View source for Hamal

{{Short description|Star in the constellation Aries}}
{{About|the star}}
{{Starbox begin
 | name = Hamal
}}
{{Starbox image
 | image=
{{Location mark
|image=Aries constellation map.svg|alt=|float=center|width=240
|label=|position=right
|mark=Red circle.svg|mark_width=12|mark_link=α Arietis
|x=789|y=352
}}
|caption=Location of α Arietis (circled)
}}
{{Starbox observe
 | epoch       = J2000
 | constell    = [[Aries (constellation)|Aries]]
 | ra          = {{RA|02|07|10.40570}}<ref name=aaa474_2_653/>
 | dec         = {{DEC|+23|27|44.7032}}<ref name=aaa474_2_653/>
 | appmag_v    = 2.00<ref name=clpl4_99/>
}}
{{Starbox character
 | class       = K1IIIb
 | u-b         = +1.13<ref name=clpl4_99/>
 | b-v         = +1.15<ref name=clpl4_99/>
 | v-r         = +0.7<ref name=sb0/>
 | r-i         = +0.62<ref name=bsc2/>
 | variable    = Suspected<ref name=nsv1/>
 | type        = [[Red giant branch]]
}}
{{Starbox astrometry
 | radial_v    = −14.2{{±|0.9}}<ref name=rgcrv/>
 | prop_mo_ra  = +188.55
 | prop_mo_dec = −148.08
 | pm_footnote = <ref name=aaa474_2_653/>
 | parallax    = 49.56
 | p_error     = 0.25
 | parallax_footnote = <ref name=aaa474_2_653/>
 | absmag_v    = +0.47{{±|0.04}}<ref name=aj135_3_892/>
}}
{{Starbox detail
 | mass        = {{val|1.5|0.2}}<ref name=aaa529_A134/>
 | radius      = {{val|15.19|0.1}}<ref name="npoi"/>
 | temperature = {{val|4553|15|fmt=commas}}<ref name=aaa529_A134/>
 | luminosity  = {{val|76.2|0.8}}<ref name="npoi"/>
 | gravity     = 2.3<ref name="gray2019"/>
 | metal_fe    = −0.214<ref name="gray2019"/>
 | age_gyr     = 3.4{{±|1.9}}<ref name="Bonfanti2015"/>
 | rotational_velocity = 3.44<ref name=aaa529_A134/>
}}
{{Starbox catalog
 | names = {{odlist | name=Hemal, Hamal, Ras&nbsp;Hammel, El&nbsp;Nath, Arietis | B=α&nbsp;Ari, Alpha&nbsp;Arietis, Alpha&nbsp;Ari | F=13&nbsp;Arietis, 13&nbsp;Ari | BD=+22&nbsp;306 | FK5=74 | GC=2538 | GJ=84.3 | GJ2=9072 | HD=12929 | HIP=9884 | HR=617 | LTT=10711 | NLTT=7032 | PPM=91373 | SAO=75151 }}<ref name=sb0/><ref name=bsc2/>
}}
{{Starbox reference
| Simbad=alf+ari
}}
{{Starbox end
}}
'''Hamal''', pronounced {{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|æ|m|əl}},<ref name=Kunitzsch/> is a [[star]] in the [[Northern celestial hemisphere|northern]] [[zodiac]]al [[constellation]] of [[Aries (constellation)|Aries]].<ref name=bsc2/><ref name=kaler/> It has the [[Bayer designation]] '''Alpha Arietis''', which is [[Romanization of Greek|Latinized]] from '''α Arietis''' and abbreviated '''Alpha Ari''' or '''α Ari'''. This star is visible to the [[naked eye]] with an [[apparent visual magnitude]] of 2.0.<ref name=clpl4_99/> Hamal is the brightest star in the constellation and, on average, the [[List of brightest stars|50th-brightest star in the night sky]]. Based upon [[stellar parallax|parallax]] measurements made with the ''[[Hipparcos]]'' [[astrometry]] satellite,<ref name=aaa323_L49/><ref name=GSM/> Hamal is about {{Convert|65.8|ly|pc|abbr=off|lk=on}} from Earth.<ref name=aaa474_2_653/> It is drifting closer to the Sun with a [[radial velocity]] of −14&nbsp;km/s.<ref name=rgcrv/>

This is an aging [[giant star]] that may host an orbiting planet with a mass greater than Jupiter.<ref name=aaa529_A134/>

==Nomenclature==
[[File:AriesCC.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Hamal is the brightest star in the constellation of Aries.]]

''Alpha Arietis'' is the star's [[Bayer designation]]. It also bears the [[Flamsteed designation]] of 13 Arietis.

