional Research Service| access-date=2009-06-27| journal=| archive-date=2011-10-05| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005155215/http://www.climateactionproject.com/docs/crs/80733.pdf| url-status=dead}}</ref>  Of the total [[greenhouse gas emissions]] from transport, over 85% are due to CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from road vehicles. The transport sector is the fastest growing source of greenhouse gases.<ref name="IPCC">{{cite web|url=http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg3/ar4-wg3-chapter5.pdf|title=IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Mitigation of Climate Change, chapter 5, Transport and its Infrastructure|publisher=[[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]]|access-date=2009-05-26|author=Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|year=2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080718173528/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg3/ar4-wg3-chapter5.pdf|archive-date=2008-07-18|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Health===
Vehicle pollutants have been linked to human ill health including the incidence of respiratory and cardiopulmonary disease and lung cancer. A 1998 report estimated that up to 24,000 people die prematurely each year in the UK as a direct result of air pollution.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.advisorybodies.doh.gov.uk/comeap/index.htm |title=Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollutants (COMEAP) |publisher=Advisorybodies.doh.gov.uk |date=2009-11-26 |access-date=2010-12-12 |archive-date=2011-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719003154/http://www.advisorybodies.doh.gov.uk/comeap/index.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>  According to the [[World Health Organization]], up to 13,000 deaths per year among children (aged 0–4 years) across Europe are directly attributable to outdoor pollution. The organization estimates that if pollution levels were returned to within EU limits, more than 5,000 of these lives could be saved each year.

===Monetary===
[[Hybrid taxi]] [[fleet operator]]s in [[New York City|New York]] have also reported that reduced fuel consumption saves them thousands of dollars per year.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.reuters.com/article/environmentNews/idUSN1645555920080717| title=NYC speeds transformation of yellow cabs to green| date=July 17, 2008| first=Joan| last=Gralla| work=Reuters }}</ref>

===Criticism===
A study by CNW Marketing Research suggested that the extra energy cost of manufacture, shipping, disposal, and the short lives of some of these types of vehicle (particularly gas-electric [[hybrid vehicle]]s) outweighs any energy savings made by their using less petroleum during their useful lifespan.<ref>{{cite journal
 |title=Dust to Dust - The Energy Cost of New Vehicles From Concept to Disposal 
 |author=CNW Marketing Research, Inc 
 |year=2006 
 |url=http://cnwmr.com/nss-folder/automotiveenergy/ 
 |url-status=dead 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507155738/http://cnwmr.com/nss-folder/automotiveenergy/ 
 |archive-date=2012-05-07 
}}</ref>  This type of argument is the long smokestack argument.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bp78rfNkfrY Israeli company builds infrastructure for worlds electric cars]</ref>  Critics of the report note that the study prorated all of Toyota's hybrid research-and-development costs across the relatively small number of Priuses on the road, rather than using the incremental cost of building a vehicle; used{{convert|109000|mi|km}} for the length of life of a Prius (Toyota offers a {{convert|150000|mi|km|adj=on}} warranty on the Prius' hybrid components, including the battery), and calculated that a majority of a car's cradle-to-grave energy gets expended during the vehicle's production, not while it is driven.<ref>Brendan I. Koerner, [http://www.slate.com/id/2186786/ "Tank vs. Hybrid: IS IT POSSIBLE THAT A HUMMER'S BETTER FOR THE ENVIRONMENT THAN A PRIUS IS?"], ''Slate'' magazine, March 18, 2008</ref>
[[Norwegian Consumer Ombudsman]] official Bente Øverli stated that "Cars cannot do anything good for the environment except less damage than others." Based on this opinion, Norwegian law severely restricts the use of "[[greenwashing]]" to market automobiles, strongly prohibiting advertising a vehicle as being environmentally friendly, with large fines issued to violators.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.forbrukerombudet.no/asset/2857/1/2857_1.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2009-04-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123183503/http://forbrukerombudet.no/asset/2857/1/2857_1.pdf |archive-date=2010-11-23 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Independent Newspapers Online|url=http://www.motoring.co.za/index.php?fArticleId=4028677 |title=Prove 'clean, green' ads, Norway tells automakers|publisher=Motoring.co.za |date=2010-05-05 |access-date=2010-12-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.treehugger.com/files/2007/09/norway_says_car.php |title=Greenwash Watch: Norways Says Cars Neither Green Nor Clean |publisher=Treehugger.com |access-date=2010-12-12 |archive-date=2011-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518210605/http://www.treehugger.com/files/2007/09/norway_says_car.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Doyle |first=Alister|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/environmentNews/idUSL0671323420070906 |title=Norways Says Cars Neither Green Nor Clean|publisher=Reuters.com |date= 2007-09-06|access-date=2010-12-12}}</ref>

Some studies try to compare environmental impact of electric and petrol vehicles over complete life cycle, including production, operation, and dismantling. 
<ref name="GreenComparisonIndustrialEcology">{{cite journal |author=Troy R. Hawkins, Bhawna Singh, Guillaume Majeau-Bettez, Anders Hammer | title=Comparative Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Conventional and Electric Vehicles | journal=Journal of Industrial Ecology | date=16 January 2013 | doi=10.1111/j.1530-9290.2012.00532.x | volume=17 | issue=1 | pages=53–64| bibcode=2013JInEc..17...53H | doi-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name="GreenComparisonScientific">{{cite magazine |author=David Biello | url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/electric-cars-are-not-necessarily-clean/ | title=Electric Cars Are Not Necessarily Clean | magazine=Scientific American | date=11 May 2016 | access-date=2017-09-19 }}</ref>
<ref name="GreenComparisonShrink">{{cite web | url=http://shrinkthatfootprint.com/electric-car-emissions | title=Shades of Green: Electric Cars' Carbon Emissions Around the Globe | date=7 February 2013 | publisher=Shrink that Footprint | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919005547/http://shrinkthatfootprint.com/electric-car-emissions | archive-date=2017-09-19 | access-date=2017-09-19 }}</ref>
<ref name="GreenComparisonCitylab">{{cite news |author=Eric Jaffe | url=https://www.citylab.com/environment/2015/06/where-electric-vehicles-actually-cause-more-pollution-than-gas-cars/397136/ | title=Where Electric Vehicles Actually Cause More Pollution Than Gas Cars | newspaper=Bloomberg.com | publisher=CityLab | date=29 June 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919010906/https://www.citylab.com/environment/2015/06/where-electric-vehicles-actually-cause-more-pollution-than-gas-cars/397136/ | archive-date=2017-09-19 | access-date=2017-09-19 }}</ref>
In general, results differ vastly dependent on the region considered, due to difference in energy sources to produce electricity that fuels electric vehicles. When considering only CO<sub>2</sub> emissions, it is noted that production of electric cars generate about twice as much emissions as that of internal combustion cars.<ref name="GreenComparisonIndustrialEcology" /> However, emissions of CO<sub>2</sub> during operation are much larger (on average) than during production. For electric cars, emissions caused during operation depend on energy sources used to produce electricity and thus vary a lot geographically. Studies suggest that when taking into account both production and operation, electric cars would cause more emissions in economies where production of electricity is not clean, e.g., it is mostly coal based.<ref name="GreenComparisonScientific" /><ref name="GreenComparisonShrink" /> For this reason, some studies found that driving electric cars is less environmentally damaging in western US states than in eastern ones, where less electricity is produced using cleaner sources. Similarly, in countries like India, Australia or China, where large portion of electricity is produced by using coal, driving electric vehicles would cause larger environmental damage than driving petrol vehicles. When justifying use of electric cars over petrol cars, these kinds of studies do not provide sufficiently clear results. Environmental impact is calculated based on fuel mix used to produce electricity that powers electric cars. However, when a gas vehicle is replaced by an equivalent electric vehicle, additional power must be installed in electrical grid. This additional capacity would normally not be based on the same ratios of energy sources ("clean" versus [[fossil fuels]]) than the current capacity. Only when additional electricity production capacity installed to switch from petrol to electric vehicles would predominantly consist of clean sources, switch to electric vehicles could reduce environmental damage. Another common problem in methodology used in comparative studies is that it only focuses on specific kinds of environmental impact. While some studies focus only on emission of gas pollutants over life cycle or only on greenhouse gas emissions such as CO<small>2</small>, comparison should also account for other environmental impacts such as pollutants released otherwise during production and operation or ingredients that can not be effectively recycled.<ref name="ElectricEnvironmentImpact">{{cite magazine |author=Lizzie Wade | url=https://www.wired.com/2016/03/teslas-electric-cars-might-not-green-think/ | title=Tesla's Electric Cars Aren't as Green as You Might Think | magazine=Wired | date=31 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919145112/https://www.wired.com/2016/03/teslas-electric-cars-might-not-green-think/ | archive-date=2017-09-19 | access-date=2017-09-20 }}</ref> Examples include use of lighter high performing metals, lithium batteries and more rare metals in electric cars, which all have high environmental impact.

