View source for Harmodius and Aristogeiton

{{Short description|Two men from ancient Athens}}
[[File:Tiranicidas 04.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Harmodius and Aristogeiton (sculpture)|Statue of Harmodius and Aristogeiton]], Naples. Roman copy of the Athenian version by Kritios and Nesiotes (see below)]]

'''Harmodius''' ([[Ancient Greek|Greek]]: Ἁρμόδιος, ''Harmódios'') and '''Aristogeiton''' (Ἀριστογείτων, ''Aristogeíton''; both died 514 BC) were two lovers in [[Classical Athens]] who became known as '''the [[Tyrannicide]]s''' (τυραννόκτονοι, ''tyrannoktonoi'') for their assassination of [[Hipparchus (brother of Hippias)|Hipparchus]], the brother of the [[tyrant]] [[Hippias (tyrant)|Hippias]], for which they were executed. A few years later, in 510 BC, the [[Sparta|Spartan]] king [[Cleomenes I]] forced Hippias to go into exile, thereby opening the way to the subsequent democratic reforms of [[Cleisthenes]]. The Athenian democrats later celebrated Harmodius and Aristogeiton as national heroes, partially to conceal the role played by Sparta in the removal of the Athenian tyranny. Cleisthenes notably commissioned the [[Harmodius and Aristogeiton (sculpture)|famous statues of the Tyrannicides]].

==Background==
The two principal historical sources covering Harmodius and Aristogeiton are the ''[[History of the Peloponnesian War]]'' (VI, 56–59) by [[Thucydides]], and ''[[Constitution of the Athenians (Aristotle)|The Constitution of the Athenians]]'' (XVIII) attributed to [[Aristotle]] or his school. However, their story is documented by a great many other ancient writers, including important sources such as [[Herodotus]] and [[Plutarch]].  Herodotus{{sfn|Herodotus|1920|p=Hdt 5.55}} claimed that Harmodius and Aristogeiton presumably were "Gephyraeans" ([[:el:Γεφυραίοι|el]]) i.e. [[Boeotia]]ns of Syrian or Phoenician origin. Plutarch, in his book ''[[On the malice of Herodotus]],'' criticized Herodotus for prejudice and misrepresentation and he argued that Harmodius and Aristogeiton were [[Euboea]]ns or [[Eretria]]ns.{{sfn|Plutarch|1878|loc=The Malice of Herodotus}}

[[Peisistratos (Athens)|Peisistratus]] had become tyrant of Athens after his third attempt in 546/7 BC. In Archaic Greece, the term [[tyrant]] did not connote malevolence.  A tyrant was one who had seized power and ruled outside of a state's constitutional law. When Peisistratus died in 528/7 BC, his son [[Hippias (son of Pisistratus)|Hippias]] took the position of [[Archon]] and became the new tyrant of Athens, with the help of his brother, Hipparchus, who acted as the minister of culture. The two continued their father's policies, but their popularity declined after Hipparchus began to abuse the power of his position.

Thucydides offers this explanation for Harmodios and Aristogeiton's actions in Book VI: Hipparchus approached Harmodius with amorous intentions. Harmodius was the ''[[eromenos]]'' (younger lover) of Aristogeiton. Harmodius rejected Hipparchus and told Aristogeiton what had happened. Hipparchus, spurned, invited Harmodius' young sister to be the [[kanephoros]] (to carry the ceremonial offering basket) at the [[Panathenaea]] festival, then publicly chased her away on the pretext she was not a virgin, as required, causing shame on Harmodius' family. With his lover Aristogeiton, Harmodius resolved to assassinate both Hippias and Hipparchus and thus to overthrow the tyranny.{{sfn|Lavelle|1986|p=318}} Harmodios and Aristogeiton successfully killed Hipparchus during the 514 BC Panathenaia, but Hippias survived and remained in power. In the four years between Hipparchus' assassination and the deposition of the Peisistratids, Hippias became an increasingly oppressive tyrant.

