View source for HMAS AE2

{{Short description|E-class submarine of the Royal Australian Navy}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=HMAS AE2 Sydney.jpg
|Ship caption=HMAS ''AE2'', in dock in Sydney, c. 1914
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Ship country=Australia
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|Australia|naval-1913}}
|Ship builder=[[Vickers Armstrong]]
|Ship laid down=10 February 1912
|Ship launched=18 June 1913
|Ship commissioned=28 February 1914
|Ship motto=
|Ship nickname=
|Ship honours=*''Battle honours:''
*Rabaul 1914
*Dardanelles 1915
|Ship fate=[[Scuttled]], 30 April 1915
|Ship notes=
|Ship badge=
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Ship class=[[British E-class submarine|E-class submarine]]
|Ship displacement={{convert|750|LT|t|0}}  surfaced
|Ship length={{convert|181|ft|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship beam={{convert|22|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship draught={{convert|12|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship propulsion=2 × [[propeller shaft (ship)|propeller shaft]]s
|Ship power=*2 × 8-cylinder diesels, {{convert|1600|hp|abbr=on}} surfaced,
*battery-driven electric motors, {{convert|840|hp|abbr=on}} submerged
|Ship speed=*{{convert|15|kn}} surfaced
*{{convert|10|kn}} submerged
|Ship range=*{{convert|3000|nmi|abbr=on}} at {{convert|10|kn}} surfaced
*{{convert|65|nmi|abbr=on}} at {{convert|5|kn}} submerged
|Ship test depth={{convert|200|ft|m|1}}
|Ship complement=34
|Ship armament=4 × [[British 18 inch torpedo|18-inch]] [[torpedo tube]]s
|Ship notes=
}}
|}
'''HMAS ''AE2''''' (originally known as ''AE2'') was an [[British E-class submarine|E-class]] [[submarine]] of the [[Royal Australian Navy]] (RAN). One of two submarines ordered for the fledgling navy, ''AE2'' was built by [[Vickers Armstrong]] in England and was commissioned into the RAN in 1914. Together with her [[sister ship|sister submarine]], {{HMAS|AE1||6}}, the boat then sailed to Australia in what was, at the time, the longest voyage ever undertaken by a submarine.

After the start of World War I, ''AE2'' was sent to [[German New Guinea]] with the [[Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force]], then spent time patrolling around Fiji. With no need for submarines in the Pacific or Indian theatres, ''AE2'' was towed to the Mediterranean, and arrived off Egypt in early 1915. The boat was assigned to the [[Dardanelles Campaign]], and was the first submarine to successfully penetrate the waterway and enter the [[Sea of Marmara]]. With orders to "run amok" inside Turkish territory, ''AE2'' operated for five days before mechanical faults forced her to the surface, where she was damaged by the torpedo boat {{ship|Ottoman torpedo boat|Sultanhisar||2}}. The submarine was [[Scuttling|scuttled]] by her crew, all of whom were captured.

''AE2'' was the only RAN vessel lost to enemy action during World War I. The [[Rahmi M. Koç Museum]] began searching for the wreck in 1995, and found it in 1998. After another expedition in 2008, the Australian and Turkish Governments decided to leave the boat in place.

==Description==
The E class was a version of the preceding [[British D-class submarine|D-class submarine]] enlarged to accommodate an additional pair of [[Broadside (naval)|broadside]] [[torpedo tube]]s.<ref name=BR4>Harrison, Chapter 4: ''Pre-1914 Saddle Tank Types D & E Classes''</ref> ''AE2'' was {{convert|181|ft|m|1}} long [[length overall|overall]], had a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|22|ft|6|in|1}} and a [[draft (hull)|draught]] of {{convert|12|ft|6|in|1}}.<ref name=g7/> She [[Displacement (ship)|displaced]] {{convert|750|LT|t|0}} on the surface<ref name=Frame97>Frame, ''No Pleasure Cruise'', p. 97</ref> and {{convert|810|LT|t|0|abbr=on}} submerged. The E-class boats had a designed diving depth of {{convert|100|ft|m|1}}, but the addition of watertight [[bulkhead (partition)|bulkhead]]s strengthened the hull and increased the actual diving depth to {{convert|200|ft|m|1}}.<ref name=BR4/> The crew consisted of 34 officers and [[naval rating|ratings]].<ref name=g7>Gillette, ''Australian & New Zealand Warships, 1914–1945'', p. 47</ref>

