View source for HMS Endeavour

{{short description|18th-century Royal Navy research vessel}}
{{other ships|List of ships named HMS Endeavour}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2013}}
{{Use shortened footnotes|date=April 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
| Ship image = [[File:HMS Endeavour off the coast of New Holland, by Samuel Atkins c.1794.jpg|300px|alt=A three-masted wooden ship cresting an ocean swell beneath a cloudy sky. Two small boats tow the ship forward.]]
| image alt = HMS Endeavour off the coast of New Holland (Australia) by Samuel Atkins
| Ship caption = ''HMS Endeavour off the coast of [[New Holland (Australia)|New Holland]]''<br/>by [[Samuel Atkins]]
}}
{{Infobox ship career
| Hide header = 
| Ship country = Great Britain
| Ship flag = [[Image:Red Ensign of Great Britain (1707-1800).svg|60px|alt=Red flag with Union Jack covering the upper left quadrant]]
| Ship name = ''Endeavour''
| Ship operator = Thomas Millner, [[Royal Navy]], [[Mather & Co.|J. Mather]]
| Ship ordered = 
| Ship awarded = 
| Ship builder = [[Fishburn's shipyard|Thomas Fishburn]], [[Whitby]]{{sfn|Hough|1995|p=55}}
| Ship yard number = 
| Ship laid down = 
| Ship launched = June 1764
| Ship sponsor = 
| Ship christened = 
| Ship completed = 
| Ship acquired = 28 March 1768 as ''Earl of Pembroke''{{sfn|Knight|1933}}
| Ship commissioned = 26 May 1768
| Ship recommissioned = 
| Ship decommissioned = September 1774
| Ship in service = 
| Ship out of service = March 1775, sold
| Ship renamed = ''Lord Sandwich'', February 1776
| Ship reclassified = 
| Ship refit = 
| Ship struck = 
| Ship reinstated = 
| Ship homeport = [[Plymouth]], United Kingdom
| Ship motto = 
| Ship nickname = 
| Ship honours = 
| Ship fate = Scuttled, [[Newport, Rhode Island]], 1778
| Ship notes = 
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}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
| Hide header = 
| Header caption = {{sfn|Blainey|2008|p=17}}
| Ship class = [[Barque#Bark|Bark]]
| Ship tons burthen = 366 <small>{{frac|49|94}}</small> ([[Builder's Old Measurement|bm]]){{sfn|Winfield|2007|pp=354–355}}
| Ship length = {{convert|97|ft|8|in|m|abbr=on}}{{sfn|Winfield|2007|pp=354–355}}{{efn|Other sources give ''Endeavour''{{'}}s length overall as {{convert|106|ft|m|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|McLintock|1966}}{{Obsolete source|reason=This is a non-specialist source that is 57 years old being put up against a specialist source from 2007|date=August 2023}}}}
| Ship beam = {{convert|29|ft|2|in|m|abbr=on}}{{sfn|Winfield|2007|pp=354–355}}
| Ship height = 
| Ship draught = 
| Ship hold depth = {{convert|11|ft|4|in|m|abbr=on}}{{sfn|Winfield|2007|pp=354–355}}
| Ship sail plan = *[[Full-rigged ship]]
* {{convert|3321|sqyd|m2}} of sail
| Ship speed = {{convert|7|to|8|kn|km/h}} maximum
| Ship range = 
| Ship endurance = 
| Ship boats = [[yawl]], [[Pinnace (ship's boat)|pinnace]], [[longboat]], two [[skiff]]s
| Ship capacity = 
| Ship complement = *94, comprising:{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|p=2}}<ref name="ANMM584"/>
** 71 ship's company
** 12 marines
** 11 civilians
| Ship armament = 10 [[Naval artillery in the Age of Sail|4-pdrs]], 12 [[swivel gun]]s
}}
|}
'''HMS ''Endeavour'''''{{efn|The abbreviation "HMS" was not in use at the time,{{sfn|NMRN}} but "His/Her Majesty's Ship" was, and this is a valid if less precise way to refer to the ''Endeavour''. "HMS" is commonly used retroactively in modern sources. James Cook in his own documentation of the voyage referred to it as "His Britannick Majesty's Bark" but occasionally as "His Britannick Majesty's Ship".}} was a [[Royal Navy]] [[research vessel]] that Lieutenant [[James Cook]] commanded to [[Tahiti]], New Zealand and Australia on his [[First voyage of James Cook|first voyage of discovery]] from 1768 to 1771.

She was launched in 1764 as the [[Collier (ship type)|collier]] ''Earl of Pembroke'', with the Navy purchasing her in 1768 for a scientific mission to the Pacific Ocean and to explore the seas for the surmised ''[[Terra Australis|Terra Australis Incognita]]'' or "unknown southern land". Commissioned as '''His Majesty's Bark ''Endeavour''''', she departed [[Plymouth]] in August 1768, rounded [[Cape Horn]] and reached Tahiti in time to observe the 1769 [[transit of Venus]] across the Sun. She then set sail into the largely uncharted ocean to the south, stopping at the islands of [[Huahine]], [[Bora Bora]], and [[Raiatea]] west of Tahiti to allow Cook to claim them for Great Britain. In September 1769, she anchored off New Zealand, becoming the first European vessel to reach the islands since [[Abel Tasman]]'s ''Heemskerck'' 127 years earlier.

In April 1770, ''Endeavour'' became the first European ship to reach the east coast of Australia, with Cook going ashore at what is now known as [[Botany Bay]]. ''Endeavour'' then sailed north along the Australian coast. She narrowly avoided disaster after running aground on the [[Great Barrier Reef]], and Cook had to throw her guns overboard to lighten her. ''Endeavour'' was beached on the Australian mainland for seven weeks to permit repairs to her hull. Resuming her voyage, she limped into port in [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]] in October 1770, her crew sworn to secrecy about the lands that they had visited. From Batavia ''Endeavour'' continued westward, rounded the [[Cape of Good Hope]] on 13 March 1771 and reached the English port of [[Dover]] on 12 July, having been at sea for nearly three years.

The ship was largely forgotten after her Pacific voyage, spending the next three years hauling troops and cargo to and from the [[Falkland Islands]]. She was renamed in 1775 after being sold into private hands, and used to transport timber from the Baltic. Rehired as a British troop transport during the [[American War of Independence]], she was finally [[Scuttling|scuttled]] in a blockade of [[Narragansett Bay]], Rhode Island, in 1778. Historical evidence indicates the ship was sunk just north of [[Goat Island (Rhode Island)|Goat Island]] in Newport Harbor, along with four other British transports.{{sfn|ABC News|2022}}

Relics from ''Endeavour'' are displayed at maritime museums worldwide, including an anchor and six of her cannon. A [[HM Bark Endeavour Replica|replica of ''Endeavour'']] was launched in 1994 and is berthed alongside the [[Australian National Maritime Museum]] in Sydney. Multiple geographic features are named after the ship, including the [[Endeavour River]] and [[Endeavour Reef]], as were three [[spacecraft]]. The ship is depicted on the [[New Zealand fifty-cent coin]].

==Construction==
''Endeavour'' was originally the merchant [[Collier (ship)|collier]] ''Earl of Pembroke'', built by Thomas Fishburn for Thomas Millner, launched in June 1764 from the coal and whaling [[Port of Whitby]] in the [[North Riding of Yorkshire]].{{sfn|McLintock|1966}} She was a type known locally as the "[[Ship and boat building in Whitby|Whitby Cat]]". She was [[full-rigged ship|ship-rigged]] and sturdily built with a broad, flat [[bow (watercraft)|bow]], a square [[stern]] and a long, box-like body with a deep [[hold (ship)|hold]].{{sfn|Hosty|Hundley|2003|p=41}}

A flat-bottomed design made her well-suited to sailing in shallow waters and allowed her to be [[Beach (nautical)|beached]] for loading and unloading of cargo and for basic repairs without requiring a [[dry dock]]. Her [[Hull (watercraft)|hull]], internal [[Glossary of nautical terms (A–L)#floor|floors]], and [[Glossary of nautical terms (A–L)#futtocks|futtocks]] were built from traditional [[white oak]], her [[keel]] and [[stern post]] from [[elm]], and her masts from [[pine]] and [[fir]].{{sfn|Hosty|Hundley|2003|p=19}} Plans of the ship also show a double [[keelson]] to lock the keel, floors and frames in place.{{sfn|Hosty|Hundley|2003|pp=33–41}}

There is uncertainty about the height of her standing masts, as surviving diagrams of ''Endeavour'' depict the body of the vessel only, and not the mast plan.<ref name="Marquardt"/> While her main and foremast standing spars were standard for her shipyard and era,<ref name=":1">{{cite book|last=Mountaine|first=William|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a8IzAQAAMAAJ|title=The Seaman's Vade-mecum: And Defensive War by Sea|publisher=W. and J. Mount, T. and T. Page|year=1761|location=London}}</ref> an annotation on one surviving ship plan in the [[National Maritime Museum]] in Greenwich<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Endeavour (1768) – National Maritime Museum – ZAZ6594|url=https://collections.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/86385.html|access-date=17 February 2021|website=collections.rmg.co.uk}}</ref> has the mizzen as "16&nbsp;yards 29&nbsp;inches" ({{#expr:((16+(29/36))*0.9144)round1}}&nbsp;m).<ref name="Marquardt"/> If correct, this would produce an oddly truncated mast a full {{convert|9|ft|m}} shorter than the naval standards of the day.{{sfn|Sutherland|Rushton|Cooper|1711}}<ref>Davis and Edson 1985</ref> Late twentieth-century research suggests the annotation may be a transcription error with "19&nbsp;yards&nbsp;29 inches" ({{#expr:((19+(29/36))*0.9144)round1}}&nbsp;m) being the true reading. If so, this would more closely conform with both naval standards and the lengths of the other masts.<ref name="Marquardt">Marquardt 1995, pp. 19–20.</ref>

