View source for HP-12C

{{Short description|Financial calculator made by Hewlett-Packard}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019|cs1-dates=y}}
{{Infobox Calculator
| name         = HP-12C
| image        = Financial Calculator Hewlett-Packard HP-12C built from 1981, this item produced 1988 (edited to remove background, warmer colours).jpg
| caption      = HP-12C
| type         = [[Programmable calculator|Programmable]] [[Financial calculator|Financial]]
| entry        = [[Classical RPN]] ([[4-level RPN|4 stack level]])
| introduced   = 1981
<!-- | discontinued = present -->
| cost         = ca. USD 70,-
| manufacturer = [[Hewlett-Packard]]
| precision    =
| display_type = [[Liquid crystal display|LCD]] [[seven-segment display]]
| display_size = 10 digits
| processor    = [[HP Nut|Nut]] core (HP 1LF5 / HP 1LM2 / HP 1LQ9 / HP 1RR2 / [[Agilent]]/[[Marvell Semiconductors|Marvell]] 2AF1<ref name="HP12_CPUs">{{cite web |url=http://www.brouhaha.com/~eric/hpcalc/voyager/variants.html |title=HP Voyager Calculator Variants |website=Brouhaha.com |access-date=2017-12-10}}</ref>) / [[ARM7TDMI]] core ([[Atmel AT91SAM7L128]]<ref name="HP12_CPUs"/>) / [[ARM Cortex-M4]] core ([[Atmel ATSAM4LC2CA]]<ref name="SAM4L"/>)
| prog_lang    = [[keystroke programmable]] (fully merged)
| memory_data  = 7…20<!-- amount --> (''R0''…''R9''/''CF0''…''CF9'', ''R.0''…''R.9''/''CF10''…''CF19'') + 5 (''n'', ''i'', ''PV'', ''PMT'', ''FV''/''CF20'') + 5 (''X'', ''Y'', ''Z'', ''T'', ''LAST X'')<ref name="HP-12_UG_2005"/>
| memory_step  = 8…99<ref name="HP-12_UG_2005">{{cite book |title=Hewlett-Packard HP-12C User's Guide |publisher=[[Hewlett-Packard Company]] |location=San Diego, CA, USA |edition=4 |id=HP part-number 0012C-90001 |date=2005-07-29 |orig-year=1981 |url=http://h10032.www1.hp.com/ctg/Manual/c00363319.pdf |access-date=2015-11-28}}</ref>
| supply       = 4.5&nbsp;V (3× [[LR44]]) or 3&nbsp;V (1× or 2× [[CR2032]]) depending on model
| power        = 0.25&nbsp;mW
| weight       = 113&nbsp;g
| dimensions   = 128 × 79 × 15&nbsp;mm
}}
The '''HP-12C''' is a [[finance|financial]] [[calculator]] made by [[Hewlett-Packard]] (HP) and its successor [[HP Inc.]] as part of the [[HP Voyager series]], introduced in 1981. It is HP's longest and best-selling product and is considered the ''[[de facto standard]]'' among financial professionals. There have been multiple revisions over the years, with newer revisions moving to an ARM processor running a software emulator of the original Nut processor. Critics claim that its 1980s technology is antiquated, but proponents point out that it is still the de facto and [[de jure]] standard in finance.

== Functionality ==
The HP-12C is HP's longest and best-selling product, in continual production since its introduction in 1981. Due to its simple operation for key financial calculations, the calculator long ago became the ''[[de facto standard]]'' among financial professionals.<ref>For example, [[Goldman Sachs]] issues HP-12Cs to the members of each new incoming class of its [[investment banking#Compensation|analysts and associates]].</ref>  Its popularity has endured despite the fact that a relatively simple but iterative process such as amortizing the [[interest]] over the life of a loan, a calculation that modern [[spreadsheet]]s can complete almost instantly, can take over a minute with the HP-12C. The 1977 October edition of the ''[[HP Journal]]'' contains an article by Roy Martin, the inventor of the simple method of operation used in HP financial calculators, which describes, in detail, the mathematics and functionality built by [[William Kahan]] and Roy Martin that is still used today.<ref>Roy E. Martin: ''Printing Financial Calculator Sets New Standards for Accuracy and Capability'', ''HP Journal'', October 1977 (29), pp.&nbsp;22–28; [http://www.hpl.hp.com/hpjournal/pdfs/IssuePDFs/1977-10.pdf (PDF)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120520115316/http://www.hpl.hp.com/hpjournal/pdfs/IssuePDFs/1977-10.pdf |date=2012-05-20  }}.</ref>

