View source for Hans Jonas

{{Short description|German-American philosopher of environmentalism and Gnosticism (1903–1993)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox philosopher
| name             = Hans Jonas
| image            = Hans Jonas an der Universität St. Gallen (1983) HSGH 022-001945.jpg
| birth_date       = 10 May 1903
| birth_place      = [[Mönchengladbach]], [[Rhine Province]], [[Kingdom of Prussia]], [[German Empire]]
| death_date       = 5 February 1993 (aged 89)
| death_place      = [[New Rochelle, New York|New Rochelle]], [[New York (state)|New York]], U.S.
| education        = [[University of Freiburg]]<br>[[University of Berlin]]<br>[[University of Heidelberg]]<br>[[University of Marburg]] ([[PhD]], 1928)
| institutions     = [[The New School]]
| notable_works    = ''The Gnostic Religion''<br>''The Imperative of Responsibility''<br>''The Phenomenon of Life''
| region           = [[Western philosophy]]
| era              = [[20th-century philosophy]]
| school_tradition = [[Continental philosophy]]<br>''[[Lebensphilosophie]]''<ref>Theresa Morris, ''Hans Jonas's Ethic of Responsibility: From Ontology to Ecology'', SUNY Press, 2013, p. 166.</ref>
| main_interests   = [[Bioethics]], [[political science]], [[philosophy of religion]], [[philosophy of technology]]
| notable_ideas    = The imperative of responsibility, right to ignorance<ref>. Jonas. 1974. ''Philosophical Essays: From Ancient Creed to Technological Man.'' Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. As cited from https://web.archive.org/web/20210426231759/https://bioethicsarchive.georgetown.edu/nbac/pubs/cloning2/cc5.pdf https://philarchive.org/archive/HAVHRC</ref>
| thesis_title      = Der Begriff der Gnosis (The Concept of Gnosis)
| thesis_url        = https://books.google.com/books/about/Der_Begriff_der_Gnosis.html?id=VlCZGwAACAAJ&redir_esc=y 
| thesis_year       = 1928
| doctoral_advisor  = [[Martin Heidegger]]
}}

'''Hans Jonas''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|j|oʊ|n|ɑː|s}}; {{IPA|de|ˈjoːnas|lang}}; 10 May 1903 – 5 February 1993) was a German and American philosopher. From 1955 to 1976 he was the Alvin Johnson Professor of Philosophy at the [[New School for Social Research]] in New York City.

==Biography==
[[Image:Hans Jonas' birth house in Moenchengladbach.JPG|thumb|Birth house of Hans Jonas in Mönchengladbach]]
[[Image:Moenchengladbach Stolpersteine Mozartstrasse.jpg|thumb|In front of the house, two [[Stolpersteine]] were installed in 2008. The left one commemorates the philosopher's mother Rosa Jonas, murdered in Auschwitz in 1942.]]

Jonas was born in [[Mönchengladbach]], on 10 May 1903 to a [[Jewish]] family. He studied [[philosophy]] and [[theology]] at the [[University of Freiburg]], the [[University of Berlin]] and the [[University of Heidelberg]], and finally earned his [[Doctorate of Philosophy]] in 1928 from the [[University of Marburg]]<ref name="W">H. Jonas, "''Wissenschaft'' as Personal Experience," ''The Hastings Center report'' 32:4 (Jul–Aug 2002), 30.</ref> with a thesis on [[Gnosticism]] entitled ''Der Begriff der Gnosis'' (''The Concept of [[Gnosis]]'') and directed by [[Martin Heidegger]].<ref>Wellistony C. Viana, ''Das Prinzip Verantwortung von Hans Jonas aus der Perspektive des objektiven Idealismus der Intersubjektivität von Vittorio Hösle'', Königshausen & Neumann, 2010, p. 25.</ref> During his study years his academic advisors included [[Edmund Husserl]] and [[Rudolf Bultmann]].<ref name="W"/> In Marburg he met [[Hannah Arendt]], who was also pursuing her PhD there, and the two of them were to remain friends for the rest of their lives.