According to Aristotle, it was [[Thessalos]], the hot-headed son of Peisistratus' [[Ancient Argos|Argive]] [[concubine]], and thus half-brother to Hipparchus, who was the one to court Harmodius and drive off his sister.{{sfn|Aristotle|loc=XVIII, 2}}

==The assassination==
[[File:Stamnos with death of the tyrant Hipparchus, Syriskos Painter, Athens, 475-470 BC, L 515 - Martin von Wagner Museum - Würzburg, Germany - DSC05785.jpg|thumb|right|Death of the tyrant Hipparchus, by the Syriskos Painter, 475–470 BC]]

The plot – to be carried out by means of daggers hidden in the ceremonial [[Myrtus|myrtle]] wreaths on the occasion of the [[Panathenaic Games]] – involved a number of other co-conspirators. Thucydides claims that this day was chosen because during the Panathenaic festival, it was customary for the citizens taking part in the procession to go armed, while carrying weapons on any other day would have been suspicious.{{sfn|Thucydides|loc=VI, 56, 2}} Aristotle disagrees, asserting that the custom of bearing weapons was introduced later, by the democracy.{{sfn|Aristotle|loc=XVIII, 4}}

Seeing one of the co-conspirators greet Hippias in a friendly manner on the assigned day, the two thought themselves betrayed and rushed into action, ruining the carefully laid plans. They managed to kill Hipparchus, stabbing him to death as he was organizing the Panathenaean processions at the foot of the [[Acropolis]]. Herodotus expresses surprise at this event, asserting that Hipparchus had received a clear warning concerning his fate in a dream.{{sfn|Herodotus|1920|p=Hdt 5.55}} Harmodius was killed on the spot by spearmen of Hipparchus' guards, while Aristogeiton was arrested shortly thereafter. Upon being told of the event, Hippias, feigning calm, ordered the marching Greeks to lay down their ceremonial weapons and to gather at an indicated spot. All those with concealed weapons or under suspicion were arrested, gaining Hippias a respite from the uprising.

Thucydides' identification of Hippias as the two's purported main target, rather than Hipparchus who was Aristogeiton's rival [[Pederasty in ancient Greece#Terminology|erastes]], has been suggested as a possible indication of bias on his part.{{sfn|Lavelle|1993}}{{page needed|date=October 2011}}

===Aristogeiton's torture===
[[Aristotle]] in the ''Constitution of Athens'' preserves a tradition that Aristogeiton died only after being tortured in the hope that he would reveal the names of the other conspirators. During his ordeal, personally overseen by Hippias, he feigned willingness to betray his co-conspirators, claiming only Hippias' handshake as guarantee of safety. Upon receiving the tyrant's hand he is reputed to have berated him for shaking the hand of his own brother's murderer, upon which the tyrant wheeled and struck him down on the spot.{{sfn|Aristotle|loc=[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Aristot.+Ath.+Pol.+18.1 18.1]}}

===Leæna===
{{Main|Leaena}}

Likewise, there is a later{{sfn|Kapparis|2018|p=99}} tradition that Aristogeiton (or Harmodius){{ref|B|B}} was in love with a courtesan (see [[hetaera]]) by the name of [[Leæna]] (Λέαινα – meaning [[lion]]ess) who also was kept by Hippias under torture – in a vain attempt to force her to divulge the names of the other conspirators – until she died. One version of her story holds that previous to being tortured she had bitten off her tongue, afraid that her resolve would break from the pain of the torture. Another is that the Athenians, unwilling to honour a courtesan, placed a statue of a lioness without a tongue in the vestibule of the [[Acropolis of Athens|Acropolis]] simply to honor her fortitude in maintaining silence.{{sfn|Polyaenus|loc=VIII.xlv}}{{sfn|Pliny the Elder|loc=XXXIV 19.72}}{{sfn|Plutarch|1878|loc=On Talkativeness 505E}}  The statue was made by the sculptor Amphicrates.{{sfn|Smith|1870|p=149}} [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] alleges that it was in her honor that Athenian statues of Aphrodite began from then on to be accompanied by stone lionesses.{{sfn|Athenaeus|loc=XIII, 70}} Leæna's story, however, is only told in [[Second Sophistic|later antiquity]] sources and is likely spurious.{{sfn|Kapparis|2018|pp=100-101|ps=:"This story is a revision of the traditional tale in order to explain the bronze lioness with the missing tongue, and probably also to gloss over the uncomfortable feeling of later antiquity audiences over the homosexual relationship of those two most glorious heroes from the Athenian past."}}

===Aftermath===
His brother's murder led Hippias to establish an even stricter tyranny, which proved very unpopular and was overthrown, after an intervention of an army from [[Sparta]] led by the king [[Cleomenes I]], in 510. This was followed by the reforms of [[Cleisthenes]], who established a [[Athenian democracy|democracy]] in Athens.