==Models==

==={{anchor|Blue 12c|12C|F1637A|F2230A|12c 30th Anniversary Edition|NW258AA}}HP-12C===
[[File:Backside of Financial Calculator Hewlett-Packard HP-12C built from 1981, this item produced 1988.jpg|thumb|Backside of a HP-12C built in 1988, with some use cases with the respective keys to be pressed for frequent tasks from the field of finance]] 
There were at least nine hardware revisions of the HP-12C since 1981 (including one special issue). Over its lifespan, the proprietary [[bulk CMOS]] [[HP Nut]] (originally the 1LF5, then 1LM2)<ref name="HP12_CPUs"/> processor's technology has been redesigned to integrate all the circuitry into a single chip (first the 1LQ9, then 1RR2)<ref name="HP12_CPUs"/> and to refresh the manufacturing process (as the foundry could no longer manufacture the necessary chips, having moved on to making higher-density chips). However, HP's market research found in the late 1980s that users did not trust results obtained too quickly and so the CPU speed was never improved from the original 884&nbsp;kHz, but the speed could be increased by a user modification.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brouhaha.com/~eric/hpcalc/voyager/speedup.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090712222407/http://www.brouhaha.com/~eric/hpcalc/voyager/speedup.html |title=HP Voyager Calculator Speedup |archive-date=2009-07-12 |work=brouhaha.com}}</ref> In 2001 (from serial number CN11500001<ref name="HP12_CPUs" />), the CPU was changed to a 3&nbsp;V process ([[Agilent]] 2AF1-0001,<ref name="HP12_CPUs"/> later a [[Marvell Semiconductors|Marvell]] 2AF1-0002<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hpmuseum.org/forum/thread-5142.html |title=HP-12C Gold 2007: Affectionate treatment didn't prevent failure |website=Hpmuseum.org |access-date=2017-12-10}}</ref>) and the battery was therefore changed to a single [[CR2032]] cell replacing the three [[LR44]] cells previously used (F1637A<!-- this is definitely a HP 12C MPN, but I'm not sure if this is the correct revision. At least it fits the timeframe. -->).

In 2008, HP modified the design to use an [[Atmel AT91SAM7L128]]<!-- Atmel AT91SAM7L128 was announced to be EOL at end of 2013 with LTS up to end of 2014. --><ref name="HP12_CPUs"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://media.digikey.com/pdf/PCNs/Atmel/RE133101_AT91SAM7Lxx_Obs.pdf |title=Product End-of-Life (EOL) Notification |website=Media.digikey.com |access-date=2017-12-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://media.digikey.com/pdf/PCNs/Atmel/RE133101_AT91SAM7Lxxx_Retract.pdf |title=Based on Atmel Management decision, Atmel is retracting the release or EOL RE133101 |website=Media.digikey.com |access-date=2017-12-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://media.digikey.com/pdf/PCNs/Atmel/SE133406A_Obs.pdf |title=Product End-of-Life (EOL) Notification |website=Media.digikey.com |access-date=2017-12-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://media.digikey.com/pdf/PCNs/Atmel/RE150402.pdf |title=Product End-of-Life (EOL) Notification |website=Media.digikey.com |access-date=2017-12-10}}</ref> processor with [[ARM7TDMI]] core running a software emulator of the previous Nut processor, written by [[Cyrille de Brébisson]], in order to execute an image of the former Nut-based firmware in it. This has brought advanced possibilities such as flashing new firmware, not previously possible. HP also released a [[software development kit]] (SDK), making it possible to make new and custom [[operating system]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hpmuseum.org/forum/thread-1899-post-16911.html#pid16911 |title=ARM HP-12C devkit and cable? |website=Hpmuseum.org |access-date=2017-12-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wiki4hp.com/doku.php?id=12c:repurposing_project |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091206144954/http://www.wiki4hp.com/doku.php?id=12c:repurposing_project |url-status=usurped |archive-date=6 December 2009 |title=12c:repurposing_project [HP Calculator Wiki] |website=Wiki4hp.com |access-date=2017-12-10}}</ref> The calculator ran 60–90 times faster on most benchmark operations. This version (F2230A) was colloquially known as the "''HP-12C+''", although HP did not market it as a different product. In contrast to the preceding revision, it supported two parallel [[CR2032]] cells, of which only one was necessary to run the calculator.