A study that also looked at factors other than energy consumption and carbon emissions has suggested that there is no such thing as an environmentally friendly car.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eco-logica.co.uk/pdf/wtpp17.3.pdf |author=Tziovaras, T. (2011) |title=Is there such a thing as an environmentally-friendly car? |publisher=[[World Transport Policy and Practice]],17, 3: 27-31|access-date=2012-07-08}}</ref>

The use of vehicles with increased [[fuel efficiency]] is usually considered positive in the short term but criticism of any hydrocarbon-based personal transport remains.  The [[Jevons paradox]] suggests that energy efficiency programs are often counter-productive, even increasing energy consumption in the long run.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2005.03.020|last=Alcott |first=Blake |title=Jevons' paradox|journal=Ecological Economics |date=July 2005 |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=9–21|hdl=1942/22574 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Many environmental researchers believe that [[sustainable transport]] may require a move away from hydrocarbon fuels and from our present automobile and highway paradigm.<ref>{{cite book
 | last =Kunstler
 | first =James Howard
 | title =Too Much Magic; Wishful Thinking, Technology, and the Fate of the Nation
| publisher =Atlantic Monthly Press
| year =2012
| isbn =978-0-8021-9438-1
}}</ref><ref>{{Citation
| last = Gilbert
| first = Richard
| chapter = Transportation is the Post Carbon World
| editor-last = McKibben
| editor-first = D
| title = The Post Carbon Reader: Managing the 21st Century Sustainability Crisis
| publisher = Watershed Media
| date = 2010
| isbn = 978-0-9709500-6-2
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
 | last =Black
 | first =W R
 | title =Sustainable transportation: a US perspective
| journal =Journal of Transport Geography
| volume = 4| issue = 3
| pages =151–159
 | year =1996
| doi =10.1016/0966-6923(96)00020-8
 }}</ref>

==National and international promotion==
===European Union===
The [[European Union]] is promoting the marketing of greener cars via a combination of binding and non-binding measures.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.euractiv.com/Article?tcmuri=tcm:29-117504-16&type=LinksDossier |title=Green cars &#124; EU - European Information on Sustainable Dev |publisher=EurActiv.com |access-date=2010-12-12}}</ref> As of September 2025, 19 of the 27 [[member states of the European Union]] provide tax incentives for [[Plug-in electric vehicle|electrically chargeable vehicles]] and some [[alternative fuel vehicle]]s, which includes all EU countries except [[Germany]], [[Denmark]], [[Italy]], [[Finland]], [[Slovakia]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Latvia]] and [[Romania]]. The incentives consist of tax reductions and exemptions, as well as of bonus payments for buyers of [[electric car]]s, [[plug-in hybrid]]s, [[hybrid electric vehicle]]s and [[natural gas vehicle]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-03 |title=Electric cars: Tax benefits and incentives (2025) |url=https://www.acea.auto/fact/electric-cars-tax-benefits-and-incentives-2025/ |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=ACEA - European Automobile Manufacturers' Association |language=en-GB}}</ref>
===United States===
The [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA) is promoting the marketing of greener cars via the [[SmartWay]] program. The SmartWay and SmartWay Elite designation mean that a vehicle is a better environmental performer relative to other vehicles. This US EPA designation is arrived at by taking into account a vehicle's Air Pollution Score and Greenhouse Gas Score. Higher Air Pollution Scores indicate vehicles that emit lower amounts of pollutants that cause smog relative to other vehicles. Higher Greenhouse Gas Scores indicate vehicles that emit lower amounts of carbon dioxide and have improved fuel economy relative to other vehicles.

To earn the SmartWay designation, a vehicle must earn at least a 6 on the Air Pollution Score and at least a 6 on the Greenhouse Gas Score, but have a combined score of at least 13. SmartWay Elite is given to those vehicles that score 9 or better on both the Greenhouse Gas and Air Pollution Scores.

A Green Vehicle Marketing Alliance, in conjunction with the [[Oak Ridge National Laboratory]] (ORNL), periodically meets, and coordinates marketing efforts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.edf.org/documents/3687_GVMA_Report_0304.pdf |title=Microsoft Word - GVMA Report to ORNL, March 2004.doc |access-date=2010-12-12 |archive-date=2010-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724203913/http://www.edf.org//documents/3687_GVMA_Report_0304.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Green car rankings==
{{Update|part=section|date=February 2022}}[[File:Hyundai Ioniq Electric (12).JPG|thumb|[[Hyundai Ioniq Electric]] ]]
[[File:2018 BMW i3 facelift (1).jpg|thumb|[[BMW i3]] electric car]]
[[File:Toyota Prius (11).JPG|thumb|[[Toyota Prius Eco]] (4th gen)]]
[[File:Chevrolet Bolt EV SAO 2016 8836.jpg|thumb|[[Chevrolet Bolt EV]] ]]
[[File:2016 Chevrolet Volt NAIAS 2015 trimmed.jpg|thumb|[[Chevrolet Volt (second generation)|Chevrolet Volt (2nd gen.)]] plug-in hybrid]]
[[File:DCA 06 2012 Chevy Volt 4035.JPG|thumb|[[Chevrolet Volt]] (1st gen) [[plug-in hybrid]] ]]
[[File:2018 Nissan Leaf Tekna Front.jpg|thumb|[[Nissan Leaf]] [[electric car]] ]]
[[File:Toyota Mirai in Warsaw, Poland Nov 2015 IMG 0130.JPG|thumb|[[Toyota Mirai]] [[Hydrogen vehicle|hydrogen]] [[Fuel cell vehicle|fuel cell car]] ]]
[[File:I MiEV EDTA DC 04 2011 1782.jpg|thumb|[[Mitsubishi i-MiEV]] electric car]]
[[File:Ford Focus Electric with badging WAS 2011 924.jpg|thumb|[[Ford Focus Electric]] ]]
[[File:Ford C Max Energi PHEV with badging WAS 2011 897.jpg|thumb|[[Ford C-Max Energi]] plug-in hybrid]]
[[File:2014 Tesla Model S in Germany.jpg|thumb|[[Tesla Model S]] electric car]]
[[File:2016 BMW i8.jpg|thumb|[[BMW i8]] [[plug-in hybrid]] ]]
[[File:Ford Fusion Energi SEL with badge WAS 2012 0583.jpg|thumb|[[Ford Fusion Energi]] plug-in hybrid]]
[[File:FCX Clarity.jpg|thumb|[[Honda FCX Clarity]] [[Hydrogen vehicle|hydrogen]] [[Fuel cell vehicle|fuel cell car]] ]]
[[File:2010 Toyota Prius front.JPG|thumb|[[Toyota Prius#2009– (model ZVW30)|Toyota Prius (3rd gen)]] ]]
[[File:Honda Civic Hybrid with logo DC 5020 03 2009.jpg|thumb|[[Honda Civic Hybrid#Second generation (2005–2011)|Honda Civic Hybrid (2nd gen)]] ]]
[[File:2010 Ford Fusion Hybrid WAS 2010 8830.JPG|thumb|[[Ford Fusion Hybrid#First generation|Ford Fusion Hybrid (1st gen)]] ]]
[[File:2010 Honda Insight--DC.jpg|thumb|[[Honda Insight#Second generation|Honda Insight (2nd gen)]] ]]
[[File:Honda Civic GX NGV WAS 2010 8943.JPG|thumb|[[Honda Civic GX]] ]]

Several automobile magazines, motor vehicle specialized publications and [[environmental group]]s publish annual rankings or listings of the best green [[Car of the Year|cars of a given year]]. The following table presents a selection of the annual top pickings.