The boat had two propellers, each of which was driven by an eight-cylinder,<ref name=Frame97/> {{convert|800|bhp|lk=in|adj=on}} [[diesel engine]] as well as a {{convert|420|bhp|0|adj=on}} [[electric motor]]. This arrangement gave the E-class submarines a maximum speed of {{convert|15|kn|lk=in}} while surfaced and {{convert|10|kn}} submerged.<ref name=g7/> They carried approximately {{convert|40|LT|t|0}}<ref name=BR4/> of [[fuel oil]] that gave them a range of {{convert|3000|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|10|kn}} while on the surface<ref name=g7/> and {{convert|65|nmi|abbr=on}} at {{convert|5|kn}} while submerged.<ref name=BR4/>

''AE2'' had four [[British 18 inch torpedo|18-inch]] [[torpedo tube]]s, one each in the [[Bow (watercraft)|bow]] and stern, plus two on the broadside, one firing to port and the other to starboard. The boat carried one spare torpedo for each tube. No guns were fitted.<ref name=g7/>

==Construction and service==
''AE2'' was [[Keel laying|laid down]] on 10 February 1912 by [[Vickers Armstrong]] at [[Barrow-in-Furness]], England, and [[Ceremonial ship launching|launched]] on 18 June 1913. She was [[Ship commissioning|commissioned]] into the RAN at [[Portsmouth]], England, on 28 February 1914 under the command of Lieutenant [[Henry Hugh Gordon Stoker|Henry H.G.D. Stoker]], RN.<ref name=RAN>{{Cite web |url=http://www.navy.gov.au/hmas-ae2 |title=HMAS AE2 |publisher=Sea Power Centre – Australia |access-date=5 October 2012}}</ref> Accompanied by her sister boat, {{HMAS|AE1||2}}, the other of the RAN's first two submarines, ''AE2'' reached Sydney from England on 24 May 1914, manned by [[Royal Navy]] (RN) officers with a mixed crew of sailors drawn from the RN and RAN.<ref name=RAN/> The {{convert|13000|nmi|adj=on}} journey was, at the time, "the longest submarine transit in history", and 60 of the 83 days of the voyage were spent at sea.<ref name=Frame97/><ref name=RAN/>

===Outbreak of World War I===
On the outbreak of World War I in September 1914, the two submarines were assigned to the [[Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force]] as it captured [[German New Guinea]].<ref name=Stevens36>Stevens, in Stevens, ''The Royal Australian Navy'', p. 36</ref> During the capture of New Guinea, ''AE1'' disappeared without a trace.<ref name=Stevens36/> After the German surrender, ''AE2'' spent three weeks patrolling around [[Fiji]] with the [[battlecruiser]] {{HMAS|Australia|1911|2}}, then returned to Sydney on 16 November for maintenance and repairs.<ref name=Stevens44>Stevens, in Stevens, ''The Royal Australian Navy'', p. 44</ref><ref name=RAN/>

As ''AE2'' was the only submarine in the region and the German threat to Australia had disappeared, Stoker suggested that the boat be transferred to Europe.<ref name=Stevens44/> Both the RAN and the [[British Admiralty]] agreed, and on 31 December, she left [[Albany, Western Australia|Albany]] with [[First Australian Imperial Force|AIF]] Convoy 2 (under the tow of [[HMAS Berrima|SS ''Berrima'']]).<ref name=Stevens44/> The submarine was the only warship assigned to the sixteen-ship convoy, as after the [[Battle of Cocos]] resulted in the destruction of the last active German ship in the Indian or Pacific Oceans, the Admiralty felt no need to protect shipping in the Indian Ocean.<ref>Frame, ''No Pleasure Cruise'', p. 115</ref> ''AE2'' arrived in [[Port Said]], Egypt, on 28 January 1915, and was ordered to join the [[British 2nd Submarine Flotilla]], and proceeded to take part in patrols in support of the [[Dardanelles Campaign]].<ref name=Stevens44/><ref name=White129>White, in Oldham, ''100 Years of the Royal Australian Navy'', p. 129</ref>