Based on the same processor, a limited ''HP&nbsp;12c 30th Anniversary Edition'' (NW258AA) was introduced in 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www8.hp.com/us/en/ad/calculator/30th-anniversary.html |title=HP Limited Edition Calculator |website=8.hp.com |access-date=2017-12-10}}</ref> Only 40,000 of this model were made.

The internal hardware of the HP-12C changed again in 2015, when the design switched to use an Atmel [[Atmel ATSAM4LC2CA|ATSAM4LC2CA-AU]] processor with [[ARM Cortex-M4]] core.<ref name="SAM4L"/> The calculator's part number and physical appearance didn't change except for a "Rev 2" plate on the bottom side.<ref name="SAM4L"/> It continues to use two parallel CR2032 cells.<ref name="SAM4L"/> The firmware reports a 2015<!-- 2015-01-30, whereas the latest firmware for the older model is dated 2012-04-03 --> build date.<ref name="SAM4L"/> Serial numbers starting with "PHA", "9CJ", "7CD", or "3CD" rule out the older model variant.<ref name="SAM4L"/> The 2×3-pin flash port now uses the [[USB]] protocol instead of a TTL serial protocol;<ref name="SAM4L"/> in addition to this, the calculator's circuit board features an unpopulated mount for a [[Micro-USB]] connector.<ref name="SAM4L">{{cite web |url=http://www.hpmuseum.org/forum/thread-5171-post-46001.html |title=Is the 12C SDK still available? |website=Hpmuseum.org |access-date=2017-12-10}}</ref>
In 2022, the [[HP Development Company, L.P.]]'s licensees [[Moravia Consulting spol.&nbsp;s&nbsp;r.o.]] and [[Royal Consumer Information Products, Inc.]] released a minor revision of the HP&nbsp;12C without "Hewlett-Packard" on the frontplate and with a screw added to the battery compartment cover.<ref name="Kuperus_2022"/>

The HP-12C is one of only four calculators permissible in the [[Chartered Financial Analyst]] exams, the others being its sister, the [[#12c Platinum|HP&nbsp;12c Platinum]], and the [[Texas Instruments]] [[Texas Instruments Business Analyst|BA II Plus and BA II Plus Professional]].

Often referred to as a tool for "Old-ie Time-ies," critics of the HP-12C claim its early 1980s technology and style are antiquated. Proponents, however, are quick to note that the HP-12C continues to be both the ''[[de jure]]'' and ''[[de facto]]'' standard of high finance.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703841904576257440326458056 |title=Wall Street's Cult Calculator Turns 30 |author-first=Kristina |author-last=Peterson |date=2011-05-04 |work=WSJ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110505221351/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703841904576257440326458056.html |archive-date=2011-05-05}}</ref>