{| class=" wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
! colspan="6"  style="text-align:center; background:#abcdef;"| Selected annual rankings of green cars
|-
! style="background:#ABCDEF;"| Vehicle ||  style="background:#ABCDEF;"|Year<br />model|| style="background:#ABCDEF;"|Type of<br />vehicle/fuel||style="background:#ABCDEF;"| [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|EPA]]<br /> Combined <br />[[fuel economy in automobiles|mileage]]<br />([[Miles per gallon|mpg]]) || style="background:#ABCDEF;"| [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|EPA]]<br /> City <br />[[fuel economy in automobiles|mileage]]<br />([[Miles per gallon|mpg]])||  style="background:#ABCDEF;"|EPA<br /> Highway<br /> [[fuel economy in automobiles|mileage]]<br />([[Miles per gallon|mpg]])
|-
| colspan="6"  style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"|Most efficient EPA-certified vehicles based on combined MPG rating<ref name="EPAMost2017">{{Cite web |title=Extreme MPG |url=https://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/extremeMPG.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413022919/https://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/extremeMPG.jsp |archive-date=2022-04-13 |access-date=2022-04-13 |website=www.fueleconomy.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Fueleconomy.gov Top Ten (2022 Vehicles Excluding Plug-ins) |url=https://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/topten.jsp?year=2022&action=ExEvsPhevs |access-date=2022-04-13 |website=www.fueleconomy.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Fueleconomy.gov Top Ten (All years, Excluding Plug-ins) |url=https://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/topten.jsp?year=all&action=ExEvsPhevs |access-date=2022-04-13 |website=www.fueleconomy.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Fueleconomy.gov Top Ten (2022 Vehicles) |url=https://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/topten.jsp?year=2022&action=All |access-date=2022-04-13 |website=www.fueleconomy.gov}}</ref>

|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="text-align:left;"|[[Tesla Model 3|2021 Tesla Model 3 Standard Range Plus RWD]]&mdash; All years, all fuels || 2021 || [[Electric car]] || 142 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]]|| 150 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]]|| 133 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="text-align:left;"|[[Tesla Model 3|2022 Tesla Model 3 RWD]]&mdash; Current Year, all fuels || 2022 || [[Electric car]] ||132 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]]|| 138 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]]||126 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| align=left|[[Hyundai Ioniq Plug-in|2022 Hyundai Ioniq Blue]]  &mdash; Current year, gasoline fuel||2022||[[Plug-in hybrid|Hybrid electric]]||59 mpg ||58 mpg || 60 mpg
|- style="text-align:center;"
| align=left|[[Hyundai Ioniq Plug-in|2022 Hyundai Ioniq Blue]] &mdash; All years, gasoline fuel||2022 ||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] ||59 mpg ||58 mpg || 60 mpg

|-
| colspan="6"  style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"|[[Green Car Journal]] &mdash; [[Green Car of the Year]]

