View source for Guyenne

{{Short description|Medieval Duchy in Kingdom of France}}
{{For|the French wine grape|Mondeuse noire}}
[[File:Map_France_1477-en.svg|thumb|France in 1477, when Guyenne (southwest) was a part of the royal domain]]
[[File:Gouvernement_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_de_Guienne_et_Gascogne_(Jaillot,_1733).jpg|thumb|The ''gouvernement général'' of Guyenne and Gascony in 1733]]
'''Guyenne''' or '''Guienne''' ({{IPAc-en|ɡ|i|ˈ|j|ɛ|n}} {{respell|ghee|YEN}}, {{IPA|fr|ɡɥijɛn|lang}}; {{langx|oc|Guiana}} {{IPA|oc|ˈɡjanɔ|}}) was an old [[Provinces of France|French province]] which corresponded roughly to the Roman province of ''[[Aquitania Secunda]]'' and the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bordeaux|Catholic archdiocese of Bordeaux]].

{{anchor|Etymology|Toponymy}}

==Name==
The name "Guyenne" comes from ''Aguyenne'', a popular transformation of ''Aquitania''.<ref>Xavier de Planhol, ''An Historical Geography of France'' (Cambridge, 1994), p. 168.</ref> In the 12th century it formed, along with [[duchy of Gascony|Gascony]], the [[duchy of Aquitaine]], which passed under the dominion of the kings of England by the marriage of [[Eleanor of Aquitaine]] to [[Henry II of England|Henry II]].<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|wstitle=Guienne|volume=12}}</ref>

==History==
In the 13th century, as a result of the conquests of [[Philip II of France|Philip II]], [[Louis VIII of France|Louis VIII]] and [[Louis IX of France|Louis IX]], Guyenne was confined within the narrower limits fixed by the [[1259 Treaty of Paris]] and became distinct from Aquitaine. Guyenne then comprised the [[Bordeaux|Bordelais]] (the old countship of Bordeaux), the [[Bazadais]], part of [[Périgord]], [[Limousin]], [[Quercy]] and [[Rouergue]], and the [[Agenais]] ceded by [[Philip III of France|Philip III]] to [[Edward I of England|Edward I]] in the [[1279 Treaty of Amiens]]. Still united with Gascony, it formed a duchy extending from the [[Charente (river)|Charente River]] to the [[Pyrenees]] mountains. This duchy was held as a [[fief]] on the terms of [[Homage (feudal)|homage]] to the French kings and, both [[Gascon War|in 1296]] and 1324, it was confiscated by the kings of France on the ground that there had been a failure in the [[feudal duties]].<ref name="EB1911"/>

By the 1360 [[Treaty of Brétigny]], King [[Edward III of England]] acquired the full sovereignty of the duchy of Guyenne, together with [[Aunis]], [[County of Saintonge|Saintonge]], [[Angoumois]], and [[Poitou]]. Soon after, the victories of [[Bertrand du Guesclin]] and [[Gaston III, Count of Foix]], restored the duchy to its 13th-century limits. In 1451, it was conquered and finally united to the French crown by [[Charles VII of France|Charles{{nbsp}}VII]]. In 1469, [[Louis XI]] gave it in exchange for the territories of [[Count of Champagne|Champagne and Brie]] to his brother [[Charles, Duke of Berry (1446–1472)|Charles, Duke of Berry]], after whose death in 1472 it again became part of the [[crown lands of France|royal domain]].<ref name="EB1911"/>

Guyenne then formed a government (''{{lang|fr|gouvernement général}}'') which from the 17th century onwards was united with Gascony.<ref name="EB1911"/> In 1779, [[Louis XVI]] convened the provincial assemblies of Guyenne and considered expanding the assembly to other provinces, but abandoned this idea after experiencing the opposition of the privileged classes in Guyenne.<ref>{{cite book
 | title=The Great French Revolution, 1789-1793
 | chapter=Chapter 5
 | author=[[Peter Kropotkin]]
 | year=1909
 | quote=The weapon used by [[Louis XVI]], in preference to all others was deceit. Only fear made him yield, and, using always the same weapons, deceit and hypocrisy, he resisted not only up to 1789, but even up to the last moment, to the very foot of tile scaffold. At any rate, in 1778, at a time when it was already evident to all minds of more or less perspicacity, as it was to [[Anne Robert Jacques Turgot|Turgot]] and [[Jacques Necker|Necker]], that the absolute power of the King had had its day, and that the hour had come for replacing it by some kind of national representation, Louis XVI could never be brought to make any but the feeblest concessions. He convened the provincial assemblies of the provinces of Berri and Haute-Guienne (1778 and 1779). But in face of the opposition shown by the privileged classes, the plan of extending these assemblies to the other provinces was abandoned, and Necker was dismissed in 1781.
 | translator=N. F. Dryhurst
 | publisher=New York: Vanguard Printings
 | url=http://www.revoltlib.com/?id=217
}}</ref> The government of Guyenne and Gascony (''{{lang|fr|Guienne et Gascogne}}''), with its capital at Bordeaux, lasted until the end of the {{lang|fr|[[Ancien Régime]]}} in 1792. Under the [[French Revolution]], the [[departments of France|departments]] formed from Guyenne proper were those of [[Gironde]], [[Lot-et-Garonne]], [[Dordogne]], [[Lot (department)|Lot]], [[Aveyron]] and the chief part of [[Tarn-et-Garonne]].<ref name="EB1911"/>

==See also==
* [[Guyenne War]]

== References ==
===Citations===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite journal |last=Pépin |first=Guilhem |title=Les cris de guerre " Guyenne ! " et " Saint Georges ! " |journal=Le Moyen Âge |issue=2 |year=2006 |volume=112 |pages=263–81 |url=http://www.cairn.info/revue-le-moyen-age-2006-2-page-263.htm |doi=10.3917/rma.122.0263|url-access=subscription }}
{{refend}}

{{Historic Provinces of France}}

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[[Category:Guyenne| ]]
[[Category:Former provinces of France]]
[[Category:History of Aquitaine]]
[[Category:Geography of Aveyron]]
[[Category:Geography of Charente]]
[[Category:Geography of Corrèze]]
[[Category:Geography of Dordogne]]
[[Category:Geography of Gironde]]
[[Category:Geography of Lot (department)]]
[[Category:Geography of Lot-et-Garonne]]
[[Category:Geography of Tarn-et-Garonne]]
[[Category:History of Nouvelle-Aquitaine]]
[[Category:History of Occitania (administrative region)]]
[[Category:History of Aveyron]]
[[Category:History of Charente]]
[[Category:History of Corrèze]]
[[Category:History of Dordogne]]
[[Category:History of Gironde]]
[[Category:History of Lot (department)]]
[[Category:History of Lot-et-Garonne]]
[[Category:History of Tarn-et-Garonne]]