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{{Short description|American poet and novelist (1886–1961)}}
{{Other uses}}
{{featured article}}
{{Use American English|date=October 2022}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox poet
| name             = H.D.
| image            = H.D. in Tendencies in Modern American Poetry, 1917 - cropped.jpg
| caption          = H.D. {{Circa|1917}}
| birth_name       = Hilda Doolittle
| birth_date       = {{Birth date|1886|9|10}}
| birth_place      = [[Bethlehem, Pennsylvania]], U.S.
| death_date       = {{Death date and age|1961|9|27|1886|9|10}}
| death_place      = [[Zürich]], Switzerland
| occupation       = {{cslist|Poet|novelist|memoirist}}
| alma_mater       = [[Bryn Mawr College]]
| signature        = "H.D." signature (Tendencies in Modern American Poetry, 1917).svg
| signature_alt    = "H.D."
| signature_size   = 70px
}}

'''Hilda Doolittle''' (September 10, 1886&nbsp;– September 27, 1961) was an American [[Modernist poetry in English|modernist poet]], novelist, and memoirist who [[Pen name|wrote under the name]] '''H.D.''' throughout her life. Her career began in 1911 after she moved to London and co-founded the avant-garde [[Imagism|Imagist]] group of poets with American expatriate poet and critic [[Ezra Pound]]. During this early period, her minimalist [[free verse]] poems depicting [[Classics|Classical]] motifs drew international attention. Eventually distancing herself from the Imagist movement, she experimented with a wider variety of forms, including fiction, memoir, and [[verse drama]]. Reflecting the trauma she experienced in London during [[the Blitz]], H.D.'s poetic style from [[World War II]] until her death pivoted towards complex [[long poem]]s on [[Western esotericism|esoteric]] and [[pacifism|pacifist]] themes.

H.D. was born in [[Bethlehem, Pennsylvania]], to wealthy and educated parents. Discovering her [[bisexuality]], she had her first same-sex relationship while attending [[Bryn Mawr College]] between 1904 and 1906. After years of friendship, H.D. became engaged to Pound and followed him to London in 1911, where he championed her work. Their relationship soon fell apart, however, and H.D. instead married the Imagist poet [[Richard Aldington]] in 1913. In 1918, she met the novelist [[Bryher (novelist)|Bryher]], who became her romantic partner and close friend until her death. An associate literary editor of the ''[[The Egoist (periodical)|Egoist]]'' journal between 1916 and 1917, H.D. was published by ''[[The English Review]]'' and ''[[The Transatlantic Review]]''. During [[World War I]], both her brother and father died, and she separated from Aldington. She was treated by [[Sigmund Freud]] during the 1930s, as she sought to address and understand both her war trauma and bisexuality.{{sfn|Davies|1997|p=39}}

H.D. was keenly interested in [[Ancient Greek literature]]<ref name="Duncan">{{Cite book |last=Duncan |first=Robert |title=The H.D. Book |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=2011 |isbn=9780520272620 |editor-last=Boughn |editor-first=Michael |editor-link= |location= |pages= |editor-last2=Coleman |editor-first2=Victor |editor-last3= |editor-first3= |editor-link3=}}</ref> and published numerous [[Greek (language)|Greek]] translations. Her poems routinely drew from [[Greek mythology]] and classical poets, from her earliest Imagist lyrics which depicted natural landscapes using Hellenistic motifs, to her 1950s long poem ''Helen in Egypt'' which reinterpreted the myth of the [[Trojan War]]. Raised [[Moravian Church|Moravian]] by her family, and first introduced to [[occult]] and esoteric religious ideas by Pound in her youth, H.D. gradually developed a unique [[Religious syncretism|syncretic]] spiritual worldview. H.D.'s spiritual devotion intensified during and after [[World War II]], and her syncretic ideas became the central focus of her later writing.

While H.D. wrote in a wide range of genres and modes over her career, during her lifetime she was known almost exclusively for her early Imagist poems.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=Poetry Speaks: Hear Great Poets Read Their Work from Tennyson to Plath |publisher=[[Sourcebooks MediaFusion]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-57071-720-8 |editor-last=Paschen |editor-first=Elise |editor-link=Elise Paschen |location=Naperville, Illinois |pages=82 |editor-last2=Mosby |editor-first2=Rebekah Presson |editor-last3=Raccah |editor-first3=Dominique |editor-link3=Dominique Raccah |editor-last4=Pinsky |editor-first4=Robert |editor-link4=Robert Pinsky |editor-last5=Dove |editor-first5=Rita |editor-link5=Rita Dove |editor-last6=Gioia |editor-first6=Dana |editor-link6=Dana Gioia}}</ref> Following a reappraisal by feminist critics in the 1970s and 1980s, the significance of her late long poems and prose works was increasingly recognized, and she has come to be understood as a central figure in the history of [[modernist literature]].

==Early life and education==
Hilda Doolittle was born on September 10, 1886, in the [[Moravian Church|Moravian]] community of [[Bethlehem, Pennsylvania]].{{sfn|Guest|1984|p=9}} Her father, Charles, was professor of astronomy at [[Lehigh University]] in Bethlehem,{{sfn|Downs|2000|p=87}} and her mother, Helen ({{nee}} Wolle),{{sfn|Pearson|Dembo|1969|p=437}} was a member of the Moravian brotherhood. Hilda had five brothers. When her father was appointed professor of astronomy at the [[University of Pennsylvania]] to take charge of the Flower Observatory in [[Philadelphia]],{{sfnm |1a1=Gates |1y=1992 |1p=5 |2a1=Moody |2y=2009 |2p=34}} the family moved to [[Upper Darby Township, Pennsylvania|Upper Darby]].

She attended [[Friends' Central School]] in Philadelphia, and graduated in 1905. She delivered a commencement address, titled "The Poet's Influence".{{sfn|Silverstein|1990|pp=32–33}} She enrolled at [[Bryn Mawr College]] in 1905 to study [[Greek literature]],{{sfn|King|1981|p=348}} where she met the poets [[Marianne Moore]] and [[William Carlos Williams]]. After three terms of poor grades, H.D. withdrew from the college, and studied at home until 1910.{{sfnm |1a1=Lewis |1y=2021 |2a1=Barnstone |2y=1998 |2p=78}}

H.D. met poet [[Ezra Pound]] as a teenager in 1901. Pound became a lifelong friend and played a formative role in her development as a writer. In 1905, Pound and H.D. began an on-and-off relationship{{sfn|Barnstone|1998|p=78}} which included at least two engagements.{{sfn|Silverstein|1990|p=32}} Although his parents were in favor of the relationship, her parents strongly objected.{{sfnm |1a1=King |1y=1981 |1p=348 |2a1=Barnstone |2y=1998 |2p=78}} In 1907, Pound gave her ''Hilda's Book'', a handmade [[vellum]] binding of twenty-five of his earliest love poems, which he dedicated to her.{{sfn|King|1981|p=347}}