When Heidegger joined the [[Nazi Party]] in 1933, it may have disturbed Jonas, as he was Jewish and an active [[Zionist]]. In 1964 Jonas repudiated his mentor Heidegger for his affiliation with the Nazis.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1993/02/06/nyregion/hans-jonas-influential-philosopher-is-dead-at-89.html Hans Jonas, Influential Philosopher, Is Dead at 89], [[The New York Times]], Eric Pace, 6 February 1993.</ref>

He left Germany for England in 1933, and from England he moved to Palestine in 1934. There he met Lore Weiner, to whom he became betrothed. In 1940 he returned to Europe to join the [[British Army]] which had been arranging [[Jewish Brigade|a special brigade]] for [[German Jews]] wanting to fight against [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]]. He was sent to Italy, and in the last phase of the war moved into Germany. Thus, he kept his promise that he would return only as a soldier in the victorious army. In this time he wrote several letters to Lore about philosophy, in particular [[philosophy of biology]], that would form the basis of his later publications on the subject. They finally married in 1943.

Immediately after the war he returned to Mönchengladbach to search for his mother but found that she had been sent to the gas chambers in the [[Auschwitz concentration camp]]. Having heard this, he refused to live in Germany again. He returned to Palestine and took part in the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]]. Jonas taught briefly at the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]] before moving to North America. In 1950 he left for Canada, teaching at [[Carleton University]]. From there he moved in 1955 to [[New York City]], where he was to live for the rest of his life. He was a fellow of the Hastings Center and Professor of Philosophy at [[New School for Social Research]] from 1955 to 1976 (where he was Alvin Johnson Professor). From 1982 to 1983 Jonas held the [[Eric Voegelin]] Visiting Professorship at the [[University of Munich]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=rEu61KIK6FYC&dq=voegelin+hans+jonas&pg=PA167 ''The Collected Works of Eric Voegelin: Selected Correspondence, 1950-1984''], University of Missouri Press, 2007, p. 168.</ref> He died at his home in New Rochelle, New York, on 5 February 1993, aged 89.<ref>
Strachan Donnelley "Hans Jonas, 1903–1993 [Obituary]," ''The Hastings Center Report'' 23:2 (Mar–Apr 1993), p. 12.</ref>

==Philosophical work==

Jonas's writings were very influential in different spheres. For example, ''The [[Gnostic]] Religion'', based on his early research on the [[Gnosis]] and first published in 1958, was for many years the standard work in English on the subject of [[Gnosticism]]. ''The Imperative of Responsibility'' ([[German language|German]] 1979, [[English language|English]] 1984) centers on social and ethical problems created by [[technology]]. Jonas insists that human survival depends on our efforts to care for our planet and its future. He formulated a new and distinctive supreme [[moral imperative]]: "Act so that the effects of your action are compatible with the permanence of genuine human life".<ref>''The Legacy of Hans Jonas: Judaism and the Phenomenon of Life'', edited by Hava Tirosh-Samuelson, Christian Wiese, BRILL, 2008, p. 135.</ref>

While ''The Imperative of Responsibility'' has been credited with catalyzing the [[environmental movement]] in Germany, his work ''The [[Phenomenon]] of Life'' (1966) forms the philosophical undergirding of one major school of [[bioethics]] in America. [[Murray Bookchin]] and [[Leon Kass]] both referred to Hans Jonas's work as major, or primary, inspiration. Heavily influenced by [[Martin Heidegger]] but also one of Heidegger's most outspoken philosophical critics,<ref name="B">Sariel, Aviram. "Jonasian Gnosticism." Harvard Theological Review 116.1 (2023): 91-122.</ref> ''The Phenomenon of Life'' attempts to synthesize the philosophy of matter with the philosophy of mind, producing a rich existential understanding of biology, which ultimately argues for a simultaneously material and [[moral]] human nature.<ref name="A">Michael Hackl, ''Freiheit als Prinzip. Schellings absoluter Idealismus der Mitwissenschaft als Antwort auf die metaphysischen und ethischen Problemhorizonte bei Hans Jonas, Vittorio Hösle und Klaus Michael Meyer-Abich''. Göttingen: V+R press, 2020, 57-99.</ref> On the question of [[abortion]], Jonas was against it, saying, "a mother-to-be is more than her individual [[self]]. She carries a human trust, and we should not make abortion merely a matter of her own private wish", society had a "social responsibility" to pregnant mothers, and "To give this mission[motherhood] over completely to individual [[choice]] oversteps the order of nature."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,903771-2,00.html|title=Abortion on Demand|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918023212/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,903771-2,00.html |archive-date=18 September 2008 }}</ref>

