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{{Short description|Fan who follows a particular celebrity while on tour}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Redirect|Groupies|the album|Groupies (album)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2022}}
A '''groupie''' is a fan of a particular [[musical ensemble|musical group]] who follows the band around while they are on tour or who attends as many of their public appearances as possible, with the hope of meeting them. The term is used mostly describing young women, and sometimes men, who follow these individuals aiming to gain fame of their own, or help with behind-the-scenes work, or to initiate a relationship of some kind, intimate or otherwise. The term is also used to describe similarly enthusiastic fans of [[athlete]]s, writers, and other [[public figure]]s.

==Origin in music==
The word ''groupie'' originated around 1965 to describe teen-aged girls or young women who began following a particular group or band of musicians on a regular basis. The phenomenon was much older; [[Mary McCarthy (author)|Mary McCarthy]] had earlier described it in her novel ''[[The Company She Keeps (novel)|The Company She Keeps]]'' (1942).<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0tz5YpijuksC&pg=PA237 |page=237 |title=Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World: Performance and production |publisher=A&C Black |year=2003 |isbn=9780826463210}}</ref> Some sources have attributed the coining of the word to [[The Rolling Stones]] bassist [[Bill Wyman]] during the group's 1965 Australian tour;<ref>Leah Pickett, [http://www.wbez.org/blogs/leah-pickett/2013-08/groupies-past-and-present-muses-behind-music-108266 "Groupies, past and present: the muses behind the music"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160214134128/http://www.wbez.org/blogs/leah-pickett/2013-08/groupies-past-and-present-muses-behind-music-108266 |date=February 14, 2016 }}, [[WBEZ]], August 2, 2013.</ref> but Wyman said he and his bandmates used other "code words" for women on tour.<ref>[[Bill Wyman]], ''Bill Wyman, Stone Alone: The Story of a Rock 'n' Roll Band'' ([[Da Capo Press]], 1997), {{ISBN|978-0306807831}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zi79b9a2o0sC&dq=groupie%20%22bill%20wyman%22&pg=PA294 p. 294].</ref> Possibly the earliest song to refer to groupies was "[[Freak Out!|Motherly Love]]" by [[The Mothers of Invention]], recorded on March 9th, 1966.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ulrich |first=Charles |title=The Big Note: A Guide to the Recordings of Frank Zappa |publisher=New Star Books Ltd. |year=2018 |isbn=978-1554201464 |location=Vancouver, Canada |publication-date=11 March 2018 |pages=168}}</ref>

A prominent explanation of the ''groupie'' concept came from ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' magazine, which published an issue devoted to the topic, ''Groupies: The Girls of Rock'' (February 1969), which emphasized the sexual behavior of rock musicians and groupies.<ref>{{cite book |title=Electric Ladyland: Women and Rock Culture |first=Lisa L. |last=Rhodes |year=2005 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |pages=156–176 |isbn=9780812238402}}</ref> ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine published an article, "Manners And Morals: The Groupies", later that month. Also that year, journalists Jenny Fabian and [[Johnny Byrne (writer)|Johnny Byrne]] released a largely autobiographical novel called ''Groupie'' (1969). The following year, a documentary film titled ''Groupies'' (1970) was released.

Female groupies in particular have a long-standing reputation of being available to celebrities, pop stars, rock stars, and other public figures. [[Led Zeppelin]] singer [[Robert Plant]] is quoted as distinguishing between fans who wanted [[Casual sex|brief sexual encounters]], and "groupies" who traveled with musicians for extended periods of time, acting as a surrogate girlfriend, and often taking care of the musician's wardrobe and social life.<ref>Davis, Stephen. ''Hammer of the Gods: The Led Zeppelin Saga'' (1985)</ref> Women who adopt this role are sometimes referred to as "'''road wives'''". [[Cynthia Plaster Caster]], [[Cleo Odzer]], [[Barbara Cope]] (The Butter Queen) and [[The GTOs]] (Girls Together Outrageously), with [[Pamela Des Barres]], in particular, as de facto spokeswoman, are probably the best-known groupies of this type.