In 1910, Doolittle began a relationship with Frances Josepha Gregg, a young female art student at the [[Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts]] in Philadelphia.{{sfn|Silverstein|1990|pp=33}} Inspired by Gregg, H.D. wrote her first published poems, modeled after the work of [[Theocritus]].{{sfn|Friedman|DuPlessis|1990b|p=209}} Some of her early work, including some children's stories about astronomy, was published in New York newspapers and [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian]] newsletters.{{sfnm |1a1=Pearson |1a2=Dembo |1y=1969 |1p=437 |2a1=Bryer |2a2=Roblyer |2y=1969 |2p=632}}

==Career==
===Imagism===
{{Further|Imagism}}
In May 1911, H.D. traveled to London on a vacation with Gregg and Gregg's mother; Gregg returned home, but H.D. stayed to develop a career as a writer. Pound introduced her to his friends, including English writer [[Brigit Patmore]]. Patmore introduced her to [[Richard Aldington]], who became her husband in 1913. The three lived in Church Walk in [[Kensington]]; Pound resided at no. 10, Aldington at no. 8, and H.D. at no. 6, and they gathered to work daily in the [[British Museum Reading Room]].{{sfnm |1a1=Moody |1y=2009 |1p=180 |2a1=Hollenberg |2y=2022 |2pp=35–36}}

Pound began to meet with other poets in London to discuss ideas for reforming contemporary poetry.{{sfn|Wilhelm|1990|pp=31–34}} Like most [[modernists]] in different artistic fields, she sought to "make it new",{{sfn|Hughes|1990|p=375}} which they accomplished by incorporating [[free verse]], the brevity of the [[tanka]] and [[haiku]] forms, and the removal of unnecessary verbiage. Pound, H.D. and Aldington became known as the "three original Imagists"{{sfn|Gates|1992|p=5}} and published a three-point manifesto proclaiming the edicts of Imagism. According to Pound:{{sfnm |1a1=Hatlen |1y=1995 |1p=109 |2a1=Pound |2y=1954 |2p=3}} {{blockquote| We were agreed upon the three principles following:
# Direct treatment of the 'thing' whether subjective or objective.
# To use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation.
# As regarding rhythm: to compose poetry in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in sequence of a metronome.}}

During a 1912 conversation with Pound, H.D. told him that she found "Hilda Doolittle" to be an old fashioned and "quaint" name; he suggested the signature H.D., an abbreviation she kept for the remainder of her career.{{sfn|Barnstone|1998|p=79}} After he "scrawled the name ''H.D. Imagiste''" at the bottom of the page of her poem "Hermes of the Ways", she adopted H.D. as a pen.{{sfn|Pondrom|1990|p=87}} Privately he called her "[[Dryad]]".{{sfn|Moody|2009|p=35}}

In October 1912, under the rubric ''Imagiste'', Pound submitted a selection of H.D.'s poems to [[Harriet Monroe]], founder of the magazine ''[[Poetry (magazine)|Poetry]]'', which was founded that year. In the January 1913 issue, three of her poems were published, "Hermes of the Ways", which Pound described as "this is poetry" after reading, "Priapus: Keeper of Orchards", later renamed "Orchard", and "Epigram". Three poems by Aldington were also published in the issue.{{sfnm |1a1=Pondrom |1y=1990 |1p=87 |2a1=Korg |2y=2003 |2p=31}} These early poems are informed by her reading of [[Ancient Greece|Classical Greek]] literature, especially of [[Sappho]],{{sfn|Keeling|1998|pp=176–177, 189}} an interest she shared with Aldington and Pound. Her Imagist poetry is characterized by sparse language{{sfn|Gill|2005|pp=560–561}} and a classical, austere purity,{{sfn|Ward|1970|pp=241}} exemplified by one of her earliest and best-known poems, "[[Oread (poem)|Oread]]" (1915):{{sfn|Kammer|1979|p=157}}

{{blockquote|<poem>
Whirl up, sea—
whirl your pointed pines,
splash your great pines
on our rocks,
hurl your green over us,
cover us with your pools of fir.
</poem>}}

The style was not without its critics. In a dedicated Imagist issue of ''[[The Egoist (periodical)|The Egoist]]'' magazine in May 1915, [[Harold Monro]], an English poet, labeled H.D. the "truest Imagist" but dismissed her early work as "petty poetry", denoting "either poverty of imagination or needlessly excessive restraint".{{sfn|Sinclair|1927}} In contrast, a 1927 review by the British modernist author and critic [[May Sinclair]] described "Oread{{" '}}s brevity as a "miracle" and criticized Monro for not recognizing it.{{sfn|Sinclair|1927}}

===World War I and after===
[[File:(Edward Godfree) Richard Aldington by Howard Coster 10 x 8 inch film negative, 1931.jpg|thumb|English writer and poet [[Richard Aldington]] in 1931; he and H.D. married in 1913 but soon became estranged, divorcing in 1938.]]
In 1913, H.D. married [[Richard Aldington]]. The following year, Pound married the English artist [[Dorothy Shakespear]].{{sfnm |1a1=Barnstone |1y=1998 |1p=79 |2a1=Pearson |2a2=Dembo |2y=1969 |2p=437}} H.D. and Aldington's only child, a daughter, was stillborn in 1915. He enlisted in the [[British Army]], and she took his place as assistant editor of ''The Egoist'', serving for the next year.{{sfn|Silverstein|1990|p=35}} In 1916, H.D.'s first book, ''Sea Garden'', was published. Meanwhile, H.D. and Aldington drifted apart; he reportedly took a mistress in 1917, and she started a close but platonic relationship with the English writer [[D.&nbsp;H. Lawrence]].{{sfn|Firchow|1980|pp=51–76}}

In 1918, H.D.'s brother Gilbert was killed in action. She moved to [[Cornwall]] that March with the Scottish composer [[Cecil Gray (composer)|Cecil Gray]], a friend of Lawrence. She became pregnant with Gray's child,{{sfn|Downs|2000|p=88}} but by the time she realized she was expecting, the relationship had cooled and Gray had returned to London.{{sfn|Korg|2003|p=50}} H.D. learned that her father died, having never recovered from Gilbert's death.{{sfn|Lewis|2021}} Despondent and sick with the [[Spanish flu]], she came close to death during the birth of their daughter Perdita Aldington in 1919.{{sfnm |1a1=Friedman |1y=1990 |1p=9 |2a1=Firchow |2y=1980 |2p=54}}

H.D. and Aldington tried to salvage their relationship but failed, in part because of his post-war [[post-traumatic stress disorder]], but especially because of her pregnancy with Gray. They became estranged, and later divorced in 1938.{{sfn|Kelvin|2000|pp=179–180}}