His writing on the history of [[Gnosticism]] revisits terrain covered by earlier standard works on the subject such as [[Ernesto Buonaiuti]]'s ''Lo gnosticismo: storia di antiche lotte religiose'' (1907), interpreting the religion from a unique version of [[existentialism|existentialist]] philosophical viewpoint that also informed his later contributions.<ref name="B"/> He was one of the first philosophers to concern himself with ethical questions in biological science.<ref>{{cite book
  | last = Levy
  | first = David J.
  | title = Hans Jonas: The Integrity of Thinking
  | publisher = University of Missouri Press
  | year = 2002
  | isbn = 0-8262-1384-7
  | url-access = registration
  | url = https://archive.org/details/hansjonasintegri00levy
  }}</ref> Jonas's career is generally divided into three periods defined by his three primary works, but in reverse order: studies of gnosticism, studies of philosophical biology, and ethical studies.<ref>Scodel, Harvey. "An interview with Professor Hans Jonas." ''Social Research'' (Summer 2003)</ref><ref name="A" />

==Works==
===English books===
*''The Gnostic Religion: The Message of the Alien God & the Beginnings of Christianity'' (Boston: Beacon Press, 1958) {{ISBN|0-8070-5801-7}} Second, enlarged edition, 1963. Third edition, 2001. (N.B. The "Introduction to the Third Edition" is in fact a talk given by Jonas in 1974.)
*''The Phenomenon of Life: Toward a Philosophical Biology'' (New York, Harper & Row, 1966) OCLC 373876 (Evanston, Ill. : Northwestern University Press, 2001). {{ISBN|0-8101-1749-5}}
*''The Imperative of Responsibility: In Search of Ethics for the Technological Age'' (translation of ''Das Prinzip Verantwortung'') trans. Hans Jonas and David Herr (1979). {{ISBN|0-226-40597-4}} (University of Chicago Press, 1984) {{ISBN|0-226-40596-6}}
*''Philosophical Essays: From Ancient Creed to Technological Man'' (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974) {{ISBN|0-226-40591-5}}
**"Technology and Responsibility: Reflections on the New Tasks of Ethics," ''Social Research'' 15 (Spring 1973).
**"Jewish and Christian Elements in Philosophy: their Share in the Emergence of the Modern Mind"
**"Seventeenth Century and After: The Meaning of the Scientific and Technological Revolution"
**"Socioeconomic Knowledge and Ignorance of Goals"
**"Philosophical Reflections on Experimenting with Human Subjects"
**"Against the Stream: Comments on the Definition and Redefinition of Death"
**"Biological Engineering—A Preview"
**"Contemporary Problems in Ethics from a Jewish Perspective"
**"Biological Foundations of Individuality"
**"Spinoza and the Theory of Organism"
**"Sight and Thought: A Review of 'Visual Thinking.'"
**"Change and Permanence: On the Possibility of Understanding History."
**"The Gnostic Syndrome: Typology of Its Thought, Imagination, and Mood."
**"The Hymn of the Pearl: Case Study of a Symbol, and the Claims for a Jewish Origin of Gnosticism."
**"Myth and Mysticism: A Study of Objectification and Interiorization in Religious Thought."
**"Origen's Metaphysics of Free Will, Fall, and Salvation: a 'Divine Comedy' of the Universe."
**"The Soul in Gnosticism and Plotinus."
**"The Abyss of the Will: Philosophical Meditations on the Seventh Chapter of Paul's Epistle to the Romans."
*''Mortality and Morality: A Search for the Good After Auschwitz'' ed. Lawrence Vogel (Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, 1996). {{ISBN|0-8101-1286-8}}
*With Stuart F Spicker: ''Organism, medicine, and metaphysics : essays in honor of Hans Jonas on his 75th birthday, May 10, 1978'' {{ISBN|90-277-0823-1}}
*''On faith, reason and responsibility'' (San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1978. New edition: Institute for Antiquity and Christianity, [[Claremont Graduate School]], 1981.) {{ISBN|0-940440-00-8}}
*''Memoirs'' (Brandeis University Press, 2008) {{ISBN|978-1-58465-639-5}}