A characteristic that may classify one as a groupie is a reputation for promiscuity. [[Connie Hamzy]], also known as "Sweet Connie", a prominent groupie in the 1960s, argues in favor of the groupie movement and defends her chosen lifestyle by saying, "Look, we're not hookers, we loved the glamour". However, her openness regarding her sexual endeavors with various rock stars is exactly what has enhanced the negative connotations surrounding her type. For example, she stated in the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' article "Pop & Hiss" (December 15, 2010): "Hamzy, unlike the other groupies, was never looking to build relationships. She was after sex, and she unabashedly shared intimate moments with virtually every rock star—even their roadies—who came through Arkansas."<ref>{{cite news|last=Kennedy|first=Gerrick|title=Pop & Hiss|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/music_blog/2010/12/im-with-the-band-rocks-most-famous-groupies-tell-all-for-vh1-documentary.html|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=December 5, 2010}}</ref> However, some groupies also downplayed the sexual connotations of the term. Speaking about the "groupie" label, former baby groupie [[Lori Mattix]] stated, "I feel like it's been degraded somewhere along the way, and it was never meant to be negative. Groupies in the old days were girlfriends of the band. They were classy and sophisticated, but now you hear the word groupie and you think of hookers and strippers."<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Des Barres |first=Pamela |title=Let's Spend the Night Together: Backstage Secrets of Rock Muses and Supergroupies |publisher=Chicago Review Press |year=2007 |isbn=9781556529795 |location=Chicago}}</ref>

Des Barres, who wrote two books detailing her experiences as a groupie—''I'm with the Band'' (1987)<ref>[[Pamela Des Barres]] (1987). [https://books.google.com/books?id=bmyW7ns3ycgC ''I'm with the Band: Confessions of a Groupie''], Books.google.com</ref> and ''Take Another Little Piece of My Heart: A Groupie Grows Up'' (1993)<ref>[[Pamela Des Barres]] (1992). [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781556528002 ''Take Another Little Piece of My Heart: A Groupie Grows Up''], Books.google.com</ref>—as well as another non-fiction book, ''Rock Bottom: Dark Moments in Music Babylon'', asserts that a groupie is to a rock band as [[Mary Magdalene]] was to [[Jesus]].<ref>''[[Publishers Weekly]]'', [http://www.amazon.com/Lets-Spend-Night-Together-Supergroupies/dp/1556527896 Review of ''Let's Spend the Night Together''] on [[Amazon.com]]</ref> Her most recent book, ''Let's Spend the Night Together'' (2007), is a collection of wildly varied interviews with classic "old school" groupies including Catherine James, [[Connie Hamzy]], [[Cherry Vanilla]], DeeDee Keel, and [[Margaret Moser]]. Des Barres described Keel as: "One of the most intimidating dolls ... a slim strawberry blonde who won the highly prized job of [[Whisky a Go Go|Whisky]] office manager after her predecessor [[Gail Zappa|Gail Sloatman]] met Frank Zappa and became what we all wanted to be." Keel was one of the few who has stayed connected in Hollywood and with bands for nearly four decades. Des Barres, who married rock singer/actor [[Michael Des Barres]], also persuaded cult actress [[Tura Satana]], singer and model [[Bebe Buell]], actress [[Patti D'Arbanville]], and [[Cassandra Peterson]], better known as "Elvira, Mistress of the Dark", to talk about their relationships with musicians.

Also according to Des Barres' book, there is at least one male groupie, Pleather, who followed female celebrities such as [[Courtney Love]] and members of the 1980s pop group [[The Pandoras]].<ref name=":0" />

The "groupie" label, as it was used in the music scene, has been criticized by some feminist scholars for diminishing the role that women played in supporting and creating music. Norma Coates, a scholar of media and cultural studies, notes that ''Rolling Stone''{{'}}s 1969 special report on groupies also included profiles of women who were not groupies at all but rather musicians in their own right.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Coates |first=Norma |title=Teenyboppers, Groupies, and Other Grotesques: Girls and Women and Rock Culture in the 1960s and Early 1970s |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249468959 |journal=Journal of Popular Music Studies |publication-date=June 2003 |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=65–94|doi=10.1111/j.1533-1598.2003.tb00115.x }}</ref> According to model and groupie Bebe Buell, groupies sometimes became music celebrities in their own right. Speaking about "baby" groupies [[Sable Starr]] and Lori Mattix, she stated, "Every rock star that came to L.A. wanted to meet them, it wasn't the other way around."<ref>{{Cite book |last1=McNeil |first1=Legs |title=Please Kill Me: The Uncensored Oral History of Punk |last2=McCain |first2=Gillian |publisher=Grove Press |year=2006 |isbn=9780802125361}}</ref> Music critic [[Ralph J. Gleason]] noted that as the prominence of the most well-known groupies increased, they became the "people that others looked to when determining whether a band was 'cool.'<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gleason |first=Ralph J. |title=The Age Of Rock: Sounds of the American Cultural Revolution |publisher=Random House |year=1969 |isbn=978-0394414164 |editor-last=Eisen |editor-first=Jonathan |location=New York |chapter=Like a Rolling Stone}}</ref>

