View source for HMAS AE1

{{Short description|E-class submarine of the Royal Australian Navy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Australian English|date=November 2017}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=AE1 (AWM P01075041).jpg
|Ship caption=HMAS ''AE1'' underway in 1914
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Ship country=Australia
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|Australia|naval-1913}}
|Ship builder=[[Vickers Limited]]
|Ship laid down=14 November 1911
|Ship launched=22 May 1913
|Ship commissioned=28 February 1914
|Ship motto=
|Ship nickname=AE1
|Ship honours=*''Battle honours:''
* Rabaul 1914
|Ship fate=Lost at sea, 14 September 1914
|Ship notes=Wreck located at a depth of 300 metres off the [[Duke of York Islands]]
|Ship badge=
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Ship class=[[British E-class submarine|E-class submarine]]
|Ship displacement={{convert|750|LT|t|0}}  surfaced
|Ship length={{convert|181|ft|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship beam={{convert|22|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship draught={{convert|12|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship propulsion=2 × [[propeller shaft (ship)|propeller shafts]]
|Ship power=*2 × 8-cylinder diesels, {{convert|1600|hp|abbr=on}} surfaced,
* battery-driven electric motors, {{convert|840|hp|abbr=on}} submerged
|Ship speed=*{{convert|15|kn}} surfaced
* {{convert|10|kn}} submerged
|Ship range=*{{convert|3000|nmi|abbr=on}} at {{convert|10|kn}} surfaced
* {{convert|65|nmi|abbr=on}} at {{convert|5|kn}} submerged
|Ship test depth={{convert|200|ft|m|1}}
|Ship complement=34
|Ship armament=4 × [[British 18 inch torpedo|18-inch]] [[torpedo tube]]s
|Ship notes=
}}
|}
'''HMAS ''AE1''''' was an [[British E-class submarine|E-class submarine]] of the [[Royal Australian Navy]] (RAN). She was the first submarine to serve in the RAN,<ref name="SMH Mar0107"/> and sank with all hands near what is now [[East New Britain]], [[Papua New Guinea]], on 14 September 1914, after less than seven months in service. Search missions attempting to locate the wreck began in 1976. The submarine was found during the 13th search mission near the [[Duke of York Islands]] in December 2017.

==Design and construction==
{{main|British E-class submarine}}
The E class was a version of the preceding [[British D-class submarine|D-class submarine]] enlarged to accommodate an additional pair of [[Broadside (naval)|broadside]] [[torpedo tube]]s.<ref name=BR4/> ''AE1'' was {{convert|181|ft|m|1}} long [[length overall|overall]], with a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|22|ft|6|in|1}} and a [[draft (hull)|draught]] of {{convert|12|ft|6|in|1}}.<ref name=g7/> She [[Displacement (ship)|displaced]] {{convert|750|LT|t|0}} on the surface<ref name=Frame97/> and {{convert|810|LT|t|0|abbr=on}} submerged. The E-class boats had a designed diving depth of {{convert|100|ft|m|1}}, but the addition of watertight [[bulkhead (partition)|bulkheads]] strengthened the hull and increased the actual diving depth to {{convert|200|ft|m|1}}.<ref name=BR4/> The complement consisted of 34 men: officers and [[naval rating|ratings]].<ref name=g7/>

The boat had two propellers, each of which was driven by an eight-cylinder,<ref name=Frame97/> {{convert|800|bhp|lk=in|adj=on}} [[diesel engine]] as well as a {{convert|420|bhp|0|adj=on}} [[electric motor]]. This arrangement gave the E-class submarines a maximum speed of {{convert|15|kn|lk=in}} while surfaced and {{convert|10|kn}} when submerged.<ref name=g7/> They carried approximately {{convert|40|LT|t|0}}<ref name=BR4/> of [[fuel oil]], which provided a range of {{convert|3000|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|10|kn}} while on the surface<ref name=g7/> and {{convert|65|nmi|abbr=on}} at {{convert|5|kn}} while submerged.<ref name=BR4/> ''AE1'' had four [[British 18-inch torpedo|18-inch]] ({{convert|18|in|mm|disp=out}}) torpedo tubes, one each in the bow and stern, plus two on the broadside, one firing to port and the other to starboard. The boat carried one spare torpedo for each tube. No guns were fitted.<ref name=g7/>