In July 1918, she met the wealthy English novelist [[Bryher (novelist)|Bryher]] (Annie Winifred Ellerman) in [[Cornwall]], and the two began a relationship.{{sfn|Parker|2014|p=132}} Bryher was several years younger than H.D., a lesbian, and equally non-conformist.<ref name="nyt1" />{{sfn|McCabe|2021|p=12}} Both women were unusually tall, a fact that made H.D. self-conscious.{{sfn|McCabe|2021|p=12}} The two lived together on and off until 1950.{{sfn|DuPlessis|Friedman|1981|p=417}} Both had numerous other partners, but Bryher was H.D.'s lover for the rest of her life.<ref name="nyt1" /> Bryher entered a [[marriage of convenience]] with the American writer and publisher [[Robert McAlmon]], allowing him to use some of her wealth to fund his Paris-based Contact Press publishing house.{{sfn|Caserio|2004|pp=400–402}} In 1923, H.D. and Bryher traveled to Egypt for the [[Discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun|opening of Tutankhamun's tomb]], before settling in Switzerland.{{sfn|Lewis|2021}}

She wrote one of her few known statements on poetics, ''Notes on Thought and Vision'', in 1919, although it was not published until 1982.{{sfn|DuPlessis|1986|p=40}} In it, she speaks of poets (including herself) as belonging to a kind of elite group of visionaries with the power to "turn the whole tide of human thought".{{sfn|McCabe|2021|p=81}} During this time, she incorporated [[Feminism|feminist]] ideas into her poems.<ref name=":0" />

===Poetry cycles, novels and psychoanalysis===
[[File:H.D. in 1922.jpg|left|thumb|H.D. at approximately age 36 in 1922|alt=A portrait of H.D. looking to her left]]
Poetry and novella cycles are a feature of H.D.'s early 1920s writing.{{sfn|Hokanson|1992|pp=839–840}} The first, "Magna Graeca", consists of the poems ''Palimpsest'' (1921) and ''Hedylus'' (1928), which use classical settings to explore the role of a poet, particularly a female poet's value in a patriarchal literary culture. The following cycles, "[[HERmione]]", "Bid Me to Live", "Paint It Today", and "Asphodel" are largely autobiographical and preoccupied with the development of the female artist and the conflict between heterosexual and lesbian desire. The novellas ''Kora and Ka'' and ''The Usual Star'' from the ''Borderline'' cycle were published in 1933, followed by ''Pilate's Wife'', ''Mira-Mare'' and ''Nights''.{{sfn|Hokanson|1992|pp=839–840}}

In 1927, H.D.'s mother died.{{sfn|McCabe|2021|p=xvii}} Bryher divorced McAlmon that year to marry [[Kenneth Macpherson]], then H.D.'s male lover.<ref name="nyt2" /><ref name="org">{{cite web |title='Bryher 1894–1983 |url=https://poets.org/poet/bryher |website=[[Academy of American Poets]] |access-date=September 21, 2022}}</ref> Bryher, Macpherson and H.D. lived and traveled together through Europe together in what the [[New York School (art)|New York School]] poet [[Barbara Guest]] termed a "menagerie of three".<ref name="nyt1">{{cite news |last1=Kakutani |first1=Michiko |title=Books of The Times: ''Herself Defined. The Poet H. D. and Her World'' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/01/04/books/books-of-the-times-151951.html |access-date=June 25, 2022 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=January 4, 1984 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821043308/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/01/04/books/books-of-the-times-151951.html |archive-date=August 21, 2022 |url-status=live |url-access=limited }}</ref> Bryher adopted H.D.'s daughter, Perdita, while still married to Macpherson: leading to the change of name to Perdita Macpherson.{{sfn|Scott|1995}}<ref name="nyt2" />{{sfn|McCabe|2005|p=128}} Later, Bryher named Perdita as heir to her will.<ref name="org" /> They moved to the shores of [[Lake Geneva]] where they lived in a [[Bauhaus]] villa.{{sfn|Schaffner|2002}} H.D. became pregnant in 1928 and got an abortion.{{sfn|Friedman|2002|p=567}}

In 1927, Bryher and Macpherson founded the monthly magazine, ''[[Close Up (magazine)|Close Up]]'', as a venue for the discussion of cinema.{{sfn|Lewis|2021}} That year the independent film cinema group POOL or [[Pool Group]] was established (largely funded with Bryher's inheritance) and was managed by all three.{{sfn|Connor|2004|p=19}} In the 1930 POOL film ''[[Borderline (1930 film)|Borderline]]'', the actors were H.D. and Bryher and the couple [[Paul Robeson|Paul]] and [[Eslanda Goode Robeson|Eslanda Robeson]], the latter appearing as wife and husband.{{sfn|Walton|1997|p=88}} The film explores extreme psychic states, racism, and interracial relationships.{{sfn|Walton|1997|pp=89–90}} H.D. wrote an explanatory pamphlet to accompany the film.{{sfn|Mandel|1980|pp=127,135}}

In 1928, H.D. began psychoanalysis with the [[Freudian]] [[Hanns Sachs]].{{sfn|Lewis|2021}} In 1933, she traveled to [[Vienna]] in 1933 for analysis with [[Sigmund Freud]].{{sfn|Guest|1984|pp=207–208}} Her interest in Freud's theories began in 1909 after she read his works in its original [[German (language)|German]].{{sfn|McCabe|2005|p=133}} She was referred to Freud by Bryher's psychoanalyst because of her apparent paranoia about the rise of [[Adolf Hitler]]. [[World War I]] left her feeling shattered; she lost her brother in action, her father died in reaction to the loss of his son, her husband was traumatized by combat, and she believed that the shock at hearing of the sinking the [[RMS Lusitania|RMS ''Lusitania'']] indirectly caused the miscarriage of her child.{{sfn|Willis|2007|p=86}} H.D. undertook two series of analysis with Freud from March to May 1933 and from October to November 1934.{{sfn|DuPlessis|Friedman|1981|p=417}} At Freud's suggestion, H.D. wrote ''Bid me to Live'', which was not published until 1960, and in which she details her traumatic war experiences.{{sfn|Chisholm|1990|p=96}} ''Writing on the Wall'', an impressionistic memoir of the sessions and a reevaluation of the importance of Freud's psychoanalysis, was written concurrently with ''Trilogy'' and published in 1944; in 1956, it was published under the title ''Tribute to Freud''.{{sfn|Friedman|1975|p=801}} ''Advent'', based on the journal she kept during her analysis, was added to ''Tribute to Freud'' when it was reissued in 1974.