== American space program ==
During the [[Project Mercury|Mercury]], [[Project Gemini|Gemini]], and [[Apollo program|Apollo]] American space programs in the 1960s, women would hang around the hotels of [[Clear Lake City (Greater Houston)|Clear Lake]] in Houston, home to many astronauts, and [[Cocoa Beach, Florida|Cocoa Beach]] in Florida near the rocket launching site at Cape Canaveral, "collecting" astronauts. Joan Roosa, wife of [[Apollo 14]] Command Module Pilot [[Stuart Roosa|Stu Roosa]], recalled: "I was at a party one night in Houston. A woman standing behind me, who had no idea who I was, said 'I've slept with every [[List of Apollo astronauts|astronaut who has been to the Moon]].' ... I said 'Pardon me, but I don't think so.{{'"}}<ref>{{cite book
 | last = Watkins
 | first = Billy
 | author2=Fred Haise
 | title = Apollo Moon Missions: The Unsung Heroes
 | publisher = Bison Books
 | year = 2007
 | page = 248
 | isbn = 978-0-8032-6041-2
 }}</ref>

== Sports ==
Groupies also play a role in sports. A [[puck bunny]] is an [[ice hockey]] [[fan (person)|fan]] whose interest in the sport is primarily motivated by [[sexual attraction]] to the players rather than enjoyment of the game itself.<ref>{{cite web| title = Puck Bunnies| last = Nallainathan | first = Maurika | work = The Vancouver Observer | date =November 16, 2006 | url = http://www.thevancouverobserver.com/cgi-bin/show_sitemap_article.cgi?ID=46| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071011071439/http://www.thevancouverobserver.com/cgi-bin/show_sitemap_article.cgi?ID=46| url-status = dead| archive-date = October 11, 2007}}</ref>  Primarily a Canadian term, it gained popular currency in the 21st century, and in 2004 was added to the second edition of the ''[[Canadian Oxford Dictionary]]'' which defines it as follows:<ref>{{cite web| title = 5,000 new words| publisher = [[CBC News]]| date = July 24, 2004| url = http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/language/| access-date = March 14, 2008 }}</ref>
<blockquote>'''Puck bunny''': a young female hockey fan, especially one motivated more by a desire to meet the players than by an interest in hockey.<ref>{{cite book| last = Barber| first =  Katherine | title = Canadian Oxford Dictionary, 2nd Edition| publisher = Oxford University Press| date = January 20, 2005| isbn = 978-0-19-541816-3 }}</ref></blockquote>

The term is somewhat analogous to the term "groupie" as it relates to [[rock and roll]] musicians. Sociological studies of the phenomenon in minor league hockey indicate that self-proclaimed "puck bunnies" are {{"'}}proud as punch' to have sex with the [players]", as it confers social status on them. However, these transitory relationships are often contrasted with those of [[girlfriend]]s, with whom players have more stable, long-term relationships.<ref>{{cite book| last = Messner| first = Michael A.| title = Taking the Field: Women, Men, Bobby Jones and Sports| url = https://archive.org/details/takingfieldwomen00mess_610| url-access = limited| publisher = University of Minnesota Press | year = 2002| pages = [https://archive.org/details/takingfieldwomen00mess_610/page/n67 45]| isbn = 978-0-8166-3449-1}}</ref>

