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{{short description|One of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World}}
{{Redirect|Hanging Gardens||Hanging Garden (disambiguation){{!}}Hanging Garden}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
[[File:Hanging Gardens of Babylon.jpg|thumb|350px|This hand-coloured engraving, probably made in the 19th century after the first excavations in the Assyrian capitals, depicts the fabled Hanging Gardens, with the [[Tower of Babel]] in the background.]]
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The '''Hanging Gardens of Babylon''' were one of the [[Seven Wonders of the Ancient World]] listed by [[Ancient Greece|Hellenic]] culture. They were described as a remarkable feat of engineering with an ascending series of tiered [[garden]]s containing a wide variety of trees, shrubs, and vines, resembling a large green mountain constructed of mud bricks. It was said to have been built in the ancient city of [[Babylon]], near present-day [[Hillah]], [[Babil Governorate|Babil]] province, in [[Iraq]]. The Hanging Gardens' name is derived from the Greek word {{lang|grc|κρεμαστός}} ({{Transliteration|grc|kremastós}}, {{lit|overhanging}}), which has a broader meaning than the modern English word "hanging" and refers to trees being planted on a raised structure such as a [[Terrace (building)|terrace]].<ref name="Dalley1993"/><ref name="Reade2000"/><ref name="Foster2004">{{cite journal|last1=Foster|first1=Karen Polinger|title=The Hanging Gardens of Nineveh|journal=Iraq|volume=66|year=2004|pages=207–220|issn=0021-0889|doi=10.2307/4200575|jstor=4200575}}</ref>

According to one legend, the Hanging Gardens were built alongside a grand palace known as ''The Marvel of Mankind'', by the [[Neo-Babylonian Empire|Neo-Babylonian]] King [[Nebuchadnezzar II]] (who ruled between 605 and 562 BC), for his [[Medes|Median]] wife, [[Amytis of Babylon|Queen Amytis]], because she missed the green hills and valleys of her homeland. This was attested to by the Babylonian priest [[Berossus]], writing in about 290&nbsp;BC, a description that was later quoted by [[Josephus]]. The construction of the Hanging Gardens has also been attributed to the legendary queen [[Semiramis]]<ref name="UN1998"/> and they have been called the ''Hanging Gardens of Semiramis'' as an alternative name.<ref name="AE2018">{{Cite encyclopedia| title = Hanging Gardens of Babylon| author = Cartwright M| encyclopedia = [[World History Encyclopedia]]| date = July 2018| access-date = 15 September 2018| url = https://www.worldhistory.org/Hanging_Gardens_of_Babylon/}}</ref>

The Hanging Gardens are the only one of the Seven Wonders whose location has not been definitively established.<ref name="autogenerated1988" /> No extant Babylonian texts mention the gardens and no definitive archaeological evidence has been found in Babylon.<ref>Finkel (1988) p. 58.</ref><ref>{{cite book|first1=Irving |last1=Finkel|first2=Michael|last2 =Seymour|title=Babylon: City of Wonders|publisher=London: British Museum Press|year= 2008|page= 52|isbn= 978-0-7141-1171-1}}</ref> Three theories have been suggested to account for this: first, that the gardens were purely mythical, and the descriptions found in ancient Greek and Roman writings (including those of [[Strabo]], [[Diodorus Siculus]] and [[Quintus Curtius Rufus]]) represented a romantic ideal of an eastern garden;<ref>Finkel 2008</ref> second, that they existed in Babylon but were destroyed sometime around the first century AD;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seven-wonders-world.com/hanging_gardens_babylon.htm|title=The Hanging Gardens of Babylon|access-date=5 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="UN1998">{{cite web|url=http://www.unmuseum.org/hangg.htm|title=The Hanging Gardens of Babylon|access-date=5 February 2014|archive-date=18 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118052016/http://www.unmuseum.org/hangg.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> and third, that the legend refers to a well-documented garden that the [[Assyria]]n King [[Sennacherib]] (704–681 BC) built in his capital city of [[Nineveh]] on the River [[Tigris]], near the modern city of [[Mosul]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Dalley |first= Stephanie|author-link=Stephanie Dalley|year=2013 |title=The Mystery of the Hanging Garden of Babylon: an elusive World Wonder traced |publisher= Oxford University Press| isbn =978-0-19-966226-5}}</ref><ref name="Dalley1993" />

== <span id=“Descriptions”></span>Descriptions in classical literature ==
There are five principal writers whose descriptions of Babylon exist in some form today. These writers concern themselves with the size of the Hanging Gardens, their overall design and means of [[irrigation]], and why they were built.