In February 1911, defence minister [[George Pearce]] announced that orders had been placed with [[Vickers Limited]] for two submarines.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/15226545|title=Australian Navy: Submarines Ordered|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=8 February 1911}}</ref> ''AE1'' was built at [[Barrow-in-Furness]], England, having been laid down on 14 November 1911 and launched on 22 May 1913 and commissioned into the RAN on 28 February 1914.<ref>[http://www.navy.gov.au/hmas-ae1 HMAS AE1] www.navy.gov.au Retrieved 23 December 2017</ref> After commissioning, ''AE1'', accompanied by {{HMAS|AE2||2}}, the other of the RAN's first two submarines, reached Sydney from England on 24 May 1914. Officers for the submarines were [[Royal Navy]] (RN) personnel, while the ratings were a mix of sailors drawn from the RN and RAN.<ref name="subsearch"/>

==Deployment and loss==
[[File:AE1 off Rabaul.jpg|thumb|right|''AE1'' with other Australian vessels off Rabaul on 9 September 1914]]
At the outbreak of [[World War I]], ''AE1'', commanded by Lieutenant Commander Thomas Besant, was part of the [[Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force]] sent to attack [[German New Guinea]]. Along with ''AE2'', she took part in the operations leading to the occupation of the German territory, including the surrender of [[Rabaul]] on 13 September 1914. The submarine's involvement was recognised in 2010, following an overhaul of the RAN [[battle honour]]s system, with the retroactive award of the honour "Rabaul 1914".<ref name=newhonours/><ref name=honourslist/>

At 07:00 on 14 September, ''AE1'' departed [[Blanche Bay]], Rabaul, to patrol off [[Cape Gazelle]] with {{HMAS|Parramatta|D55|6}}. When she had not returned by 20:00, several ships were dispatched to search for her. No trace of the submarine was found, and she was listed as lost with all hands. The disappearance was Australia's first major loss of World War I.<ref name="subsearch"/>

After the discovery of the submarine in December 2017, Rear Admiral Peter Briggs, retired, said the likely cause of its loss was a diving accident.<ref name="Zhou">{{cite web|last1=Zhou|first1=Naaman|title=Australian navy world war one AE1 submarine found 103 years after it vanished|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2017/dec/21/australian-navy-world-war-one-ae1-submarine-found-103-years-after-it-vanished|website=The Guardian|access-date=21 December 2017|date=21 December 2017}}</ref> He added:

{{Blockquote|The submarine appears to have struck the bottom with sufficient force to dislodge the fin from its footing, forcing it to hinge forward on its leading edge, impacting the casing.<ref name="Zhou" />}}

{{As of|April 2018}}, the best-supported theory for the submarine's loss was that it went below its [[crush depth]] due to a mechanical failure.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.geekwire.com/2018/paul-allens-shipwreck-hunters-help-aussies-document-world-war-submarines-remains/|publisher=GeekWire|title=Paul Allen's Shipwreck Sleuths Help Aussies Document World War I Submarine's Remains|date=23 April 2018}}</ref> Later that year, a team of researchers headed by the [[Australian National Maritime Museum|National Maritime Museum]] director Kevin Sumption concluded their investigation into the sinking of ''AE1''. They concluded that a ventilation valve, which was likely open to make the tropical conditions a little more bearable while the submarine was cruising on the surface near the [[Duke of York Islands]], was insecure when the submarine dived, causing flooding of the submarine's engine room and total loss of control of the ''AE1''. The submarine subsequently sank below 100 metres and imploded, killing everyone on board instantly.<ref name="SBS">{{cite web | url = https://www.sbs.com.au/news/researchers-discover-what-sunk-australia-s-first-submarine | title = Researchers discover what sunk Australia's first submarine | publisher=[[Special Broadcasting Service|SBS World News Australia]] | first=Myles | last=Morgan | date=14 September 2018}}</ref>