===World War II===
[[File:Man Ray, 1923, Bryher.jpg|thumb|A 1923 photo of [[Bryher (novelist)|Bryher]] by [[Man Ray]]|alt=A portrait of Bryher, sitting and facing her left]]
Hilda and [[Bryher (novelist)|Bryher]] spent [[World War II]] in London. While there, her daughter Perdita became a secretary of the [[Office of Strategic Services]] (OSS).{{sfn|Schaffner|2002}} Between 1941 and 1943 H.D. wrote ''The Gift'', a short memoir of her childhood in Bethlehem that details the people and events that shaped her.{{sfn|Morris|1986|pp=517–518}} She began the ''Trilogy'' series in 1942, comprising three long, unrhyming, and complex volumes of poems: ''The Walls do not Fall'' (1944), ''Tribute to the Angels'' (1945) and ''The Flowering of the Rod'' (1946). H.D. wrote the first while living in London and details her reactions to [[the Blitz]] and World War II. The following two books compare the ruins of London to those of [[ancient Egypt]] and [[classical Greece]]; the former of which she had seen during a 1923 visit.<ref>{{cite web |title=''The Walls Do Not Fall'' by H.D. |url=https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/the-walls-do-not-fall-by-hd |website=[[British Library]] |access-date=June 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625201339/https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/the-walls-do-not-fall-by-hd |archive-date=June 25, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> The opening lines of ''The Walls do not Fall'' clearly and immediately signal her break with her earlier work:<ref>Anthology. "Sagetrieb" (2008).  University of Michigan. p. 49.</ref>

{{blockquote|<poem>
An incident here and there,
and rails gone (for guns)
from your (and my) old town square.
</poem>}}

H.D.'s relationship with Bryher ended just after the war, although they remained in contact. She moved to Switzerland where she had a severe mental breakdown in the spring of 1946 and took refuge in a clinic until the autumn of that year. She lived in Switzerland for the rest of her life.{{sfn|Pearson|Dembo|1969|p=436}} In the late 1950s, she underwent further treatment with the psychoanalyst Erich Heydt, who supported her while she wrote ''End to Torment'', a memoir of her relationship with Pound.{{sfn|Friedman|1981|pp=20–21}}

===Later work===
[[File:HD Plaque.jpg|thumb|A commemorative plaque at 44 [[Mecklenburgh Square]] in London]]
H.D.'s later work drew heavily from her eclectic blend of [[Christianity]], Ancient [[Ancient Greek religion|Greek]] and [[Ancient Egyptian religion|Egyptian]] religion, [[Spiritualism (movement)|Spiritualism]],{{sfn|Robinson|2016|p=5}}  [[Hermeticism]],{{sfn|Anderson|2013|p=3}} [[Martinism]] and [[Christian Cabala|Cabala]] via the works of [[Robert Ambelain]],{{sfn|Robinson|2016|p=6}} [[alchemy]],{{sfn|Robinson|2016|p=50}}  [[tarot card reading|tarot]],{{sfn|Robinson|2016|p=22}}  [[astrology]],{{sfn|Robinson|2016|p=50}} and Freudian psychoanalysis. She used the medium of the [[long poem]] to explore and communicate this mix of spiritualities.{{sfn|Hatlen|2004|p=497}}

Between 1952 and 1955, while in her 60s, H.D. wrote her longest poem, ''Helen in Egypt''. It was not published until just before her death in 1961.{{sfn|Wagner|1969|p=523}} It is based [[Euripides]]' trilogy drama ''[[Helen (play)|Helen]]'', but imagines [[Helen of Troy]]'s life after [[Trojan War|the fall of Troy]] and her relocation to Egypt. The poem reconstructs the source material into a feminist reinterpretation,{{sfnm |1a1=Glaser |1y=2005 |1p=91 |2a1=Twitchell-Waas |2y=1998 |2pp=464–465}} and has thus been described as "exploring ... [but] ... concluding" the themes as her earlier work.{{sfn|Wagner|1969|p=523}} ''Helen in Egypt''s long form and wide historical span has been seen as a response to Pound's ''[[The Cantos|Cantos]]'', which she admired. In ''End to Torment'' she approved of [[Norman Holmes Pearson]]'s labeling of ''Helen in Egypt'' as "her 'cantos{{' "}}.{{sfn|Twitchell-Waas|1998|pp=464, 479}}

A compilation of her late poems were published posthumously in 1972 under the title ''Hermetic Definition''.{{sfn|Friedman|1975|p=801}} The book takes as its starting points her love for a man 30 years her junior and the line "so slow is the rose to open" from Pound's ''Canto 106''. "Sagesse", which she wrote in bed having broken her hip in a fall, serves as a [[coda (music)|coda]] to ''Trilogy'', being partly written in the voice of a young female Blitz survivor who finds herself living in fear of the [[Nuclear weapon#Fission bombs|atom bomb]].{{sfn|Bancroft|2021|p=312}} "Winter Love" was written during the same period as ''End to Torment'' and uses as narrator the [[Homer]]ic figure of [[Penelope]] to restate the material of the memoir in poetic form. At one time, H.D. considered appending this poem as a coda to ''Helen in Egypt.''{{sfn|Friedman|1975|p=808}}

She returned to the U.S. in 1960, when she was the first woman to be recognized with  the Award of Merit Medal for poetry from the [[American Academy of Arts and Letters]].{{sfnm |1a1=Silverstein |1y=1990 |1p=45 |2a1=Lohser |2a2=Newton |2y=1996 |2p=40}}

==Death==
H.D was left gravely ill after a [[stroke]] in July 1961 and was taken to the [[Hirslanden Private Hospital Group|Klinik Hirslanden]] in [[Zürich]], where she died on September 27.{{sfn|Guest|1984|pp=332–333}} She was survived by Bryher and her daughter Perdita.<ref name="nyt2">{{cite news |last1=Delatiner |first1=Barbarao |title=New Library Evokes 'Lost Generation' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/06/15/nyregion/new-library-evokes-lost-generation.html?auth=login-google1tap&login=google1tap |access-date=September 21, 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=June 15, 1986 |url-access=limited}}</ref>

Her ashes were brought to [[Bethlehem, Pennsylvania]], where they were buried in the family plot in Nisky Hill Cemetery on October 28, 1961. Her headstone is inscribed with lines from her early poem "Epitaph":{{sfn|H.D.|1983|p=299}}

{{blockquote|<poem>
So you may say,
Greek flower; Greek ecstasy
reclaims forever
one who died
following intricate song's
lost measure.
</poem>}}