==Apotheosis==
Subsequent history came to identify the figures of Harmodius and Aristogeiton as martyrs to the cause of Athenian freedom, possibly for political and class reasons, and they became known as "the Liberators" (''eleutherioi'') and "the Tyrannicides" (''tyrannophonoi'').{{sfn|Law|2009|p=18}} According to later writers, descendants of Harmodius and Aristogeiton's families were given hereditary privileges, such as ''sitesis'' (the right to take meals at public expense in the town hall), ''ateleia'' (exemption from certain religious duties), and ''proedria'' (front-row seats in the theater).{{sfn|Demosthenes|1886|p=503f}} A number of years after the event, it had become a received tradition among the Athenians to believe that Hipparchus was the elder of the brothers, and to fashion him as the tyrant.{{sfn|Demosthenes|Kennedy|1856|p=264}} The story of the tyrannicides was heavily promoted by the Athenians in order to erase the embarrassment of owing the removal of their tyranny to Sparta.{{sfn|de Ste. Croix|2004|p=423}}

===Statues and artistic depictions===
After the establishment of democracy, Cleisthenes commissioned the sculptor [[Antenor]] to produce a bronze{{ref|A|A}} [[Harmodius and Aristogeiton (sculpture)|statue group of Harmodius and Aristogeiton]]. It was the first commission of its kind, and the very first statue to be paid for out of public funds, as the two were the first Greeks considered by their countrymen worthy of having statues raised to them.{{sfn|Lecky|1898|pages=274–295}} According to [[Pliny the Elder]], it was erected in the [[Kerameikos]] in 509,{{sfn|Pliny the Elder|loc=XXXIV,17}} as part of a [[cenotaph]] of the heroes. However, a far more probable location is in the Agora at Athens, and many later authors such as Pausanias and Timaeus attest to this. Annual offerings ''(enagismata)'' were presented there by the [[polemarch]], the Athenian minister of war.{{sfn|Spivey|1996|pp=114–115}} There it stood alone as special laws prohibited the erection of any other statues in their vicinity. Upon its base was inscribed a verse by the poet [[Simonides]]:

{{cquote|A marvelous great light shone upon Athens when Aristogeiton and Harmodios slew Hipparchus.{{sfn|Edmonds|1931|p=377}} }}
The statue was taken as war booty in 480 BC by [[Xerxes I]] during the early [[Greco-Persian Wars]] and installed by him at [[Susa]]. As soon as the Greeks vanquished the Persians at [[Salamis Island|Salamis]], a new statue was commissioned. It was sculpted this time by [[Kritios]] and Nesiotes, and set up in 477/476 BC.{{sfn|Pausanias|1918|p=1.8.5.}}{{sfn|Mattusch|1988|p=119}}{{sfn|Pliny the Elder|loc=XXXIV 70}} It is the one which served as template for the group we possess today, which was found in the ruins of [[Hadrian's Villa|Hadrian's villa]] and is now in [[Naples]]. According to [[Arrian]],{{sfn|Romm|Mensch|2005}} when [[Alexander the Great]] conquered the Persian empire, in 330, he discovered the statue at Susa and had it shipped back to Athens.{{sfn|Worthington|2003|p=45}} When the statue, on its journey back, arrived at [[Rhodes]] it was given divine honors.{{sfn|Speed|1678|p=227}}

Several comments of the ancients regarding the statue have come down to us. When asked, in the presence of [[Dionysius I of Syracuse|Dionysius]], the tyrant of [[Syracuse, Italy|Syracuse]], which type of bronze was the best, [[Sophistic works of Antiphon|Antiphon the Sophist]] replied, {{cquote|That of which the Athenians made the statues of Harmodius and Aristogeiton."<ref>Plutarch, "How to Tell a Flatterer From a Friend" 27 (''Moralia'' 68A)</ref>}} [[Lycurgus of Athens|Lycurgus]], in his oration against Leocrates, asserts that

{{cquote|In the rest of Greece you will find statues erected in the public places to the conquerors in the games, but amongst you they are dedicated only to good generals, and to those who have destroyed tyrants.{{sfn|Lycurgus|loc=§51}} }} 
Other sculptors made statues of the heroes, such as [[Praxiteles]], who made two, also of bronze.{{sfn|Pliny the Elder|loc=XXXIV ix}}