[[Josephus]] ({{circa|37–100 AD|lk=no}}) quotes a description of the gardens by [[Berossus]], a Babylonian priest of [[Marduk]],<ref name="autogenerated1988">Finkel (1988) p.&nbsp;41.</ref> whose writing {{circa|290 BC|lk=no}} is the earliest known mention of the gardens.<ref name="AE2018"/> Berossus described the reign of Nebuchadnezzar II and is the only source to credit that king with the construction of the Hanging Gardens.<ref>Finkel (2008) p.&nbsp;108.</ref><ref name="Dalley1994">{{cite journal|last1=Dalley|first1=Stephanie|title=Nineveh, Babylon and the Hanging Gardens: Cuneiform and Classical Sources Reconciled|journal=Iraq|volume=56|year=1994|pages=45–58|issn=0021-0889|doi=10.2307/4200384|jstor=4200384}}</ref>
{{blockquote|text=In this palace he erected very high walls, supported by stone pillars; and by planting what was called a pensile paradise, and replenishing it with all sorts of trees, he rendered the prospect an exact resemblance of a mountainous country. This he did to gratify his queen, because she had been brought up in Media, and was fond of a mountainous situation.<ref>[http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/af/af05.htm ''Joseph. contr. Appion.''] lib.&nbsp;1. c.&nbsp;19.—''Syncel. Chron.'' 220.—''Euseb. Præp. Evan.'' lib.&nbsp;9.</ref>}}

[[File:Waldeck Hängende Gärten der Semiramis.jpg|thumb|300px|''Hanging gardens of [[Semiramis]]'', by H. Waldeck]]

[[Diodorus Siculus]] (active {{circa|60–30 BC|lk=no}}) seems to have consulted the 4th century BC texts of both [[Cleitarchus]] (a historian of [[Alexander the Great]]) and [[Ctesias of Cnidus]]. Diodorus ascribes the construction to a "Syrian king". He states that the garden was in the shape of a square, with each side approximately four [[plethron|plethra]] long. The garden was tiered, with the uppermost gallery being 50 [[cubit]]s high. The walls, 22 feet thick, were made of brick. The bases of the tiered sections were sufficiently deep to provide root growth for the largest trees, and the gardens were irrigated from the nearby [[Euphrates]].<ref>Diodorus Siculus II.10-1-10</ref>

[[Quintus Curtius Rufus]] (fl. 1st century AD) probably drew on the same sources as Diodorus.<ref>''History of Alexander'' V.1.35-5</ref> He states that the gardens were located on top of a [[citadel]], which was 20 [[stadion (unit)|stadia]] in circumference. He attributes the building of the gardens to a "Syrian king", again for the reason that his queen missed her homeland.

The account of [[Strabo]] ({{circa|64 BC&nbsp;– 21 AD|lk=no}}) possibly based his description on the lost account of [[Onesicritus]] from the 4th century BC.<ref>Strabo, ''Geography'' XVI.1.5, translation adapted from H.L. Jones, Loeb Classical Library edn (1961).</ref> He states that the gardens were watered by means of an [[Archimedes' screw]] leading to the gardens from the Euphrates river.

The last of the classical sources thought to be independent of the others is ''A Handbook to the Seven Wonders of the World'' by the [[paradoxography|paradoxographer]] Philo of Byzantium, writing in the 4th to 5th century AD (not to be confused with [[Philo of Byzantium|the earlier engineer of the same name]]).<ref>See Stephanie Dalley, "More about the Hanging Gardens", in ''Of Pots and Pans: Papers on the Archaeology and History of Mesopotamia and Syria as presented to [[David Oates (archaeologist)|David Oates]] on his 75th Birthday'', edited by L. al-Gailani-Werr, J.E. Curtis, H. Martin, A. McMahon, [[Joan Oates|J. Oates]] and J.E. Reade, (London), pp. 67–73 {{ISBN|1-897750-62-5}}.</ref> The method of raising water by screw matches that described by Strabo.<ref>Dalley (2013), p.&nbsp;40. Dalley bases her translation on Brodersen (1992) who uses an early Greek text. A previous translation by [[David Oates (archaeologist)|David Oates]], based on a Latin text, is found in Finkel (1988) pp.&nbsp;45–46.</ref> Philo praises the engineering and ingenuity of building vast areas of deep soil, which had a tremendous mass, so far above the natural grade of the surrounding land, as well as the irrigation techniques.