==Appraisal==
During her career, H.D. wrote a large number of works in a variety of styles and formats. They evolved from lyrics written in the 1910s, such as ''Sea Garden'', through her early period Imagist poems and free verse, to her complex long poems ''Trilogy'' (written 1942–1944), ''Helen in Egypt'' (1952–1955), ''Vale Ave'' (1957), and the 1971 collection ''Hermetic Definition'', consisting of the title poem (1961), "Sagesse" (1957), and "Winter Love" (1959). During her lifetime, her later poems, novels, and numerous translations of classical works were rarely studied or taught, and only her early poems, "Oread" and "Heat", appeared in anthologies. For decades, her reputation was as an Imagist who peaked in the 1920s; a consignment the literary critic Susan Friedman believes placed H.D. as "a captive and in prison".{{sfn|Friedman|1975|pp=801–802}} In 1972, [[Hugh Kenner]] wrote that assigning her as just an Imagist poet was similar to evaluating "five of the shortest pieces in ''[[Harmonium (poetry collection)|Harmonium]]'' [as equal to] the life's work of [[Wallace Stevens]]".{{sfn|Friedman|1975|pp=801–802}} Although Pound claimed in the 1930s that he formed the Imagist movement "to launch H.D. and Aldington before either had enough stuff for a volume", several key poets within the group, including [[Amy Lowell]], viewed H.D. as the main focal point and innovator in achieving the group's "revolution in taste".{{sfnm |1a1=Engel |1y=1969 |1p=507 |2a1=Hatlen |2y=1995 |2pp=108–109}}

H.D. was aware early on that both the strictures of Imagism and Pound's controlling temperament would constrain her creative voice, and by the mid-1920s her work had developed beyond Imagism.{{sfn|Hatlen|1995|pp=108–111}} In 1990, the feminist scholar [[Gertrude Reif Hughes]] described her as "physically fragile-looking in a traditionally feminine way".{{sfn|Hughes|1990|p=378}} H.D. understood the danger of objectification, particularly as the only woman in a group of men in her circle. She worried about being perceived merely as their private muse, which she feared affected her public image and standing as a poet and prominent intellectual in her own right.{{sfn|Parker|2014|p=131}} Female objectification is explored in "HER", where she writes of "a classic dilemma for woman: the necessity to choose between being a muse to another or being an artist oneself".{{sfn|Parker|2014|p=131}} Although Pound was a lifelong champion, a number of other early Imagists, including Aldington and Lawrence, attempted to diminish her importance and consign her to a minor role.{{sfn|Barnstone|1998|p=79}} Similarly, while her mid-period poems and writings explore [[mysticism]], [[Western esotericism|esotericism]] and the [[occult]], in a similar manner to poets such as [[W. B. Yeats]] (with whom she was personally acquainted), H.D. was rarely read before the 1970s.{{sfn|Friedman|1975|p=802}}

Although the critic Linda Wagner wrote in 1969 that one of the "ironies of contemporary literature [is] that H.D. is remembered chiefly for her Imagist work given that few contemporary writers have written so much in their maturity";{{sfn|Wagner|1969|p=523}} her reappraisal only began in the 1970s and 1980s. This coincided with the emergence of feminist interest in her work, followed by [[queer studies]] scholars.{{sfn|Richardson|2004|p=182}} Specifically, critics such as Friedman (1981), Janice Robertson (1982) and Rachel DuPlessis (1986) began to challenge the standard view of English-language literary [[modernism]] as based on only the work of male writers, and gradually restored H.D. to a more significant position in the movement.{{sfn|Barnstone|1998|p=79}} In 1990, Hughes wrote that H.D.'s mid-century poems, like those of [[Gwendolyn Brooks]], anticipate [[second-wave feminism]], and explore issues raised in [[Simone de Beauvoir]]'s 1949 book ''[[The Second Sex]]''. According to Hughes, H.D.'s work challenges patriarchal privilege and seeks to "revise the mentalities that sponsor them". She notes in particular how in ''Helen in Egypt'', H.D. positions Helen as "the protagonist, instead of the pawn", in such a way as to counter the "conservative and often misogynistic" tendencies which Hughes finds in the modernism of Pound and [[T. S. Eliot]].{{sfn|Hughes|1990|p=376}}

H.D.'s writings have served as a model for a number of more recent female poets working in the modernist and [[post-modernist]] traditions, including  Barbara Guest, the [[Black Mountain poets|Black Mountain]] poet [[Hilda Morley]] and the ''[[Language poets|Language]]'' poet [[Susan Howe]].<ref>Clippinger, David. "[http://clippinger.com/david/two_ghosts.html Resurrecting the Ghost: H.D., Susan Howe, and the Haven of Poetry]" {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064422/http://clippinger.com/david/two_ghosts.html |date=March 4, 2016}}. Retrieved September 21, 2020.</ref> The [[English American|Anglo-American]] poet [[Denise Levertov]] wrote of her deep appreciation for H.D., particularly for her long poems on mystical themes, writing that H.D. "showed the way to penetrate mystery, [...] to ''enter into'' darkness, mystery, so that it is experienced".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Levertov |first1=Denise |title=H.D.: An Appreciation |journal=Poetry |date=June 1962 |volume=100 |issue=3 |page=183}}</ref> Her influence is not limited to female poets; many male writers and poets, including [[Robert Duncan (poet)|Robert Duncan]], have acknowledged their debt.{{sfn|Keenaghan|2005|pp=74–75}} Duncan, whose poetics built on her syncretic spirituality, placed H.D. at the center of his study of modernist poetry, titled ''The H.D. Book'', and frequently lectured on her work.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Duncan |first1=Robert |title=The H.D. Book |date=2011 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley}}</ref> The Dutch poet [[H. C. ten Berge|H.C. ten Berge]] wrote his 2008 "Het vertrapte mysterie" ("The Trampled Mystery") in memory of H.D.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meester van de variatie |url=https://www.dereactor.org/teksten/meester-van-de-variatie |access-date=June 21, 2022 |website=De Reactor |language=nl}}</ref>

Passages from ''Trilogy'' were widely shared across [[mailing list|electronic discussion lists]] in the days following the [[September 11th attacks]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Detloff |first1=Madelyn |title=The Persistence of Modernism: Loss and Mourning in the Twentieth Century |date=2009 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |page=80}}</ref>

During [[World War II]], H.D.'s daughter Perdita was involved in breaking codes at [[Bletchley Park]], and later worked for the [[Office of Strategic Services]], the predecessor of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. In the OSS, she served with [[Graham Greene]] and [[James Jesus Angleton|James Angleton]].{{sfn|Schaffner|2002}} H.D.'s grandchildren include the author and [[The Beatles|Beatles]] biographer [[Nicholas Schaffner]].{{sfn|McCabe|2021|p=313}}

==Works==
{{refbegin|30em}} Works are listed by date of composition, where known.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Christodoulides |first1=Nephie J. |last2=Mackay |first2=Polina |title=The Cambridge Companion to H.D. |date=2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=9780521187558 |pages=xiii-xviii}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=H.D. |editor1-last=Robinson |editor1-first=Matte |title=Hirslanden Notebooks: An Annotated Scholarly Edition |date=2015 |publisher=ELS Editions |location=Victoria, Canada |pages=ix-xxxvii}}</ref>