==Purchase and refit by the Admiralty==
On 16 February 1768, the [[Royal Society]] petitioned [[George III of the United Kingdom|King George III]] to finance a scientific expedition to the Pacific to study and observe the 1769 [[transit of Venus]] across the sun.<ref>Rigby and van der Merwe 2002, p. 24</ref> Royal approval was granted for the expedition, and the [[British Admiralty|Admiralty]] elected to combine the scientific voyage with a confidential mission to search the south Pacific for signs of the postulated continent ''Terra Australis Incognita'' (or "unknown southern land").<ref>{{cite web|title=Secret Instructions to Lieutenant Cook 30&nbsp;July 1768 (UK) |publisher=National Library of Australia |year=2005 |url=http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?dID=34 |access-date=26 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080721065703/http://foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?dID=34 |archive-date=21 July 2008 }}</ref>

The Royal Society suggested command be given to Scottish geographer [[Alexander Dalrymple]], whose acceptance was conditional on a [[brevet (military)|brevet]] commission as a captain in the Royal Navy. [[First Lord of the Admiralty]] [[Edward Hawke, 1st Baron Hawke|Edward Hawke]] refused, going so far as to say he would rather cut off his right hand than give command of a navy vessel to someone not educated as a seaman.<ref name="gutenberg">{{gutenberg |no=14423 |name=A General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels, Vol. 12}}, editor [[Robert Kerr (writer)|Robert Kerr]]'s introduction footnote 3</ref> In refusing Dalrymple's command, Hawke was influenced by previous insubordination aboard the sloop {{HMS|Paramour|1694|6}} in 1698, when naval officers had refused to take orders from civilian commander [[Edmond Halley]].<ref name="gutenberg"/> The impasse was broken when the Admiralty proposed [[James Cook]], a naval officer with a background in mathematics and [[cartography]].<ref>Hough 1995, pp. 34, 46</ref> Acceptable to both parties, Cook was promoted to [[lieutenant]] and named as commander of the expedition.<ref>Rigby and van der Merwe 2002, p. 30</ref>

[[File:The Bark, Earl of Pembroke, later Endeavour, leaving Whitby Harbour in 1768 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|alt=A three-masted sailing ship leaves a busy seaport while five men watch from the shore. Green hills flank the seaport, beneath a cloudy sky.|''Earl of Pembroke,'' later HMS ''Endeavour'', leaving [[Whitby]] Harbour in 1768. By [[Thomas Luny]], dated 1790.]]

On 27 May 1768, Cook took command of ''Earl of Pembroke'', valued in March at £2,307. 5s. 6d. but ultimately purchased for £2,840. 10s. 11d. and assigned for use in the Society's expedition.{{sfn|Knight|1933}} She was refitted at [[Deptford Dockyard|Deptford]] by the dock's master shipwright [[Adam Hayes]] on the [[River Thames]] for the sum of £2,294, almost the price of the ship herself.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article62852835 |title=Endeavour Was Well Fitted For Voyage of Discovery. |newspaper=[[Townsville Daily Bulletin]] |location=Queensland |date=14 July 1945 |access-date=4 September 2012 |page=4 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref> The hull was [[caulking|recaulked]] and [[Copper sheathing|copper sheathed]] to protect against [[shipworm]], and a third internal deck installed to provide cabins, a powder magazine and storerooms.{{sfn|Hosty|Hundley|2003|p=61}} The new cabins provided around {{convert|2|m2|sqft|sigfig=2}} of floorspace apiece being allocated to Cook and the Royal Society representatives: [[natural history|naturalist]] [[Joseph Banks]], Banks' assistants [[Daniel Solander]] and [[Herman Spöring, Jr.|Herman Spöring]], astronomer [[Charles Green (astronomer)|Charles Green]], and artists [[Sydney Parkinson]] and [[Alexander Buchan (artist)|Alexander Buchan]].<ref name="Marquardt18">Marquardt 1995, p. 18</ref> These cabins encircled the officers' mess.<ref name="specifications">{{cite web |title=HMB Endeavour replica – specifications|url=http://www.anmm.gov.au/site/page.cfm?u=442 |publisher =Australian National Maritime Museum |access-date=16 October 2008| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080720095551/http://www.anmm.gov.au/site/page.cfm?u=442| archive-date = 20 July 2008}}</ref> The great cabin at the rear of the deck was designed as a workroom for Cook and the Royal Society. On the rear lower deck, cabins facing on to the mates' mess were assigned to lieutenants [[Zachary Hickes]] and [[John Gore (Royal Navy captain)|John Gore]], ship's surgeon William Monkhouse<!-- or Munkhouse – Australian National Maritime Museum uses "u" but Cook's journal uses "o" -->, the gunner Stephen Forwood, [[Master (naval)|ship's master]] Robert Molyneux, and the [[captain's clerk]] Richard Orton.<ref name="replica">{{cite web |title=The replica HM Bark Endeavour: History of Bark Endeavour and Captain Cook |website=H M Bark Endeavour |year=2008 |url=http://www.hmbarkendeavour.co.uk/the-endeavour-&-cook/8/ |access-date=17 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513202356/http://www.hmbarkendeavour.co.uk/the-endeavour-%26-cook/8/ |archive-date=13 May 2008 }}</ref><ref name="replicabrochure">{{cite web|title=James Cook's HMB Endeavour |publisher=Australian Maritime Museum |url=http://www.anmm.gov.au/webdata/resources/files/Endeavour_info.pdf |access-date=16 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081030074920/http://www.anmm.gov.au/webdata/resources/files/Endeavour_info.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2008 }}</ref> The adjoining open mess deck provided sleeping and living quarters for the marines and crew, and additional storage space.<ref name="specifications"/>

A [[longboat]], [[pinnace (ship's boat)|pinnace]] and [[yawl]] were provided as ship's boats, though the longboat was rotten, having to be rebuilt and painted with [[white lead]] before it could be brought aboard.<ref name="Hough56">Hough 1995, p. 56.</ref> These were accompanied by two privately owned skiffs, one belonging to the [[boatswain]] John Gathrey, and the other to Banks.<ref>Marquardt 1995, p. 17.</ref> The ship was also equipped with a set of {{convert|28|ft|m|abbr=on}} sweeps to allow her to be rowed forward if becalmed or demasted.<ref name="Marquardt18"/> The refitted vessel was commissioned as His Majesty's [[Barque#Bark|Bark]] ''the Endeavour'', to distinguish her from the four-gun [[Naval cutter|cutter]] {{HMS|Endeavour|1763 cutter|6}}.{{sfn|McLintock|1966}}

On 21 July 1768, ''Endeavour'' sailed to [[Gallions Reach]] on the Thames to take on armaments to protect her against potentially hostile Pacific island natives.<ref name="Hough56"/> Ten 4-pounder cannon were brought aboard, six of which were mounted on the upper deck with the remainder stowed in the hold. Twelve swivel guns were also supplied, and fixed to posts along the quarterdeck, sides and bow.<ref>Marquardt 1995, p. 13.</ref> The ship departed for [[Plymouth]] on 30 July, for provisioning and crew boarding of 85, including 12&nbsp;[[Royal Marines]].{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|pp=1–2}} Cook also ordered that twelve tons of [[pig iron]] be brought on board as [[sailing ballast]].{{sfn|Hosty|Hundley|2003|p=41}}

==Service history==

===Voyage of discovery===
{{main|First voyage of James Cook}}

====Outward voyage====
''Endeavour'' departed Plymouth on 26 August 1768, carrying 18 months of provisions for 94 people.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|p=4}}{{efn|Provisions loaded at the outset of the voyage included 6,000 pieces of pork and 4,000 of beef, nine tons of bread, five tons of flour, three tons of sauerkraut, one ton of raisins and sundry quantities of cheese, salt, peas, oil, sugar and oatmeal. Alcohol supplies consisted of 250 barrels of beer, 44 barrels of brandy and 17 barrels of rum.<ref>Minutes of the Royal Navy Victualling Board, 15 June 1768, cited in Beaglehole 1968, p. 613</ref>}} Livestock on board included pigs, poultry, two greyhounds and a milking goat.<ref>Marquardt 1995, p. 15</ref>