==={{anchor|12c Platinum|12c Platinum 25th Anniversary Edition|F2231A|F2232A|12c Prestige|F2233A}}HP 12c Platinum / Prestige===
[[File:HP 12C Platinum.jpg|thumb|Platinum edition 2014]]
{{Infobox Calculator
| name         = HP 12c Platinum / Prestige
<!-- | image        = -->
| caption      = HP 12c Platinum
| image        =
| type         = [[Programmable calculator|Programmable]] [[Financial calculator|Financial]]
| entry        = [[Classical RPN]] ([[4-level RPN|4 stack level]]), [[Algebraic mode|Algebraic]]
| introduced   = 2003
<!-- | discontinued = present -->
| cost         = ca. USD 60,-
| manufacturer = [[Hewlett-Packard]]
| precision    =
| display_type = [[Liquid crystal display|LCD]] [[seven-segment display]]
| display_size = 10 digits
| processor    = [[MOS Technology 6502|6502]] core ([[Sunplus SPLB20D2|SPLB20D2]]<ref name="HP12_CPUs"/> / [[MOS Technology 6502|6502]] core (<!-- [[Sunplus SPLB31A|SPLB31A]]/-->[[Generalplus GPLB31A|GPLB31A]]<ref name="HP12_CPUs"/>)
| prog_lang    = [[keystroke programmable]] (fully merged)
| memory_data  = original 12c Platinum model: 7…20<!-- amount --> (''R0''…''R9''/''CF0''…''CF9'', ''R.0''…''R.9''/''CF10''…''CF19'') + 5 (''n'', ''i'', ''PV'', ''PMT'', ''FV'') + 11 (''CF20'',''CF21''…''CF30'') + 5 (''X'', ''Y'', ''Z'', ''T'', ''LAST X'');<ref name="Hidalgo_2004">{{cite journal |title=Impressions of the HP 12C Platinum |author-first=Jordi |author-last=Hidalgo |journal=Datafile |volume=22 |issue=3 |edition=2 revised |date=2004-06-09 |url=http://www.hpcc.org/datafile/V22N3/platinum.pdf |access-date=2015-11-28}}</ref> 
later 12c Platinum variants:  7…20<!-- amount --> (''R0''…''R9''/''CF0''…''CF9'', ''R.0''…''R.9''/''CF10''…''CF19'') + 5 (''n'', ''i'', ''PV'', ''PMT'', ''FV'') + 61 (''CF20'',''CF21''…''CF80'') + 5 (''X'', ''Y'', ''Z'', ''T'', ''LAST X'')
| memory_step  = 8…400
| supply       = 3&nbsp;V (1× or 2× [[CR2032]]) depending on model
| power        = 
| weight       =
| dimensions   =
}}
The ''HP&nbsp;12c Platinum'' is similar in appearance and functionality to the 12C, and is designed to mimic the 12C whilst extending its capabilities in various aspects. The calculator was introduced in 2003, is visibly distinguished by its silver-colored upper half as opposed to the gold-colored plate on the original 12c. There are six variants of the HP&nbsp;12c Platinum (including two special issues).

The first release of the 12c Platinum used a faster processor than the revision of the original HP-12C which was available at that time. (However, the subsequent revisions of the original 12C which switched to ARM-based processors have reversed that speed gap.) It was equipped with a [[Sunplus SPLB20D2]]<ref name="HP12_CPUs"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://w3.sunplus.com.tw/products/lcdcontroller/splb.htm |title=凌陽科技股份有限公司 |website=w3.sunplus.com.tw |access-date=2017-12-10}}{{dead link|date=October 2025}}</ref> with a [[MOS Technology 6502|6502]] core, larger memory (for up to 30 CFj registers<ref name="Hidalgo_2004"/> and 400 program steps) and more built-in functions. It allows input to be entered in [[algebraic mode]] as well as in [[4-level RPN|4-level]] [[classical RPN]]. The calculator's particular implementation of RPN exhibits an unusual behaviour of the {{keypress|CHS}} key different from that of the 12C and other classical RPN calculators.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hpmuseum.org/cgi-sys/cgiwrap/hpmuseum/archv020.cgi?read=190342 |title=HP 12C Platinum CHS bug? |work=hpmuseum.org}}</ref>

The first HP&nbsp;12c Platinum version (F2231A) did not have parentheses, which often led to awkward key sequences to solve problems in algebraic mode. Since 2005, newer versions (F2232A) of the HP&nbsp;12c Platinum have parentheses on the blue-shifted functions of the STO and RCL keys. They also support undo and backspace and provide memory for up to 80 CFj registers. The firmware changes<!-- based on [[HP 17bII+]] --> increased the ROM size beyond the capabilities of the original processor, so it was replaced by the [[Generalplus GPLB31A]] (still with [[MOS Technology 6502|6502]] core),<ref name="HP12_CPUs"/> which is also faster.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.generalplus.com/doc/ds/GPLB31AV14_ds.pdf |title=Generalplus GPLB31A datasheet |website=Generalplus.com |access-date=2017-12-10}}</ref> It was manufactured by [[Kinpo Electronics]].

In 2006, Hewlett-Packard released a limited edition of the 12c Platinum to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the original 12C's introduction. The ''HP&nbsp;12c Platinum 25th Anniversary Edition'' also has the parentheses feature and features the GPLB31A processor as well.