====English monographs====
*''Immortality and the modern temper : the [[Ingersoll lecture]], 1961'' (Cambridge : Harvard Divinity School, 1962) OCLC 26072209 (included in ''The Phenomenon of Life'')
*''Heidegger and theology'' (1964) OCLC 14975064 (included in ''The Phenomenon of Life'')
*''Ethical aspects of experimentation with human subjects'' (Boston:American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1969) OCLC 19884675.

===German===
*''Gnosis und spätantiker Geist'' (1–2, 1934–1954)
*''Technik, Medizin und Ethik — Zur Praxis des Prinzips Verantwortung'' — Frankfurt a.M. : Suhrkamp, 1985 — {{ISBN|3-518-38014-1}} (''On Technology, Medicine and Ethics: On the Practice of the Imperative of Responsibility'')
*''Das Prinzip Verantwortung: Versuch einer Ethik für die technologische Zivilisation'' (Frankfurt am Main : Insel-Verlag, 1979). {{ISBN|3-458-04907-X}}
*  ''Erinnerungen. Nach Gesprächen mit Rachel Salamander'', ed. Ch. Wiese. Frankfurt am Mein-Leipzig: Insel Verlag, 2003.
* ''Macht oder Ohnmacht der Subjektivität? Das Leib-Seele-Problem im Vorfeld des Prinzips Verantwortung.'' Frankfurt am Main: Insel, 1981, and then Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1987. {{ISBN|3-458-04758-1}}
* ''Erkenntnis und Verantwortung, Gespräch mit Ingo Hermann in der Reihe "Zeugen des Jahrhunderts"'', Edited by I. Hermann. Göttingen: Lamuv, 1991.
* ''Philosophische Untersuchungen und metaphysische Vermutungen.'' Frankfurt am Main: Insel, 1992, and then Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1994.
* ''Organismus und Freiheit. Ansätze zu einer philosophischen Biologie.'' Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1973.
* ''Augustin und das paulinische Freiheitsproblem. Ein philosophischer Beitrag zur Genesis der christlich-abendländischen Freiheitsidee'', Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1930. Second edition entitled ''Augustin und das paulinische Freiheitsproblem. Eine philosophische Studie zum pelagianischen Streit'', with an introduction by J. M. Robinson. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1965.

===French===
*''Le concept de Dieu après Auschwitz'' {{ISBN|2-86930-769-1}}
*''Evolution et liberté'' {{ISBN|2-7436-0580-4}}
*''Le Principe responsabilité'' {{ISBN|2-0813-0769-3}}
*''Le Droit de mourir'' {{ISBN|2-7436-0104-3}}
*With Sabine Cornille and Philippe Ivernel: ''Pour une éthique du futur'' {{ISBN|2-7436-0290-2}}
*''Une éthique pour la nature'' {{ISBN|2-220-04795-4}}
*With Sylvie Courtine-Denamy: ''Entre le néant et l'éternité'' {{ISBN|2-7011-1923-5}}
*''La gnose et l'Esprit de l'Antiquité tardive. Histoire et méthodologie de la recherche'' {{ISBN|978-88-6976-059-4}}.