==Searches for wreck==
Beyond the search immediately after the submarine's disappearance, there were no concentrated efforts to locate the wreck of ''AE1'' for the next 60 years, until the 1970s, when John Foster, a RAN officer working in [[Port Moresby]], became interested in the story. After researching wartime records, Foster persuaded the RAN to deploy the survey ship [[HMAS Flinders (GS 312)|HMAS ''Flinders'']] in 1976. ''Flinders'' found one potential sonar contact, but did not have a sophisticated enough [[side-scan sonar]] to make a determination either way. During a deployment to Papua New Guinea in 1978, ''Flinders'' conducted several ad-hoc searches, again with no useful result. In 1990, while sailing between [[New Britain]] and [[New Ireland (island)|New Ireland]], [[Jacques Cousteau]] diverted his ship, [[RV Calypso|''Calypso'']], to investigate the potential contact found in 1976. His original plan was to investigate up close with a submersible, but mechanical issues prevented it, and ''Calypso'' instead performed a [[magnetometer]] search of the area, finding no wrecks.<ref name=HunterSearch/>

[[File:Papua New Guinea map.png|thumb|left|Map of the region where ''AE1'' was lost in September 1914]]

Foster had continued archive research into ''AE1''{{'}}s disappearance, supplemented with visits to Rabaul and nearby islands to see if references to the submarine appeared in any community's [[oral history|oral histories]]. By 2002, he was focused on the waters off [[Mioko Island]] in the [[Duke of York Islands]] group: a priest from a Catholic mission had stated that members of the community had spotted a wrecked submarine on Wirian Reef while diving for shells. Attempts to dive the reported site of the wreck in 2002 and early 2003 were unsuccessful: the former was called off due to high shark presence, the latter expedition also was hampered by shark activity and found no wreck at the reported location. A third expedition in November 2003, supported by the [[Western Australian Museum|Maritime Museum of Western Australia]] and the [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]], conducted searches off Mioko and nearby islands, again with no success.<ref name=HunterSearch/><ref name="MMWA"/> Further oral evidence supporting the wreck of ''AE1'' being off Mioko was learned during one of the 2003 expeditions: Foster discovered that the [[Tolai people]] had a legend of a "devil fish" appearing offshore on the day that ''AE1'' disappeared.<ref name=HunterSearch/>

In February 2007, a new effort to locate the submarine was mounted by the RAN, when the survey ships {{HMAS|Benalla|A 04|2}} and {{HMAS|Shepparton|A 03|2}} attempted to locate the submarine off [[East New Britain]].<ref name="subsearch"/> ''Benalla'' located an object on Wirian Reef of the appropriate dimensions using sonar on 1 March, but was unable to verify the nature of the object due to a damaged magnetometer.<ref name=HunterSearch/><ref name="SMH Mar0107"/> The minehunter {{HMAS|Yarra|M 87|6}} was sent to investigate the object further in late 2007.<ref name=HunterSearch/> Sonar and [[remotely-operated vehicle]] (ROV) imagery of the object revealed shape and dimensions similar to the submarine, but subsequent analysis by the [[Defence Science and Technology Organisation]] identified the object as a rock formation.<ref name=HunterSearch/><ref name=mystery/>