"Buckle bunnies" are a well-known part of the world of [[rodeo]].<ref name="gauthier2000">{{cite journal| last=Gauthier| first=D. K.|author2=C. J. Forsyth|title=Buckle bunnies: groupies of the rodeo circuit| journal=[[Deviant Behavior (journal)|Deviant Behavior]]| year=2000| volume=21|issue=4| pages=349–365| doi=10.1080/016396200404131| s2cid=218523729}}</ref> The term comes from a slang term for women ("bunnies"), and from the prize [[belt buckle]]s awarded to the winners in rodeo, which are highly sought by the bunnies.<ref>Gwen Florio, "Whoa There, Little Lady, Eyes Forward: Cowgirls Can't Help Staring At Size Of A Cowboy's Buckle". ''[[Rocky Mountain News]]'', January 15, 2005. Copy available [https://web.archive.org/web/20141006183741/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-127142331.html here] {{Subscription required}} ("Rodeo cowboys might jealously compare the length of their rides, but for the women who love them, it's all about a real big buckle. Emphasis on real ... A dedicated 'buckle bunny' (sounds so much nicer than 'groupie') can tell at a glance who's gone the distance and who's never even gotten out of the chutes.")</ref> According to one report, bunnies "usually do not expect anything more than sex from the rodeo participants and vice versa".<ref name="gauthier2000" />

In a 1994 ''[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]'' magazine feature, [[Elizabeth Gilbert]] characterized buckle bunnies as an essential element of the rodeo scene, and described a particularly dedicated group of bunnies who are known on the rodeo circuit for their supportive attitude and generosity, going beyond sex, to "some fascination with providing the most macho group of guys on Earth with the only brand of nurturing they will accept".<ref>[[Elizabeth Gilbert]], "Buckle Bunnies", ''[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]'', September 1994, pp.78ff. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8X17JjiXfYYC&dq=%22buckle+bunny%22&pg=PA79 Copy available] at [[Google Books]].</ref>

Recently, in Irish sport, particularly in [[Gaelic Athletic Association]] sports the term "Jersey Puller" or "Jersey Tugger" has been used to describe females who are romantically interested in players.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.ie/woman/celeb-news/jersey-pullers-on-the-hunt-for-stray-players-29471129.html |title=Jersey pullers on the hunt for stray players |website=Independent.ie |date=August 4, 2013 |access-date=March 12, 2017}}</ref> The term refers to the pulling of a player's top. The term can range from individuals who look to be romantically linked with senior intercounty players to local players playing for their parish.{{Citation needed|date = August 2017}}

== In popular culture ==
{{inpopularculture|date=October 2023}}
=== Film ===
* ''Groupies'' (1970), documentary<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.dailymotion.com/playlist/x1v29k_groupieblog_groupies-1970-documentary/1#video=xabpj2 |title=Groupies |date=1970 |publisher=Dailymotion}}</ref>
* ''[[200 Motels]]'' (1971), by [[Frank Zappa]] about life on the road.
* ''[[Almost Famous]]'' (2000) depicts groupies who call themselves "band aids".
* ''[[The Banger Sisters]]'' (2002) depicts two middle-aged women who used to be friends and groupies when they were young.
* ''[[School of Rock]]'' (2003), referenced when Dewey Finn ([[Jack Black]]) (when creating a band and crew composed of [[College-preparatory school|prep school]] students) gives three schoolgirls the roles of groupies, until one of them—Summer Hathaway ([[Miranda Cosgrove]])—learns what a groupie is and is appalled; Dewey subsequently gives her the more important role of [[Talent manager|band manager]].
* ''Secret Lives of Women: Groupies'' (2009), a reality television spot featured the Beatle Bandaids (a modern day vintage groupie troupe), Pamela Des Barres, and the Plastics (professional groupies).
* In [[Woody Allen]]'s movie ''[[Midnight in Paris]]'' (2011), Gil Pender ([[Owen Wilson]]) comments that Adriana is taking the word "art groupie" to a whole new level.
* ''[[Evil Dead Rise]]'' (2023), the protagonist, Beth Bixler ([[Lily Sullivan]]), is constantly called a groupie by the deadite entities to mock her.