===Dardanelles Campaign===
{{See also|Naval operations in the Dardanelles Campaign}}
On 10 March, the submarine [[Ship grounding|ran aground]] off [[Mudros]] when returning from a patrol, as the harbour lights used to aid navigation had been switched off in ''AE2''{{'}}s absence, which Stoker was not prepared for. The submarine was towed to Malta for repairs and returned to operation in April.<ref>White, in Oldham, ''100 Years of the Royal Australian Navy'', pp. 129–30</ref>

The aim of the Dardanelles Campaign was to knock Germany's ally, the [[Ottoman Empire]], out of the war and open up supply lines to the [[Russian Empire]] via the [[Black Sea]].<ref name=Stevens44/> Attempts to open the [[Dardanelles]] through naval power were unsuccessful: three Allied [[battleship]]s were sunk, and another three crippled, during a surface attack; although the British submarine {{HMS|B11}} was able to enter the strait and sink the modernised [[ironclad]] {{ship|Ottoman ironclad|Mesudiye||2}}, two failed attempts to traverse the waterway and enter the [[Sea of Marmara]] resulted in the loss of {{HMS|E15}} and the {{ship|French submarine|Saphir|1908|6}} to mines and strong currents.<ref>Stevens, in Stevens, ''The Royal Australian Navy'', pp. 44–45</ref><ref name=Preston34>Preston, ''Submarine Warfare'', p. 34</ref> Plans were made to capture the Turkish defences by a land attack, with landings at Cape Helles and Anzac Cove.<ref name=Stevens44/><ref name=Preston34/> Despite the failures of ''E15'' and ''Saphir'', Stoker planned his own attempt, which was approved by the Allied fleet's commander, [[Vice Admiral]] [[John de Robeck]].<ref name=Stevens45>Stevens, in Stevens, ''The Royal Australian Navy'', p. 45</ref>

[[File:AE2 (AWM H17538).jpg|thumb|left|HMAS ''AE2'']]
''AE2''{{'}}s first attempt was made early on 24 April, but the boat only made it {{convert|6|nmi}} into the strait before the forward [[diving plane|hydroplane]] coupling failed, making the submarine impossible to control underwater and forced Stoker to retreat.<ref name=White130>White, in Oldham, ''100 Years of the Royal Australian Navy'', p. 130</ref><ref name=Stevens45/> At 02:30 on the following day, Stoker made a second attempt.<ref name=Stevens45/> The submarine was spotted by shore artillery and fired on from about 04:30; Stoker ordered the boat to dive to avoid the shells and to traverse the first minefield.<ref name=Stevens45/> ''AE2'' spent the next hour picking her way through the mines' mooring cables: defensive wires that had been welded to the submarine in Malta prevented the mooring cables from catching.<ref name=White130/><ref name=Stevens45/> By 06:00, ''AE2'' reached [[Chanak]], and proceeded to torpedo a Turkish gunboat believed to be a [[Peyk-i Şevket-class cruiser|''Peyk-i Şevket''-class cruiser]] while simultaneously taking evasive actions to avoid an enemy destroyer.<ref name=Stevens45/><ref>Jose, ''The Royal Australian Navy, 1914–1918'', p. 242</ref> The submarine ran aground beneath a Turkish fort, but the fort's guns could not be lowered enough to fire, and ''AE2'' was able to free herself within four minutes.<ref name=Stevens45/> Shortly after, the submarine's periscope was sighted by a Turkish battleship firing over the peninsula at the Allied landing sites; this prompted the ship to stop firing and withdraw.<ref name=Stevens45/> ''AE2'' advanced toward the Sea of Marmara, and at 08:30, Stoker decided to rest the boat on the ocean bottom and wait until nightfall before continuing.<ref name=Stevens45/>