== Historical existence ==
It is unclear whether the Hanging Gardens were an actual construction or a poetic creation, owing to the lack of documentation in contemporaneous Babylonian sources. There is also no mention of Nebuchadnezzar's wife Amytis (or any other wives), although a political marriage to a Median or Persian would not have been unusual.<ref>Finkel (2008) p. 109.</ref> Many records exist of Nebuchadnezzar's works, yet his long and complete inscriptions do not mention any garden.<ref>Dalley (2013)</ref> However, the gardens were said to still exist at the time that later writers described them, and some of these accounts are regarded as deriving from people who had visited Babylon.<ref name="Reade2000"/> [[Herodotus]], who describes Babylon in his ''[[Histories (Herodotus)|Histories]]'', does not mention the Hanging Gardens,<ref>{{cite book|title=Herodotus and Hellenistic culture: Literary Studies in the Reception of the Histories|first=Jessica|last=Priestley|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|page=91|isbn=9780191510168|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IUbbAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA91}}</ref> although it could be that the gardens were not yet well known to the Greeks at the time of his visit.<ref name="Reade2000">{{cite journal|last1=Reade|first1=Julian|title=Alexander the Great and the Hanging Gardens of Babylon|journal=[[Iraq (journal)|Iraq]] |volume=62|year=2000|pages=195–217|issn=0021-0889|doi=10.2307/4200490|jstor=4200490|s2cid=194130782}}</ref>

To date, no archaeological evidence has been found at Babylon for the Hanging Gardens.<ref name="autogenerated1988"/> It is possible that evidence exists beneath the Euphrates, which cannot be excavated safely at present. The river flowed east of its current position during the time of Nebuchadnezzar II, and little is known about the western portion of Babylon.<ref>{{cite book |first=Joan |last=Oates |author-link=Joan Oates |title=Babylon |edition=Revised |publisher=Thames and Hudson |location=London |year=1986 |page=144 |isbn=0-500-27384-7 }}</ref> Rollinger has suggested that Berossus attributed the Gardens to Nebuchadnezzar for political reasons, and that he had adopted the legend from elsewhere.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rollinger |first=Robert |chapter=Berossos and the Monuments |editor-first=J. |editor-last=Haubold |display-editors=1 |editor2-first=Giovanni B. |editor2-last=Lanfranchi |editor3-first=Robert |editor3-last=Rollinger|author1-link=Robert Rollinger|title=The World of Berossos |location=Wiesbaden |year=2013 |page=151 |isbn=978-3-447-06728-7 }}</ref>

== <span id="Hanging Garden at Nineveh"></span>Identification with Sennacherib's gardens at Nineveh ==
[[File:Hanging Gardens of Babylon.gif|thumb|300px|This copy of a [[Relief#Bas-relief or low relief|bas relief]] from the North Palace of Ashurbanipal (669–631 BC) at Nineveh shows a luxurious garden watered by an aqueduct.]]
{{See also|Nineveh#Sennacherib's Nineveh}}