=== Literature ===
* {{cite book|title= I'm with the Band: Confessions of a Groupie|date=1987|author-link=Pamela Des Barres|last=Des Barres |first=Pamela |publisher=Chicago Review Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bmyW7ns3ycgC |isbn=9781556525896}}
* {{cite book|title=Take Another Little Piece of My Heart: A Groupie Grows Up|year=2008|last=Des Barres |first=Pamela|publisher=Chicago Review Press |orig-year=1992|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vVBgCeQ7G5EC |isbn=9781569766804}}
* {{cite book|last=Des Barres |first=Pamela |title=Rock Bottom: Dark Moments in Music Babylon|date=2008 |publisher=Chicago Review Press |isbn=978-1556527890 }}
* {{cite book|title=Let's Spend the Night Together: Backstage Secrets of Rock Muses and Supergroupies|url=https://archive.org/details/letsspendnightto00desb|url-access=registration|date=2007|last=Des Barres |first=Pamela|publisher=Chicago Review Press |isbn=9781556526688 }}
* {{cite book |author-link=Mary McCarthy (author)|last=McCarthy|first=Mary|title=The Company She Keeps|date=1942}}
* {{cite book|last=McLean |first=Malcolm |title=Freak Like Me: Confessions of a 90s Pop Groupie|date=2019|publisher=RedDoor Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OP1BwgEACAAJ |isbn=9781910453698}}
* {{cite book|last1=Fabian |first1=Jenny |last2=Byrne |first2=Johnny |title=Groupie|date=1969}}
* {{Cite book |last=Priscus |first=Sarah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3zdHEAAAQBAJ |title=Groupies |publisher= HarperCollins|year=2022 |isbn=978-0063218017}}
* {{cite book |title=Electric Ladyland: Women and Rock Culture |first=Lisa L. |last=Rhodes |year=2005 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |pages=156–176 |isbn=9780812238402}}
* {{cite book|author-link=Bill Wyman |last=Wyman |first=Bill|title=Bill Wyman, Stone Alone: The Story of a Rock 'n' Roll Band|publisher=[[Da Capo Press]]|date= 1997|isbn= 978-0306807831|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zi79b9a2o0sC&q=groupie%20%22bill%20wyman%22&pg=PA294 |page= 294}}

=== Music ===
==== Groupies ====
* [[The GTOs]] (Girls Together Outrageously), is a band organized by [[Frank Zappa]] in the late 1960s, composed of seven groupies:{{cn|date=May 2021}} Miss Pamela ([[Pamela Des Barres]] de facto spokeswoman), Miss Sparky (Linda Sue Parker), Miss Lucy (Lucy McLaren), Miss Christine (Christine Frka), Miss Sandra (Sandra Leano), Miss Mercy (Mercy Fontentot), and Miss Cynderella (Cynthia Cale-Binion)