The latest hardware revision of the 12c Platinum was introduced in 2007 (F2231AA).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www8.hp.com/us/en/products/calculators/product-detail.html?oid=3678636 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222130931/http://www8.hp.com/us/en/products/calculators/product-detail.html?oid=3678636 |archive-date=22 December 2018 |title=HP 12C Platinum Financial Calculator(F2231AA){{!}} HP® United States}}</ref> As in the later revisions of the 12C, it features two parallel rather than only one [[CR2032]] cells, but it continues to be based on the GPLB31A processor. In 2008, the ''HP&nbsp;12c Prestige'' (F2233A)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hp.com/latam/br/produtos/calculadoras/12c_pres.html |title=HP Brasil - Calculadoras - Calculadora financeira HP 12c Prestige |work=hp.com}}</ref> was released. It features a gold-colored plate like the original 12C, but is otherwise like the fourth HP&nbsp;12c Platinum model (F2231AA). In 2022, alongside the latest revision of the original 12C, Moravia and Royal also released a mostly cosmetic update of the 12c Platinum, with the words "Hewlett-Packard" removed from the frontplate, subtle adjustments to the layout and contact information on the rearplate, and a screw added to the battery compartment.<ref name="Kuperus_2022"/>

== Limitations ==
By design, the HP-12C rounds up the number of payments to the next integer, which produces meaningless results when calculating fractional periods. Consequently, solving for ''n'' returns a value that is mathematically incorrect when compared to the standard annuity formula and different from the value returned by other financial calculators, Excel, etc.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hpmuseum.org/cgi-sys/cgiwrap/hpmuseum/archv005.cgi?read=8418 |title=HP-12C Rounding of periods |website=Hpmuseum.org |access-date=2017-12-10}}</ref>

=={{anchor|FN1000|V12|FC-12|CCS28956|SC123|DM12CC|DM12|DM12 Silver Edition|DM12L}}Clones==
The ''Aurora FN1000'' calculator in clamshell design was closely inspired by the HP-12C in 2003. Capitalizing on the limited availability of the HP&nbsp;12c Platinum 25th Anniversary Edition, [[Victor Technology]] released the ''Victor V12'' in 2007 which was a budget priced clone of the HP&nbsp;12c Platinum edition. It is also available as ''BrtC FC-12'' in Brazil. The 2010 ''Compucessory CCS28956''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hpmuseum.org/cgi-sys/cgiwrap/hpmuseum/archv019.cgi?read=170657 |title=HP-12C Clone, New? |website=Hpmuseum.org |access-date=2017-12-10}}</ref> aka ''Compucessory 28956'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hpmuseum.org/cgi-sys/cgiwrap/hpmuseum/archv020.cgi?read=202981 |title=non-HP RPN knockoffs - the good, bad and ugly |website=Hpmuseum.org |access-date=2017-12-10}}</ref> a clamshell design, is another clone of the HP&nbsp;12c Platinum, but with added margin calculation functions (COST, SELL, MGN). It is also available as ''Procalc FN 1200C'' in Brazil. The ''Truly SC123'' in 2015 closely resembles the HP&nbsp;12c Platinum as well, but in a vertical case layout.

In 2012, [[SwissMicros]] (aka RPN-Calc) introduced a miniature clone named ''DM-12CC'' approximating the size of an [[ID-1 format|ID-1]] credit card (88&nbsp;mm&nbsp;× 59&nbsp;mm&nbsp;× 7&nbsp;mm). It closely emulates the functionality of the original HP-12C by running the original ROM image in an emulator on an [[ARM Cortex-M0]]-based [[NXP]] [[LPC1114]] processor. Newer ''DM12'' models since 2013 feature a better keyboard and more RAM ([[LPC1115]]). A ''DM12 Silver Edition'' in a titanium case is available as well.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.swissmicros.com/ |title=SwissMicros |website=Swissmicros.com |access-date=2013-06-29}}</ref> 
In February 2016, SwissMicros introduced the DM12L, a version of the calculator about the same size as the original HP-12C.
Deviating from the HP original, these calculators feature a dot-matrix display, switchable fonts and clock speeds, and, based on a [[Silicon Labs]] CP2102 converter chip,<ref>http://www.jepspectro.com/htm/dm15.htm<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20171220072130/http://www.jepspectro.com/htm/dm15.htm --></ref>{{self published inline|certain=yes|date=October 2025}} they come with a [[USB]] ([[USB Mini-B|Mini-B]])<ref>[https://www.swissmicros.com/manuals/swissmicros_serial_guide_v1.63.pdf]{{dead link|date=October 2025}}<!--https://web.archive.org/web/20171220034706/https://www.swissmicros.com/manuals/swissmicros_serial_guide_v1.63.pdf --></ref> serial interface to exchange data with a PC etc. for backup purposes (and possibly to communicate with applications like PC-based HP-12C emulators<!-- http://hp-15c.homepage.t-online.de/dm15.htm for a HP-15C emulator -->) or to update the firmware. Powering via USB is not supported.