The statue group has been seen, in modern times, as an invitation to identify erotically and politically with the figures, and to become oneself a tyrannicide. According to Andrew Stewart, the statue

{{cquote|not only placed the homoerotic bond at the core of Athenian political freedom, but asserted that it and the manly virtues ''(aretai)'' of courage, boldness and self-sacrifice that it generated were the only guarantors of that freedom’s continued existence.{{sfn|Stewart|1997|p=73}} }}

The configuration of the group is duplicated on a painted vase, a Panathenaic [[amphora]] from 400,{{sfn|Carpenter|et al.|1989|411}}{{sfn|Tufts University}} and on a bas-relief on the Elgin throne, dated to ca. 300.{{sfn|The Getty}}

===Skolia===
Another tribute to the two heroes was a hymn ([[skolion]]) praising them for restoring [[isonomia]] (equal distribution of justice) to the Athenians. The skolion may be referred to 500 BC or thereabouts,{{sfn|Smyth|1900|p=478}} and is ascribed to Callistratus, an Athenian poet known only for this work. It is preserved by [[Athenaeus]].{{sfn|Athenaeus|loc=XV, 695}} Its popularity was such that {{cquote|at every [[symposium|banquet]], nay, in the streets and in the meanest assembly of the common people, that convivial ode was daily sung,{{sfn|Lowth|1839}} }} 
When sung, the singer would hold a branch of [[Myrtus|myrtle]] in his hand.{{sfn|Larcher|1844|p=453}} This ode has been translated by many modern poets such as [[Edgar Allan Poe]], who composed his ''[[:Wikisource:Hymn to Aristogeiton and Harmodius (Poe)|Hymn to Aristogeiton and Harmodius]]'' in 1827.{{sfn|Endres|2003}} The following translation was judged to be the best and most faithful of a number of versions attempted in Victorian England.{{sfn|Demosthenes|Kennedy|1856| p=266}}

<blockquote><poem>
In myrtles veil'd will I the falchion wear,
For thus the patriot sword
Harmodius and Aristogiton bare,
When they the tyrant's bosom gored, 
And bade the men of Athens be 
Regenerate in equality.

Oh! beloved Harmodius! never 
Shall death be thine, who liv'st for ever. 
Thy shade, as men have told, inherits 
The islands of the blessed spirits,
Where deathless live the glorious dead,
Achilles fleet of foot, and Diomed.

In myrtles veil'd will I the falchion wear, 
For thus the patriot sword
Harmodius and Aristogiton bare,
When they the tyrant's bosom gored; 
When in Minerva's festal rite 
They closed Hipparchus' eyes in night.

Harmodius' praise, Aristogiton's name, 
Shall bloom on earth with undecaying fame; 
Who with the myrtle-wreathed sword 
The tyrant's bosom gored, 
And bade the men of Athens be 
Regenerate in equality.{{sfn|Elton|1833|pp=885}}
</poem></blockquote>

==Importance to the erastes-eromenos tradition==
The story of Harmodius and Aristogeiton, and its treatment by later Greek writers, is illustrative of attitudes to [[pederasty in ancient Greece]]. Both Thucydides and [[Herodotus]] describe the two as lovers, their love affair was styled as moderate ''(sophron)'' and legitimate ''(dikaios)''.{{sfn|Aeschines|2001|p=27}} Further confirming the status of the two as paragons of pederastic ethics, a domain forbidden to slaves, a law was passed prohibiting slaves from being named after the two heroes.{{sfn|Gellius|1927|p=9.2.10}}{{sfn|Libanius|1913|p=1.1.71}}

The story continued to be cited as an admirable example of heroism and devotion for many years. In 346 BC, for example, the politician [[Against Timarchus|Timarchus]] was prosecuted (for political reasons) on the grounds that he had prostituted himself as a youth. The orator who defended him, [[Demosthenes]], cited Harmodius and Aristogeiton, as examples of the beneficial effects of same-sex relationships.{{sfn|Aeschines|1919|pp=132, 133}} [[Aeschines]] offers them as an example of ''dikaios erōs,'' "just love", and as proof of the boons such love brings to lovers – who were both improved by love beyond all praise – as well as to the city.{{sfn|Wohl|2003|p=5}}