Foster organised another search in May 2009, partially funded by Channel Seven's [[Sunday Night (Australian TV program)|''Sunday Night'']], based on claims by a Rabaul-based salvage diver that he had seen the wreck in [[Simpson Harbour]] back in 1971, in proximity to the wreck of the Japanese merchant ship [[SS Keifuku Maru|''Keifuku Maru'']]. Diver searches of the site specified by the salvager failed to find either wreck. A follow-up search later that year by the Western Australian Maritime Museum found that ''Keifuku Maru'' had been buried under {{convert|30|m}} of rock during the 1994 [[Rabaul caldera]] eruption, but found no evidence of ''AE1'', buried or otherwise.<ref name=HunterSearch/> John Foster died in 2010 with the search for ''AE1'' continued by others.<ref name=HunterSearch/><ref>{{cite news|last1=Foster|first1=Michael|title=Celebrated sailor searched the sea for our sub: John Foster, 1935–2010.|url=http://www.smh.com.au/comment/obituaries/celebrated-sailor-searched-the-sea-for-our-sub-20101110-17nlf|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=11 November 2010}}</ref> During early 2012, the minehunter {{HMAS|Gascoyne|M 85|6}} and the survey ship {{HMNZS|Resolution|A14|6}} detected a potential wrecked submarine in Simpson Harbour. Although initially suspected to be ''AE1'', the wreck was determined to be a [[World War II]]-era Japanese midget submarine.<ref name=HunterSearch/><ref name=Coutts/> ''Resolution'' later conducted sonar surveys of areas in which ''AE1'' may have been lost, with no wrecks found.<ref name=HunterSearch/>

Between 6 and 9 September 2014, ''Yarra'' conducted searches around the Duke of York Islands, prior to a memorial service for the centenary of the submarine's disappearance.<ref name=Barlass/> Although numerous sonar "contacts of interest" were made during the search, including one which was singled out for further investigation, all were found to be natural terrain.<ref name=HunterSearch/><ref name=AAP10Sept/><ref name=Barlass/>

In September 2015, plans for a new search were announced by Find AE1 Limited. The search off Mioko Island was carried out in November, and was conducted by a mining survey ship towing a [[multibeam echosounder]] array. At the time of the search, Find AE1 stated that if the attempt was unsuccessful, they planned to petition the Australian government to bring in the search equipment used during the [[search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370]]. The 2015 search was ultimately unsuccessful.<ref name=McPhedran2015/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/what-happened-to-hmas-ae1/ |title=What happened to HMAS AE1? |author=Briggs, Peter |date=22 December 2015 |publisher=ASPI |access-date=21 December 2017}}</ref>

{{Location map|Papua New Guinea
|width = 250
|float = right
|caption=In December 2017, ''AE1'' was located off the Duke of York Islands, which lie in the channel between New Britain and New Ireland.
|alt = 
|label = Duke of York Islands
|position = right
|mark = Green pog.svg <!--green dot-->
| coordinates      = {{coord|4|9|47|S|152|27|33|E}}
}}

Several factors have been identified as having hampered the efforts to find ''AE1''. The volcanic nature of the region resulted in a rugged and highly variable underwater topography, with a high frequency of wreck-like acoustic anomalies. Much of the region is deep water, which limited the techniques and tools that could be used to locate and verify the wreck. Volcanic activity was also identified as a factor, due to the disruption it causes to local magnetic fields, affecting the operations of magnetometers. There were concerns that eruptions and underwater earthquakes may have caused the underwater landscape to change, or break up or bury the wreck. Additionally, the search areas contained large numbers of shipwrecks due to heavy military activity around New Guinea during World War II, along with the disposal of ships in later years.<ref name="HunterSearch" />