===Selected papers===
* "The Right to Die." ''Hastings Center Report'' 8, number 4 (1978): 31–36.
* "Straddling the Boundaries of Theory and Practice: Recombinant DNA Research as a Case of Action in the Process of Inquiry." In ''Recombinant DNA: Science, Ethics and Politics'', edited by J. Richards, 253–71. New York: Academic Press, 1978.
* "Toward a Philosophy of Technology." ''Hastings Center Report'' 9 (1979): 34–43.
* "The Heuristics of Fear." In ''Ethics in an Age of Pervasive Technology'', edited by Melvin Kranzberg, 213–21. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1980.
* "Parallelism and Complementarity: The Psycho-Physical Problem in Spinoza and in the Succession of Niels Bohr." In ''The Philosophy of Baruch Spinoza'', edited by Richard Kennington, 121–30. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of the Americas Press, 1980.
* "Reflections on Technology, Progress and Utopia." ''Social Research'' 48 (1981): 411–55.
* "Technology as a Subject for Ethics." ''Social Research'' 49 (1982): 891–98.
* "Is Faith Still Possible? Memories of Rudolf Bultmann and Reflections on the Philosophical Aspects of His Work." ''Harvard Theological Review'' 75 (1982): 1–23.
* "Ontological Grounding of a Political Ethics: On the Metaphysics of Commitment to the Future of Man." ''Graduate Faculty Philosophical Journal'' 10, no. 1 (1984): 47–62.
* "Ethics and Biogenetic Art." ''Social Research'' 52 (1985): 491–504.
* "The Concept of God after Auschwitz: A Jewish Voice." ''Journal of Religion'' 67, number 1 (1987): 1–13.
* "The Consumer's Responsibility." In ''Ecology and Ethics. A Report from the Melbu conference'', 18–23 July 1990, edited by Audun Øfsti, 215–18. Trondheim: Nordland Akademi for Kunst og Vitenskap, 1992.
* "The Burden and Blessing of Mortality." ''Hastings Center Report'' 22, no. 1 (1992): 34–40.
* "Philosophy at the End of the Century: A Survey of Its Past and Future." ''Social Research'' 61, number 4 (1994): 812–32.
* "''Wissenschaft'' as Personal Experience [brief memoir]," ''The Hastings Center report'' 32:4 (Jul–Aug 2002): 27–35 {{ISSN|0093-0334}}
* "Materialism and the Theory of Organism." ''University of Toronto Quarterly'', 21, 1 (1951): 39–52.

===Other papers===
* "Causality and Perception," ''The Journal of Philosophy'', Vol. 47, No. 11 (May 25, 1950), pp.&nbsp;319–324
* "The Nobility of Sight," ''Philosophy and Phenomenological Research'', Vol. 14, No. 4 (Jun., 1954), pp.&nbsp;507–519. (also in ''The Phenomenon of Life'')<ref>The influence of [[Alfred North Whitehead]] is plain. Cf. [[Michel Weber]] and Will Desmond (eds.). ''[https://www.academia.edu/279955/Handbook_of_Whiteheadian_Process_Thought Handbook of Whiteheadian Process Thought]'' (Frankfurt / Lancaster, Ontos Verlag, Process Thought X1 & X2, 2008)</ref>
* "Immortality and the Modern Temper: The Ingersoll Lecture, 1961" ''The Harvard Theological Review'', volume 55, number 1 (January 1962), pp.&nbsp;1–20. (also in ''The Phenomenon of Life'')
* "The Secret Books of the Egyptian Gnostics," ''The Journal of Religion'', Vol. 42, No. 4 (Oct., 1962), pp.&nbsp;262–273.
* "Myth and Mysticism: A Study of Objectification and Interiorization in Religious Thought," ''The Journal of Religion'', Vol. 49, No. 4 (October 1969), pp.&nbsp;315–329
* "Freedom of Scientific Inquiry and the Public Interest," ''The Hastings Center Report'', volume 6, number 4 (August 1976), pp.&nbsp;15–17.

==See also==
* [[Natural environment]]
* [[Environmental movement]]
* [[Ethics of technology]]
* [[Jewish philosophy]]
* {{annotated link|Bioconservatism}}