At around 21:00, ''AE2'' surfaced to recharge her batteries, and Stoker radioed his success back to the fleet; the first Allied vessel to transit the Dardanelles.<ref name=Stevens45/><ref>Frame, ''No Pleasure Cruise'', p. 119</ref><ref name=Preston34/> Stoker had orders to "generally run amok", and with no enemies in sight, he ordered the boat to enter the Sea of Marmara.<ref name=Stevens45/> Although the [[landing at Cape Helles]] was going well at the time Stoker reported in, the [[landing at Anzac Cove]] was not as successful, and the commander of the [[Australian and New Zealand Army Corps]], Lieutenant-General Sir [[William Birdwood, 1st Baron Birdwood|William Birdwood]] was pushing for reembarkation of his troops.<ref name=Stevens45/> Some sources identify ''AE2'' as one of the factors leading to Birdwood's decision to commit to the attack, although the Australian War Memorial claims there "is no real evidence" to support this.<ref name=Stevens46>Stevens, in Stevens, ''The Royal Australian Navy'', p. 46</ref><ref name=AWMae2>{{cite web|url=http://www.awm.gov.au/units/unit_10760.asp |title=AE2 (1914–1915) |work=Australians at War |publisher=Australian War Memorial |access-date=21 September 2013}}</ref>

The submarine made appearances across the Sea of Marmara over the following five days to give the impression of multiple boats, and several attacks against Turkish ships were made, although all failed because of increasing mechanical problems.<ref name=Stevens46/> News of the submarine's successes was spread to the soldiers ashore to improve morale.<ref name=Stevens46/> On 29 April, ''AE2'' met {{HMS|E14||2}}, one of several submarines that had entered the Dardanelles following the Australian boat's successful attempt.<ref name=AWMae2/> The submarines arranged a rendezvous for the next morning.<ref name=RAN/><ref name=AWMae2/> When ''AE2'' reached the rendezvous point on 30 April, smoke from the torpedo boat [[Ottoman torpedo boat Sultanhisar|''Sultanhisar'']] was sighted, so the submarine dived and moved to investigate.<ref name=AWMae2/> At 10:30, about a mile from the torpedo boat, ''AE2'' inexplicably rose and broke the surface.<ref name=RAN/> While diving to evade, the boat passed below her [[Submarine depth ratings|safe diving depth]]; frantic attempts to correct this caused the submarine's stern to break the surface.<ref name=Stevens46/> ''Sultanhisar'' immediately fired on the submarine, puncturing the pressure hull in three places near the engine spaces.<ref name=RAN/><ref name=White130/><ref name=Stevens46/> Stoker ordered the boat's company to evacuate, and scuttled ''AE2'' at 10:45'.<ref name=Stevens46/><ref name=RAN/> All personnel survived the attack and were captured by ''Sultanhisar'', although four died from illness while in captivity.<ref name=RAN/><ref name=AWMae2/> ''AE2''{{'}}s achievements showed others that the task was possible, and within months Turkish shipping and lines of communication were badly disrupted, with supplies and reinforcements for the Turkish defence of Gallipoli forced to take underdeveloped overland routes.<ref name=Stevens46/><ref name=AWMae2/><ref name=Preston34/> ''AE2'' was the only RAN vessel to be lost as a result of enemy action during World War I, and along with sister boat ''AE1'', the total of the RAN's operational losses in the war.<ref>Frame, ''No Pleasure Cruise'', p. 128</ref>

==Search and discovery==
[[File:AE2 Tower Starboard.jpg|thumb|upright|A replica of ''AE2''{{'}}s conning tower at the [[Western Australian Maritime Museum]]]]
Since 1995, Selçuk Kolay, director of the [[Rahmi M. Koç Museum]] in [[Istanbul]], had searched for the remains of ''AE2''.<ref name=HeritageNSW>{{Cite web |url=http://www.heritage.nsw.gov.au/heritagensw/dec98/10_art.htm |title=The discovery of the WW1 Australian submarine |publisher=Heritage Council of NSW |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070830050248/http://www.heritage.nsw.gov.au/heritagensw/dec98/10_art.htm |archive-date=30 August 2007 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In 1996, he discovered what he believed to be the wreck lying in {{convert|86|m|ft}} of water.<ref name=RAN/> With the assistance of an Australian diving team, it was determined in October 1997 that the wreck was that of an old steamer.<ref name=RAN/> After a further thorough side-scan sonar and magnetometric survey of the reported scuttling site of the ''AE2'', Kolay located the submarine in June 1998, lying in {{convert|72|m|ft}} of water.<ref name=RAN/> The wreck was first dived in July, while subsequent dives by an Australian team in October were able to confirm the wreck as being ''AE2''.<ref name=RAN/> The Australian government makes no claim to the shipwreck, and the submarine is not a [[war grave]].<ref name=Brenchley07/><ref name=Brenchley08>{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/gallipoli-sub-to-be-left-on-sea-floor/2008/05/05/1209839554214.html |title=Gallipoli sub to be left on sea floor |last=Brenchley |first=Fred |date=6 May 2008 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=22 September 2013}}</ref>