==See also==
*[[Athenian democracy]]
*[[Harmodius and Aristogeiton (sculpture)]]

==Notes==
*{{ref|A|A}} [[Lucian]] refers to this "χαλκοῦς" (''of copper'') statue in ''Περὶ Παρασίτου'',{{sfn|Harmon|1921|loc=§48}}
*{{ref|B|B}}{{poem quote|''Cecropia effictam quam cernis in arce Leaenam,''
''Harmodii (an nescis hospes?) amica fuit.''
''Sic animum placuit monstrare viraginis acrem''
''More ferae, nomen vel quia tale tulit.''
''Quòd fidibus contorta, suo non prodidit ullum''
''Indicio, elinguem reddidit Iphicrates.''{{sfn|Alciato|1531|p=Emblema XIII}}}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
; Ancient sources
* {{cite book|title=Against Timarchos|series=Clarendon Ancient History Series|author=Aeschines|translator-last1=Fisher|translator-first1=Nick|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2001|orig-date=346 BCE}}
* {{cite book|title=The speeches of Aeschines|author=Aeschines|series=Works.English & Greek |translator-last1=Adams|translator-first1=Charles Darwin|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1919|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/011724909}}
* {{cite book|last=Alciato|first=Andrea|title=Emblemata|date=1531|page=Emblema XIII|url=https://archive.org/details/emblemataandreae00alcia}}
*{{cite book|author=Aristotle |translator-last=Rackham |translator-first=H.|year=1952 |title= Athenian Constitution| location=Cambridge, MA & London|publisher=Harvard University Press & William Heinemann Ltd|ref=CITEREFAristotle}}
*{{cite book|author=Athenaeus|author-link=Athenaeus |title=The Deipnosophists |volume=XIII, VI |at=70|title-link=The Deipnosophists}}
*{{cite book|author=Demosthenes |author-link=Demosthenes |title=Against Leptines|year=1886|editor-last=King|editor-first=John R.|publisher=Macmillan |url=https://archive.org/details/orationagainstl01demogoog }}
* {{cite book|title=The Attic Nights|last=Gellius|first=Aulus|translator-last=Rolfe|translator-first=John C.|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1927|url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Gel.+9.2&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2007.01.0072}}
*{{cite book|author=Herodotus |author-link=Herodotus| translator-last=Godley|translator-first=A. D.|year=1920 |title=Histories|location= Cambridge, MA |publisher=Harvard University Press}}
* {{cite book|title=Avari Thesauro Privati Lamentatio (Declamation 51)|author=Libanius|editor-last=Foerster|editor-first=Richard|publisher=in aedibus B. G. Teubneri|date=1913|url=https://catalog.perseus.org/catalog/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg2200.tlg005x51.opp-grc1}}
*{{cite book |author=Lycurgus |author-link=Lycurgus of Athens |title=Against Leocrates|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Lyc.+1+hypothesis}}
*{{cite book|author=Pausanias|author-link=Pausanias (geographer)|title=Description of Greece|translator-last1=Jones|translator-first1=W.H.S.|translator-last2=Ormerod|translator-first2=H.A.|publisher=Harvard University Press|date=1918|url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+1.8.5&redirect=true|page=1.8.5}}
*{{cite book|author=Pliny the Elder |author-link=Pliny the Elder |title=Natural History|volume=XXXIV}}
* {{cite book|title=Libellus De Discrimine Amici Et Adulatoris Graece Primum Seorsim Edidit Varietatem Lectionis|orig-date=1775|date=2009|last=Plutarch|editor-last=Krigel|editor-first=C.A.|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|isbn=9781104950620|url={{Google books|NBqrQAAACAAJ|plainurl=yes}}|ref={{sfnref|Plutarch|1775}}|language=la}}{{page needed|date=August 2022}}
*{{cite book|author=Plutarch |author-link=Plutarch |year=1878 |translator=Goodwin, William W. |title=Moralia (Complete) |chapter=The Malice of Herodotus |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/plutarchsessaysm04plutiala}}
*{{cite book|author=Polyaenus |author-link=Polyaenus |title=Strategies|volume=VIII |at=xlv}}
* {{cite book |ref={{harvid|Speed|1678}} |url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=eebo;idno=A64912.0001.001|title=Factorum et dictorum memorabilium libri IX. English|translator-last1=Speed|translator-first1=Samuel|date=1678|publisher=J.C.|page=227}}
*{{cite book|author=Thucydides |author-link=Thucydides |title=History of the Peloponnesian War |volume=VI |at=56–59|title-link=History of the Peloponnesian War }}