===Discovery===
In December 2017, another search—the 13th<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-12-21/hmas-ae1-submarine-found-after-century-long-search/9278782 |title=HMAS AE1 World War I submarine found after century-long search |publisher=ABC News |access-date=21 December 2017}}</ref>—was conducted using the Dutch survey ship {{MV|Fugro Equator||2}}, off the Duke of York Islands. This expedition was funded by the Commonwealth Government and the Silentworld Foundation with additional assistance from the [[Submarine Institute of Australia]] and the [[Australian National Maritime Museum]].<ref name="RAN-Dec2017">{{Cite news |url=http://news.navy.gov.au/en/Dec2017/Fleet/4389/%E2%80%98FOUND%E2%80%99---Australian-Navy-Submarine-HMAS-AE1-located-after-103-years.htm |title='Found': Australian Navy Submarine HMAS AE1 located after 103 years |newspaper=[[Navy News]] |date=21 December 2017 |access-date=21 December 2017 |archive-date=22 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222064114/http://news.navy.gov.au/en/Dec2017/Fleet/4389/%E2%80%98FOUND%E2%80%99---Australian-Navy-Submarine-HMAS-AE1-located-after-103-years.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author1=Department of Defence|title=$500,000 grant to help find HMAS AE1|url=http://news.navy.gov.au/en/Nov2017/Fleet/4232/$500000-grant-to-help-find-HMAS-AE1.htm|work=Navy Daily|date=14 November 2017|access-date=26 December 2017|archive-date=21 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121103831/http://news.navy.gov.au/en/Nov2017/Fleet/4232/$500000-grant-to-help-find-HMAS-AE1.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> As a result of this effort, the submarine was found at a depth of {{convert|300|m}} and was seen to be well preserved and in one piece.<ref name="RAN-Dec2017"/> {{RV|Petrel}} was enlisted to survey the wreckage, where it was discovered that the submarine's ventilation shaft is approximately 60% open, indicating that the most likely explanation for ''AE1''<nowiki/>'s sinking is flooding with a subsequent implosion below crush depth.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |date=April 2018 |title=Research Vessel Petrel Baseline Survey of HMAS AE1 |url=https://cms-web.seamuseum.net/sites/default/files/2024-09/ae1_petrel_report-final-print-version.pdf |access-date=September 14, 2024 |website=Australian National Maritime Museum |isbn=978-0-9775471-4-2}}</ref> Further, both the stern and bow "caps" (outer coverings of the torpedo tubes) are at least partially open, suggesting that ''AE1'' was prepared for combat.<ref name=":0" /> The exact location of the wreck was not announced by the Australian government at the time of discovery, in order to protect it from "unauthorised salvage attempts." The government's stated position is that the wreck will be treated as a [[war grave]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/missing-ww1-submarine-ae1-found-with-underwater-camera/news-story/685bb8a00fc0f65a5ac82051f944e64f |title=Missing WW1 submarine AE1 found with underwater camera |newspaper=The Australian |date=21 December 2017 |author=Fitzpatrick, Stephen |access-date=21 December 2017}}</ref>

==Memorials==
In 1933, a stained-glass window commemorating the losses of ''AE1'' and ''AE2'' was added to the [[Garden Island Naval Chapel|naval chapel at Garden Island]] in Sydney. In September 2015, a floating sculpture to commemorate ''AE1'' was unveiled outside the [[Australian National Maritime Museum]].<ref name=Fletcher/> The sculpture takes the form of a stainless steel wreath, {{convert|6|m}} in diameter, which projects patterns of light onto the water at night.<ref name=Fletcher/> In 2008 a memorial plaque was dedicated to HMAS ''AE1'' at the [[Tasmanian Seafarers Memorial|Tasmanian Seafarers' Memorial]] at [[Triabunna]] on the east coast of Tasmania, commemorating the loss of L.S. Cyril Lefroy Baker RAN, Telegraphist, the first Tasmanian killed in his country's service in World War I.<ref>{{cite web|title=HMAS Submarine AE1 (1914)|url=http://seafarersmemorial.org.au/memorials/vessels/ae1.php|website=seafarersmemorial.org.au|publisher=Tasmanian Seafarers Memorial|access-date=27 February 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em|refs=

<ref name=AAP10Sept>{{cite news |author=Australian Associated Press |title=Possible clue found in hunt for AE1 sub |url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/breaking-news/possible-clue-found-in-hunt-for-ae1-sub/story-fni0xqi4-1227054473970 |date=10 September 2014 |newspaper=[[The Herald Sun]] |access-date=11 September 2014}}</ref>

<ref name=Barlass>{{cite news |last=Barlass |first=Tim |title=A century on and a sonar blip: has navy found WWI submarine? |url=http://www.smh.com.au/national/ww1/a-century-on-and-a-sonar-blip-has-navy-found-wwi-submarine-20140910-10eqtm.html |date=10 September 2014 |work=SMH.com.au |access-date=11 September 2014}}</ref>