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Kuperus_2022">{{cite web |title=HHC 2022: HP Calculators Distribution (Klaas Kuperus) |author-first=Klaas |author-last=Kuperus |date=2022-09-10<!-- /11 --> |work=HP Handheld Conference 2022 |location=Nashville, Tennessee, USA |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QLTzr1-ztgk |access-date=2023-08-11}}</ref>
}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |title=HP 12c Financial Calculator Quick Start Guide |publisher=[[Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.]] |location=San Diego, California, USA |edition=1 |id=HP part-number F2230-90201 |date=2008-10-01 |url=http://h10032.www1.hp.com/ctg/Manual/c01798099.pdf |access-date=2015-11-28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917233110/http://h10032.www1.hp.com/ctg/Manual/c01798099.pdf |archive-date=2017-09-17}}
* {{cite book |title=hp 12c financial calculator user's guide |publisher=[[Hewlett-Packard Company]] |location=San Diego, California, USA |edition=4 |id=HP part-number 0012C-90001 |date=2005-07-29 |orig-year=1981 |url=http://h10032.www1.hp.com/ctg/Manual/c00363319.pdf |access-date=2015-11-28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917233113/http://h10032.www1.hp.com/ctg/Manual/c00363319.pdf |archive-date=2017-09-17}}
* {{cite book |title=Hewlett-Packard HP-12C Solutions Handbook |url=http://h10032.www1.hp.com/ctg/Manual/c00367122.pdf |access-date=2015-11-28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917233121/http://h10032.www1.hp.com/ctg/Manual/c00367122.pdf |archive-date=2017-09-17}}
* {{cite book |title=HP 12C Platinum Owner's Handbook and Problem-Solving Guide |publisher=[[Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.]] |date=2003 |url=http://h10032.www1.hp.com/ctg/Manual/bpia5309.pdf |access-date=2015-11-28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917233129/http://h10032.www1.hp.com/ctg/Manual/bpia5309.pdf |archive-date=2017-09-17}}
* {{cite book |title=HP 12C Platinum Solutions Handbook |publisher=[[Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.]] |version=03.04 |url=http://www.hp.com/ctg/Manual/c00367123.pdf |access-date=2015-11-28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917233134/http://www.hp.com/ctg/Manual/c00367123.pdf |archive-date=2017-09-17}}
* {{cite web |title=HP 12C Virtual Calculator |publisher=[[Hewlett-Packard]] |date=2012-11-29 |url=http://www.calculatrices-hp.com/uploads/emulateurs/HP_12C_Virtual_Calculator_2012_11_29.zip |access-date=2017-09-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319201920/http://www.calculatrices-hp.com/uploads/emulateurs/HP_12C_Virtual_Calculator_2012_11_29.zip |archive-date=2016-03-19}}
* {{cite web |title=HP 12C Platinum Virtual Calculator |publisher=[[Hewlett-Packard]] |date=2012-12-10 |url=http://www.calculatrices-hp.com/uploads/emulateurs/HP_12c_Platinum_Virtual_Calculator_2012_12_10.zip |access-date=2017-09-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004235504/http://www.calculatrices-hp.com/uploads/emulateurs/HP_12c_Platinum_Virtual_Calculator_2012_12_10.zip |archive-date=2015-10-04}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |url=http://www.hpmuseum.org/hp12c.htm |title=HP-12C |website=Hpmuseum.org |access-date=2017-12-10}}
* [http://www.frontwave.eu/2011/02/calculator-that-never-dies.html The Calculator That Never Dies]
* [http://www.theictscoop.com/2016/05/05/hp-12c-thirty-five-years-and-still-going-strong/ HP 12c, Thirty Five Years and Still Going Strong]
* [http://mycalcdb.free.fr/main.php?l=0&id=810 HP-12C] and [http://mycalcdb.free.fr/main.php?l=0&id=876 HP-12c Platinum] on MyCalcDB (database about 1970s and 1980s pocket calculators)
* [http://stendec.io/ctb/hp12c.html HP-12C emulator in Javascript]

{{HP calculators}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:HP Voyager series calculators|12C]]