The first port of call was [[Funchal]] in the [[Madeira Islands]], which ''Endeavour'' reached on 12 September. The ship was recaulked and painted, and fresh vegetables, beef and water were brought aboard for the next leg of the voyage.<ref name="Hough7576">Hough 1995, pp. 75–76</ref> While in port, an accident cost the life of master's mate Robert Weir, who became entangled in the anchor cable and was dragged overboard when the anchor was released.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|p=7}}  To replace him, Cook [[Impressment|pressed]] a sailor from an American sloop anchored nearby.<ref name="Hough7576"/>{{efn|The pressed man was John Thurman, born in New York but a British subject and therefore eligible for involuntary impressment aboard a Royal Navy vessel.<ref name="Hough7576"/> Thurman journeyed with ''Endeavour'' to Tahiti where he was promoted to the position of sailmaker's assistant, and then to New Zealand and Australia. He died of disease on 3 February 1771, during the voyage between Batavia and Cape Town.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|p=596}}}}

''Endeavour'' then continued south along the coast of Africa and across the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] to South America, arriving in [[Rio de Janeiro]] on 13 November 1768. Fresh food and water were brought aboard and the ship departed for [[Cape Horn]], which she reached during stormy weather on 13 January 1769. Attempts to round the Cape over the next two days were unsuccessful, and ''Endeavour'' was repeatedly driven back by wind, rain and contrary tides. Cook noted that the seas off the Cape were large enough to regularly submerge the bow of the ship as she rode down from the crests of waves.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|pp=41–44}} At last, on 16 January the wind eased and the ship was able to pass the Cape and anchor in the [[Bahia Buen Suceso|Bay of Good Success]] on the Pacific coast<!--the attached map doesn't seem to show this, although it does show a considerable trip towards Antarctica, which is not mentioned; why is this?-->.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|pp=41-44}} The crew were sent to collect wood and water, while Banks and his team gathered hundreds of plant specimens from along the icy shore. On 17 January two of Banks' servants died from cold while attempting to return to the ship during a heavy snowstorm.<ref>Hough 1995, pp. 91–97</ref>

''Endeavour'' resumed her voyage on 21 January 1769,<!--did they spend a month collecting plants in one spot??--> heading west-northwest into warmer weather. She reached [[Tahiti]] on 10 April,<ref name="Courier1878">{{cite news |last=McDermott |first=Peter Joseph |title=Pacific Exploration |work=The Brisbane Courier |page=5 |publisher=Brisbane Newspaper Company Ltd |date=6 November 1878 |url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/1376345?searchTerm=James+Cook|access-date=27 August 2008 }}</ref> where she remained for the next three months. The transit of Venus across the Sun occurred on 3 June, and was observed from three separate observatories set up on the shore (there had been concerns that cloud might obscure the event, so additional positions were established to reduce this risk). The main observatory at Fort Venus (now called [[Point Venus]]) was equipped with three telescopes and manned by astronomer Charles Green, Cook, and Robert Molyneux, the master of the ''Endeavour''.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1974|pp=181-183}}

====Pacific exploration====
The transit observed, ''Endeavour'' departed Tahiti on 13 July and headed northwest to allow Cook to survey and name the [[Society Islands]].<ref name="Rigby34">Rigby and van der Merwe 2002, p. 34</ref> Landfall was made at Huahine, Raiatea and Borabora, providing opportunities for Cook to claim each of them as British territories. An attempt to land the pinnace on the [[Austral Islands|Austral Island]] of [[Rurutu (Austral Islands)|Rurutu]] was thwarted by rough surf and the rocky shoreline.<ref>Hough 1995, pp. 133–134</ref> On 15 August, ''Endeavour'' finally turned south to explore the open ocean for ''Terra Australis Incognita''.<ref name="Rigby34"/>

In October 1769, ''Endeavour'' reached the coastline of New Zealand, becoming the first European vessel to do so since [[Abel Tasman]]'s ''Heemskerck'' in 1642.<ref name="Rigby34"/> Unfamiliar with such ships, the [[Māori people]] at Cook's first landing point in [[Poverty Bay]] thought the ship was a floating island, or a gigantic bird from their mythical homeland of [[Hawaiki]].<ref name="ANMM584">{{cite web |title=HMB ''Endeavour'' replica – Cook and Endeavour: Endeavour's People |publisher=Australian National Maritime Museum |year=2008 |url=http://www.anmm.gov.au/site/page.cfm?u=584 |access-date=28 August 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080720095453/http://www.anmm.gov.au/site/page.cfm?u=584 |archive-date = 20 July 2008}}</ref> ''Endeavour'' spent the next six months sailing close to shore,<ref name="Courier1878"/> while Cook mapped the coastline and concluded that New Zealand comprised two large islands and was not the hoped-for ''Terra Australis''. In March 1770, the longboat from ''Endeavour'' carried Cook ashore to allow him to formally proclaim British sovereignty over New Zealand.<ref name="Courier1878"/> On his return, ''Endeavour'' resumed her voyage westward, her crew sighting the east coast of Australia on 19 April.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|p=299}} On 29 April, she became the first European vessel to make landfall on the east coast of Australia, when Cook landed one of the ship's boats on the southern shore of what is now known as [[Botany Bay]], [[New South Wales]].<ref>Hough 1995, pp. 168–170</ref>
[[Image:Endeavour track chart.jpg|center|thumb|600px|alt=Map: A line runs from Rio de Janeiro in South America, generally southward to Cape Horn and then west and northwest through the south Pacific Ocean to Tahiti and the Society Islands. The line then moves south and west to New Zealand, west to the Australian coast and north to Cape York.|An 1893 chart showing ''Endeavour''{{'s}} track]]

====Shipwreck====
[[File:Tile on street depictng HMB Endeavour. Cooktown. 2005.jpg|thumb|Tile on street depicting HMS ''Endeavour''. Cooktown. 2005]]
For the next four months, Cook charted the coast of Australia, heading generally northward. Just before 11:00&nbsp;pm on 11 June 1770, the ship struck a reef,{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|pp=343–345}} today called [[Endeavour Reef]], within the [[Great Barrier Reef]] system. The sails were immediately taken down, a [[Anchor#Kedging|kedging anchor]] set and an unsuccessful attempt was made to drag the ship back to open water. The reef ''Endeavour'' had struck rose so steeply from the seabed that although the ship was hard aground, Cook measured depths up to {{convert|70|ft}} less than one ship's length away.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|pp=343–345}}

Cook then ordered that the ship be lightened to help her float off the reef. Iron and stone ballast, spoiled stores and all but four of the ship's guns were thrown overboard, and the ship's drinking water pumped out.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|pp=343–345}} The crew attached [[buoy]]s to the discarded guns with the intention of retrieving them later,<ref name="Parkin317">Parkin 2003, p. 317</ref> but this proved impractical. Every man on board took turns on the pumps, including Cook and Banks.<ref>Parkin 2003, p. 313</ref>

When, by Cook's reckoning, about {{convert|40|to|50|long ton|t}} of equipment had been thrown overboard, on the next high tide a second unsuccessful attempt was made to pull the ship free.<ref>Hough 1995, p. 179</ref> In the afternoon of 12 June, the longboat carried out two large bower anchors, and block and tackle were rigged to the anchor cables to allow another attempt on the evening high tide. The ship had started to take on water through a hole in her hull. Although the leak would certainly increase once off the reef, Cook decided to risk the attempt and at 10:20&nbsp;pm the ship was floated on the tide and successfully drawn off.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|pp=345–346}} The anchors were retrieved, except for one which could not be freed from the seabed and had to be abandoned.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|pp=345–346}}

As expected the leak increased once the ship was off the reef, and all three working pumps had to be continually manned. A mistake occurred in [[Sounding line|sounding]] the depth of water in the hold, when a new man measured the length of a sounding line from the outside plank of the hull where his predecessor had used the top of the cross-beams. The mistake suggested the water depth had increased by about {{convert|18|in|cm}} between soundings, sending a wave of fear through the ship. As soon as the mistake was realised, redoubled efforts kept the pumps ahead of the leak.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|pp=345–346}}

The prospects if the ship sank were grim. The vessel was {{convert|24|mi}} from shore<ref name="Courier1878"/> and the three ship's boats could not carry the entire crew.<ref>Parkin 2003, p. 311</ref> Despite this, Banks noted in his journal the calm efficiency of the crew in the face of danger, contrary to stories he had heard of seamen panicking or refusing orders in such circumstances.<ref>Blainey 2008, p. 236</ref>

Midshipman Jonathon Monkhouse<!-- sometimes spelt Munkhouse, but Cook used "Monkhouse" in his journal. Brother of William Monkhouse, the gunner --> proposed [[fothering]] the ship, as he had previously been on a merchant ship which used the technique successfully.<ref>Parkin 2003, p. 321</ref> He was entrusted with supervising the task, sewing bits of [[oakum]] and wool into an old sail, which was then drawn under the ship to allow water pressure to force it into the hole in the hull. The effort succeeded and soon very little water was entering, allowing the crew to stop two of the three pumps.<ref>Parkin 2003, p. 322</ref>