|- style="text-align:center;"
| align=left| [[Chevrolet Bolt EV]]  &mdash; 2017 Award<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2016/11/17/chevy-bolt-wins-2017-green-car-of-the-year/ |title=Chevy Bolt wins 2017 Green Car of the Year |first=Sebastian |last=Blanco |work=Autoblog.com |date=2016-11-17 |access-date=2016-11-21}}</ref> || 2017 || Electric car ||119 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]]|| 128 mpg-e || 110 mpg-e
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|[[Chevrolet Volt (second generation)]] &mdash; 2016 Award<ref name=GCOY2016>{{cite news|url=http://www.autoblog.com/2015/11/19/2016-chevy-volt-green-car-year/|title=2016 Chevy Volt wins Green Car of the Year |first=Sebastian|last=Blanco|work=Autoblog Green |date=2015-11-19|access-date=2015-11-21}}</ref><ref name=Volt2015_2016>{{cite web|url=http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/Find.do?action=sbs&id=36863&id=35246|title=Compare Side-by-Side - 2016/2015 Chevrolet Volt|publisher=Fueleconomy.gov|author=[[U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]] and [[U.S. Department of Energy]]|date=2015-09-01|access-date=2015-09-02}}</ref>|| rowspan="2"| 2016||rowspan="2"|[[Plug-in hybrid]] || style="background:#f0f0ff;"|Gas equivalent<br/>All-electric mode|| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|Gasoline<br/>only mode ||  style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[All-electric range]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|106 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]] ||42 mpg ||53&nbsp;mi
|- style="text-align:center;"
| align=left| [[BMW i3]]  &mdash; 2015 Award<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.freep.com/story/money/cars/2014/11/20/green-car-year-bmw/70008216/|title=BMW i3 named 2015 Green Car of the Year|first=Alisa|last=Priddle|work=[[Detroit Free Press]]|date=2014-11-20|access-date=2014-11-21}}</ref>||2014|| Electric car ||124 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]]|| 137 mpg-e||111 mpg-e
|- style="text-align:center;"
| align=left| [[Honda Accord#Ninth generation (2013)|Honda Accord ninth generation line-up]]<br> &mdash; 2014 Award<ref>{{cite web|url=http://green.autoblog.com/2013/11/21/honda-accord-hybrid-phev-2014-green-car-of-the-year-la/|title=Honda Accord Hybrid and PHEV win 2014 Green Car of the Year|first=Sebastian|last=Blanco|publisher=Autoblog Green |date=2013-11-21|access-date=2013-11-23}}</ref>|| 2014 ||Gasoline<br/>hybrid and plug-in variants ||colspan="3"| mim 29 mpg, hybrid 47 mpg, plug-in 115 mpg-e<ref>[http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/Find.do?action=sbs&id=34313&id=34395&id=33557 Compare Side-by-Side 2014 Honda Accord variants]</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
| align=left|[[Ford Fusion (Americas)#Second generation (2013)|Ford Fusion 2nd gen line-up]] &mdash; 2013 Award<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoblog.com/2012/11/29/ford-fusion-wins-2013-green-car-of-the-year/|title=Ford Fusion wins 2013 Green Car Of The Year |first=Sebastian|last=Blanco|publisher=Autoblog.com |date=2012-11-29|access-date=2012-11-29}}</ref>|| 2013 ||Gasoline, [[Ford EcoBoost engine|EcoBoost]],<br/> [[Ford Fusion Energi|hybrid and plug-in variants]] ||colspan="3"| mim 34 mpg, hybrid 47 mpg, plug-in 100 mpg-e
|- style="text-align:center;"
| align=left|[[Honda Civic GX]] &mdash; 2012 Award<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/business/autos/la-fi-la-auto-show-2011-honda-civic-natural-gas-wins-green-car-of-the-year-award-20111117,0,3207674.story|title=Honda Civic Natural Gas wins 2012 Green Car of the Year Award |author-link=Susan Carpenter |first=Susan |last= Carpenter |work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=2011-11-17|access-date=2011-11-17}}</ref>|| 2012 ||[[Natural gas vehicle|Natural gas]]|| 28||24 ||36
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|[[Chevrolet Volt]] &mdash; 2011 Award<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencar.com/articles/chevrolet-volt-electric-car-2011-green-car-year.php |title=Chevrolet Volt Electric Car is 2011 Green Car of the Year |publisher=[[Green Car Journal]] |date=2010-11-18 |access-date=2010-11-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124054434/http://www.greencar.com/articles/chevrolet-volt-electric-car-2011-green-car-year.php |archive-date=2010-11-24 }}</ref><ref name=Reuters112410>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6AN65K20101124|title=Chevy Volt tops Prius in fuel economy rating|author1=David Bailey |author2=Kevin Krolicki |work=[[Reuters]]|date=2010-11-24|access-date=2010-11-24}}</ref><ref name=GCCEPAVolt>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2010/11/volt-20101124.html#more|title=Volt receives EPA ratings and label: 93 mpg-e all-electric, 37 mpg gas-only, 60 mpg-e combined|publisher=Green Car Congress|date=2010-11-24|access-date=2010-11-24}}</ref>|| rowspan="2"| 2011||rowspan="2"|[[Plug-in hybrid]] || style="background:#f0f0ff;"|Gas equivalent<br/>All-electric mode|| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|Gasoline<br/>only mode ||  style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[All-electric range]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|93 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]] ||37 mpg ||35&nbsp;mi
|-
| colspan="6"  style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"|[[Green Car Journal]] &mdash; [[Green Car Vision Award]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|[[Ford C-Max Energi]] &mdash; 2012 Award<ref>{{cite web|url=http://green.autoblog.com/2012/01/26/ford-c-max-energi-wins-2012-green-car-vision-award/?a_dgi=aolshare_email|title=Ford C-Max Energi wins 2012 Green Car Vision Award|first=Sebastian|last=Blkanco|publisher=Autoblog Green |date=2012-01-26|access-date=2012-01-26}}</ref>|| rowspan="2"| 2013||rowspan="2"|[[Plug-in hybrid]] || style="background:#f0f0ff;"|Gas equivalent<br/>All-electric mode|| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|Gasoline<br/>only mode ||  style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[All-electric range]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{center|100 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]]}} || {{center|43 mpg}}  || {{center|20&nbsp;mi}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|[[Ford Focus Electric]] &mdash; 2011 Award<ref>{{cite web|url=http://green.autoblog.com/2011/01/27/dc-2011-ford-focus-electric-wins-green-car-vision-award/|title=DC 2011: Ford Focus Electric wins Green Car Vision award|publisher=AutoblogGreen |first=Sebastian|last=Blanco|date=2011-01-27|access-date=2011-01-27}}</ref> ||rowspan="2"|2012||  rowspan="2"| [[Electric car]] || style="background:#f0f0ff;" colspan="2"|Gasoline equivalent<br/>fuel economy|| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[All-electric range]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan="2"|{{center|105 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]]}}||100&nbsp;mi
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|[[Nissan Leaf]] &mdash; 2010 Award<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencar.com/articles/nissan-leaf-electric-car-wins-2010-green-car-vision-award.php|title=Nissan Leaf Electric Car Wins 2010 Green Car Vision Award|publisher=[[Green Car Journal]]|date=2010-01-26|access-date=2010-05-09|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100504162701/http://www.greencar.com/articles/nissan-leaf-electric-car-wins-2010-green-car-vision-award.php|archive-date=2010-05-04}}</ref><ref name=NYTEPA>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/23/business/23leaf.html?_r=1&hpw|title=Nissan Says Its Electric Leaf Gets Equivalent of 99 M.P.G.|work=[[New York Times]]|first=Nick|last=Bunkley|date=2010-11-22|access-date=2010-11-23}}</ref>|| rowspan="2"|2011|| rowspan="2"|[[Electric car]] || style="background:#f0f0ff;" colspan="2"|Gasoline equivalent<br/>fuel economy|| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[All-electric range]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan="2"|99 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]] ||73&nbsp;mi
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|[[Chevrolet Volt]] &mdash; 2009 Award<ref name=Reuters112410/><ref name=GCCEPAVolt/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencar.com/articles/innovative-chevy-volt-wins-2009-green-car-vision-award.php |title=Innovative Chevy Volt Wins 2009 Green Car Vision Award |publisher=[[Green Car Journal]] |date=2009-02-04 |access-date=2010-05-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090722072129/http://www.greencar.com/articles/innovative-chevy-volt-wins-2009-green-car-vision-award.php |archive-date=2009-07-22 }}</ref>|| rowspan="2"| 2011||rowspan="2"|[[Plug-in hybrid]] || style="background:#f0f0ff;"|Gas equivalent<br/>All-electric mode|| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|Gasoline<br/>only mode ||  style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[All-electric range]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|93 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]] ||37 mpg ||35&nbsp;mi
|-
| colspan="6"  style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"|[[World Car of the Year]] &mdash; World Green Car