===Poetry===
{{Div col|colwidth=30em|content=*''Sea Garden'' (1912–1916)
*''Choruses from the Iphigeneia in Aulis and The Hippollytus of Euripides'' (1919)
*''Hymen'' (1921)
*''Heliodora'' (1924)
*''Collected Poems of H.D.'' (published 1925, bringing together ''Sea Garden'', ''Hymen'', ''Heliodora'', and two new collections) 
**''The God'', grouping previously uncollected poems (1913–1917)
***"[[Oread (poem)|Oread]]"
**''Translations'' (1915–1920)
*''Red Roses for Bronze'' (1931)
**"[[The Mysteries: Renaissance Choros]]"
*''Uncollected and Unpublished Poems 1912–1944'', first collected in ''Collected Poems: 1912–1944'' (1983)
**''A Dead Priestess Speaks'' (1930s approx.)
*''Trilogy''
**"The Walls Do Not Fall" (1942)
**"Tribute to the Angels" (1944)
**"The Flowering of the Rod" (1944)
*''Helen in Egypt'' (1952–1955)
*''Vale Ave'' (1957)
*''Hermetic Definition'' (published 1971)
**"Hermetic Definition" (1960–1961)
**"Sagesse" (1957)
**"Winter Love" (1959)
*''Collected Poems: 1912–1944'' (published 1983)}}

===Plays===
Both texts are loose verse translations of Greek dramas by [[Euripides]].
* ''[[Hippolytus (play)|Hippolytus Temporizes]]: A Play in Three Acts'' (1927)
* ''[[Ion (play)|Ion]]'' (1937)

===Prose===
H.D.'s fictional and nonfictional prose writings are difficult to distinguish with much certainty. Her novels and short stories are often ''romans-a-clef'', and her memoirs and essays are often experimental.

====Fiction====
{{Div col|colwidth=30em|content=* ''Paint it Today'' (1921)
* ''Asphodel'' (1921–1922)
* ''Palimpsest'' (1926)
* ''[[HERmione]]'' (1927)
* ''Bid Me to Live'' (1927, revised 1947)
* ''Kora and Ka'' (1930)
* ''Nights'' (1931)
* ''Usual Star'' (1934)
* ''The Hedgehog'' (1936)
* ''Majic Ring'' (1943–1944)
* ''Pilate's Wife'' (1929–1934)
* ''Within the Walls'' (1941)
** Collection of short stories or vignettes.
* ''The Gift'' (1941–1943)
* ''The Sword Went Out to Sea'' (1946–1947)
* ''White Rose and the Red'' (1948)
* ''By Avon River'' (1949)
** Hybrid of historical fiction, literary criticism, and poetry.
* ''The Mystery'' (1949–1951)
* ''Magic Mirror'' (1955–1956)}}