[[File:Endeavour at Endeavour River, engraving c. 1786.jpg|thumb|250px|alt=An old engraving shows the Endeavour beached on the shore of a bay, surrounded by wooded hills. An area of land has been cleared and tents set up. A small boat carrying eight men rows on the bay.|''Endeavour'' beached at its namesake river, [[Endeavour River]], for repairs after her grounding on the Great Barrier Reef in 1770. By Johann Fritzsch, published 1786.]]
''Endeavour'' then resumed her course northward and parallel to the reef, the crew looking for a safe harbour in which to make repairs. On 13 June, the ship came to a broad watercourse that Cook named the [[Endeavour River]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Shipping |work=The Brisbane Courier |page=2 |publisher=Brisbane Newspaper Company Ltd |date=13 October 1873 |url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/1329404?searchTerm=James+Cook|access-date=27 August 2008 }}</ref> Cook attempted to enter the river mouth, but strong winds and rain prevented ''Endeavour'' from crossing the [[sandbar|bar]] until the morning of 17 June. She grounded briefly on a sand spit but was refloated an hour later and [[warping (sailing)|warped]] into the river proper by early afternoon. The ship was promptly beached on the southern bank and [[careening|careened]] to make repairs to the hull. Torn sails and rigging were also replaced and the hull scraped free of barnacles.<ref>Blainey 2008, pp. 252–257</ref>

An examination of the hull showed that a piece of coral the size of a man's fist had cleanly sliced through the timbers before breaking off. Surrounded by pieces of oakum from the fother, this coral fragment had helped plug the hole in the hull and preserved the ship from sinking on the reef.<ref name="Parkin335-336">Parkin 2003, pp. 335–336</ref>

====Northward to Batavia====
After waiting for the wind, ''Endeavour'' resumed her voyage on the afternoon of 5 August 1770, reaching the northernmost point of [[Cape York Peninsula]] fifteen days later. On 22 August, Cook was rowed ashore to a small coastal island to proclaim British sovereignty over the eastern Australian mainland.<ref>Blainey 2008, pp. 299–300</ref> Cook christened his landing place [[Possession Island National Park|Possession Island]], and ceremonial volleys of gunfire from the shore and ''Endeavour''{{'}}s deck marked the occasion.<ref>Hough 1995, pp. 189–190</ref>

[[File:Track of Endeavour.jpg|400px|thumb|left|alt=Map:A line runs from the Great Barrier Reef northward to Endeavour River and Cape York, then northwest through Torres Strait to the southern coastline of New Guinea. The line then heads west-southwest to Timor, westward parallel to but south of Java to Christmas Island, and northwest to Batavia.|Route of ''Endeavour'' from the [[Torres Strait]] to [[Java]], August and September 1770]]
''Endeavour'' then resumed her voyage westward along the coast, picking a path through intermittent shoals and reefs with the help of the pinnace, which was rowed ahead to test the water depth.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|pp=386–389}} By 26 August she was out of sight of land, and had entered the open waters of the [[Torres Strait]] between Australia and [[New Guinea]], earlier navigated by [[Luis Váez de Torres]] in 1606. To keep ''Endeavour''{{'}}s voyages and discoveries secret, Cook confiscated the log books and journals of all on board and ordered them to remain silent about where they had been.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|p=426}}

After a three-day layover off the island of [[Savu]], ''Endeavour'' sailed on to [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]], the capital of the [[Dutch East Indies]], on 10 October.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|pp=431–432<}} A day later lightning during a sudden tropical storm struck the ship, but the rudimentary "electric chain" or [[lightning rod]] that Cook had ordered rigged to ''Endeavour''{{'}}s mast saved her from serious damage.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|p=433}}

The ship remained in very poor condition following her grounding on the Great Barrier Reef in June. The ship's carpenter, John Seetterly,<!-- or "Satterley", but Cook's log spells it the less traditional way ---> observed that she was "very leaky – makes from twelve to six&nbsp;inches an hour, occasioned by her main keel being wounded in many places, [[false keel]] gone from beyond the [[wikt:amidships|midships]]. Wounded on her [[wikt:larboard|larbord]] side where the greatest leak is but I could not come at it for the water."<ref>Carpenter's Report, J. Seetterly, 10 October 1770, cited in Hosty and Hundley 2003, pp. 55–56</ref> An inspection of the hull revealed that some unrepaired planks were cut through to within {{convert|1/8|in|mm}}. Cook noted it was a "surprise to every one who saw her bottom how we had kept her above water" for the previous three-month voyage across open seas.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|p=437}}

After riding at anchor for two weeks, ''Endeavour'' was heaved out of the water on 9 November and laid on her side for repairs. Some damaged timbers were found to be infested with [[shipworm]]s, which required careful removal to ensure they did not spread throughout the hull.{{sfn|Hosty|Hundley|2003|pp=55–58}} Broken timbers were replaced and the hull recaulked, scraped of shellfish and marine flora, and repainted.{{sfn|Hosty|Hundley|2003|pp=55–58}} Finally, the rigging and pumps were renewed and fresh stores brought aboard for the return journey to England. Repairs and replenishment were completed by Christmas Day 1770, and the next day ''Endeavour'' [[Weigh anchor|weighed anchor]] and set sail westward towards the [[Indian Ocean]].{{sfn|Hosty|Hundley|2003|pp=55–58}}

====Return voyage====
Though ''Endeavour'' was now in good condition, her crew were not. During the ship's stay in Batavia, all but 10 of the 94&nbsp;people aboard had been taken ill with [[malaria]] and [[dysentery]].<ref>Blainey 2008, pp. 338–344</ref>{{efn|Some of ''Endeavour''{{'}}s crew also contracted an unspecified lung infection.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|p=441}} Cook noted that disease of various kinds had broken out aboard every ship berthed in Batavia at the time, and that "this seems to have been a year of General sickness over most parts of India" and in England.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|p=2441"}}}} By the time ''Endeavour'' set sail on 26 December, seven crew members had died and another forty were too sick to attend their duties.{{sfn|Hosty|Hundley|2003|pp=55–58}} Over the following twelve weeks, a further 23 died from disease and were buried at sea, including Spöring, Green, Parkinson, and the ship's surgeon William Monkhouse.<!-- not to be confused with his brother midshipman Jonathon Monkhouse --><ref name="Courier1878"/>

Cook attributed the sickness to polluted drinking water, and ordered that it be purified with [[lime (fruit)|lime]] juice, but this had little effect.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|p=447}} Jonathan Monkhouse, who had proposed fothering the ship to save her from sinking on the reef, died on 6 February, followed six days later by ship's carpenter John Seetterly, whose skilled repair work in Australia had allowed ''Endeavour'' to resume her voyage.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|pp=449–450}} The health of the surviving crew members then slowly improved as the month progressed, with the last deaths from disease being three [[Ordinary seaman|ordinary seamen]] on 27 February.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|p=452}}

On 13 March 1771, ''Endeavour'' rounded the Cape of Good Hope and made port in [[Cape Town]] two days later. Those still sick were taken ashore for treatment.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|p=457}} The ship remained in port for four weeks awaiting the recovery of the crew and undergoing minor repairs to her masts.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|pp=460–461}} On 15 April, the sick were brought back on board along with ten recruits from Cape Town, and ''Endeavour'' resumed her homeward voyage.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|pp=463–466, 597}} The English mainland was sighted on 10 July and ''Endeavour'' entered the port of [[Dover]] two days later.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|p=477}}

Approximately one month after his return, Cook was promoted to the rank of [[Commander (Royal Navy)|commander]], and by November 1771 was in receipt of Admiralty Orders for a [[Second voyage of James Cook|second expedition]], this time aboard [[HMS Resolution (1771)|HMS ''Resolution'']].<ref>Hough 1995, p. 217</ref> During his [[Third voyage of James Cook|third voyage]] (second on ''Resolution''), Cook was killed during his attempted [[Kidnapping of Kalaniʻōpuʻu by James Cook|kidnapping of the ruling chief of Hawaii]] at [[Kealakekua Bay]] on 14 February 1779.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Voyage of the Resolution 1776–1780 |publisher=The University of Canterbury, New Zealand |year=2008 |url=http://www.canterbury.ac.nz/voyages/resolution/death.shtml |access-date=16 November 2008 |archive-date=8 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708052108/http://www.canterbury.ac.nz/voyages/resolution/death.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Later service===
While Cook was fêted for his successful voyage, ''Endeavour'' was largely forgotten. Within a week of her return to England, she was directed to [[Woolwich Dockyard]] for refitting as a naval transport.<ref name="Hough215">Hough 1995, p. 215</ref> Under the command of Lieutenant James Gordon, she then made three return voyages<ref>Baines 2015, pp. 186–195.</ref> to the [[Falkland Islands]].

The first, under the command of sailing master John Dykes, was to deliver "sufficient provisions to serve 350 men to the end of the year 1772";<ref>TNA ADM 106/1205/364. Cited in Baines.</ref> she sailed from Portsmouth on 8 November 1771, but due to terrible weather did not arrive at [[Port Egmont]] (the British base in the Falkland Islands) until 1 March. ''Endeavour'' sailed from Port Egmont on 4 May in a three-month non-stop voyage until she anchored at Portsmouth.