The traditional name ''Hamal'' (also written ''Hemal'', ''Hamul'', ''Ras Hammel'') derives from the [[Arabic]] {{lang|ar|رأس الحمل}} ''rās al-ħamal'' "head of the ram", in turn from the name for the constellation as a whole, ''Al Ħamal'' "the ram".<ref name=allen1899/> In 2016, the [[International Astronomical Union]] organized a [[Working Group on Star Names]] (WGSN)<ref name="WGSN"/> to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN's first bulletin of July 2016<ref name="WGSN1"/> included a table of the first two batches of names approved by the WGSN; which included ''Hamal'' for this star.<ref name="IAU-CSN"/>

In [[Chinese astronomy|Chinese]], {{lang|zh|婁宿}} ({{lang|zh-Latn|Lóu Su}}), meaning ''[[Bond (Chinese constellation)|Bond]] (asterism)'', refers to an [[Asterism (astronomy)|asterism]] consisting of Hamal, [[β Arietis]] and [[γ Arietis]].<ref>{{in lang|zh}} ''中國星座神話'', written by 陳久金. Published by 台灣書房出版有限公司, 2005, {{ISBN|978-986-7332-25-7}}.</ref> Consequently, the [[Chinese star names|Chinese name]] for Hamal itself is {{lang|zh|婁宿三}} ({{lang|zh-Latn|Lóu Su sān}}, {{langx|en|the Third Star of Bond}}).<ref>{{in lang|zh}} [http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/Research/StarName/c_research_chinengstars_h_l.htm 香港太空館 - 研究資源 - 亮星中英對照表] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110129031951/http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/Research/StarName/c_research_chinengstars_h_l.htm |date=2011-01-29 }}, Hong Kong Space Museum. Accessed on line November 23, 2010.</ref>

==Properties==
The [[stellar spectrum|spectrum]] of this star matches a [[stellar classification]] of {{nowrap|K2 III Ca-1}}, with the [[luminosity class]] of III indicating that it is an [[stellar evolution|evolved]] [[giant star]] that has exhausted the supply of hydrogen at its core and is now on the [[red-giant branch]].<ref name=mnras340_3_763/> The 'Ca-1' portion of the classification indicates that it shows weaker than normal [[absorption line|lines]] of [[calcium]] in its spectrum. Since 1943, the spectrum of this star has served as one of the stable anchor points by which other stars are classified.<ref name=baas25_1319/> It is estimated to have 65% more mass than the Sun,<ref name="gray2019"/> while [[Astronomical interferometer|interferometric]] measurements using the [[Navy Precision Optical Interferometer]] show it to be 15 times larger in diameter.<ref name="npoi"/> Despite its enlarged girth, this star is still spinning with a slightly faster equatorial [[azimuth]]al velocity than the Sun, having a [[projected rotational velocity]] of 3.44&nbsp;km s<sup>−1</sup>.<ref name=aaa529_A134/>

Hamal is radiating about 91<ref name=aaa526_A100/> times the [[Sun's luminosity]] from its [[stellar atmosphere|outer envelope]] at an [[effective temperature]] of {{Val|4411|fmt=commas|ul=K}}.<ref name="gray2019"/> This is cooler than the surface of the Sun, giving it the orange-hued glow of a [[K-type star]]. It is suspected to be slightly [[variable star|variable]], with an amplitude of 0.06 magnitude.<ref name=nsv1/> The abundance of elements other than hydrogen and helium, what astronomers term the star's [[metallicity]], is only around 60% that in the Sun.<ref name=aaa526_A100/>{{efn|name=metal_fe|1 = The abundance is estimated by taking [Fe/H] to the power of ten:{{indent|10}}10<sup>[Fe/H]</sup> = 10<sup>−0.214</sup> = 0.61}} The star displays low amplitude [[Stellar pulsation|pulsations]] with periods of 0.571 and 0.190&nbsp;days.<ref name=Kim_et_al_2006/>

== Planetary system ==
In 2011, the likely presence of a planet in orbit around this star was reported by Byeong-Cheol Lee, et al. It was detected using the [[radial velocity method]], based upon measurements made between 2003 and 2010 at the [[Bohyunsan Optical Astronomy Observatory]] in [[South Korea]]. The object has an [[orbital period]] of 381&nbsp;days and an [[orbital eccentricity|eccentricity]] of 0.25. The lower bound on this object's mass is about 1.8 times the mass of [[Jupiter]]. The estimated [[semi-major axis]] of the planet's orbit is 1.2&nbsp;[[astronomical unit]]s (AU),<ref name=aaa529_A134/> which would give it a [[periapsis]] distance of 0.9&nbsp;AU and an [[apoapsis]] distance of 1.5&nbsp;AU. By comparison, the star has a radius of 0.07&nbsp;AU.<ref name=orbit_note/>

{{OrbitboxPlanet begin
| table_ref = <ref name=EPEalfArib/>
}}
{{OrbitboxPlanet
| exoplanet = b
| mass = ≥ 1.8 ± 0.2
| period = 380.8 ± 0.3
| semimajor = 1.2
| eccentricity = 0.25 ± 0.03
}}
{{Orbitbox end}}