====Nonfiction====
{{Div col|colwidth=30em|content=* ''Notes on Thought and Vision'' (1919)
* ''Borderline: A POOL Film with Paul Robeson'' (1930)
* ''Tribute to Freud''
** "Advent" (1933)
** "Writing on the Wall" (1944)
* ''Compassionate Friendship'' (1955)
* ''Hirslanden Notebooks'' (1957–1959)
* ''End to Torment: A Memoir of Ezra Pound'' (1958)
* ''Thorn Thicket'' (1960)}}
{{refend}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite book |last=Aldington |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Aldington |editor-last=Gates |editor-first=Norman T. |title=Richard Aldington: An Autobiography in Letters |date=1992 |publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press |isbn=978-0-271-00832-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/richardaldington0000aldi}}
*{{cite book |last1=Anderson |first1=Elizabeth |title=H.D. and the Modernist Religious Imagination: Mysticism and Writing |date=2013 |publisher=Bloomsbury |location=London}}
* {{cite book |last1=Bancroft |first1=Christian |editor1-last=De Roche |editor1-first=Linda |title=Twentieth-Century and Contemporary American Literature in Context |date=2021 |publisher=Greenwood Press |location=Santa Barbara, California |isbn=978-1-4408-5358-6 |chapter=Doolittle, Hilda ('H.D.'; 1886–1961)}}
* {{harvc |last1=Barnstone |first1=Aliki |c=Reader's Notes |year=1998 |in=H.D.}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Bryer |first1=Jackson R. |last2=Roblyer |first2=Pamela |title=H. D.: A Preliminary Checklist |journal=Contemporary Literature |date=Autumn 1969 |volume=10 |issue=4, Special Number on H.D.: A Reconsideration |pages=632–675 |doi=10.2307/1207704|jstor=1207704 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Caserio |first1=Robert L. |title=''Material Modernism: The Politics of the Page'' and ''Becoming Marianne Moore: The Early Poems, 1907-1924'' (review) |journal=American Literature |date=June 2004 |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=400–402 |doi=10.1215/00029831-76-2-400 |s2cid=152423723 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/169220/pdf |issn=1527-2117|url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Chisholm |first1=Dianne |title=H. D.'s Auto''hetero''graphy |journal=Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature |date=Spring 1990 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=79–106 |doi=10.2307/464182|jstor=464182 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Connor |first1=Rachel Ann |title=H.D. and the Image |date=2004 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=0-7190-6122-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Davies |first=Megan Lloyd |chapter=H.D. imagiste? Bisexuality: Identity: Imagism |editor1-last=Bertram |editor1-first=Vicki |title=Kicking Daffodils: Twentieth-Century Women Poets |date=1997 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=0-7486-0782-X}}
* {{cite book |last=Downs |first=M. Catherine |chapter=H.D. (Hilda Doolittle) (1886–1961) |editor1-last=Champion |editor1-first=Laurie |title=American Women Writers, 1900–1945: A Bio-Bibliographical Critical Sourcebook |date=2000 |publisher=Greenwood Press |location=Westport, Connecticut |isbn=978-0-3133-0943-4}}
* {{cite book |last1=DuPlessis |first1=Rachel Blau |title=H.D., The Career of that Struggle |date=1986 |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington and Indianapolis |isbn=978-0-2533-2702-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/hdcareerofthatst00dupl}}
* {{cite journal |last1=DuPlessis |first1=Rachel Blau |last2=Friedman |first2=Susan Stanford |title='Woman Is Perfect': H.D.'s Debate with Freud |journal=Feminist Studies |date=Autumn 1981 |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=417–430 |doi=10.2307/3177758|jstor=3177758 |pmid=11620149 |hdl=2027/spo.0499697.0007.305 |hdl-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Engel |first1=Bernard F. |title=H. D.: Poems That Matter and Dilutations |journal=Contemporary Literature |date=Autumn 1969 |volume=10 |issue=4, Special Number on H.D.: A Reconsideration |pages=507–522 |doi=10.2307/1207693|jstor=1207693 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Firchow |first1=Peter E. |title=Rico and Julia: The Hilda Doolittle: D. H. Lawrence Affair Reconsidered |journal=Journal of Modern Literature |date=1980 |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=51–76 |jstor=3831310  |issn=0022-281X}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Friedman |first1=Susan |title=Who Buried H. D.? A Poet, Her Critics, and Her Place in "The Literary Tradition" |journal=College English |date=March 1975 |volume=36 |issue=7 |pages=801–814 |doi=10.2307/375177|jstor=375177 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Friedman |first1=Susan Stanford |author-mask={{long dash}} |title=Psyche Reborn: The Emergence of H.D. |date=1981 |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington, Indiana |isbn=0-253-37826-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/psycherebornemer0000frie}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Friedman |editor-first=Susan |editor-mask={{long dash}} |title=Analyzing Freud: Letters of H.D., Bryher, and Their Circle |date=2002 |publisher=New Directions |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8112-1499-5}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Friedman |editor1-first=Susan Stanford |editor2-last=DuPlessis |editor2-first=Rachel Blau |title=Signets: Reading H.D. |date=1990a |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |location=Madison, Wisconsin |isbn=978-0-2991-2680-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/signetsreadinghd0000unse}}
* {{harvc |last1=Friedman |first1=Susan Stanford |last2=DuPlessis |first2=Rachel Blau |year=1990a |anchor-year=1990b |c='I Had Two Loves Separate': The Sexualities of H.D.'s ''Her'' |in1=Friedman |in2=DuPlessis}}
* {{cite book |last1=Friedman |first1=Susan Stanford |title=Penelope's Web: Gender, Modernity, H.D.'s Fiction |date=1990 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-5212-5579-0}}
* {{harvc |last=Gates |first=Norman T. |c=Introduction to Chapter 1 |in=Aldington |year=1992}}
* {{cite book |last1=Gill |first1=Jo |editor1-last=Marshall |editor1-first=Bill |editor2-last=Johnston |editor2-first=Cristina |title=France and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History |date=2005 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara, California |isbn=978-1-8510-9411-0 |chapter=H.D. (Hilda Doolittle) (1886–1961)}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Glaser |first1=Brian Brodhead |title=H.D.'s 'Helen in Egypt': Aging and the Unconscious |journal=Journal of Modern Literature |date=2005 |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=91–109 |jstor=25167543  |issn=0022-281X}}
* {{cite book |last1=Guest |first1=Barbara |author-link=Barbara Guest |title=Herself Defined: The Poet H.D. and Her World |date=1984 |publisher=Doubleday |location=Garden City, New York |isbn=978-0-3851-3129-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/herselfdefinedpo00gues}}
* {{cite book |author=H.D. |editor-last=Martz |editor-first=Louis L. |title=Collected Poems, 1912–1944 |date=1983 |publisher=New Directions |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8112-0876-5}}
* {{cite book |author=H.D. |author-mask={{long dash}} |title=Trilogy |date=1998 |publisher=New Directions |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8112-2266-2}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Hatlen |first1=Burton |title=The Imagist Poetics of H.D.'s Sea Garden |journal=Paideuma: Modern and Contemporary Poetry and Poetics |date=1995 |volume=24 |issue=2/3 |pages=107–130 |jstor=24726520  |issn=0090-5674}}
* {{harvc |last=Hatlen |first=Burton |author-mask={{long dash}} |year=2004 |in1=Parini |in2=Leininger |chapter=The Long Poem |loc=Vol. 2}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Hokanson |first1=Robert O'Brien |title=''Penelope's Web: Gender, Modernity, H.D.'s Fiction'' by Susan Stanford Friedman |journal=American Literature |date=December 1992 |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=839–840 |doi=10.2307/2927666|jstor=2927666 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Hollenberg |first1=Donna Krolik |title=Winged Words: The Life and Work of the Poet H.D. |date=2022 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |location=Ann Arbor |isbn=978-0-472-22006-9}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Hughes |first1=Gertrude Reif |title=Making It Really New: Hilda Doolittle, Gwendolyn Brooks, and the Feminist Potential of Modern Poetry |journal=American Quarterly |date=September 1990 |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=375–401 |doi=10.2307/2712940 |jstor=2712940 }}