<ref name=BR4>{{cite book|url=http://www.rnsubs.co.uk/Boats/BR3043/contents.php|title=BR 3043 The Development of HM Submarines from Holland No 1 (1901) to Porpoise (1930)|last=Harrison|first=A. N.|publisher=Submariners Association: Barrow-in-Furness Branch|access-date=20 September 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053555/http://www.rnsubs.co.uk/Boats/BR3043/contents.php|archive-date=21 September 2013|chapter =Ch. 4: Pre-1914 Saddle Tank Types D & E Classes}}</ref>

<ref name=Coutts>{{cite news|url=http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/international/radio/onairhighlights/submarine-wreckage-located-in-rabaul-harbour |title=Submarine wreckage located in Rabaul harbour |last=Coutts |first=Geraldine |date=29 February 2012 |work=Radio Australia |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |access-date=18 September 2015}}</ref>

<ref name=Fletcher>{{cite web |url=http://stories.anmm.gov.au/ae1/commemorating-ae1/ |title=Remembering AE1: '...the ocean bed their tomb' |last=Fletcher |first=Daina |work=Submarine AE1 |publisher=Australian National Maritime Museum |access-date=18 September 2015 |archive-date=13 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151013013155/http://stories.anmm.gov.au/ae1/commemorating-ae1/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name=Frame97>{{cite book|last=Frame |first=Tom |author-link=Tom Frame (bishop) |title=No Pleasure Cruise: the Story of the Royal Australian Navy |year=2004 |publisher=Allen & Unwin |location=Crows Nest, New South Wales|isbn=1-74114-233-4 |oclc=55980812|page=97}}</ref>

<ref name=HunterSearch>{{cite web |url=http://stories.anmm.gov.au/ae1/the-search-for-ae1/ |title=The Search for AE1 Continues |last=Hunter |first=James |work=Submarine AE1 |publisher=Australian National Maritime Museum |access-date=18 September 2015 |archive-date=16 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216200520/http://stories.anmm.gov.au/ae1/the-search-for-ae1/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name=honourslist>{{cite web |url=http://www.navy.gov.au/w/images/Units_entitlement_list.pdf |title=Royal Australian Navy Ship/Unit Battle Honours |date=1 March 2010 |publisher=Royal Australian Navy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614064156/http://www.navy.gov.au/w/images/Units_entitlement_list.pdf |archive-date=14 June 2011 |access-date=23 December 2012}}</ref>

<ref name=g7>{{cite book |last=Gillett|first=Ross|title=Australian & New Zealand Warships, 1914–1945|year=1983|publisher=Doubleday|location=Sydney|isbn=0-868-24095-8|page=47}}</ref>

<ref name=McPhedran2015>{{cite news |url=http://www.perthnow.com.au/news/best-shot-at-solving-mystery-of-lost-submarine-ae1-with-hi-tech-search-off-papua-new-guinea/story-fnhnv0wb-1227524254533 |title=Best shot at solving mystery of lost submarine AE1 with hi-tech search off Papua New Guinea |last=McPhedran |first=Ian |author-link=Ian McPhedran |date=12 September 2015 |newspaper=PerthNow |publisher=News Corp Australia |access-date=18 September 2015 |archive-date=16 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916205342/http://www.perthnow.com.au/news/best-shot-at-solving-mystery-of-lost-submarine-ae1-with-hi-tech-search-off-papua-new-guinea/story-fnhnv0wb-1227524254533 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name="MMWA">{{Cite web |url=http://www.museum.wa.gov.au/collections/maritime/march/documents/No.%20174%20AE1%20Search.pdf |title=The search for the AE1 |first=Jeremy |last=Green |access-date=1 March 2007  |work=Department of Maritime Archaeology |publisher=Western Australian Maritime Museum |year=2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070904152934/http://www.museum.wa.gov.au/collections/maritime/march/documents/No.%20174%20AE1%20Search.pdf <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=4 September 2007}}</ref>