|-style="text-align:center;"
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Toyota Mirai]]  &mdash; 2016 Award<ref>{{cite press release | url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/and-now-there-is-one-toyota-mirai-wins-2016-world-green-car-award-300241094.html | title=And Now There Is One… TOYOTA MIRAI Wins 2016 World Green Car Award |publisher=PR Newswire |location=[[New York City]] |date=2016-03-14 |access-date=2016-03-26}}</ref>||  2016|| [[Hydrogen vehicle|Hydrogen]] [[Fuel cell vehicle|fuel cell]] || style="background:#f0f0ff;"| 66 mpg-e || 66 mpg-e || 66 mpg-e
|-style="text-align:center;"
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"| [[BMW i8]]  &mdash; 2015 Award<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.wcoty.com/web/media_release.asp?release=100&year=2015|title=BMW i8 Wins 2015 World Green Car Award |publisher=[[World Car of the Year]]|location=New York |date=2015-04-02|access-date=2015-11-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/Find.do?action=sbs&id=36031&id=35599|title=Compare Side-by-Side - 2014/2015 BMW i8|publisher=Fueleconomy.gov|author=[[U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]] and [[U.S. Department of Energy]]|date=2015-08-14|access-date=2015-08-16}}</ref>|| rowspan="2"| 2015||rowspan="2"|[[Plug-in hybrid]] || style="background:#f0f0ff;"|Gas equivalent<br/>All-electric mode|| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|Gasoline<br/>only mode ||  style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[All-electric range]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|76 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]] ||28 mpg ||15&nbsp;mi
|-style="text-align:center;"
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"| [[BMW i3]]  &mdash; 2014 Award<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jimhenry/2014/04/17/bmwi3-drives-off-with-green-world-car-of-the-year-award-plus-a-surprise/|title=New York Auto Show: BMWi3 Is The 2014 World Green Car Of The Year|first=Jim|last=Henry|work=[[Forbes]]|date=2014-04-17|access-date=2014-04-17}}</ref>||rowspan="2"|2014||rowspan="2"|[[Electric car]] || style="background:#f0f0ff;" colspan="2"|Gasoline equivalent<br/>fuel economy||style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[All-electric range]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan="2"|124 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]] ||81&nbsp;mi
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|[[Tesla Model S]] &mdash; 2013 Award<ref name=WGCOTY2012_13>{{cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/press-release/20130328/now-there-one-tesla-model-s-declared-2013-world-green-car-1158695# |title=And Now There Is One.... Tesla Model S Declared 2013 World Green Car |author=PRNewswire |work=[[International Business Times]] |date=2013-03-28 |access-date=2013-03-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524082052/http://www.ibtimes.com/press-release/20130328/now-there-one-tesla-model-s-declared-2013-world-green-car-1158695 |archive-date=2013-05-24 }}</ref>|| rowspan="2"|2013|| rowspan="2"|[[Electric car]]<br/>(60/85 [[kWh]] battery) || style="background:#f0f0ff;" colspan="2"|Gasoline equivalent<br/>fuel economy|| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[All-electric range]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan="2"|95/89 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]] ||208/265&nbsp;mi
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="text-align:left;"|[[Mercedes-Benz S 250 CDI BlueEFFICIENCY]]<br>&mdash; 2012 Award<ref name=WGCOTY2012_13/>|| 2012  ||[[Clean diesel]] ||colspan="3"| {{convert|5.7|L/100 km|abbr=on}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|[[Chevrolet Volt]] &mdash; 2011 Award<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wcoty.com/web/media_release.asp?release=72&year=2011|title=Chevrolet Volt Declared 2011 World Green Car|publisher=[[World Car of the Year]]|date=2011-04-21|access-date=2011-04-21}}</ref>|| rowspan="2"| 2011||rowspan="2"|[[Plug-in hybrid]] || style="background:#f0f0ff;"|Gas equivalent<br/>All-electric mode|| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|Gasoline<br/>only mode ||  style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[All-electric range]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|93 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]] ||37 mpg ||35&nbsp;mi
|- style="text-align:center;"
| align=left|[[BlueMotion|Volkswagen BlueMotion]] &mdash; 2010 Award<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wcoty.com/vehicles/?year=2010&cat=4|title=World Green Car: 2010|publisher=[[World Car of the Year]]|access-date=2010-05-02|archive-date=2010-03-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100311155817/http://www.wcoty.com/vehicles/?year=2010&cat=4|url-status=dead}}</ref><br/> ([[Volkswagen Golf Mk5|Golf]], [[Volkswagen Passat#Passat Mk6 (B6 PQ46, 2005–present)|Passat]], [[Volkswagen Polo Mk4|Polo]]) ||2010 ||[[Clean diesel]] || n.a.||n.a. ||n.a.
|- style="text-align:center;"
| align=left|[[Honda FCX Clarity]] &mdash; 2009 Award<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wcoty.com/vehicles/?year=2009&cat=4|title=World Green Car: 2009 Eligible Vehicles|publisher=[[World Car of the Year]]|access-date=2010-05-02|archive-date=2010-11-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101109114153/http://www.wcoty.com/vehicles/?year=2009&cat=4|url-status=dead}}</ref><br/>(miles per kilogram of hydrogen) ||2009 ||[[Hydrogen vehicle|Hydrogen]] [[fuel cell vehicle|fuel cell]]|| 59 mpg-e ||58 mpg-e|| 60 mpg-e
|-
| colspan="6"  style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"|[[Consumer Reports]] Top Picks: Green Car Category
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|[[Tesla Model S]] &mdash; Best overall model 2014<ref name=CR2014/>|| rowspan="2"|2014|| rowspan="2"|[[Electric car]]<br/>(60/85 [[kWh]] battery) || style="background:#f0f0ff;" colspan="2"|Gasoline equivalent<br/>fuel economy|| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[All-electric range]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan="2"|95/89 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]] ||208/265&nbsp;mi
|- style="text-align:center;"
| align=left|[[Toyota Prius#2009– (model ZVW30)|Toyota Prius]] &mdash; Best green car 2014<ref name=CR2014>{{cite web |url=http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/magazine/2014/04/top-picks-2014/index.htm|title=Consumer Reports' Top Picks 2014 - The best models in 10 categories|publisher=[[Consumer Reports]]|date=February 2014|access-date=2014-04-21}}</ref>||2014||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] ||50 ||51 || 48
|- style="text-align:center;"
| align=left|Toyota Prius &mdash; Best green car 2013<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/magazine/2013/04/top-picks-2013/index.htm|title=Top Picks 2013 Best car models of the year in 10 categories|publisher=[[Consumer Reports]]|date=April 2013|access-date=2014-04-21}}</ref>||2013||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] ||50 ||51 || 48
|- style="text-align:center;"
| align=left|Toyota Prius &mdash; Best green car 2012<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/news/2012/02/2012-annual-auto-issue-consumer-reports-names-its-2012-top-picks/index.htm|title=2012 Annual Auto Issue: Consumer Reports names its 2012 Top Picks|publisher=[[Consumer Reports]]|date=2012-02-28|access-date=2014-04-21}}</ref>||2012||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] ||50 ||51 || 48
|- style="text-align:center;"
| align=left|Toyota Prius &mdash; Best green car 2011<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.consumerreports.org/cars/2011/02/consumer-reports-names-2011-top-picks-best-models-in-10-categories-top-10.html|title=Top Picks: Best models of the year in 10 categories|publisher=[[Consumer Reports]]|date=2011-02-28|access-date=2012-02-08|archive-date=2012-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210223325/http://news.consumerreports.org/cars/2011/02/consumer-reports-names-2011-top-picks-best-models-in-10-categories-top-10.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>||2011||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] ||50 ||51 || 48
|- style="text-align:center;"
| align=left|Toyota Prius &mdash; Best green car 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/magazine-archive/2010/april/cars/top-picks/overview/index.htm|title=Top Picks: Best models of the year in 10 categories - Green Car |publisher=[[Consumer Reports]]|date=April 2010|access-date=2010-05-09}}</ref>||2010 ||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] ||50 ||51 || 48
|- style="text-align:center;"
| align=left|[[Toyota Prius#2004–2009 (model NHW20)|Toyota Prius]] &mdash; Best green car 2009<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.consumerreports.org/cars/2009/02/consumer-reports-top-picks-2009-1.html|title=Consumer Reports Top Picks 2009|publisher=[[Consumer Reports]]|date=2009-02-27|access-date=2010-05-09|archive-date=2010-05-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505040335/http://blogs.consumerreports.org/cars/2009/02/consumer-reports-top-picks-2009-1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>||2009 ||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] ||46 ||48 || 45