On 9 September 2007, Australian and Turkish naval authorities began an undersea investigation to determine if ''AE2'' could be raised and restored.<ref name=Restore>{{Cite news |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/gallipolis-valiant-sub-poised-to-surface-from-the-depths-ofhistory/2007/09/09/1189276544462.html |title=Gallipoli's valiant sub poised to surface from the depths of history |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |first=Fred |last=Brenchley |date=10 September 2007 |access-date=9 December 2008}}</ref> Such a plan would see the submarine transferred to a viewing tank at [[Çanakkale]]. As part of the inspection, a drop camera was inserted through the submarine's open hatch and into the control room.<ref name=Brenchley07>{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/weight-of-water-and-concern-over-gallipoli-reminder/2007/09/14/1189276983614.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap1 |title=Weight of water and concern over Gallipoli reminder |last=Brenchley |first=Fred |date=15 September 2007 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=22 September 2013}}</ref> The survey team discovered that the wreck of ''AE2'' had suffered further damage since the 1998 inspection dives. The bow portion of the external hull casing had been destroyed and the rear of the [[conning tower]] now showed significant damage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ae2.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/AssmtPhaseWayAheadReport.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140126155309/http://ae2.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/AssmtPhaseWayAheadReport.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 January 2014|title=Report to the Australian Government on the Assessment Phase HMAS AE2|last=Smith|first=Tim|date=10 June 2008|publisher=AE2 Commemorative Foundation|pages=15–16|access-date=20 October 2013}}</ref> Following an April 2008 workshop by the [[Turkish Institute of Nautical Archaeology]] and the [[Submarine Institute of Australia]], the recommendation was made against raising the wreck.<ref name=Brenchley08/><ref name=AAPsubleft>{{cite news|url=http://news.smh.com.au/national/gallipoli-sub-to-be-left-on-sea-floor-20080428-290q.html |title=Gallipoli sub to be left on sea floor |last=Australian Associated Press |date=28 April 2008 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=21 September 2013}}</ref> Moving the submarine to a viewing tank, or alternately relocating the wreck to shallower water, were advised against because of the AU$80–100 million cost of such projects.<ref name=Brenchley08/> Moving ''AE2'' would also pose high risk to both the submarine and any vessels involved in the relocation; as well as potentially damaging the wreck, there is still an unexploded torpedo aboard.<ref name=Brenchley08/> Instead, the workshop advised that the submarine be preserved through the use of [[sacrificial anode]]s to reduce corrosion, along with buoys and a surveillance system to mark the wreck and detect unauthorised access and potential damage.<ref name=AAPsubleft/>

In March 2010, following an overhaul of the RAN [[battle honour]]s system, ''AE2'' was retroactively awarded the honours "Rabaul 1914" and "Dardanelles 1915".<ref name=newhonours>{{cite news |url=http://www.navy.gov.au/Navy_Marks_109th_Birthday_With_Historic_Changes_To_Battle_Honours |title=Navy Marks 109th Birthday With Historic Changes To Battle Honours |date=1 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613184920/http://www.navy.gov.au/Navy_Marks_109th_Birthday_With_Historic_Changes_To_Battle_Honours |archive-date=13 June 2011 |publisher=Royal Australian Navy |access-date=23 December 2012}}</ref><ref name=honourslist>{{cite web |url=http://www.navy.gov.au/w/images/Units_entitlement_list.pdf |title=Royal Australian Navy Ship/Unit Battle Honours |date=1 March 2010 |publisher=Royal Australian Navy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614064156/http://www.navy.gov.au/w/images/Units_entitlement_list.pdf |archive-date=14 June 2011 |access-date=23 December 2012}}</ref>