==References==
{{reflist|25em}}

==Further reading==
* Hans Jonas, "''Wissenschaft'' as Personal Experience [brief memoir]," ''The Hastings Center report'' 32:4 (Jul–Aug 2002): 27–35 {{ISSN|0093-0334}}
* Levy, David J. ''Hans Jonas: The Integrity of Life.'' University of Missouri Press, 2002.
* Scodel, Harvey. "[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2267/is_2_70/ai_107489496 An interview with Professor Hans Jonas]," ''Social Research'' Summer 2003.
* [[Lawrence Troster|Troster, Lawrence]]. "Hans Jonas and the Concept of God after the Holocaust," ''Conservative Judaism'' (volume 55:4, Summer 2003)
* Strachan Donnelley "Hans Jonas, 1903–1993 [Obituary]," ''The Hastings Center Report'' 23:2 (March–April 1993), p.&nbsp;12.
*{{cite book |editor-last1= Herskowitz|editor-first1= Daniel M. |editor-last2= Lapidot|editor-first2= Elad |editor-last3= Wiese|editor-first3= Christian |date= 2025|title= Hans Jonas : the early years|url= |location= New York, NY |publisher= Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |isbn= 9781032575681}}
* Eric Pace: "[https://www.nytimes.com/1993/02/06/nyregion/hans-jonas-influential-philosopher-is-dead-at-89.html Hans Jonas, Influential Philosopher, Is Dead at 89]," ''New York Times'' (February 6, 1993)
* David Kaufmann: "[http://www.forward.com/articles/11826/ One of Most Relevant Thinkers You’ve Never Heard Of]," ''Forward'' (17 October 2007)
* Stuart F. Spicker, ed. ''Organism, Medicine and Metaphysics. Essays in Honor of Hans Jonas.'' Dordrecht: Reidel, 1978.
* Strachan Donnelley (editor), "The Legacy of Hans Jonas," special issue of ''The Hastings Center Report'' 25:7 (November–December 1995). {{ISSN|0093-0334}}
** [[Leon Kass|Leon R. Kass]], "Appreciating ''The Phenomenon of Life''," p.&nbsp;3.
** [[Richard J. Bernstein]], "Rethinking Responsibility," p.&nbsp;13.
** Strachan Donnelley, "Bioethical Troubles: Animal Individuals and Human Organisms," p.&nbsp;21.
** Lawrence Vogel, "Does Environmental Ethics Need a Metaphysical Grounding?", p.&nbsp;30.x
** Christian Schütze, "The Political and Intellectual Hans Jonas," p.&nbsp;40.
** "Not Compassion Alone: On Euthanasia and Ethics" (interview with Jonas), p.&nbsp;44.
* Hava Tirosh-Samuelson and Christian Wiese, eds., ''The Legacy of Hans Jonas: Judaism and the Phenomenon of Life'' (Brill, 2008). {{ISBN|90-04-16722-6}}, [https://web.archive.org/web/20090821012532/http://www.sussex.ac.uk/cgjs/1-2-10-15.html Table of contents].
* Michael Schwartz and Osborne Wiggins, "Psychosomatic Medicine and the Philosophy of Life." ''Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine'' 2010, 5:2 (21 January 2010). http://www.peh-med.com/content/5/1/2
* Adrian Hagiu and Sergiu Bortoș, [https://www.agathos-international-review.com/issues/2022/24/Hagiu.pdf "The Imperative of Responsibility in the Era of Fake News."] ''Agathos'' (volume 13: 1, 2022).
* Wiese, Christian. ''The Life and Thought of Hans Jonas: Jewish Dimensions.'' Brandeis, 2010.
*{{cite book |last= Wolin|first= Richard |date= 2001|title= Heidegger's children : Hannah Arendt, Karl Löwith, Hans Jonas, and Herbert Marcuse|location= Princeton |publisher= Princeton University Press |isbn= 0691070199}}

==External links==
* {{LBI Collection Links|pid=3840328|title=Hans and Eleonore Jonas collection |partner=Leo Baeck Institute, New York |callNumber=AR 25645 | type=Archival Collection}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040126202807/http://www.hans-jonas-zentrum.de/ Hans-Jonas-Center Berlin] {{in lang|de}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Jonas, Hans}}
[[Category:1903 births]]
[[Category:1993 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century German philosophers]]
[[Category:Bioethicists]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Carleton University]]
[[Category:Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]
[[Category:German philosophers of technology]]
[[Category:Existentialists]]
[[Category:Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to Mandatory Palestine]]
[[Category:German emigrants to Mandatory Palestine]]
[[Category:German ethicists]]
[[Category:Historians of Gnosticism]]
[[Category:Jewish existentialists]]
[[Category:Jewish philosophers]]
[[Category:Writers from New Rochelle, New York]]
[[Category:People from Mönchengladbach]]
[[Category:The New School faculty]]
[[Category:University of Marburg alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century American historians]]
[[Category:German male writers]]
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[[Category:20th-century German male writers]]
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[[Category:Environmental ethicists]]
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