|-
| colspan="6"  style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"|[[Consumer Reports]] American Top Picks: Green Car Category
|- style="text-align:center;"
| align=left|[[Ford Fusion Hybrid]] &mdash; Top Pick 2011<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.consumerreports.org/cars/2011/03/consumer-reports-american-top-picks-2011.html|title=Consumer Reports American Top Picks 2011|publisher=[[Consumer Reports]]|date=2011-03-03|access-date=2012-02-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207230358/http://news.consumerreports.org/cars/2011/03/consumer-reports-american-top-picks-2011.html|archive-date=2012-02-07|url-status=dead}}</ref>||2011 ||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] || 39 ||41 ||36
|- style="text-align:center;"
| align=left|[[Ford Fusion Hybrid]] &mdash; Top Pick 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.consumerreports.org/cars/2010/02/consumer-reports-american-top-picks-2010.html|title=Consumer Reports American Top Picks 2010|publisher=[[Consumer Reports]]|date=2010-02-26|access-date=2010-05-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100410191802/http://blogs.consumerreports.org/cars/2010/02/consumer-reports-american-top-picks-2010.html|archive-date=2010-04-10|url-status=dead}}</ref>||2010 ||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] || 39 ||41 ||36
|- style="text-align:center;"
| align=left|[[Ford Escape Hybrid]] &mdash; Top Pick 2009<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.consumerreports.org/cars/2009/03/consumer-reports-american-top-picks-2009.html|title=Consumer Reports American Top Picks 2009|publisher=[[Consumer Reports]]|date=2009-03-04|access-date=2010-05-09|archive-date=2010-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100419062532/http://blogs.consumerreports.org/cars/2009/03/consumer-reports-american-top-picks-2009.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>||2009 ||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] || 32 ||34 ||31
|-
| colspan="6"  style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"|[[What Car?]] Green Awards
|- style="text-align:center;"
| align=left|[[BMW 320d]] Efficient Dynamics &mdash; Overall Winner 2012<ref name=320d>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.whatcar.com/car-news/bmw-320d-ed-wins-green-car-of-the-year/263929 |title=BMW 320d ED wins Green Car of the Year |magazine=[[What Car?]] |first=Chas |last=Hallett |date=2012-09-19 |access-date=2012-09-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923002630/http://www.whatcar.com/car-news/bmw-320d-ed-wins-green-car-of-the-year/263929 |archive-date=2012-09-23 }}</ref>||2012 ||[[Clean diesel]] || colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|UK combined {{convert|56|mpgimp|L/100 km mpgus|abbr=on}}<ref name=320d/> 
|- style="text-align:center;"
| align=left|[[Vauxhall Ampera]] &mdash; Overall Winner 2011<ref>{{cite magazine|url= http://www.whatcar.com/car-news/what-car-green-awards-2011/overall-winner/258844|title=What Car? Green Awards 2011 - Overall Winner|magazine=[[What Car?]]|date=2011-09-07|access-date=2012-02-08}}</ref> ||2012||[[Plug-in hybrid]]|| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|EC combined {{convert|235.4|mpgimp|L/100 km mpgus|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.which.co.uk/news/2012/01/vauxhall-ampera-is-urban-fuel-champion-277055/|title=Vauxhall Ampera is urban fuel champion|publisher=[[Which?]]|date=2012-01-23|access-date=2012-02-08|archive-date=2012-01-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125082703/http://www.which.co.uk/news/2012/01/vauxhall-ampera-is-urban-fuel-champion-277055/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
| align=left|[[Toyota Auris Hybrid]] &mdash; Overall Winner 2010<ref name=AurisH>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.whatgreencar.com/green-car-of-the-year-2010.php#jp|title=What Car? Green Awards 2010 - And the 2010 Award winner is...|magazine=[[What Car?]]|date=2010-07-01|access-date=2010-07-01|archive-date=2010-07-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701032651/http://www.whatgreencar.com/green-car-of-the-year-2010.php#jp|url-status=dead}}</ref>||2010 ||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] || colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|UK combined {{convert|74|mpgimp|L/100 km mpgus|abbr=on}}<ref name=AurisH/>
|- style="text-align:center;"
| align=left|[[Volvo S40]] 1.6D DRIVe S &mdash; Overall Winner 2009<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.whatcar.com/car-news/what-car-green-awards-2009/overall-winner/240544|title=What Car? Green Awards 2009 - Overall winner|magazine=[[What Car?]]|date=2009-06-04|access-date=2010-05-09}}</ref>||2009 ||[[Clean diesel]] || colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|UK combined {{convert|60|mpgimp|L/100 km mpgus|abbr=on}}<ref name=S40>{{cite web|url=http://www.volvocars.com/uk/all-cars/volvo-s40/details/pages/technical-spec.aspx |title=Volvo S40 Tech Spec (UK) |publisher=Volvocars.com |date=2010-05-26 |access-date=2010-12-12}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
| align=left|[[Ford Focus (international)#Mk 2 (2004-2010)|Ford Focus]] 1.6 TDCi Style &mdash; Overall Winner 2008<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.whatcar.com/car-news/what-car-green-awards-2008/winner/233126|title=What Car? Green awards 2008 - Winner|magazine=[[What Car?]]|date=2008-07-22|access-date=2010-05-02}}</ref>||2008 ||[[Clean diesel]]  || colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|UK combined {{convert|52|mpgimp|L/100 km mpgus|abbr=on}}<ref name=Focus>{{cite web |url=http://www.buyacar.co.uk/ford_focus_diesel_estate/car_16_tdci_style_5dr_110_dpf_3327.jhtml |title=Ford Focus 1.6 TDCi Style 5dr 110 Diesel Estate (UK) |publisher=Buyacar.co.uk |date=2008-01-01 |access-date=2010-12-12 |archive-date=2011-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728004839/http://www.buyacar.co.uk/ford_focus_diesel_estate/car_16_tdci_style_5dr_110_dpf_3327.jhtml |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| colspan="6"  style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"|[[Mother Earth News]] Best Green Cars
|-
|colspan="6"  style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"| Best Green Cars of 2011<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.motherearthnews.com/2011-best-green-cars-zm0z11zroc.aspx |title=Best Green Cars, 2011|publisher=[[Mother Earth News]]|date=May 2011|access-date=2012-02-08}} June–July 2011 issue</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|[[Chevrolet Volt]]|| rowspan="2"| 2011||rowspan="2"|[[Plug-in hybrid]] ||style="background:#f0f0ff;"|Gas equivalent<br/>All-electric mode|| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|Gasoline<br/>only mode || style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[All-electric range]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|93 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]] ||37 mpg ||35&nbsp;mi
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|[[Nissan Leaf]]|| rowspan="2"|2011|| rowspan="2"|[[Electric car]] || style="background:#f0f0ff;" colspan="2"|Gasoline equivalent<br/>fuel economy|| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[All-electric range]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan="2"|99 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]] ||73&nbsp;mi
|- style="text-align:center;"
|align=left|[[Toyota Prius]]|| 2011 ||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] ||50 ||51 || 48
|- style="text-align:center;"
| align=left| [[Ford Fiesta]] || 2011 ||[[Gasoline]]|| 33||29 || 38
|- style="text-align:center;"
| align=left| [[Honda CR-Z]] CVT || 2011 ||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]]|| 37||35 || 39
|- style="text-align:center;"
|align=left|[[Volkswagen Jetta#Fifth generation (A5, Typ 1K)|VW Jetta TDI]]|| 2011||[[Clean diesel]] ||34 ||30 || 42
|-
|colspan="6"  style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"| Best Green Cars of 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.motherearthnews.com/2010-Best-Green-Cars.aspx|title=2010 Best Green Cars|publisher=[[Mother Earth News]]|date=March 2010|access-date=2010-05-02}} April–May 2010 issue</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
| align=left|[[Ford Fusion Hybrid]]||2010 ||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] ||  39 ||41 ||36
|- style="text-align:center;"
|align=left |[[Honda Civic Hybrid]]|| 2010||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]]||42 || 40  || 45
|- style="text-align:center;"
|align=left|[[Honda Insight]]|| 2010||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] ||41 ||40 || 43
|- style="text-align:center;"
|align=left|[[Toyota Prius]]|| 2010 ||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] ||50 ||51 || 48
|- style="text-align:center;"
|align=left|[[Volkswagen Golf Mk5|VW Golf TDI]]|| 2010||[[Clean diesel]] ||34 ||30 || 42
|- style="text-align:center;"
|align=left|[[Volkswagen Jetta#Fifth generation (A5, Typ 1K)|VW Jetta TDI]]|| 2010||[[Clean diesel]] ||41 ||40 || 43
|-
| colspan="6"  style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"|[[American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy]] Greenest Vehicles of the Year