An ROV exploration of the wreck by the [[Defence Science and Technology Organisation]] took place in June 2014. Several significant discoveries were made, including confirmation of the existence of a portable wireless telegraph pole and antenna wire. During the exploration, [[sacrificial anode]]s were fitted to the wreck, and the location was marked with a buoy to minimize damage by passing ships.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.navy.gov.au/en/Jul2014/Fleet/1179/First-World-War-wreck-AE2-recorded-and-preserved-in-the-Sea-of-Marmara.htm |title=First World War wreck AE2 recorded and preserved in the Sea of Marmara |last=Rago |first=Lauren |date=3 July 2014 |work=Navy Daily |access-date=24 Nov 2015 |archive-date=25 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125064416/http://news.navy.gov.au/en/Jul2014/Fleet/1179/First-World-War-wreck-AE2-recorded-and-preserved-in-the-Sea-of-Marmara.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Legacy==
In 2009, [[Edith Cowan University]] was commissioned by the [[National Archives of Australia]] to research and produce a computer game/simulation called ''AE2 Commander'', funded under the $15,000 Ian Maclean Award. As well as being a realistic WWI submarine simulation, it is investigating how original archival sources can be used as part of computer simulation and serious gaming. An initial version of the ''AE2 Commander'' game and website went live on 17 April 2011. The game presents a combination of digitised documents from the collections of the National Archives of Australia and [[Australian War Memorial]] along with the embodiment of various archival sources in the setting and narrative of the game.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.naa.gov.au/about-us/research-grants/ian-maclean/award-recipients/masek.aspx|title=Ian Maclean Award 2009|publisher=National Archives of Australia|access-date=21 April 2011|archive-date=27 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110327225934/http://naa.gov.au/about-us/research-grants/ian-maclean/award-recipients/masek.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ae2.ivec.org/|title=AE2 Commander Website|publisher=Edith Cowan University|access-date=21 April 2011|archive-date=3 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110603085620/http://ae2.ivec.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Commemorative bronze plaques have been installed along sites associated with ''AE2''{{'}}s voyage from Australia to the Dardanelles.<ref name=silent>{{cite web|url=http://ae2.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/AE2_Project_Brief_09_Mar10.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140205074358/http://ae2.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/AE2_Project_Brief_09_Mar10.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 February 2014|title=HMAS AE2 – The Silent Anzac Project Brief March 2010|date=19 March 2010|publisher=AE2 Commemorative Foundation|pages=4, 6|access-date=20 October 2013}}</ref> A [[Defence Housing Australia|Defence Housing]] estate under construction in [[Ermington, New South Wales]], on the site of a former naval ammunition store is to be named AE2.<ref>{{cite news|title=West gets a bonanza |last=Townsend |first=Luke |date=14 October 2012 |work=The Sunday Telegraph |page=26}}</ref> In recent years, ''AE2'' has been referred to as the ''Silent ANZAC''.<ref name=silent/><ref>{{cite news |last=Glenday |first=James |date=25 April 2015 |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-04-23/ae2-navy-holds-historic-service-to-honour-overlooked-submarine/6414310 |title=Anzac Day 2015: Australia's pioneering AE2 submarine remembered in Dardanelles ceremony |work=ABC News |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |access-date=9 May 2015}}</ref>

