View source for Haeju

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|translit_lang1_info2   = Haeju-si
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| caption2 = Haeju hotel
| image3 = Haeju, North Korea.jpg
| caption3 = City square in Haeju
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| parts                   = 25 ''tong'', 4 ''ri''
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'''Haeju'''{{efn|In the 19th century, Haeju was sometimes spelled '''Hai-tsiou'''.{{sfnp|''EB''|1878|p=390}}}} ({{IPA|ko|hɛ.dzu}}) is a city located in [[South Hwanghae Province]] near [[Haeju Bay]] in [[North Korea]]. It is the administrative centre of South Hwanghae Province. As of 2008, the population of the city is estimated to be 273,300. At the beginning of the 20th century, it became a strategic port in Sino-Korean trade. Haeju has chemical-related enterprises and a cement factory.

==History==
The area around Haeju is known to have been inhabited since the [[Neolithic]] period, as shellmounds, pottery, and stone tools have been found at Ryongdangp'o. During the early [[Three Kingdoms of Korea|Three kingdoms period]], it was briefly governed by a small chieftain, when it was known as "Naemihol" ({{linktext|內|米|忽|郡}}). In 757, however, it was conquered by the [[Goguryeo]] kingdom, who later lost it to [[Silla]]. It was under the [[Goryeo]] dynasty's [[Taejo of Goryeo|King T'aejo]] that it received its current name.

Sohyon Academy (소현서원) was a [[Confucianism|Confucian]] academy founded near Haeju by the famous [[Joseon]] dynasty scholar [[Yi I]] (1536–84) after his retirement. It is situated in Unbyong Valley, a part of Soktamgugok (Nine valleys of pools and rocks).

According to the North Korean government, their [[Operation Pokpung|southward offensive]] on the first day of the [[Korean War]] on 25 June 1950 was a response to a two-day long bombing by the South Koreans and their surprise attacks on Haeju and other places. Early in the morning of 25 June, before the dawn counterattack in the North Korean account, the South Korean Office of Public Information announced that the Southern forces had  captured Haeju.<ref name="South occupies Haejiu city">{{cite book |last=Keum |first=Jooseop |author-link=Jooseop Keum|editor1-last=Kim |editor1-first=Sebastian C. H. |editor2-last=Kollontai |editor2-first=Pauline |editor3-last=Hoyland |editor3-first=Greg |editor1-link=Sebastian Kim |title=Peace & Reconciliation |date=2008 |publisher=Ashgate |location=Hampshire, UK |page=110 |chapter=Korean War: The Origin of the Axis of Evil in the Korean Peninsula|quote=Cummings}}</ref> The South Korean government later denied capturing the town and blamed the report on an exaggerating officer. [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] and the [[Soviet Union]] proposed that North Korea would be invited to the [[UN Security Council]] to present its side of the story. Both proposals were voted down.<ref name="William Blum 2004 46-48">{{cite book|author=William Blum|title= Killing Hope: US Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II|url= https://archive.org/details/pdfy-q0ULBH2DJICRS3Vg|year=2004|publisher=Zed Books Ltd.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/pdfy-q0ULBH2DJICRS3Vg/page/n45 46]–48}}</ref>

==Geography==
Haeju City is located on the  westernmost edge of the [[Korean Peninsula]], 60&nbsp;km north of the [[Military Demarcation Line]] and 100&nbsp;km south of [[Pyongyang]]. The city, being not very mountainous, is composed mostly of plains. All the mountains located within the city are under 1,000 m in elevation.

=== Mountains ===
*Mountain Suyang, 946 m.
*Mountain Jangdae, 686 m.
*[[Namsan (Haeju)|Nam Hill]], 122 m.