The second voyage was to reduce the garrison and replace HM Sloop ''Hound'', John Burr Commander, with a smaller vessel, namely the 36-ton [[shallop]] ''Penguin'', commander Samuel Clayton. She was a collapsible vessel and was no sooner built than taken apart, and the pieces were stowed in ''Endeavour''. ''Endeavour'' sailed in November with Hugh Kirkland as the sailing master, and additionally the crew of ''Penguin'', and four ship's carpenters whose job was to reassemble ''Penguin'' on arrival, which was 28 January 1773. On 17 April ''Endeavour'' and ''Hound'' sailed for England with their crew. One of ''Penguin''{{'s}} crew was Bernard Penrose who wrote an account.<ref name="Penrose">Penrose 1775</ref> Samuel Clayton also wrote an account.<ref>TNA ADM 7/704. Cited in Baines.</ref>

The third voyage sailed in January 1774 with her purpose to evacuate the Falklands entirely as Britain was faced with political difficulties from the American Colonies, the French and the Spanish. The government assessed that if British ships and troops were engaged in America, Spain might seize the Falklands, capturing the small garrison at Port Egmont with maybe loss of life – this, it was feared, would trigger an outcry which might topple the government. ''Endeavour'' left England in January 1774, sailing from the Falklands with all the British inhabitants on 23 April, leaving a flag and plaque confirming Britain's sovereignty.

''Endeavour'' was [[paid off]] in September 1774,{{sfn|Hosty|Hundley|2003|p=62}} being sold in March 1775 by the Royal Navy to shipping magnate [[Mather & Co.|J. Mather]] for £645.{{sfn|McLintock|1966}}<ref name="CCSupdate">{{cite journal |last=Allan |first=John |title=The Fate of Cook's Ships: Cook's Ships – A Summary Update |journal =Cook's Log |volume= 25 |issue= 3 |page=1929 |publisher=Captain Cook Society |location=United Kingdom |year=2002 |url=https://www.captaincooksociety.com/cooks-life/cooks-ships/the-fate-of-cook-s-ships/summarising-the-evidence-that-endeavour-did-end-her-days-at-rhode-island |access-date=16 September 2008}}</ref> Mather returned her to sea for at least one commercial voyage to [[Arkhangelsk|Archangel]] in Russia.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Fate of Cook's Ships: What Do We Know About The Endeavour? – Part 2 |journal=Cook's Log |volume= 20 |issue=2 |page=1377 |publisher=Captain Cook Society |location=United Kingdom |year=1997 |url=https://www.captaincooksociety.com/cooks-life/cooks-ships/the-fate-of-cook-s-ships/or-did-endeavour-house-female-convicts-on-the-river-thames-in-england |access-date=16 September 2008}}</ref>

Once the [[American War of Independence]] had commenced, the British government needed ships to carry troops and materiel across the Atlantic. In 1775 Mather submitted ''Endeavour'' as a transport ship,<ref>Baines 2015, pp. 209–211</ref> being rejected. Thinking that renaming her would fool Deptford Yard, Mather resubmitted ''Endeavour'' under the name ''Lord Sandwich''.<ref name="Abbass">Abbass, D. K. ''Rhode Island in the Revolution: Big Happenings in the Smallest Colony''. 2007. Part IV, p. 406.</ref> As ''Lord Sandwich'' she was rejected in no uncertain terms: "Unfit for service. She was sold out Service Called ''Endeavour'' Bark refused before". Repairs were made, with acceptance in her third submission, under the name ''Lord Sandwich 2'' as there was already a transport ship called ''Lord Sandwich''.<ref>TNA ADM 106/3402 5 February 1776. Cited in Baines.</ref>

''Lord Sandwich 2,'' master William Author, sailed on 6 May 1776 from Portsmouth in a fleet of 100 vessels, 68 of which were transports, which was under orders to support Howe's campaign to capture [[New York City|New York.]] ''Lord Sandwich 2'' carried 206 men mainly from the Hessian du Corps regiment of [[Hessian (soldiers)|Hessian mercenaries]].<ref>TNA ADM 1/487. Cited in Baines.</ref> The crossing was stormy, with two Hessians who were in the same fleet making accounts of the voyage.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Voyage of the First Hessian Army from Portsmouth to New York 1776.|last=Pfister and Seume|first=Albert and Johann|publisher=Project Gutenberg}}</ref> The scattered fleet assembled at Halifax then sailed to Sandy Hook where other ships and troops assembled. On 15 August 1776 ''Lord Sandwich 2'' was anchored at Sandy Hook; also assembled there was ''Adventure'', which had sailed with ''Resolution'' on Cook's second voyage, now a storeship, captained by John Hallum. Another ship there at that time was HMS ''Siren'', captained by Tobias Furneaux, who had commanded ''Adventure'' on Cook's second voyage.<ref>Baines 2015 pp. 216–217</ref>

New York was eventually captured, but [[Newport, Rhode Island]], remained in the hands of the Americans and posed a threat as a base for recapturing New York, so in November 1776 a fleet, which included ''Lord Sandwich 2'' carrying Hessian troops, set out to take [[Aquidneck Island|Rhode Island]].{{sfn|ANMM|2003|pp=16–17}} The island was taken but not subdued, and ''Lord Sandwich 2'' was needed as a [[prison ship]].{{sfn|Abbass|2008}}

==Final resting place==
[[File:Gun recovered from HMS Endeavour.JPG|right|thumb|A recovered cannon from ''Endeavour'' on display at the [[National Maritime Museum]] in [[Greenwich]], England]]
The surrender of British General [[John Burgoyne]]'s army at [[Battles of Saratoga|Saratoga]] brought France into the war, and in the summer of 1778 a [[pincer movement|pincer]] plan was agreed to [[Battle of Rhode Island#French arrival at Newport|recapture Newport]]: the [[Continental Army]] would approach overland, and a French fleet would sail into the harbour. To prevent the latter the British commander, Captain John Brisbane, determined to blockade the bay by sinking surplus vessels at its mouth. Between 3 and 6 August a fleet of Royal Navy and hired craft, including ''Lord Sandwich 2'', were scuttled at various locations in the Bay.{{sfn|Hosty|Hundley|2003|pp=16–17}}{{efn|A number of British vessels were sunk in local waters in the days leading up to the 29–30 August 1778, Battle of Rhode Island. These were the four Royal Navy frigates on 5 August along the coast of Aquidneck Island north of Newport: ''Juno'' 32, ''[[HMS Lark (1762)|Lark]]'' 32, ''[[HMS Orpheus (1773)|Orpheus]]'' 32, and ''Cerberus'' 28; the Royal Navy sloop of war ''Kingsfisher'' and galleys ''Alarm'' and ''Spitfire'' in the Sakonnet River on 30 July; the Royal Navy frigate ''Flora'' and sloop of war ''Falcon'' in Newport Harbour on 9 August; and ten of the thirteen privately owned British transports sunk in Newport Harbour between 3–5 August were ''Betty'', ''Britannia'', ''Earl of Oxford'', ''Good Intent'', ''Grand Duke of Russia'', ''Lord Sandwich'', ''Malaga'', ''Rachel and Mary'', ''Susanna'', and ''Union''.{{sfn|Hosty|Hundley|2003|p=17}}}} ''Lord Sandwich'' ''2'', previously ''Endeavour'', previously ''Earl of Pembroke'', was sunk on 4 August 1778.<ref>TNA ADM 68/204 1778.</ref>

The owners of the sunken vessels were compensated by the British government for the loss of their ships. The Admiralty valuation for 10 of the sunken vessels recorded that many had been built in Yorkshire, and the details of the ''Lord Sandwich'' transport matched those of the former ''Endeavour'' including construction in Whitby, a [[Builder's Old Measurement|burthen]] of {{frac|368|71|94}}&nbsp;tons, and re-entry into Navy service on 10 February 1776.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Abbass |first=D. K. |title=''Endeavour'' and ''Resolution'' Revisited: Newport and Captain James Cook's Vessels |journal=Newport History: Journal of the Newport Historical Society |volume= 70 |issue=1 |pages=1–17 |publisher=Newport Historical Society |location=Newport, Rhode Island |year=1999}} cited in Hosty and Hundley 2003, p. 16</ref>

In 1834 a letter appeared in the ''[[Providence Journal]]'' of Rhode Island, drawing attention to the possible presence of the former ''Endeavour'' on the seabed of the bay.<ref name="CCS">{{cite web |title=The Fate of Cook's Ships: What Do We Know About The Endeavour? – Part 1 |publisher=Captain Cook Society |year=2008 |url=https://www.captaincooksociety.com/cooks-life/cooks-ships/the-fate-of-cook-s-ships/did-endeavour-end-up-at-the-bottom-of-an-american-harbour |access-date=29 August 2008}}</ref> This was swiftly disputed by the British consul in Rhode Island, who wrote claiming that ''Endeavour'' had been bought from Mather by the French in 1790 and renamed ''Liberté''. The consul later admitted he had heard this not from the Admiralty, but as hearsay from the former owners of the French ship.<ref name="CCS" /> It was later suggested ''Liberté'', which sank off Newport in 1793, was in fact another of Cook's ships, the former HMS ''Resolution'',<ref>{{cite news |last=Harris |first=Francis |title=Captain Cook's Endeavour found off coast of America |work=The Telegraph (UK) |publisher =Telegraph Media Group Ltd |date=18 May 2006 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/1518741/Captain-Cooks-Endeavour-found-off-coast-of-America.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/1518741/Captain-Cooks-Endeavour-found-off-coast-of-America.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=29 August 2008}}{{cbignore}}</ref> or another ''Endeavour'', a naval [[schooner]] sold out of service in 1782.<ref name="CCS" /> A further letter to the ''Providence Journal'' stated that a retired English sailor was conducting guided tours of a [[hulk (ship type)|hulk]] on the [[River Thames]] as late as 1825, claiming that the ship had once been Cook's ''Endeavour.''<ref name="CCS" />