; Modern sources
*{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Harmodius|volume=12|page=955}}
*{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Callistratus (poet)|display=Callistratus|volume=5|page=58|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/1332369567|title=Beazley addenda additional references to ABV, ARV² & Paralipomena|editor-last1=Carpenter|editor-first1=Thomas H.|editor-last2=Mendoça|editor-first2=Melanie|editor-last3=Beazley|editor-first3=John Davidson|editor-last4=Mannack|editor-first4=Thomas|date=1989|edition=2nd|publisher=Oxford University Press|ref={{sfnref|Carpenter|et al.|1989|411}}}}
*{{cite book|last1=Demosthenes |last2=Kennedy |first2=Charles Rann |title=The Orations of Demosthenes|publisher=H.S. Bohn |year=1856 |page=264}}
*{{cite book|last=Edmonds |first=John Maxwell |year= 1931|title=Lyra Graeca; Being the Remains of All the Greek Lyric Poets from Eumelus to Timotheus excepting Pindar, (3 vols)|volume=2 |page=377 |location=London & New York|publisher=William Heinemann & G. P. Putnam's Sons}}
*{{cite journal |author=Elton |year=1833 |title=The Greek Anthology |journal=[[Blackwood's Magazine]] |publisher=William Blackwood |volume=33 |number=209 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=b5VIAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA885 885] }}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.glbtq.com/arts/subjects_harmodius.html|title=Subjects of the Visual Arts: Harmodius and Aristogeiton (Sixth Century-514 B. C. E.)|last=Endres|first=Nikolai|date=2003|publisher=GLBTQ|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006094023/http://www.glbtq.com/arts/subjects_harmodius.html}}
* Fabbro, Helena (1995). ''Carmina Convivalia Attica''. Critical Edition with Translation and Commentary. Roma (publisher Istituti Editoriali e Poligrafici Internazionali) pp.&nbsp;30–34, 76–77, 137–152 {{ISBN|88-8147-082-9}}
* {{cite web|title=Ceremonial Chair (The Elgin Throne|url=http://www.getty.edu/art/gettyguide/artObjectDetails?artobj=8235|publisher=J. Paul Getty Museum|id=74.AA.12|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060918163733/http://www.getty.edu/art/gettyguide/artObjectDetails?artobj=8235|archive-date=2006-09-18|ref={{sfnref|The Getty}}}}
* {{cite book|title=Lucian: Works|translator-last=Harmon|translator-first=A.M.|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1921|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0449%3Asection%3D48|ref=CITEREFHarmon1921}}
* {{cite book|page=99|title=Prostitution in the Ancient Greek World|last=Kapparis|first=Konstantinos|year=2018|publisher=De Gruyter|isbn=978-3110556759}}
*{{cite book|last=Larcher |first=Pierre-Henri|author-link=Pierre Henri Larcher |translator=[[William Desborough Cooley]] |year=1844|title=Larcher's Notes on Herodotus, historical and critical comments on the History of Herodotus, with a chronological table; (Translated from the French) |url=https://archive.org/details/larchersnotesonh01larc |id=para 129|page=[https://archive.org/stream/larchersnotesonh01larc#page/453/mode/1up/search/myrtle 453]}}
*{{cite journal|last=Lavelle |first=Brian M. |date=Autumn 1986 |title=The Nature of Hipparchos' Insult to Harmodios |journal=The American Journal of Philology|volume=107|pages=318–331 |number=3|doi=10.2307/294689|jstor=294689 }}
*{{cite book|last=Lavelle |first=Brian M. |year=1993 |title=The Sorrow and the Pity: A Prolegomenon to a History of Athens under the Peisistratids, c. 560–510 B.C.| series=Historia Einzelschriften 80 |location=Stuttgart |publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag|isbn=3-515-06318-8}}
*{{cite book|last=Law |first=Randall David |year=2009  |title=Terrorism: a history |edition=illustrated |publisher=Polity |isbn=978-0-7456-4038-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/terrorismhistory0000lawr/page/18 18]}}
*{{cite book|editor-last=Lecky |editor-first=W.E.H. |year=1898  |title=History of European Morals|volume=II|pages=274–295}}
*{{cite book|last=Lowth |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Lowth|year=1839 |orig-year=1756 |translator=Gregory G. |title=Lectures on the Sacred Poetry of the Hebrews |chapter=Lecture I. The Introduction. Of the Uses and Design of Poetry| edition=fourth |chapter-url=http://fair-use.org/robert-lowth/lectures-on-the-sacred-poetry-of-the-hebrews/lecture-i|publisher=Oxford University}}