== Climate ==
Haeju has a [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]]: ''Dwa''), with cold, dry winters and hot, humid summers.
{{Weather box
|width = auto
| location = Haeju (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1957–present)
| single line = Yes
| metric first = Yes
| Jan record high C = 12.0
| Feb record high C = 14.7
| Mar record high C = 22.9
| Apr record high C = 27.7
| May record high C = 34.5
| Jun record high C = 36.0
| Jul record high C = 36.0
| Aug record high C = 37.2
| Sep record high C = 34.0
| Oct record high C = 29.6
| Nov record high C = 25.0
| Dec record high C = 17.2
| year record high C = 37.2
| Jan high C = 1.6
| Feb high C = 4.1
| Mar high C = 9.7
| Apr high C = 16.3
| May high C = 21.7
| Jun high C = 25.6
| Jul high C = 27.3
| Aug high C = 29.0
| Sep high C = 25.7
| Oct high C = 19.7
| Nov high C = 11.2
| Dec high C = 3.7
| year high C = 16.3
| Jan mean C = -2.7
| Feb mean C = -0.4
| Mar mean C = 4.8
| Apr mean C = 11.2
| May mean C = 16.7
| Jun mean C = 21.3
| Jul mean C = 24.1
| Aug mean C = 25.3
| Sep mean C = 21.1
| Oct mean C = 14.6
| Nov mean C = 6.8
| Dec mean C = -0.3
| year mean C = 11.9
| Jan low C = -6.6
| Feb low C = -4.5
| Mar low C = 0.5
| Apr low C = 6.6
| May low C = 12.2
| Jun low C = 17.6
| Jul low C = 21.4
| Aug low C = 22.1
| Sep low C = 17.0
| Oct low C = 9.9
| Nov low C = 2.8
| Dec low C = -4.0
| year low C = 7.9
| Jan record low C = -18.9
| Feb record low C = -19.0
| Mar record low C = -12.0
| Apr record low C = -6.1
| May record low C = 0.0
| Jun record low C = 2.0
| Jul record low C = 10.9
| Aug record low C = 9.8
| Sep record low C = 2.3
| Oct record low C = -4.7
| Nov record low C = -11.1
| Dec record low C = -18.0
| year record low C = -19.0
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 9.6
| Feb precipitation mm = 17.6
| Mar precipitation mm = 27.5
| Apr precipitation mm = 51.4
| May precipitation mm = 108.7
| Jun precipitation mm = 108.0
| Jul precipitation mm = 305.2
| Aug precipitation mm = 252.8
| Sep precipitation mm = 96.2
| Oct precipitation mm = 42.6
| Nov precipitation mm = 34.8
| Dec precipitation mm = 15.0
| year precipitation mm = 1069.4
| unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 3.8
| Feb precipitation days = 3.1
| Mar precipitation days = 4.0
| Apr precipitation days = 5.6
| May precipitation days = 7.1
| Jun precipitation days = 8.0
| Jul precipitation days = 12.9
| Aug precipitation days = 10.4
| Sep precipitation days = 5.5
| Oct precipitation days = 4.4
| Nov precipitation days = 5.9
| Dec precipitation days = 5.2
| year precipitation days = 75.9
| Jan snow days = 5.5
| Feb snow days = 3.3
| Mar snow days = 1.2
| Apr snow days = 0.1
| May snow days = 0.0
| Jun snow days = 0.0
| Jul snow days = 0.0
| Aug snow days = 0.0
| Sep snow days = 0.0
| Oct snow days = 0.1
| Nov snow days = 2.1
| Dec snow days = 5.9
| year snow days = 18.2
| Jan humidity = 65.2
| Feb humidity = 62.4
| Mar humidity = 63.9
| Apr humidity = 64.6
| May humidity = 70.6
| Jun humidity = 77.0
| Jul humidity = 85.5
| Aug humidity = 80.9
| Sep humidity = 72.9
| Oct humidity = 68.0
| Nov humidity = 69.6
| Dec humidity = 68.1
| year humidity = 70.7
| Jan sun = 188
| Feb sun = 184
| Mar sun = 213
| Apr sun = 224
| May sun = 235
| Jun sun = 197
| Jul sun = 133
| Aug sun = 188
| Sep sun = 210
| Oct sun = 215
| Nov sun = 164
| Dec sun = 169
|year sun = 2320
|source 1 = [[Korea Meteorological Administration]]<ref name= KMA>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220129211112/https://data.kma.go.kr/resources/normals/pdf_data/northkorea_pdf_0104.pdf
| archive-date = 29 January 2022
| url = https://data.kma.go.kr/resources/normals/pdf_data/northkorea_pdf_0104.pdf
| title = 30 years report of Meteorological Observations in North Korea (1991 ~ 2020)
| publisher = Korea Meteorological Administration
| access-date = 24 March 2022
| language = ko
| url-status = live
| pages = 223, 333, and 345}}</ref>
|source 2 = [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]] (sun, 1961–1990),<ref name = DWD>
{{cite web
| url = http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_470690_kt.pdf
| title = Klimatafel von Haeju / Korea (Nordkorea)
| work = Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world
| publisher = Deutscher Wetterdienst
| language = de
| access-date = 24 January 2016}}</ref><ref name = DWDsun>{{cite web
| url = ftp://ftp-cdc.dwd.de/pub/CDC/observations_global/CLIMAT/multi_annual/sunshine_duration/1961_1990.txt
| title = Station 47069 Haeju
| work = Global station data 1961–1990—Sunshine Duration
| publisher = Deutscher Wetterdienst
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171017195327/ftp://ftp-cdc.dwd.de/pub/CDC/observations_global/CLIMAT/multi_annual/sunshine_duration/1961_1990.txt
| archive-date = 2017-10-17
| url-status = dead
| access-date = 6 November 2016
}}</ref>{{efn|[https://web.archive.org/web/20171017195318/ftp://ftp-cdc.dwd.de/pub/CDC/help/stations_list_CLIMAT_data.txt Station ID for Haeju is 47069] Use this station ID to locate the sunshine duration}} Meteo Climat (extremes)<ref name = meteoclimat>
{{cite web 
| url = http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=1695
| title = Station Haeju
| publisher = Meteo Climat 
| language = fr 
| access-date = 6 November 2016}}</ref>
|date=November 2011
}}