|-
|colspan="6"  style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|Greenest Vehicles of 2012 (Top 5)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greenercars.org/highlights_greenest.htm|title=Greenest Vehicles of 2012|publisher=GreenCars.org|author=American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy|date=2011-02-08|access-date=2011-02-08|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070910122720/http://www.greenercars.org/highlights_greenest.htm|archive-date=2007-09-10|author-link=American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
| align=left|[[Mitsubishi i-MiEV]]||2012 ||[[Electric car]] ||  112 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]] ||3.8 mile/[[Kwh]]||2.9 mile/[[Kwh]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| align=left|[[Honda Civic GX]]|| 2012 ||[[Natural gas vehicle|Natural gas]]|| -||27mpg-e ||38 mpg-e
|- style="text-align:center;"
| align=left|[[Nissan Leaf]]||2012 ||[[Electric car]] ||  99 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]] ||3.1 mile/[[Kwh]] ||2.7 mile/[[Kwh]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| align=left|[[Toyota Prius]]|| 2012 ||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] ||50 ||51 || 48
|- style="text-align:center;"
| align=left|[[Honda Insight]]|| 2012||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] ||42 ||41 || 44
|-
|colspan="6"  style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|Greenest Vehicles of 2011 (Top 5)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greenercars.org/highlights_greenest.htm|title=Greenest Vehicles of 2011|publisher=GreenCars.org|author=American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy|date=2011-02-15|access-date=2011-02-15|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070910122720/http://www.greenercars.org/highlights_greenest.htm|archive-date=2007-09-10|author-link=American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.edmunds.com/greencaradvisor/2011/02/chevy-volt-slips-to-13th-place-in-revised-aceee-green-car-rankings.html|title=Chevy Volt Slips to 13th Place in Revised ACEEE Green Car Rankings|publisher=[[Edmunds.com]] Green Car Adviser|author=John O'Dell|date=2011-02-17|access-date=2011-02-17}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
| align=left|[[Honda Civic GX]]|| 2011 ||[[Natural gas vehicle|Natural gas]]|| 28||24 ||36
|- style="text-align:center;"
| align=left|[[Nissan Leaf]]||2011 ||[[Electric car]] ||  99 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]] ||3.15 mile/[[Kwh]] ||2.72 mile/[[Kwh]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|align=left| [[Smart fortwo]] (Cabriolet/Coupe)|| 2011||[[Gasoline]] || 36||33 || 41
|- style="text-align:center;"
| align=left|[[Toyota Prius]]|| 2011 ||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] ||50 ||51 || 48
|- style="text-align:center;"
|align=left |[[Honda Civic Hybrid]]|| 2011||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]]||41 || 40  || 43
|-
|colspan="6"  style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|Greenest Vehicles of 2010 (Top 5)<ref name=ACEEE>{{cite web|url=http://www.hybridcars.com/news/hybrids-dominate-2010-list-greenest-vehicles-26464.html|title=Hybrids Dominate 2010 List of Greenest Vehicles|publisher=HybridCars.com|date=2010-01-19|access-date=2010-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100122074655/http://www.hybridcars.com/news/hybrids-dominate-2010-list-greenest-vehicles-26464.html|archive-date=2010-01-22|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
| align=left|[[Honda Civic GX]]|| 2010 ||[[Natural gas vehicle|Natural gas]]|| 28||24 ||36
|- style="text-align:center;"
| align=left|[[Toyota Prius]]|| 2010 ||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] ||50 ||51 || 48
|- style="text-align:center;"
|align=left |[[Honda Civic Hybrid]]|| 2010||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]]||42 || 40  || 45
|- style="text-align:center;"
|align=left| [[Smart fortwo]] (Convertible/coupe)|| 2010||[[Gasoline]] || 36||33 || 41
|- style="text-align:center;"
| align=left|[[Honda Insight]]|| 2010||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] ||41 ||40 || 43
|-
| colspan="6"  style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"|[[Kelley Blue Book]] Top 10 Green Cars
|- style="text-align:center;"
|colspan="6"  style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|Top 10 Green Cars of 2014 (Top 5)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://insideevs.com/bmw-i3-named-kelley-blue-books-best-green-car-2014/|title=BMW i3 Named Kelley Blue Book's Best Green Car Of 2014|first=Eric|last=Loveday|publisher=InsideEvs.com|date=2014-04-21|access-date=2014-04-21}}</ref>
|-style="text-align:center;"
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"| [[BMW i3]]||rowspan="2"|2014||rowspan="2"|[[Electric car]] || style="background:#f0f0ff;" colspan="2"|Gasoline equivalent<br/>fuel economy||style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[All-electric range]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan="2"|124 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]] ||81&nbsp;mi
|-style="text-align:center;"
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"| [[Nissan Leaf]]||rowspan="2"|2014||rowspan="2"|[[Electric car]] || style="background:#f0f0ff;" colspan="2"|Gasoline equivalent<br/>fuel economy||style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[All-electric range]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan="2"|99 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]] ||73&nbsp;mi
|- style="text-align:center;"
| align=left|[[Toyota Prius]]|| 2014 ||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] ||50 ||51 || 48
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="2" align=left|[[Tesla Model S]]||rowspan="2"|2014|| rowspan="2"|[[Electric car]]<br/>(60/85 [[kWh]] battery) || style="background:#f0f0ff;" colspan="2"|Gasoline equivalent<br/>fuel economy|| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[All-electric range]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan="2"|95/89 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]] ||208/265&nbsp;mi
|- style="text-align:center;"
| align=left|[[Honda Accord#Ninth generation (2013)|Honda Accord Hybrid]]|| 2014 ||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] ||47 ||50 || 45
|- style="text-align:center;"
|colspan="6"  style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|Top 10 Green Cars of 2011 (Top 3)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/greenhouse/post/2011/04/greenest-cars-kelley-blue-book-gas-prices/1|title=Greenest cars? Gas prices drive interest in fuel economy|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|first= Wendy|last= Koch|date=2011-04-12|access-date=2011-04-15}}</ref><ref name=KBB2011>{{cite web|url=http://www.kbb.com/car-news/all-the-latest/top-10-green-cars-for-2011/?scid=3138|title=Top 10 Green Cars for 2011|publisher=[[Kelley Blue Book]]|date=2011-04-12|access-date=2011-04-15}}</ref>
|-style="text-align:center;"
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"| [[Nissan Leaf]]||rowspan="2"|2011||rowspan="2"|[[Electric car]] || style="background:#f0f0ff;" colspan="2"|Gasoline equivalent<br/>fuel economy||style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[All-electric range]]
|-style="text-align:center;"
|colspan="2"|99 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]] ||73&nbsp;mi
|-style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|[[Chevrolet Volt]]||rowspan="2"|2011||rowspan="2"|[[Plug-in hybrid]] ||colspan="2" style="background:#f0f0ff;"|Gasoline equivalent<br/>fuel economy||style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[All-electric range]]
|-style="text-align:center;"
|colspan="2"|93 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]] ||35&nbsp;mi
|- style="text-align:center;"
| align=left|[[Toyota Prius]]|| 2011 ||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] ||50 ||51 || 48
|-
|colspan="6"  style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|Top 10 Green Cars of 2010 (Top 3)<ref name=KBB2010>{{cite web|url=http://www.kbb.com/kbb/green-cars/articles.aspx?BlogPostId=1783|title=KBB Green: Top 10 Green Cars for 2010|publisher=[[Kelley Blue Book]]|date=April 2010|access-date=2010-05-02|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100424225137/http://www.kbb.com/kbb/green-cars/articles.aspx?BlogPostId=1783|archive-date=2010-04-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/driveon/post/2010/04/kbbs-green-cars-list-includes-vw-golf-tdi-chevy-tahoe-hybrid/1|title=KBB's green cars list includes VW Golf TDI, Chevy Tahoe hybrid|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|date=2010-04-20|access-date=2010-05-02}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
| align=left|[[Toyota Prius]]|| 2010 ||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] ||50 ||51 || 48
|- style="text-align:center;"
| align=left|[[Honda Insight]]|| 2010||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] ||41 ||40 || 43
|- style="text-align:center;"
| align=left|[[Ford Fusion Hybrid]]||2010 ||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] ||  39 ||41 ||36
|-
|}
<!--Continue adding other rankings here -->