==Citations==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
*{{cite book|last1=Basarin|first1=Veichi|last2=Basarin|first2=Hatice|title=Beneath the Dardanelles: the Australian Submarine at Gallipoli|year=2008|publisher=Allen & Unwin|location=Crows Nest, New South Wales|isbn=978-1-74175-595-4}}
*{{cite book |last=Frame |first=Tom |author-link=Tom Frame (bishop) |title=No Pleasure Cruise: the Story of the Royal Australian Navy |year=2004 |publisher=Allen & Unwin |location=Crows Nest, New South Wales|isbn=1-74114-233-4 |oclc=55980812}}
* {{cite book|last=Gillett|first=Ross|title=Australian & New Zealand Warships, 1914–1945|year=1983|publisher=Doubleday|location=Sydney|isbn=0-868-24095-8}}
*{{cite web |last=Harrison |first=A. N. |url=http://www.rnsubs.co.uk/Boats/BR3043/contents.php |title=BR 3043 The Development of HM Submarines from Holland No 1 (1901) to Porpoise (1930) |work=Submariners Association: Barrow-in-Furness Branch |publisher=Admiralty |access-date=20 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053555/http://www.rnsubs.co.uk/Boats/BR3043/contents.php |archive-date=21 September 2013 |df=dmy-all }}
* {{cite book | last=Jose| first=Arthur| year=1941 |orig-year=1928| title=The Royal Australian Navy, 1914–1918| edition=9th| series=Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918|volume=IX| publisher=Australian War Memorial| location=Canberra |url=https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG1069926/|oclc=271462423}}
*{{cite book|last=Preston |first=Antony |title=Submarine Warfare: An Illustrated History |publisher=Herron Books |date=1998 |isbn=1571451722 |oclc=40602917}}
*{{cite book |last=Stevens |first=David |editor=Stevens, David |title=The Royal Australian Navy |series=The Australian Centenary History of Defence|volume=III |year=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=South Melbourne, Victoria |isbn=0-19-555542-2 |oclc=50418095 |chapter=World War I}}
*{{cite book |last=White |first=Michael |chapter=Australian Submarines: Past and Present |title=100 Years of the Royal Australian Navy |editor=Oldham, Charles |publisher=Faircount Media Group |location=Bondi Junction, New South Wales |year=2011 |url=http://www.nxtbook.com/faircount/RoyalAustralianNavy/RAN100/index.php |access-date=20 June 2011 |oclc=741711418 |archive-date=26 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026110311/http://www.nxtbook.com/faircount/RoyalAustralianNavy/RAN100/index.php |url-status=dead }}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|last=Avci|first=Cenk|title=The Epic Story of HMAS AE2|publisher=Nart Yayıncılık|location=Istanbul|year=2001|isbn=9789759400835}}
*{{cite book|last=Avci|first=Cenk|title=Thirteen Leagues Under the Dardanelles|publisher=Nart Yayıncılık|location=Istanbul|year=2002|isbn=9789759400842}}
*{{cite book|last1=Brenchley|first1=Fred|last2=Brenchley|first2=Elizabeth|title=Stocker's Submarine|publisher=Harper Collins|location=Pymble, New South Wales|year=2001|isbn=9780732267032}}

==External links==
{{commons category|HMAS AE2 (submarine, 1913)}}
*[http://www.navy.gov.au/hmas-ae2 RAN webpage for HMAS ''AE2'']
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060214/http://ae2.org.au/ AE2 Commemorative Foundation]
* [http://www.markspencer.com.au/ae2.php AE2 1997 and 1998 Expeditions, History and Pictures] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409030825/http://markspencer.com.au/ae2.php |date=9 April 2013 }} History of AE2 and expedition notes on the discovery and verification of the wreck.
*[http://www.anzacsite.gov.au/5environment/submarines/ae2.html British and Australian Submarines in the Dardanelles, 1915] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150423054041/http://www.anzacsite.gov.au/5environment/submarines/ae2.html |date=23 April 2015 }} Includes a full animation of the AE2's passage of the Dardanelles on 24–29 April 1915, based on Stoker's report of the voyage.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150419024831/http://www.jefferyknaggs.webspace.virginmedia.com/diary.html The Diary of Able Seaman 7893 Albert Edward Knaggs R.A.N.] A diary of one of the submariners who served on the AE2.
*[http://www.submarine-museum.co.uk/what-we-have/memorial-chapel/submarine-losses?start=3 'Submarine losses 1904 to present day' - Royal Navy Submarine Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925133842/http://www.submarine-museum.co.uk/what-we-have/memorial-chapel/submarine-losses?start=3 |date=25 September 2015 }}

{{British E class submarine}}
{{Australian submarines}}
{{April 1915 shipwrecks}}
{{Coord|40.672371|N|28.075218|E|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:AE2}}
[[Category:British E-class submarines of the Royal Australian Navy]]
[[Category:Ships built in Barrow-in-Furness]]
[[Category:1913 ships]]
[[Category:World War I submarines of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Gallipoli campaign]]
[[Category:World War I shipwrecks in the Dardanelles]]
[[Category:Lost submarines of Australia]]
[[Category:World War I submarines of Australia]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1915]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in Turkey]]
[[Category:Shipwrecks in the Sea of Marmara]]