In 1991 the Rhode Island Marine Archaeology Project (RIMAP) began research into the identity of the thirteen transports sunk as part of the Newport blockade of 1778, including ''Lord Sandwich.'' In 1999 RIMAP discovered documents in the [[Public Record Office]] (now called the National Archives) in London confirming that ''Endeavour'' had been renamed ''Lord Sandwich'', had served as a troop transport to North America, and had been scuttled at Newport as part of the 1778 fleet of transports.{{sfn|Hosty|Hundley|2003|pp=16–17}}

In 1999, a combined research team from RIMAP and the Australian National Maritime Museum examined some known wrecks in the harbour{{sfn|Hosty|Hundley|2003|pp=23–26}} and in 2000, RIMAP and the ANMM examined a site that appears to be one of the blockade vessels, partly covered by a separate wreck of a 20th-century barge. The older remains were those of a wooden vessel of approximately the same size, and possibly a similar design and materials as ''Lord Sandwich'' ex ''Endeavour''.{{sfn|Hosty|Hundley|2003|pp=23–26}} Confirmation that Cook's former ship had indeed been in Newport Harbor sparked public interest in locating her wreck.<ref>{{cite news |title=Captain Cook's Endeavour 'found' |work=BBC World News |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=18 May 2006 |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4994614.stm |access-date=29 August 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Shipwreck may be Cook's Endeavour |work=ABC News |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=17 May 2006 |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200605/s1640502.htm |access-date=9 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113163814/http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200605/s1640502.htm|archive-date=13 January 2009}}</ref> However, further mapping showed eight other 18th-century wrecks in Newport Harbor, some with features and conditions also consistent with ''Endeavour''. In 2006 RIMAP announced that the wrecks were unlikely to be raised.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lewis |first=Richard |title=Found, maybe! Captain Cook's Endeavour |work=News in Science |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=17 May 2007|url=http://www.abc.net.au/science/news/stories/2006/1640443.htm?ancient |access-date=29 August 2008}}</ref> In 2016 RIMAP concluded that there was a probability of 80 to 100% that the wreck of ''Endeavour'' was still in Newport Harbor, probably one of a cluster of five wrecks on the seafloor, and planned to investigate the ships and their artifacts further. They were seeking funds to build facilities for handling and storing recovered objects.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-australia-36189421 |title=Endeavour: Has the ship Captain Cook sailed to Australia been found? – BBC News |newspaper=BBC |date=3 May 2016 |access-date= 3 May 2016}}</ref>

In September 2018, [[Fairfax Media]] reported that archaeologists from RIMAP had pinpointed the final resting place of the vessel.<ref>{{citation|url=https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/04/20160504-Cook-Endeavour-shipwreck-discovery-Newport-underwater-archaeology/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506045049/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/04/20160504%2DCook%2DEndeavour%2Dshipwreck%2Ddiscovery%2DNewport%2Dunderwater%2Darchaeology/|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 May 2016|title=No, Captain Cook's Ship Hasn't Been Found Yet}}</ref> The possible discovery was hailed as a "hugely significant moment" in Australian history, but researchers have warned they were yet to "definitively" confirm whether the wreck had been located.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2018/sep/19/wreck-of-captain-cooks-hms-endeavour-discovered-off-coast-of-america|title=Wreck of Captain Cook's HMS Endeavour 'discovered' off US coast|first=Michael|last=McGowan|date=19 September 2018|website=The Guardian|access-date=30 September 2018}}</ref>

On 3 February 2022, the [[Australian National Maritime Museum]] (ANMM) held an event attended by federal cabinet minister [[Paul Fletcher (politician)|Paul Fletcher]] to announce that the wreck had been confirmed to be that of the ''Endeavour''.<ref name="ABC Furious search team claim">{{cite news |last1=Connell |first1=Cecilia |last2=Travers |first2=Jamie |title=Furious search team claim announcement Captain Cook's Endeavour has been found 'premature' |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-02-03/captain-james-cook-endeavour-found-museum-says/100800894 |access-date=3 February 2022 |work=ABC News |date=3 February 2022 }}</ref> The RIMAP has called the announcement "premature"<ref>{{cite news|last=|first=|date=3 February 2022|title=Captain Cook's ship found after long search|work=news.com.au|url=https://www.news.com.au/technology/science/archaeology/hms-endeavour-wreck-chartered-by-captain-james-cook-found-after-22year-search/news-story/8615bf73d60ae93de74f2cd61d2e5a73|access-date=3 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/north-america/captain-cook-s-ship-the-endeavour-at-centre-of-dispute-over-shipwreck-discovery-20220203-p59tjn.html|last=Tomazin|first=Farrah|title=Captain Cook's ship the Endeavour at centre of dispute over shipwreck discovery|work=Sydney Morning Herald|date=3 February 2022|access-date=3 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/feb/03/captain-cook-ship-endeavour-identified-confirmed-shipwreck-us-rhode-island|last=Shepherd|first=Tory|title=Ship fight: row erupts over wreck in US waters identified as Captain Cook's Endeavour|work=The Guardian|date=3 February 2022|access-date=3 February 2022}}</ref> and a "breach of contract", which the ANMM denies. The RIMAP's lead investigator stated that "there has been no indisputable data found to prove the site is that iconic vessel, and there are many unanswered questions that could overturn such an identification".<ref name="ABC Furious search team claim" /> In November 2023, however, the ANMM announced further confirmative discoveries.<ref>{{cite news|url=
https://www.smh.com.au/national/museum-presents-new-claims-for-endeavour-shipwreck-20220904-p5bf7n.html|last=Barlass|first=Tim|title=Museum presents new claims for Endeavour shipwreck|work=Sydney Morning Herald|date=23 November 2023|access-date=23 November 2023}}</ref> Meanwhile, the wreck is being eaten by [[shipworm]]s and [[gribble]]s.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/aug/14/shipwreck-of-captain-cooks-endeavour-being-eaten-by-termites-of-the-ocean-expert-says|last=Shepherd|first=Tory|title=Shipwreck of Captain Cook's Endeavour being eaten by 'termites of the ocean', expert says|work=The Guardian|date=14 August 2022|access-date=14 August 2022}}</ref>

In June 2025, The Australian National Maritime Museum and RIMAP released their final report confirming the wreck's identity as that of HMB Endeavour.<ref>{{cite web|title=Locating HM Bark Endeavour |publisher=Australian National Maritime Museum |date=June 2025 |url=https://cms-web.seamuseum.net/sites/default/files/2025-05/australian-national-maritime-museum-locating-hmb-endeavour-final-report-2025_0.pdf |access-date=25 June 2025}}</ref>

[[File:Pig iron ballast from Captain James Cook's HM Bark Endeavour in the New Zealand Maritime Museum. This piece of ballast was recovered from the Great Barrier Reef in Australia, where Endeavour had gone aground in 1770.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|Pig iron ballast from Captain James Cook's HM Bark Endeavour in the [[New Zealand Maritime Museum]]. This piece of ballast was recovered from the [[Great Barrier Reef]] in Australia, where Endeavour had gone aground in 1770]]

==''Endeavour'' relics and legacy==
In addition to the search for the remains of the ship herself, there was substantial Australian interest in locating relics of the ship's south Pacific voyage. In 1886, the Working Men's Progress Association of [[Cooktown]] sought to recover the six&nbsp;cannon thrown overboard when ''Endeavour'' grounded on the Great Barrier Reef. A £300 reward was offered for anyone who could locate and recover the guns, but searches that year and the next were fruitless and the money went unclaimed.<ref name="Parkin317"/> Remains of equipment left at Endeavour River were discovered in around 1900, and in 1913 the crew of a merchant steamer erroneously claimed to have recovered an ''Endeavour'' cannon from shallow water near the Reef.<ref>{{cite news | title =Interesting Relics | work =The Advertiser | page =4 | publisher =J. L. Bonython & Company, Adelaide, South Australia | date =24 October 1918 | url =http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/5600601?searchTerm=endeavour+captain+cook+repair+reef+cooktown| access-date =23 July 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title =One of Captain Cook's Cannon | work =The Advertiser | page =14 | publisher =Frederick Britten Burden & John Langdon Bonython, Adelaide South Australia | date =5 May 1913 | url =http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/5402062?searchTerm=endeavour+cannon| access-date =23 July 2009 }}</ref>

In 1937, a small part of ''Endeavour''{{'s}} keel was given to the [[Commonwealth of Australia|Australian Government]] by philanthropist [[Charles Wakefield, 1st Viscount Wakefield|Charles Wakefield]] in his capacity as president of the [[Arthur Phillip|Admiral Arthur Phillip Memorial]].<ref name="TCT">{{cite news |title=Cook relics for National Library |work=The Canberra Times |page=3 |publisher=Federal Capital Press of Australia Ltd |date=16 May 1937 |url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/2432570?searchTerm=hms+endeavour|access-date=12 September 2008 }}</ref> Australian Prime Minister [[Joseph Lyons]] described the section of keel as "intimately associated with the discovery and foundation of Australia".<ref name="TCT"/>