==In culture==
Hamal's orientation with relation to the Earth's orbit around the [[Sun]] gives it a certain importance not apparent from its modest brightness. Between 2000 and 100 [[BCE]], the apparent path of the Sun through the Earth's sky placed it in Aries at the [[northern vernal equinox]], the point in time marking the start of [[spring (season)|spring]] in the [[Northern Hemisphere]].<ref name=ecs/> This is why most [[astrology]] columns in modern newspapers begin with Aries.<ref name=raymo1982/> While the vernal equinox has moved to [[Pisces (constellation)|Pisces]] since then due to [[precession of the equinoxes]],<ref name=ecs/> Hamal has remained in mind as a bright star near what was apparently an important place when people first studied the night sky.<ref name=kaler/> Currently (epoch J2000) its [[declination]] is almost exactly equal to the [[latitude]] of the [[Tropic of Cancer]], meaning it can be used to find the position of that imaginary line when the Sun is not nearby.

The other name of Hamal, ''Hamul'', was used for the name of a [[U.S. Navy]] ship, {{USS|Hamul}}.

In 1953, fictional planet orbiting Alpha Arietis, named Lithia, appeared in [[A Case of Conscience]], a classic science fiction novel by [[James Blish]]. The planet serves as the arena of the major part of the story, being a homeworld to a fictional sentient race, being studied by humans. Real-life equivalent of Lithia was unknown at the time of the novel's creation.

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|refs=

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<ref name=aaa529_A134>{{citation | postscript=.
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<ref name=kaler>{{citation | postscript=.
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 | url=http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/hamal.html
 | access-date=2025-05-02 }}</ref>

<ref name=sb0>{{cite simbad|title=alf Ari|access-date=December 16, 2008}}</ref>

<ref name=orbit_note>For ''a'' = 1.2&nbsp;AU and ''e'' = 0.25, the periapsis is given by {{nowrap|''a'' × (1 - ''e'')}} = 9&nbsp;AU and the apoapsis is {{nowrap|''a'' × (1 + ''e'')}} = 15&nbsp;AU. The [[solar radius]] is 0.0046491&nbsp;AU, so the star's radius is {{nowrap|14.9 × 0.0046491}} = 0.069&nbsp;AU.</ref>

<ref name=Kunitzsch>{{citation | postscript=.
 | title=A Dictionary of Modern star Names: A Short Guide to 254 Star Names and Their Derivations
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 | date=2006 | edition = 2nd rev.
 | publisher=Sky Pub | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts
 | isbn=978-1-931559-44-7 }}</ref>

<ref name="WGSN">{{citation
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<ref name="IAU-CSN">{{citation | postscript=.
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<ref name=Kim_et_al_2006>{{citation | postscript=.
 | title=Precise radial velocities with BOES. Detection of low-amplitude pulsations in the K-giant α Arietis
 | display-authors=1 | last1=Kim | first1=K. M.
 | last2=Mkrtichian | first2=D. E. | last3=Lee | first3=B. -C.
 | last4=Han | first4=Inwoo | last5=Hatzes | first5=A. P.
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 | volume=454 | issue=3 | date=August 2006 | pages=839–844
 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20053073 | bibcode=2006A&A...454..839K }}</ref>

}}

==External links==
* {{cite encyclopedia |url=http://exoplanet.eu/star.php?st=alf+Ari |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110505015600/http://exoplanet.eu/star.php?st=alf+Ari |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 5, 2011 |title=Notes for star alf Ari |author=Jean Schneider |date=2011 |encyclopedia=[[Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia]] |access-date=12 October 2011}}
* [http://webviz.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-S?GJ%2084.3 GJ 84.3], entry in the [[Gliese–Jahreiß catalogue]] (''Preliminary Version of the Third Catalogue of Nearby Stars'', W. Gliese and H. Jahreiss, 1991, [[Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg|CDS]] ID [http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/Cat?V/70A V/70A].)
* [http://aladin.u-strasbg.fr/AladinPreview?-c=02+07+10.4071%2B23+27+44.723&ident=NAME+HAMAL&submit=Aladin+previewer Image of Hamal] from [[Aladin Sky Atlas|Aladin]].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080926185552/http://www.purplehell.com/riddletools/stars.htm The Constellations and Named Stars], Purple Hell.
{{Sky|02|07|10.40570|+|23|27|44.7032}}

{{Stars of Aries}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hamal}}
[[Category:K-type giants]]
[[Category:Planetary systems with one confirmed planet]]
[[Category:Aries (constellation)]]
[[Category:Bayer objects|Arietis, Alpha]]
[[Category:Bright Star Catalogue objects|0617]]
[[Category:Durchmusterung objects|BD+22 0306]]
[[Category:Flamsteed objects|Arietis, 13]]
[[Category:Gliese and GJ objects|9072]]
[[Category:Henry Draper Catalogue objects|012929]]
[[Category:Hipparcos objects|009884]]
[[Category:Stars with proper names]]
[[Category:Lucidae]]