==== Songs ====
* "Pick Me, I'm Clean" and "Road Ladies", both by Frank Zappa.
* On December 16, 2014, KXNG Crooked, a.k.a. [[Crooked I]] of Slaughterhouse ([[Shady Records]]) released a song called "Groupie" featuring Shalé, produced by Jonathan Hay and Mike Smith from the album ''[[Sex, Money and Hip-Hop]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2014/12/kxng-crooked-crooked-sex-money-hip-hop-dropping-december-16/ |title=KXNG Crooked's (Crooked I) Mixtape 'Sex, Money, & Hip Hop' Is Dropping December 16—XXL |website=Xxlmag.com |date=December 5, 2014 |access-date=March 12, 2017}}</ref>
* The song "La Groupie" featured by [[Reggaetón]] singers [[De La Ghetto]], Ñejo, Lui-G 21 Plus, [[Nicky Jam]] and [[Ñengo Flow]] contains explicit vocabulary and expressions for women considered as groupies.
* [[Michael Jackson]]'s songs "[[Dirty Diana]]" and "[[Billie Jean]]" both describe sexual encounters with groupies.
* The song "Look Away" by [[Iggy Pop]] was written for [[rock and roll]] groupie [[Sable Starr]].
* [[New Riders of the Purple Sage]] recorded a song titled "Groupie". The chorus goes "She really ain't no groupie/She said so in a movie/At least that's what she said to me."
* [[Bonnie Bramlett]] and [[Leon Russell]] wrote a song they titled "Groupie", which was recorded by [[Delaney & Bonnie]]. The song was covered by [[The Carpenters]] under the title "[[Superstar (Delaney and Bonnie song)|Superstar]]" and it became one of their most popular hits. Besides the title change, the duo changed the lyric in the second verse from "I can hardly wait to sleep with you again" to the somewhat less suggestive "I can hardly wait to '''be''' with you again."
* [[Grand Funk Railroad]] recorded their song "[[We're an American Band (song)|We're an American Band]]", which included the line "Sweet, sweet Connie was doing her act/She had the whole show and that's a natural fact." This lyric is referring to groupie Connie Hamzy.
* [[Dr. Hook & the Medicine Show]] recorded the novelty song "Roland the Roadie and Gertrude the Groupie".
* The song "Little Miss Honky Tonk" by [[Brooks & Dunn]] praises the singer's girlfriend stating "I wouldn't give her up for a thousand buckle bunnies."
* The song "[[Star Star]]" by [[The Rolling Stones]], originally titled "Starfucker", from their album ''[[Goats Head Soup]]'' (1973) is an infamous, profanity-laden song that speaks candidly of the groupie scene of the early 1970s.
* The song "[[Groupie Love]]" by [[Lana Del Rey]], featuring [[ASAP Rocky|A$AP Rocky]] off her album ''[[Lust for Life (Lana Del Rey album)|Lust for Life]]'' (2017), connotes the relationship between an artist with a type of fan—usually a young woman which seeks for emotional or sexual intimacy, involved in obsessive adoration of entertainers such as musicians, actors, athletes, and even political figures.
* The song "Famous Groupies" by the band [[Paul McCartney and Wings|Wings]] on the album ''[[London Town (Wings album)|London Town]]'' (1978) tells about a pair of groupies and the damage they leave behind.
* The song "[[Sick Again]]" by the band [[Led Zeppelin]] on their album ''[[Physical Graffiti]]'' (1975) is about the L.A. groupie scene in the early 1970s.<ref>{{cite book|first= Dave |last= Lewis |year= 1994 |title= The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin |publisher= [[Music Sales Group|Omnibus Press]] |isbn= 0-7119-3528-9}}</ref>
* The song "[[Summer '68]]" by the band [[Pink Floyd]] on their album ''[[Atom Heart Mother]]'' (1970) was written about keyboardist Richard Wright's encounter with a groupie.
* [[Stan Rogers]] described his song "You Can't Stay Here" on his album ''[[Northwest Passage (album)|Northwest Passage]]'' (1981) as "[a]n only slightly tongue-in-cheek look at the 'groupie' problem".
* The song "Psycho" by the band [[System of a Down]] on their album ''[[Toxicity (album)|Toxicity]]'' (2001) makes several references to groupies, such as the line "So you want to see the show? You really don't have to be a ho. From the time you were a Psycho, groupie, cocaine, crazy."
* The [[King Crimson]] song "Ladies of the Road", included on their 1971 album ''[[Islands (King Crimson album)|Islands]]'', details sexual fantasies about various groupies.<ref>{{cite book |last=Stump |first=Paul |title=The Music's All that Matters: A History of Progressive Rock |date=1997 |publisher=Quartet Books Limited |isbn=0-7043-8036-6 |page=133}}</ref>

=== Television ===
* In ''[[Sons of Anarchy]]'', the groupies who hang around the fictional SOA motorcycle club are referred to as "Crow Eaters"; in [[Sons of Anarchy (season 6)|season 6]], [[Jax Teller|Jax's]] ex-wife Wendy tells [[Tara Knowles|Tara]], Margaret, and Lowen she was a "Crow Eater" for a year before marrying Jax.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary}}
* {{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/tales-of-a-rock-star-love-affair-slashs-wife-talks-groupie-antics-finding-hubby-in-rolling-stone-20070731 |title=Tales of a Rock-Star Love Affair: Slash's Wife Talks Groupie Antics, Finding Hubby |magazine=Rolling Stone}}
* {{cite news|url=http://www.austinchronicle.com/gyrobase/Issue/story?oid=oid%3A78202 |title=Lust for Life: Memoirs of an Unrepentant Groupie|work=Austin Chronicle|author=Moser, Margaret Moser}}
* [https://beneaththesummermoon.wordpress.com/2024/10/06/led-zeppelins-controversial-and-abusive-history/ Led Zeppelin's Abuse of Groupies]
* {{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/2001-11-26-manlymen.htm |work=USA Today |title=Manly Men |date=November 26, 2001}} Article about firefighter and police groupies after 9/11/01.

{{Fandom}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Groupies| ]]
[[Category:Human sexuality]]
[[Category:Women and sexuality]]
[[Category:Lifestyles]]