Searches were resumed for the lost Endeavour Reef cannon, but expeditions in 1966, 1967, and 1968 were unsuccessful.<ref name="Parkin317"/> They were finally recovered in 1969 by a research team from the American [[Academy of Natural Sciences]],{{sfn|ANMM|2008b}} using a sophisticated [[magnetometer]] to locate the cannon, a quantity of iron ballast but not the abandoned bower anchor. Conservation work on the cannon was undertaken by the Australian National Maritime Museum,<ref>{{cite web|title=The Vernon Anchors and HMB Endeavour Cannon |publisher=Australian National Maritime Museum |date=March 2006 |url=http://www.anmm.gov.au/webdata/resources/files/anchors_cannon.pdf |access-date=17 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002015627/http://www.anmm.gov.au/webdata/resources/files/anchors_cannon.pdf |archive-date= 2 October 2008 }}</ref> after which two of the cannon were displayed at its headquarters in Sydney's [[Darling Harbour]], and eventually put on display at Botany Bay and the [[National Museum of Australia]] in Canberra<ref>{{cite web|url=http://collectionsearch.nma.gov.au/?object=62214|title=Cannon from HMB Endeavour, which was jettisoned on the Great Barrier Reef in 1770 and recovered in 1969|access-date=27 September 2014|publisher=National Museum of Australia}}</ref> (with a replica remaining at the museum). A third cannon, and the bower anchor recovered in 1971, were displayed at the James Cook Museum in Cooktown,<ref>{{cite web |title=James Cook Museum, Cooktown |publisher=National Trust Queensland |year=2004 |url=http://www.nationaltrustqld.org/property-jamescook.htm |access-date=12 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719200716/http://www.nationaltrustqld.org/property-jamescook.htm |archive-date=19 July 2008 }}</ref> with the remaining three at the [[National Maritime Museum]] in [[London]], the [[Academy of Natural Sciences]] in [[Philadelphia]],{{sfn|ANMM|2008b}} and the [[Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa]] in [[Wellington]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/objectdetails.aspx?oid=58886&coltype=history&regno=dm000477 |title=Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa collections record online |publisher=Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa |access-date=17 November 2008 |archive-date=18 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118161238/http://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/objectdetails.aspx?oid=58886&coltype=history&regno=dm000477 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

''Endeavour''{{'}}s Pacific voyage was further commemorated in the use of her image on the [[Obverse and reverse|reverse]] of the [[New Zealand fifty-cent coin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rbnz.govt.nz/currency/money/0094086.html |title=History of New Zealand Coinage |work=Reserve Bank of New Zealand |access-date=7 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120203156/http://www.rbnz.govt.nz/currency/money/0094086.html |archive-date=20 November 2012 }}</ref>

[[Apollo 15]]'s [[Apollo command and service module|command and service module]] CSM-112 was given the [[call sign]] ''Endeavour''; astronaut [[David Scott]] explained the choice of the name on the grounds that its captain, Cook, had commanded the first purely scientific sea voyage, and Apollo 15 was the first lunar landing mission on which there was a heavy emphasis on science.{{sfn|Lindsay|pp=301–302}} Apollo 15 took with it a small piece of wood claimed to be from Cook's ship.<ref name="auto">{{cite news|last=Scurr|first=Ruth|title='Endeavour' by Peter Moore review – the ship that changed the world|date=25 August 2018|access-date=5 January 2019|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/aug/25/endeavour-ship-captain-cook-peter-moore|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106010649/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/aug/25/endeavour-ship-captain-cook-peter-moore|archive-date=6 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The ship was again commemorated in the naming of the [[Space Shuttle Endeavour|Space Shuttle ''Endeavour'']] in 1989.<ref>{{cite web|title=Orbiter Vehicles |publisher=Kennedy Space Centre |date=21 September 2000 |url=http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/resources/orbiters/Endeavour.html |access-date=7 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521101826/http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/resources/orbiters/endeavour.html |archive-date=21 May 2011 }}</ref> The shuttle's name in turn inspired the naming of the [[SpaceX]] [[Crew Dragon Endeavour|Crew Dragon ''Endeavour'']], the first such capsule to launch crew.<ref name="GeekWire01">{{cite web |url=https://www.geekwire.com/2020/crew-dragons-astronauts-give-spacex-capsule-storied-name-endeavour/|title=Crew Dragon's astronauts give their SpaceX spaceship a storied name: Endeavour|agency=GeekWire|date=30 May 2020|last=Boyle|first=Alan|access-date=12 June 2020}}</ref>

==Replica vessels==
{{Main|HM Bark Endeavour Replica}}
[[File:HM Bark Endeavour Replica. Sydney.jpg|centre|thumb|650px|HM Bark ''Endeavour'' Replica. [[Australian National Maritime Museum|Australian National Maritime Museum, Sydney]]]]
{{clear}}
In January 1988, to commemorate the [[Australian Bicentenary]] of European settlement in Australia, work began in [[Fremantle]], Western Australia, on a replica of ''Endeavour''.<ref>{{cite web |title=HMB Endeavour replica – the replica's story |publisher=Australian National Maritime Museum |year=2008 |url=http://www.anmm.gov.au/site/page.cfm?u=439 |access-date=3 October 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080720094914/http://www.anmm.gov.au/site/page.cfm?u=439 |archive-date = 20 July 2008}}</ref> Financial difficulties delayed completion until December 1993, and the vessel was not commissioned until April 1994.<ref name="SignalsEndeavour">{{cite web |title=Endeavour sails home |publisher=Australian National Maritime Museum |date=June 2005 |url=http://www.anmm.gov.au/webdata/resources/files/Signals_71_p5-7-Endeavour_sails_home.pdf |access-date=17 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219143727/http://www.anmm.gov.au/webdata/resources/files/Signals_71_p5-7-Endeavour_sails_home.pdf |archive-date=19 December 2008 }}</ref> The replica vessel commenced her maiden voyage in October of that year, sailing to Sydney Harbour and then following Cook's path from Botany Bay northward to Cooktown.<ref name="replica"/> From 1996 to 2002, the replica retraced Cook's ports of call around the world, arriving in the original ''Endeavour''{{'s}} home port of Whitby in May 1997<ref name="Whitby1997">{{cite web| title =Endeavour in Whitby |date=May 1997 |url=http://pics.mdfs.net/1997/05}}</ref> and June 2002.<ref name="SignalsEndeavour"/> Footage of waves shot while rounding Cape Horn on this voyage was later used in digitally composited scenes in the 2003 film ''[[Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World]]''.<ref>Macgregor and O'Brian, 2003 p. 42</ref>

The replica ''Endeavour'' visited various European ports<ref>{{cite web |title=Shipyard "De Delft": April photo series |publisher=Stichting Historisch Schip 'De Delft' |date=April 2004 |url=http://www.dedelft.com/en/dockyard/2004/apr2004.html |access-date=3 October 2008| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080329083325/http://www.dedelft.com/en/dockyard/2004/apr2004.html| archive-date = 29 March 2008}}</ref> before undertaking her final ocean voyage from Whitehaven to [[Port Jackson|Sydney Harbour]] on 8 November 2004. Her arrival in Sydney was delayed when she ran aground in Botany Bay, a short distance from the point where Cook first set foot in Australia 235&nbsp;years earlier.<ref name="SignalsEndeavour"/> The replica ''Endeavour'' finally entered Sydney Harbour on 17 April 2005, having travelled {{convert|170000|nmi|km}}, including twice around the world.<ref name="SignalsEndeavour"/> Ownership of the replica was transferred to the Australian National Maritime Museum in 2005 for permanent service as a [[museum ship]] in Sydney's Darling Harbour.<ref>{{cite web |title=HMB Endeavour replica |publisher =Australian National Maritime Museum |year=2008 |url=http://www.anmm.gov.au/site/page.cfm?u=457 |access-date=17 November 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080822225411/http://www.anmm.gov.au/site/page.cfm?u=457 |archive-date = 22 August 2008}}</ref>

A second full-size replica of ''Endeavour'' was berthed on the [[River Tees]] in [[Stockton-on-Tees]] before being moved to Whitby.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Replica of HM Bark Endeavour |publisher=The Replica HM Bark Endeavour |url=http://www.hmbarkendeavour.co.uk/ |access-date=14 November 2008 |archive-date=31 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331211237/http://www.hmbarkendeavour.co.uk/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Captain Cook's Endeavour replica comes "home" to Whitby|publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire-44335848|date=2 June 2018|access-date=4 June 2018}}</ref> While it reflects the external dimensions of Cook's vessel, this replica was constructed with a steel rather than a timber frame, has one less internal deck than the original, and is not designed to go to sea.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cook's Tour: Exploring "Captain Cook" Country |last=Kellett |first=Keith |publisher=Time Travel Britain |year=2008 |url=http://www.timetravel-britain.com/articles/country/cook.shtml |access-date=17 November 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=H.M. Bark Endeavour Replica |publisher=Stondon Transport Museum |year=2008 |url=http://www.transportmuseum.co.uk/endeavour.php |access-date=7 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505023418/http://www.transportmuseum.co.uk/endeavour.php |archive-date=5 May 2014 }}</ref>