* {{cite book|title=Greek Bronze Statuary From the Beginnings Through the Fifth Century B.C.|last=Mattusch|first=Carol C.|chapter=6. Variations|publisher=Cornell University Press|year=1988|doi=10.7591/9781501746062-008|page=119|isbn=9781501746062 |s2cid=243070085 }}
*{{cite book |last=Nagy |first=Gregory |year=1999 |orig-year=1979 |title=The Best of the Achaeans Concepts of the Hero in Archaic Greek Poetry |edition=Revised |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press |chapter=Chapter 10: Poetic Visions of Immortality for the Hero |chapter-url=http://www.press.jhu.edu/books/nagy/BofAISM/chapter10.html |access-date=2011-10-27 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192248/http://www.press.jhu.edu/books/nagy/BofAISM/chapter10.html |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book|title=Alexander The Great: Selections from Arrian, Diodorus, Plutarch, and Quintus Curtius|editor-last1=Romm|editor-first1=James S.|editor-last2=Mensch|editor-first2=Pamela|publisher=Hackett Publishing Company|date=2005-03-11|author1=Arrian|author2=Diodorus|author3=Plutarch|author4=Quintus Curtius|isbn=9781603843331|url={{Google books|IvP_tHPTZfkC|plainurl=yes}}|ref={{sfnref|Romm|Mensch|2005}}}}{{page needed|date=August 2022}}
* {{cite book|chapter=Herodotus and King Cleomenes I of Sparta|last=de Ste. Croix|first=G.E.M.|author-link=G. E. M. de Ste. Croix|title=Athenian Democratic Origins and other essays|editor-last1=Harvey|editor-first1=David|editor-last2=Parker|editor-first2=Robert|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|pages=421–440|isbn=0199285160}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|editor-last=Smith |editor-first=William|year=1870 |title= Amphicrates |encyclopedia=Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology|volume=1 |page=149 |url=http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0158.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051219053738/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0158.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=December 19, 2005}}
* {{cite book|last=Smyth |first=Herbert Weir |author-link=Herbert Weir Smyth |year=1900 |title=Greek Melic Poets |publisher=Macmillan & Co |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=07pLAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA478 478]}}
*{{cite book |last=Spivey |first=Nigel |title=Understanding Greek Sculpture |publisher=Thames & Hudson |year=1996 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/understandinggre00spiv/page/114 114–115] |isbn=978-0500237106 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/understandinggre00spiv/page/114 }}
*{{cite book|last=Stewart |first=Andrew |year=1997 |title=Art, Desire, and the Body in Ancient Greece|location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=73|isbn=978-0521456807}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/artifact?name=London+B+605&object=vase|title=London B 605 (Vase)|publisher=Tufts University|access-date=2022-08-30|ref={{sfnref|Tufts University}}}}
* {{cite book|title=Love among the Ruins: The Erotics of Democracy in Classical Athens|last=Wohl|first=Victoria|year=2003|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9780691095226}}
*{{cite book |last=Worthington |first=Ian |year=2003 |title=Alexander the Great: A Reader |page=[https://archive.org/details/alexandergreatre0001unse/page/45 45] |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-415-29187-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/alexandergreatre0001unse/page/45 }}

== External links ==
*[http://www.livius.org Livius], [https://www.livius.org/articles/person/harmodius-and-aristogeiton/ Harmodius and Aristogeiton] by Jona Lendering

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:510s BC deaths]]
[[Category:6th-century BC Athenians]]
[[Category:Ancient Greek LGBTQ people]]
[[Category:Ancient rebels]]
[[Category:Archaic Athens]]
[[Category:Groups of ancient Greeks]]
[[Category:Assassins of heads of government]]
[[Category:Duos]]
[[Category:Greek assassins]]
[[Category:Greek rebels]]
[[Category:Greek torture victims]]
[[Category:Greek gay men]]
[[Category:Same-sex couples]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Greek murderers]]