==Electric vehicle motor shows==
{{See also|Motor show}}

Dedicated [[electric vehicle|electric]] and green vehicle motor shows:

* Alternative Vehicle and Fuel Show (AVFS), [[Fair of Valladolid]], Spain, in November.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://feriavalladolid.com/vehiculoalternativo/en/index.php |title=Alternative Vehicle and Fuel Show 2010 |publisher=Feriavalladolid.com |access-date=2010-12-12}}</ref>
* Green Fleet Expo, [[Royal Botanical Gardens (Ontario)]], in May.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.toronto.ca/fleet/expo.htm |title=City of Toronto: Fleet Services - Green Fleet Expo |publisher=Toronto.ca |date=2000-10-23 |access-date=2010-12-12}}</ref>
* Green-Car-Guide Live!, [[Arena and Convention Centre]] in [[Liverpool]], in June<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.green-car-guide.com/articles/430/1/Green-Car-Guide-Live-2008-the-UKs-largest-Green-Motor-Show/Page1.html |title=Green-Car-Guide Live! 2008, the UK's largest Green Motor Show |publisher=Green-car-guide.com |date=2008-06-12 |access-date=2010-12-12 |archive-date=2010-05-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100507214830/http://www.green-car-guide.com/articles/430/1/Green-Car-Guide-Live-2008-the-UKs-largest-Green-Motor-Show/Page1.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Electric & Hybrid Vehicle Technology Expo, ([[Sindelfingen, Germany]], April / Novi, [[Detroit, Michigan]], September). [http://www.evtechexpo.eu/about/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190628172743/http://www.evtechexpo.eu/about/ |date=2019-06-28 }}
* [[European Electric Motor Show]], [[Helsinki Exhibition & Convention Centre]], in November<ref>[http://www.finnexpo.fi/exhibition.asp?Id=1837&code_language=en] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721004250/http://www.finnexpo.fi/exhibition.asp?Id=1837&code_language=en|date=July 21, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Added by Antti View Events |url=http://electricaid.ning.com/events/electric-motor-show-in |title=Electric Motor Show in Helsinki on 6–8 November 2009 - Electric A!D |publisher=Electricaid.ning.com |access-date=2010-12-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519080817/http://electricaid.ning.com/events/electric-motor-show-in |archive-date=19 May 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Yoney |first=Domenick |url=http://green.autoblog.com/2009/10/05/ecorolla-to-debut-at-finnish-electric-motor-show-w-video/ |title=eCorolla to debut at Finnish Electric Motor Show [w/VIDEO&#93; — Autoblog Green |publisher=Green.autoblog.com |date=2009-10-13 |access-date=2010-12-12}}</ref>

{{Expand section|date=June 2008}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Energy|Renewable energy|Cars}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* {{annotated link|Alternative fuel vehicle}}
* {{annotated link|Alternatives to the automobile}}
* {{annotated link|Better Place (company)|Better Place}}
* {{annotated link|Emerging technologies}} - e.g. new green vehicle methods
* {{annotated link|Green transport hierarchy}}
* {{annotated link|Green tuning}}
* {{annotated link|Michelin Green X Challenge}}
* {{annotated link|Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles}}
* {{annotated link|Hybrid taxi}}s
* {{annotated link|Hybrid Scorecard|Union of Concerned Scientists' Hybrid Scorecard}}
* {{annotated link|Low-carbon fuel standard}}
* {{annotated link|Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent}}
*{{Annotated link|Mobile source air pollution}}
**{{Annotated link|Exhaust gas}}
* {{annotated link|Motorised quadricycle}}
* {{annotated link|Plug-in electric vehicle}}s
* {{annotated link|Progressive Insurance Automotive X Prize}}
* {{annotated link|Wind-powered vehicle}}
* {{annotated link|Zero-emissions vehicle}}
{{div col end}}

==Notes and references==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|title=Build Your Own Electric Vehicle, 2nd Edition|author1=Leitman, Seth  |author2=Brant, Bob |date=October 2008 |publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]], Inc. |isbn=978-0-07-154373-6 }}
* {{cite book| title=Billion Dollar Green| chapter=Waving the Green Flag, Clean Transportation| publisher=John Wiley and Sons| year=2008| pages=[https://archive.org/details/billiondollargre0000smit/page/35 35–46]| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=geig2gf43WkC&q=%22Green+vehicle%22&pg=PA36| isbn=978-0-470-34377-7| author1=Tobin Smith| author2=Jim Woods| author3=Liz Claman| url=https://archive.org/details/billiondollargre0000smit/page/35}}
* [[Wikiversity:DFE2008 Automobile Engines|''DFE2008 Automobile Engines'', Wikiversity]]

==External links==
{{Wikinewscat|Alternative propulsion}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140416180107/http://cta.ornl.gov/vtmarketreport/pdf/2013_vtmarketreport_full_doc.pdf 2013 VehicleTechnologies Market Report], [[Oak Ridge National Laboratory]] 
* [http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/ Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicle Data Center]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060422230409/http://www.greenvehicleguide.gov.au/ AU Green Vehicle Guide]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120504092255/http://iee.ucsb.edu/CleanCarCalculator/ Clean Car Calculator] (Institute for Energy Efficiency)
* [http://www.afdc.energy.gov/uploads/publication/60448.pdf Clean Cities - 2014 Vehicle Buyer's Guide], [[National Renewable Energy Laboratory]] (NREL), [[U.S. Department of Energy]], [[Clean Cities]] program. December 2013.
* [https://greet.es.anl.gov/publication-c2g-2016-report  Cradle-to-Grave Lifecycle Analysis of U.S. Light-Duty Vehicle-Fuel Pathways: A Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Economic Assessment of Current (2015) and Future (2025-2030) Technologies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812172041/https://greet.es.anl.gov/publication-c2g-2016-report |date=2020-08-12 }} (includes estimated cost of avoided GHG emissions from different AFV technologies), [[Argonne National Laboratory]], June 2016.
* [http://www.earthcars.com Earth cars]
* [https://www.epa.gov/greenvehicles EPA Green Vehicle Guide]
* [http://www.autocar.co.uk/blogs/carsandtheclimate/default.aspx Green Cars] ([[Autocar (magazine)|Autocar]])
* [http://uk.cars.yahoo.com/green-car-centre/index.html Green Car Center] ([[Yahoo]])
* [http://www.green-car-guide.com/ Green Car Guide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140207132743/http://www.green-car-guide.com/ |date=2014-02-07 }}.
* [http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120802223010/http%3A//1bog.org/blog/infographic%2Dgreen%2Dcars%2D101/ Infographic: Green Cars 101 (2011)]
* [http://sgcs.edenproject.com/ Green cars and eco driving] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130121223550/http://sgcs.edenproject.com/ |date=2013-01-21 }}
* [http://www.greenprogress.com/transportation.php Green Progress] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729212420/http://www.greenprogress.com/transportation.php |date=2020-07-29 }}
*[http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/pdfs/guides/FEG2014.pdf Model Year 2014 Fuel Economy Guide ], [[U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]] and [[U.S. Department of Energy]], April 2014.
* [http://progressiveautoxprize.org/ Progressive Insurance Automotive X PRIZE homepage]
* [http://peoplescar.pbwiki.com/ Small Efficient Vehicles Wiki: People's Car Project]
* [http://www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents/clean_vehicles/electric-car-global-warming-emissions-report.pdf State of Charge: Electric Vehicles’ Global Warming Emissions and Fuel-Cost Savings across the United States] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021214140/http://www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents/clean_vehicles/electric-car-global-warming-emissions-report.pdf |date=2012-10-21 }} ([[Union of Concerned Scientists|UCS]])
* [http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/topten.jsp Top Ten EPA-Rated Fuel Sippers (2016) - including BEVs and PHEVs]
* [http://www.hybridcenter.org/hybrid-scorecard/index.html#UCS_Hybrid_Scorecard UCS Hybrid Scorecard] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518115554/http://www.hybridcenter.org/hybrid-scorecard/index.html#UCS_Hybrid_Scorecard |date=2012-05-18 }} ([[Union of Concerned Scientists]])

{{Environmental technology}}

[[Category:Green vehicles| ]]