==Administrative divisions==
Haeju is divided into several urban neighborhoods ([[Administrative divisions of North Korea#Third-level divisions|"dong"]]) and several rural villages ("ri").<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nk.joins.com/map/view.asp?idx=i104.htm|title=중앙일보 - 아시아 첫 인터넷 신문}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
!
![[Hangul|Chosŏn'gŭl]]
![[Hanja|Hancha]]
|-
|Changch'un-dong||장춘동||{{linktext|長|春|洞}}
|-
|Haech'ŏng-dong||해청동||{{linktext|海|清|洞}}
|-
|Haeun-dong||해운동||{{linktext|海運|洞}}
|-
|Hakhyŏn-dong||학현동||{{linktext|鶴|峴|洞}}
|-
|Kuje-dong||구제동||{{linktext|九|齊|洞}}
|-
|Kwangha-dong||광하동||{{linktext|廣|河|洞}}
|-
|Kwangsŏk-tong||광석동||{{linktext|廣|石|洞}}
|-
|Kyŏlsŏng-dong||결성동||{{linktext|結|城|洞}}
|-
|[[Namsan (Haeju)|Namsan]]-dong||남산동||{{linktext|南|山|洞}}
|-
|Okkye-dong||옥계동||{{linktext|玉|溪|洞}}
|-
|[[Puyong Hall|Puyong]]-dong||부용동||{{linktext|芙蓉|洞}}
|-
|Ryongdang-dong||룡당동||{{linktext|龍|塘|洞}}
|-
|Saegŏri-dong||새거리동||새거리{{linktext|洞}}
|-
|Sami-dong||사미동||{{linktext|四|美|洞}}
|-
|[[Suyangsan Fortress|Sansŏng]]-dong||산성동||{{linktext|山|城|洞}}
|-
|Sŏae-dong||서애동||{{linktext|西|艾|洞}}
|-
|Sŏkch'ŏn-dong||석천동||{{linktext|石|川|洞}}
|-
|Sŏkmi-dong||석미동||{{linktext|石|美|洞}}
|-
|Sŏnsan-dong||선산동||{{linktext|仙|山|洞}}
|-
|Sŭngma-dong||승마동||{{linktext|乘|馬|洞}}
|-
|Taegok-tong||대곡동||{{linktext|大|谷|洞}}
|-
|Ŭpp'a-dong||읍파동||{{linktext|邑|波|洞}}
|-
|Yangsa-dong||양사동||{{linktext|養|社|洞}}
|-
|Yŏnggwang-dong||영광동||{{linktext|榮|光|洞}}
|-
|Yŏnha-dong||연하동||{{linktext|煙|下|洞}}
|-
|Chakch'ŏl-li||작천리||{{linktext|鵲|川|里}}
|-
|Changbang-ri||장방리||{{linktext|長|芳|里}}
|-
|Singwang-ri||신광리||{{linktext|神|光|里}}
|-
|Yŏngyang-ri||영양리||{{linktext|迎|陽|里}}
|}

==Culture and travel==

Famous tourist attractions in the city center include [[Puyong Hall|Puyong Pavilion]], the Haeju [[Dharani]] Monument, the [[Haeju Sokbinggo]], and several trees classified as [[Natural monuments of North Korea|living monuments]]. Farther out, scenic spots include [[Suyangsan Falls]], the [[Sokdamgugok]] scenic area, [[Suyangsan Fortress]] and the [[Sohyon Academy]].

==Economy==
Haeju [[Special Economic Zone]] was announced in the Second [[Inter-Korean summit]] meeting between the South Korean president [[Roh Moo-Hyun]] and the North Korean supreme leader [[Kim Jong-Il]]. It was to be a [[Special Economic Zone]] centered on the Haeju port. The zone would have consisted of 16.5&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> of development, and also the expansion of the Haeju port. This project was estimated to cost over US$4.5 billion.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seo |first=Yang Won |date=2007-10-09 |title=해주 개발땐 비용 46억달러ㆍ경제효과 33억달러 |trans-title=$4.6 billion for Haeju development and $3.3 billion in economic effect. |url=https://www.mk.co.kr/news/politics/4324724 |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=매일경제 |language=ko}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

This economic agreement between [[South Korea]] and [[North Korea]] would have allowed trading across the [[Northern Limit Line]]<ref name=stratfor-20101124>{{cite web |url=http://www.stratfor.com/analysis/20101124_dispatch_importance_koreas_northern_limit_line |title=Importance of the Koreas' Northern Limit Line |author=Rodger Baker | publisher=[[STRATFOR]] |date=24 November 2010 |access-date=4 December 2010}}</ref> between the ports of [[Incheon]] and Haeju, only 110&nbsp;km apart. Recent military skirmishes{{Specify|date=January 2023}} make any revival of this deal unlikely for the time being.