[[Oxford University|Oxford]] scholar [[Stephanie Dalley]] has proposed that the Hanging Gardens of Babylon were actually the well-documented gardens constructed by the [[Assyria]]n king [[Sennacherib]] (reigned 704–681 BC) for his palace at [[Nineveh]]; Dalley posits that during the intervening centuries the two sites became confused, and the extensive gardens at Sennacherib's palace were attributed to Nebuchadnezzar II's Babylon.<ref name="Dalley1993">{{cite journal |author=Stephanie Dalley |year=1993 |title=Ancient Mesopotamian Gardens and the Identification of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon Resolved |journal=Garden History |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=7 |doi=10.2307/1587050 |jstor=1587050}}</ref> Archaeological excavations have found traces of a vast system of aqueducts attributed to Sennacherib by an inscription on its remains, which Dalley proposes were part of an {{convert|80|km|adj=on}} series of canals, dams, and aqueducts used to carry water to Nineveh with [[Archimedes' screw|water-raising screws]] used to raise it to the upper levels of the gardens.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Alberge|first=Dalya|title=Babylon's hanging garden: ancient scripts give clue to missing wonder|journal=The Guardian|date=5 May 2013|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/may/05/babylon-hanging-garden-wonder-nineveh|access-date=6 May 2013}}</ref>

Dalley bases her arguments on recent developments in the analysis of contemporary [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] inscriptions. Her main points are:<ref>Dalley, Stephanie (2013) ''The Mystery of the Hanging Garden of Babylon: an elusive World Wonder traced'', Oxford University Press {{ISBN|978-0-19-966226-5}}.</ref>

* The name ''Babylon'', meaning "Gate of the Gods",<ref>AR George, ''Babylonian Topographical Texts'', (1992)</ref> was the name given to several [[Mesopotamian]] cities.<ref>see for example ''Cuneiform Texts in the British Museum'', Vol 19, page 25, line 25</ref> Sennacherib renamed the city gates of [[Nineveh]] after gods,<ref>Pongratz-Leisten, ''Ina Sulmi Erub'' (1994),</ref> which suggests that he wished his city to be considered "a Babylon".
* Only Josephus names Nebuchadnezzar as the king who built the gardens; although Nebuchadnezzar left many inscriptions, none mentions any garden or engineering works.<ref>See Dalley (2013) ch 1 for a summary.</ref> [[Diodorus Siculus]] and [[Quintus Curtius Rufus]] specify a "Syrian" king. By contrast, Sennacherib left written descriptions,<ref>Especially: the Iraq Museum prism dated 694 BC published by A Heidel, ''The Octagonal Sennacherib Prism in the Iraq Museum'', Sumer 9 (1953); and the British Museum prism BM103000 of the same date</ref> and there is archaeological evidence of his water engineering.<ref>T Jacobsen and S Lloyd, ''Sennacherib's Aqueduct at Jerwan'' (1935); Reade, ''Studies in Assyrian Geography'', Revue d'Assyriologie 72 (1978); Channel 4 TV programme ''Secret History: Finding Babylon's Hanging Garden'', 24 November 2013</ref> His grandson [[Assurbanipal]] pictured the mature garden on a sculptured wall panel in his palace.<ref>AH Layard, ''Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon'', (1853)</ref>
* Sennacherib called his new palace and garden "a wonder for all peoples". He describes the making and operation of screws to raise water in his garden.<ref>Dalley (2013), pp. 62–63</ref>
* The descriptions of the classical authors fit closely to these contemporary records. Before the Battle of [[Gaugamela]] in 331 BC [[Alexander the Great]] camped for four days near the aqueduct at [[Jerwan]].<ref>R Lane Fox, ''Alexander the Great'' (1973)</ref> The historians who travelled with him would have had ample time to investigate the enormous works around them, recording them in Greek. These first-hand accounts have not survived into modern times, but were quoted by later Greek writers.

King Sennacherib's garden was well-known not just for its beauty{{snd}}a year-round oasis of lush green in a dusty summer landscape{{snd}}but also for the marvelous feats of water engineering that maintained the garden.<ref name="The Mystery of the Hanging Garden" >{{cite book|author=Stephanie Dalley|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7HUZYru5UiIC&q=alamittu+stephanie+dalley&pg=PA66|title=The Mystery of the Hanging Garden of Babylon: An Elusive World Wonder Traced|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2013|pages=65–82|isbn=978-0-19-966226-5}} The quotations in this section are the translations of the author and are reproduced with the permission of OUP.</ref> There was a tradition of Assyrian royal garden building. King [[Ashurnasirpal II]] (883–859 BC) had created a canal, which cut through the mountains. Fruit tree orchards were planted. Also mentioned were pines, cypresses and junipers, almond trees, date trees, ebony, rosewood, olive, oak, tamarisk, walnut, terebinth, ash, fir, pomegranate, pear, quince, fig, and grapes. A sculptured wall panel of Assurbanipal shows the garden in its maturity. One original panel<ref>BM124939</ref> and the drawing of another<ref>Original Drawing IV 77</ref> are held by the [[British Museum]], although neither is on public display. Several features mentioned by the classical authors are discernible on these contemporary images.