The [[Russell, New Zealand|Russell]] Museum, in the [[Bay of Islands]], [[New Zealand]], has a sailing one-fifth scale replica of ''Endeavour''. It was built in Auckland in 1969 and travelled by trailer throughout New Zealand and Australia before being presented to the museum in 1970.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cook's Endeavour model at Russell Museum |publisher =Russell Museum |url= http://www.russellmuseum.org.nz/endeavour.htm |access-date=24 November 2018}}</ref>

At [[Whitby]] the "Bark Endeavour Whitby" is a scaled-down replica of the original ship. It relies on engines for propulsion and is a little less than half the size of the original. Trips for tourists take them along the coast to [[Sandsend]].<ref>Gallon, Andrew (2015) ''North York Moors, Coast & York; Dalesman visitor guide''. Skipton: Dalesman; p. 63</ref>

A {{convert|25|ft|adj=on}} replica of the ship is displayed in the Cleveland Centre, [[Middlesbrough]], England.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gazettelive.co.uk/news/teesside-news/captain-cooks-endeavour-replica-once-17786048|title=Captain Cook's Endeavour replica returns to Cleveland Centre|last=Huntley|first=David|date=20 February 2020|website=gazettelive|access-date=22 February 2020}}</ref>

==See also==
* ''[[Blue Latitudes]]'', a travel book by [[Tony Horwitz]]
* [[European and American voyages of scientific exploration]]

==Notes==

===Footnotes===
{{notelist}}

===Citations===
{{reflist|20em}}

==References==
* {{cite book |title=Rhode Island in the Revolution: Big Happenings in the Smallest Colony |first=D.&nbsp;K.|last=Abbass|year=2006 |publisher=Rhode island Marine Archaeology Project (RIMAP)}}
* {{cite web |title=Search for the HMB Endeavour|last=Abbass |first=D K |publisher=Rhode Island Marine Archaeology Project |year=2008 |url=http://www.rimarinearchproject.org/rimap_endeavor.htm |access-date=28 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918230535/http://www.rimarinearchproject.org/rimap_endeavor.htm |archive-date=18 September 2008 }}
* {{cite news|date=3 February 2022|title=Shipwreck confirmed as Captain Cook's Endeavour after 22-year search|work=ABC News|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-02-03/endeavour-found-in-us-after-22-year-search/100800894|access-date=3 February 2022|ref = {{harvid|ABC News|2022}}}}
* {{cite web|title=Preliminary Report on the Australian National Maritime Museum's participation in the Rhode Island Marine Archaeology Project's search for HMB Endeavour |publisher=Australian National Maritime Museum |date=2003 |pages=16–17 |url=http://www.anmm.gov.au/webdata/resources/oaiFiles/EndeavourRPT2000No2b2.pdf |access-date=6 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090706134055/http://www.anmm.gov.au/webdata/resources/oaiFiles/EndeavourRPT2000No2b2.pdf |archive-date= 6 July 2009|ref = {{harvid|ANMM|2003}}}}
* {{cite web |title=Endeavour cannon |publisher=Australian National Maritime Museum |year=2008 |url=http://www.nma.gov.au/collections/highlights/endeavour-cannon |access-date=12 September 2008 |archive-date=10 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510193203/http://www.nma.gov.au/collections/highlights/endeavour-cannon |url-status=dead|ref = {{harvid|ANMM|2008b}}}}
* {{cite book |title=Captain Cook's Merchant Ships: Freelove, Three Brothers, Mary, Friendship, Endeavour, Adventure, Resolution and Discovery |first=Stephen|last=Baines|year=2015 |publisher=The History Press|isbn=978-0-7509-6214-8}}
* {{cite book |title =The Journals of Captain James Cook on His Voyages of Discovery|volume= I: The Voyage of the ''Endeavour'' 1768–1771 |editor-last=Beaglehole|editor-first= J. C.|editor-link=John Cawte Beaglehole | year =1968 | publisher =Cambridge University Press | oclc=223185477}}
* {{cite book |last=Beaglehole |first=John |title=The Life of Captain James Cook |author-link=John Beaglehole |publisher=Stanford University Press|year=1974 |isbn=978-0-7136-1382-7 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Life_of_Captain_James_Cook/qe0FMQAACAAJ}} 
* {{cite book |title=Sea of Dangers: Captain Cook and his rivals |first=Geoffrey |last=Blainey |author-link=Geoffrey Blainey |year=2008 |publisher=Penguin Group (Australia)|isbn=978-0-670-07223-1}}
* {{cite book |title=The Seaman's Speculum, Or Compleat School-master |last1=Davis |first1=J. |last2=Edson|first2= Merritt|year =1985|publisher =Nautical Research Guild|isbn=0-9603456-1-2}}
* {{cite report|first1=Kieran |last1=Hosty |last2=Hundley |first2=Paul |title=Preliminary Report on the Australian National Maritime Museum's participation in the Rhode Island Marine Archaeology Project's search for HMB ''Endeavour'' |publisher=Australian National Maritime Museum |date=June 2003 |citeseerx=10.1.1.182.5880}}
* {{cite book|title=Captain James Cook|first=Richard|last=Hough|year=1995|publisher=Hodder and Stoughton|isbn =978-0-340-82556-3}}
* {{cite journal | last =Knight | first =C. | title =H.M. Bark Endeavour | journal =Mariner's Mirror | volume =  19 | issue = 3| pages= 292–302 | publisher =Nautical Research Guild | location =United Kingdom | year =1933 | doi = 10.1080/00253359.1933.10655709}}
* {{cite book |last=Lindsay |first=Hamish |title=Tracking Apollo to the Moon |url=https://archive.org/details/trackingapolloto0000lind |url-access=registration |year=2001 |publisher=Springer-Verlag |location=London|isbn=978-1-85233-212-9 |ref={{sfnRef|Lindsay}}}}
* {{cite book |title =The Making of Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World  | first1 =Tom | last1 =Macgregor | last2=O'Brian|first2= Patrick |author-link2=Patrick O'Brian|year=2003 | publisher =Harper Collins | isbn =0-00-715771-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Marquardt|first= K.&nbsp;H. |title=Captain Cook's Endeavour |year=1995 |isbn=1-55750-118-1 |publisher=Naval Institute Press}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|last=McLintock |year=1966 |title=Ships, Famous |encyclopedia=An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand |editor=A.H. McLintock |publisher=Ministry for Culture and Heritage/Te Manatū Taonga, Government of New Zealand |url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/1966/S/ShipsFamous/Endeavour/en |access-date=5 May 2009}}
* {{cite book|title=Endeavour: The Ship and the Attitude that Changed the World|first=Peter|last=Moore|year=2018|publisher=Chatto & Windus|isbn =978-1784740900}}
* {{cite book |title=H. M. Bark Endeavour |first=Ray |last=Parkin |author-link=Ray Parkin |year=2003 |publisher=Miegunyah Press |isbn=0-522-85093-6}}
* {{cite web |url= http://www.royalnavalmuseum.org/visit_see_sailfaq.htm |title= Frequently Asked Questions of the Sailing Navy Gallery |website= www.royalnavalmuseum.org |publisher= National Museum of the Royal Navy |access-date= 18 July 2014|ref={{sfnRef|NMRN}}}}
* {{cite book |title=An Account of the Last Expedition to Port Egmont, in Falkland's Islands, in the Year 1772, Together with the Transactions of the Company of the Penguin Shallop During Their Stay There |first=Bernard |last=Penrose |year=1775 |publisher=London}}
* {{cite book |title=Captain Cook in the Pacific |first1=Nigel|last1=Rigby|first2=Pieter|last2=van der Merwe|year=2002 |publisher=National Maritime Museum|isbn=0-948-06543-5}}
*{{cite book |title=The Ship-builder's Assistant |last1=Sutherland |first1=William |last2=Rushton|first2 =Charles|last3= Cooper|first3= William |year=1711 |publisher=R. Mount|oclc=65326211}}
* {{cite book | last = Winfield| first = Rif|title = British Warships of the Age of Sail 1714–1792: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates | publisher =  Seaforth| year = 2007|isbn=978-1-84415-700-6}}
* [https://www.captaincooksociety.com/cooks-life/people/the-crew-on-each-voyage A table of the crew of Cook's Three Voyages 1768–1779] CaptainCookSociety.com

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|HMS Endeavour (ship, 1768)}}
* {{gutenberg|no=8106|name=Captain Cook's Journal During the First Voyage Round the World}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081030074920/http://www.anmm.gov.au/webdata/resources/files/Endeavour_info.pdf Flyer from the ''Australian National Maritime Museum'' about the HMB ''Endeavour'' replica] (PDF)
* [http://www.nma.gov.au/collections/collection_interactives/european_voyages_to_the_australian_continent/empire/endeavour_runs_aground/ ''Endeavour'' runs aground] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028034937/http://www.nma.gov.au/collections/collection_interactives/european_voyages_to_the_australian_continent/empire/endeavour_runs_aground/ |date=28 October 2011 }}, Pictures and information about the discovery of ''Endeavour'''s ballast and cannon on the ocean floor off Queensland, Australia, in 1969, [[National Museum of Australia]]

{{featured article}}

{{Captain James Cook}}

{{coord|41|36|N|71|21|W|type:waterbody_scale:100000_region:US|display=title|name=Narragansett Bay}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Endeavour, Hms}}
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