<ref name=mystery>{{Cite news |url=http://www.defence.gov.au/news/navynews/editions/5010/topstories/story6.htm |title=Resurface of mystery |work=Navy News |publisher=Australian Government, Department of Defence |date=14 June 2007 |access-date=7 December 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211144733/http://www.defence.gov.au/news/navynews/editions/5010/topstories/story6.htm |archive-date=11 December 2007  }}</ref>

<ref name=newhonours>{{cite news |url=http://www.navy.gov.au/Navy_Marks_109th_Birthday_With_Historic_Changes_To_Battle_Honours |title=Navy Marks 109th Birthday With Historic Changes To Battle Honours |date=1 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613184920/http://www.navy.gov.au/Navy_Marks_109th_Birthday_With_Historic_Changes_To_Battle_Honours |archive-date=13 June 2011 |publisher=Royal Australian Navy |access-date=23 December 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="subsearch">{{Cite news |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/navy-to-hunt-for-lost-sub/2007/02/26/1172338506483.html |title=Navy to hunt for lost sub |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=26 February 2007 |access-date=26 February 2007}}</ref>

<ref name="SMH Mar0107">{{cite web |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/National/Missing-WWI-sub-may-have-been-found/2007/03/01/1172338754207.html |title=Missing WWI sub may have been found |access-date=1 March 2007 |author=Australian Associated Press |date=1 March 2007 |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |author-link=Australian Associated Press}}</ref>
}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite news |url=http://news.navy.gov.au/en/Dec2017/Fleet/4389/%E2%80%98FOUND%E2%80%99---Australian-Navy-Submarine-HMAS-AE1-located-after-103-years.htm#.Wjr2sUqWZPY |title='Found': Australian Navy Submarine HMAS AE1 located after 103 years |newspaper=[[Navy News (Australia)|Navy News]] |date=21 December 2017 |access-date=21 December 2017 |archive-date=22 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222064114/http://news.navy.gov.au/en/Dec2017/Fleet/4389/%E2%80%98FOUND%E2%80%99---Australian-Navy-Submarine-HMAS-AE1-located-after-103-years.htm#.Wjr2sUqWZPY |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite book |first=John |last=Foster |title=AE1 Entombed: But Not Forgotten |location=Loftus, N.S.W. |publisher=Australian Military History Publications |year=2006 |isbn= 1-876439-53-X}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|HMAS AE1 (submarine, 1913)}}
* [https://livesofthefirstworldwar.org/community/4282 Lives of the First World War community for ''AE1''] including names for all 35 members of the mixed RN and RAN crew who lost their lives
* [http://www.navy.gov.au/hmas-ae1 RAN webpage for HMAS ''AE1'']
* [http://www.ae1.org.au/Home.php AE1 Incorporated: The Search for Australia's First Submarine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055216/http://www.ae1.org.au/Home.php |date=21 September 2013 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180108023935/http://www.submarine-museum.co.uk/what-we-have/memorial-chapel/submarine-losses?start=2 'Submarine losses 1904 to present day' – Royal Navy Submarine Museum]
* [https://www.fugro.com/media-centre/news/fulldetails/2017/12/22/fugro-s-data-brings-successful-close-to-the-search-for-lost-sub-ae1 Fugro press release on discovery of HMAS AE1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228080451/https://www.fugro.com/media-centre/news/fulldetails/2017/12/22/fugro-s-data-brings-successful-close-to-the-search-for-lost-sub-ae1 |date=28 December 2017 }}

{{British E class submarine}}
{{September 1914 shipwrecks}}
{{Australian submarines}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:AE1}}
[[Category:1913 ships]]
[[Category:Ships built in Barrow-in-Furness]]
[[Category:British E-class submarines of the Royal Australian Navy]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in September 1914]]
[[Category:Submarines lost with all hands]]
[[Category:World War I shipwrecks in the Pacific Ocean]]
[[Category:World War I submarines of Australia]]
[[Category:World War I submarines of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:2017 archaeological discoveries]]