[[File:Gardens of Ninevah.png|thumb|Assyrian wall relief showing gardens in Nineveh]]
Of Sennacherib's palace, he mentions the massive [[limestone block]]s that reinforce the flood defences. Parts of the palace were excavated by [[Austin Henry Layard]] in the mid-19th century. His citadel plan shows contours which would be consistent with Sennacherib's garden, but its position has not been confirmed. The area has been used as a military base in recent times, making it difficult to investigate further.

The irrigation of such a garden demanded an upgraded water supply to the city of Nineveh. The canals stretched over {{Convert|50|km}} into the mountains. Sennacherib was proud of the technologies he had employed and describes them in some detail on his inscriptions. At the headwater of Bavian ([[Khinnis]])<ref>Layard (1853)</ref> his inscription mentions automatic sluice gates. An enormous [[Aqueduct (bridge)#Ancient bridges for water|aqueduct]] crossing the valley at [[Jerwan]] was constructed of over two million dressed stones. It used stone [[Corbel arch|arches]] and waterproof cement.<ref>Jacobsen (1935)</ref> On it is written:

{{Blockquote|text=Sennacherib king of the world king of Assyria. Over a great distance I had a watercourse directed to the environs of Nineveh, joining together the waters.... Over steep-sided valleys I spanned an aqueduct of white limestone blocks, I made those waters flow over it.}}

Sennacherib claimed that he had built a "Wonder for all Peoples", and said he was the first to deploy a new casting technique in place of the [[Lost-wax casting|"lost-wax" process]] for his monumental (30 tonne) bronze castings.{{clarify |Confusing: there is no obvious connection between the waterworks and the cast bronze items. If there is such a connection, pls explain. Maybe the water screws? |date= October 2024}} He was able to bring the water into his garden at a high level because it was sourced from further up in the mountains, and he then raised the water even higher by deploying his new water screws. This meant he could build a garden that towered above the landscape with large trees on the top of the terraces{{snd}}a stunning artistic effect that surpassed those of his predecessors.

==Plants==
[[File:Babylon Babil Iraq.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Date palm]]s are a common tree species in Babylon.]]

The gardens, as depicted in artworks, featured blossoming flowers, ripe fruit, burbling waterfalls and terraces exuberant with rich foliage. Based on Babylonian literature, tradition, and the environmental characteristics of the area, some of the following plants may have been found in the gardens:<ref>[https://www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/the-lost-gardens-of-babylon-guide-to-ancient-plants/1176/ The Lost Gardens of Babylon - Guide to Ancient Plants] by [[PBS]], May 2, 2014</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=August 2020}}

*[[Olive]] (''Olea europaea'')
*[[Quince]] (''Cydonia oblonga'')
*[[Pyrus communis|Common pear]] (''Pyrus communis'')
*[[Fig]] (''Ficus carica'')
*[[Almond]] (''Prunus dulcis'')
*[[Vitis vinifera|Common grape vine]] (''Vitis vinifera'')
*[[Date palm]] (''Phoenix dactylifera'')
*[[Tamarix aphylla|Athel tamarisk]] (''Tamarix aphylla'')
*[[Pistacia atlantica|Mt. Atlas mastic tree]] (''Pistacia atlantica'')

[[Introduced species|Imported]] plant varieties that may have been present in the gardens include [[Cedrus|cedar]], [[cypress]], [[ebony]], [[pomegranate]], [[plum]], [[rosewood]], [[terebinth]], [[juniper]], [[oak]], [[ash tree]], [[fir]], [[myrrh]], [[walnut]], and [[willow]].<ref>{{cite book | author=Stephanie Dalley | title=The Mystery of the Hanging Garden of Babylon | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rkRoAgAAQBAJ&dq=seeds+plants&pg=PA48 | date=2013 | publisher=OUP | chapter=page 48| isbn=978-0-19-163932-6 }}</ref> Some of these plants were suspended over the terraces and draped over its walls with arches underneath.