==Transportation==
Haeju has a military and civilian dual purposes air station (HAE), with a 12/30 runway ([[Haeju Airport]]). Haeju also has one of the major economic and military ports in [[North Korea]]. It is connected to [[Sariwŏn]] via the [[Hwanghae Ch'ŏngnyŏn Line]] of the [[Korean State Railway]].

==Education==
Haeju is home to [[Haeju University of Education]], [[Haeju College of Art]], and [[Kim Je Won Haeju University of Agriculture]].
[[Sohyon Academy]] (소현서원) was a Confucian academy founded by the famous scholar [[Yi Yulgok]] (1536–84). It is situated in the Unbyong Valley west of Haeju.

==Media==
The Korean Central Broadcasting Station airs on [[AM broadcasting|AM]] 1080&nbsp;kHz using a 1.5-megawatt [[mediumwave]] transmitter. {{Citation needed|date = August 2015}}

==Sister cities==
*{{flagicon|Ecuador}} [[Guaranda]], [[Ecuador]]<ref name="KCNA2008">{{cite web|title=Agreements Signed between DPRK and Ecuador|url=http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/2008/200804/news04/28.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908191556/http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/2008/200804/news04/28.htm|archive-date=8 September 2017|publisher=[[Korean Central News Agency]]|date=27 April 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Ulan-Ude]], [[Russia]]<ref>{{Cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908211646/http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/2012/201209/news30/20120930-08ee.html|archive-date=8 September 2017|url=http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/2012/201209/news30/20120930-08ee.html|date=30 September 2012|access-date=3 December 2017|publisher=[[Korean Central News Agency]]|title=Sister Relations Established between Cities in DPRK and Russia}}</ref>

==People born in Haeju==

* [[Ch'oe Ch'ung]] (984–1068), Confucian scholar and poet
* [[Ch'oe Yun-ŭi]] (1102–1162), Confucian scholar
* [[Choe Manri]] (d. 1445), minister of [[Hall of Worthies]]
* [[Injo of Joseon]] (1595–1649), the sixteenth king of the [[Joseon dynasty]] in [[Korea]]
* [[Syngman Rhee]], the first [[president of South Korea]]{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}
* [[Kim Ku]] (1876–1949), last president of the [[Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea]]
* [[An Jung-geun]] (1879–1910), independence activist who assassinated [[Itō Hirobumi]]
* [[Mirok Li]] (1899–1950), writer
* [[Kang Joon-ho]] (1928–1990), bronze-medalist Olympic boxer (1952)
* [[Jong Song-ok]] (1974), marathon gold-medalist & Olympic runner

Haeju is the home of the Haeju [[Choi (Korean name)|Choi]] and the Haeju [[Oh (Korean name)|Oh]] clan.

==See also==
{{Portal|North Korea}}
* [[List of cities in North Korea]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
* {{citation |first=Hugh Alexander |last=Webster |display-authors=0 |contribution=[[s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Corea|Corea]] |title=''[[s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition|''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 9th ed.]], [[s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Volume VI|Vol.&nbsp;VI]]'' |editor-last=Baynes |editor-first=Thomas Spencer |display-editors=0 |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |location=New York |date=1878 |ref={{harvid|''EB''|1878}} |pp=390–394 }}.

==Further reading==
*Dormels, Rainer. North Korea's Cities: Industrial facilities, internal structures and typification. Jimoondang, 2014. {{ISBN|978-89-6297-167-5}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Haeju}}
{{Wikivoyage}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120114214343/http://bbs.keyhole.com/ubb/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=165472#Post165472 North Korea Uncovered]
* [http://llukasz.com/Haeju.htm Haeju photos]. Traveller's blog with pictures from North Korea
* [https://koreanologie.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/user_upload/p_koreanologie/North_Korean_Cities/Haeju/Haeju.pdf City profile of Haeju] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329062925/https://koreanologie.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/user_upload/p_koreanologie/North_Korean_Cities/Haeju/Haeju.pdf |date=2017-03-29 }}
{{coord|38|02|N|125|43|E|region:KP_type:city|display=title}}

{{South Hwanghae}}
{{Metropolitan cities of North Korea}}
{{Most populous cities in North Korea}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Haeju| ]]
[[Category:Cities in South Hwanghae Province]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns in North Korea]]