* {{cite book |last=Kammer |first=Jeanne |chapter=The Art of Silence and the Forms of Women's Poetry"|editor1-last=Gilbert |editor1-first=Sandra M. |editor2-last=Gubar |editor2-first=Susan |title=Shakespeare's Sisters: Feminist Essays on Women Poets |date=1979 |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington, Indiana |isbn=978-0-2532-0263-5}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Keeling |first1=Bret L. |title=H. D. and 'The Contest': Archaeology of a Sapphic Gaze |journal=Twentieth Century Literature |date=Summer 1998 |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=176–203 |doi=10.2307/441870 |jstor=441870  |issn=0041-462X}}fkeel
* {{cite journal |last1=Keenaghan |first1=Eric |title=Vulnerable Households: Cold War Containment and Robert Duncan's Queered Nation |journal=Journal of Modern Literature |date=Summer 2005 |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=57–90 |doi=10.1353/jml.2005.0054 |jstor=25167542 |s2cid=153457298  |issn=0022-281X}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Kelvin |first1=Norman |title=H.D. and the Years of World War I |journal=Victorian Poetry |date=Spring 2000 |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=170–196 |jstor=40004298  |issn=0042-5206}}
* {{cite journal |last1=King |first1=Michael |title=Go, Little Book: Ezra Pound, Hilda Doolittle, and 'Hilda's Book' |journal=Paideuma: Modern and Contemporary Poetry and Poetics |date=Fall 1981 |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=347–360 |jstor=24725256  |issn=0090-5674}}
* {{cite book |last1=Korg |first1=Jacob |title=Winter Love: Ezra Pound and H.D. |date=2003 |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |location=Madison, Wisconsin |isbn=978-0-299-18390-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/winterloveezrapo0000korg}}
* {{Cite web |last=Lewis |first=Jone Johnson |date=June 5, 2021 |title=Biography of Hilda Doolittle, Poet, Translator, and Memoirist |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/hilda-doolittle-biography-3530880 |access-date=March 7, 2022 |website=ThoughtCo |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Lohser |first1=Beate |last2=Newton |first2=Peter M. |title=Unorthodox Freud: The View from the Couch |date=1996 |publisher=Guilford Press |location=New York |isbn=978-1-5723-0128-3}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Mandel |first1=Charlotte |title=Garbo/Helen: The Self-Projection of Beauty by H. D. |journal=Women's Studies |date=January 1980 |volume=7 |issue=1/2 |pages=127–136 |doi=10.1080/00497878.1980.9978507 |url=http://www.imagists.org/hd/hdcmfour.html|url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite book |last1=McCabe |first1=Susan |title=Cinematic Modernism: Modernist Poetry and Film |date=2005 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-5218-4621-9}}
* {{cite book |last1=McCabe |first1=Susan |author1-mask={{long dash}} |title=H.D. and Bryher: An Untold Love Story of Modernism |date=2021 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-1906-2122-3}}
* {{cite book |last1=Moody |first1=Anthony David |title=Ezra Pound: Poet. A Portrait of the Man and his Work |volume=1: The Young Genius 1885–1920 |date=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-957146-8}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Morris |first1=Adalaide |title=A Relay of Power and of Peace: H. D. and the Spirit of the Gift |journal=Contemporary Literature |date=Winter 1986 |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=493–524 |doi=10.2307/1208493 |jstor=1208493  |issn=0010-7484 |author-link=Adalaide Morris}}
* {{cite book |last1=Parker |first1=Sarah |title=The Lesbian Muse and Poetic Identity, 1889–1930 |date=2014 |publisher=Pickering & Chatto |location=London |isbn=978-1-84893-386-6}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Parini |editor1-first=Jay |editor2-last=Leininger |editor2-first=Phillip W. |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Literature |date=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-515653-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nMhMAgAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Pearson |first1=Norman Holmes |last2=Dembo |first2=L. S. |title=Norman Holmes Pearson on H. D.: An Interview |journal=Contemporary Literature |date=Autumn 1969 |volume=10 |issue=4, Special Number on H.D.: A Reconsideration |pages=435–446 |doi=10.2307/1207690|jstor=1207690 }}
* {{harvc |last=Pondrom |first=Cyrena N. |year=1990a |anchor-year=1990 |c=H.D. and the Origins of Imagism |in1=Friedman |in2=DuPlessis}}
* {{cite book |last1=Pound |first1=Ezra |author1-link=Ezra Pound |editor1-last=Eliot |editor1-first=T. S. |editor1-link=T. S. Eliot |title=Literary Essays of Ezra Pound |date=1954 |publisher=New Directions |location=New York|url=https://archive.org/details/literaryessays00poun}}
* {{harvc |last=Richardson |first= Mark |year=2004 |in1=Parini |in2=Leininger |chapter=H.D. (Hilda Doolittle) |loc=Vol. 2}}
* {{cite book |last1=Robinson |first1=Matte |title=The Astral H.D.: Occult and Religious Sources and Contexts for H.D.'s Poetry and Prose |date=2016 |publisher=Bloomsbury |location=London |isbn=978-1-6289-2419-0}}
* {{cite web |last1=Schaffner |first1=Val |title=Perdita Macpherson Schaffner (1919-2001) |url=https://www.imagists.org/hd/perdita.html#mem |website=www.imagists.org |year=2002 |access-date=May 16, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224170604/https://www.imagists.org/hd/perdita.html |archive-date=February 24, 2021}}
* {{cite book |last1=Scott |first1=Bonnie Kime |editor1-last=Cathy N. |editor1-first=Davidson |editor2-last=Linda |editor2-first=Wagner-Martin |editor3-last=Ammons |editor3-first=Elizabeth |editor4-last=Harris |editor4-first=Trudier |editor5-last=Ann |editor5-first=Kibbey |editor6-last=Amy |editor6-first=Ling |editor7-last=Janice |editor7-first=Radway |display-editors=1 |title=The Oxford Companion to Women's Writing in the United States |date=1995 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-989105-4 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195066081.001.0001/acref-9780195066081-e-0357 |url-access=subscription |chapter=H. D. |via=Oxford Reference}}
* {{harvc |last=Silverstein |first=Louis H. |year=1990a |anchor-year=1990 |c=Herself Delineated: Chronological Highlights of H.D. |in1=Friedman |in2=DuPlessis}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Sinclair |first1=May |title=The Poems of 'H.D.' |journal=The Fortnightly Review |date=March 1927 |url=https://fortnightlyreview.co.uk/2017/05/sinclair-poems-of-h-d/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722113012/https://fortnightlyreview.co.uk/2017/05/sinclair-poems-of-h-d/ |archive-date=July 22, 2022}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Twitchell-Waas |first1=Jeffrey |title=Seaward: H. D.'s Helen in Egypt as a Response to Pound's Cantos |journal=Twentieth Century Literature |date=Winter 1998 |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=464–483 |doi=10.2307/441594 |jstor=441594  |issn=0041-462X}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Wagner |first1=Linda Welshimer |title='Helen in Egypt': A Culmination |journal=Contemporary Literature |date=Autumn 1969 |volume=10 |issue=4, Special Number on H.D.: A Reconsideration |pages=523–536 |doi=10.2307/1207694 |jstor=1207694  |issn=0010-7484}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Walton |first1=Jean |title='Nightmare of the Uncoordinated White-Folk': Race, Psychoanalysis, and Borderline |journal=Discourse |date=Winter 1997 |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=88–109 |jstor=41389446  |issn=1522-5321}}
* {{cite book |last1=Ward |first1=A.&nbsp;C. |title=Longman Companion to Twentieth Century Literature |date=1970 |publisher=Prentice Hall Press |isbn=978-0-582-32803-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/longmancompanion00acwa}}
* {{cite book |last1=Wilhelm |first1=James J. |title=Ezra Pound in London and Paris, 1908–1925 |date=1990 |publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press |location=University Park |isbn=0-271-00682-X |url=https://archive.org/details/ezrapoundinlondo0000wilh}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Willis |first1=Elizabeth |title=A Public History of the Dividing Line: H. D., the Bomb, and the Roots of the Postmodern |journal=Arizona Quarterly: A Journal of American Literature, Culture, and Theory |date=Spring 2007 |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=81–108 |doi=10.1353/arq.2007.0005|s2cid=162848498 }}

{{refend}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{commons category}}
{{wikisource}}

*[[hdl:10079/fa/beinecke.hilda|H.D. Papers]]. Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160207044748/https://beta.worldcat.org/archivegrid/?q=(hilda+doolittle)+AND+personsort%3A%22H.+D.+%28Hilda+Doolittle%29%2C+1886-1961.%22 Archival resources] on [https://web.archive.org/web/20160220194414/https://beta.worldcat.org/archivegrid/ ArchiveGrid].
*{{Gutenberg author | id=33478}}
*{{Librivox author |id=3013}}
*[https://www.modernamericanpoetry.org/poet/hilda-doolittle H.D. at ''Modern American Poetry''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801142817/https://www.modernamericanpoetry.org/poet/hilda-doolittle |date=August 1, 2020 }}

{{Authority control}}

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