[[File:Assyrian Relief of the Banquet of Ashurbanipal From Nineveh Gypsum N Palace British Museum 01.jpg|center|thumb|550px|The "Garden Party" relief depicting Ashurbanipal with his wife seated under a [[pergola]] of climbing [[grapevines]] with hanging grapes, also small birds, surrounded with fruiting date palms and pine trees. The head of a defeated king hangs between the 1st and 2nd figures at left. North Palace, Nineveh, {{circa|645 BC|lk=no}}.]]

== See also ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Folkewall]]
* [[Green wall]]
* [[Green roof]]
* [[Historical hydroculture]]
* [[History of gardening]]
{{colend}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
* {{cite book |author1-link=Irving Finkel |last1=Finkel |first1=Irving |year=1988 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vGhbJzigPBwC&pg=PA38 |chapter=The Hanging Gardens of Babylon |title=The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World |editor1-first=Peter |editor1-last=Clayton |editor2-first=Martin |editor2-last=Price |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=New York |pages=38 ff |isbn=0-415-05036-7}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Finkel |editor1-first=Irving L. |editor2-last=Seymour |editor2-first=Michael J. |year=2008 |title=Babylon |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-538540-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Dalley |first=Stephanie |year=2013 |title=The Mystery of the Hanging Garden of Babylon: an elusive World Wonder traced |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-966226-5}}

== Further reading ==
* Dalley, Stephanie. 1994. "Nineveh, Babylon and the Hanging Gardens: Cuneiform and Classical Sources Reconciled." ''Iraq'' 56: 45–58. {{doi|10.2307/4200384}}.
* {{cite book |last1=Higgins |first1=Michael Denis|year=2023 |title=The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World: Science, Engineering and Technology |place=New York, NY |publisher=Oxford University Press|ISBN=9780197648155}}
* Norwich, John Julius. 2009. ''The Great Cities In History''. London: Thames & Hudson.
* Reade, Julian. 2000. "Alexander the Great and the Hanging Gardens of Babylon." ''Iraq'' 62: 195–217. {{doi|10.2307/4200490}}.

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Hanging Gardens of Babylon}}
{{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=yes |others=yes |about=yes |label=Hanging Gardens of Babylon
  |viaf= |lccn= |lcheading= |wikititle= }}
* [https://www.mapquest.com/travel/seven-wonder-ancient-world.htm How the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World Work: The Hanging Gardens of Babylon]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110929202716/http://jstorplants.org/2011/08/25/identifying-the-hanging-gardens-of-babylon-the-tamarisk-and-date-palm/ Plants in the Hanging Gardens of Babylon]
* [http://hanginggardensofbabylon.org/hanginggardens.asp Artistic Renditions of the Hanging Gardens and the city of Babylon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422045311/http://www.hanginggardensofbabylon.org/hanginggardens.asp |date=22 April 2021 }}
* [http://www.drogbaster.it/giardini_pensili_di_babilonia.htm Animation of 3D virtual Hanging Gardens of Babylon]
* [https://www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/the-lost-gardens-of-babylon-about-this-episode/1165/ The Lost Gardens of Babylon] Documentary produced by the [[PBS]] Series [[Secrets of the Dead]]
*[https://www.3ds.com/progress-is-human/heritage-and-future/hanging-gardens-babylon 3D model of the hanging-gardens-babylon - The Only Progress is Human]
{{Seven Wonders of the Ancient World}}{{Historicity}}{{Authority control}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Hanging Gardens Of Babylon}}
[[Category:Babylon]]
[[Category:Babylonian art and architecture]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures demolished in the 1st century]]
[[Category:Gardens in Iraq]]
[[Category:Hanging gardens]]
[[Category:Garden design history]]
[[Category:Nebuchadnezzar II]]
[[Category:Sennacherib]]
[[Category:Seven Wonders of the Ancient World]]
[[Category:Terraced gardens]]
[[Category:Former buildings and structures in Iraq]]
[[Category:Lost buildings and structures]]
[[Category:Semiramis]]
[[Category:Hanging Gardens of Babylon| ]]
[[Category:Nineveh]]