View source for Harpy

{{short description|Half-bird half-woman monsters associated with storm winds}}
{{other uses}}
{{Redirect-distinguish|Acholoe|Acholoe squamosa{{!}}''Acholoe squamosa''}}
{{Redirect-distinguish|Bird Monster|Birdmonster}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox mythical creature
| name             = Harpy
| image            = Coa Illustration Elements Harpy Rising Wings Displayed.svg
| caption          = A harpy in the [[heraldry|heraldic]] style, John Vinycomb, 1906.
| Grouping         = [[Legendary creature]]
| Sub_Grouping     = [[Hybrid (mythology)|Hybrid]]
| Similar_entities = [[Siren (mythology)|Siren]]
| Country          = [[Greek mythology|Greek]] and [[Roman mythology|Roman]]
| Region           =
}}
{{Greek mythology sidebar}}
In [[Greek mythology|Greek]] and [[Roman mythology]], a '''harpy''' (plural '''harpies''', {{Langx|grc|[[wikt:Ἅρπυια#Ancient Greek|ἅρπυια]]|hárpyia}},<ref>Of uncertain etymology; [[Robert S. P. Beekes|R. S. P. Beekes]] has suggested a [[Pre-Greek]] origin (''Etymological Dictionary of Greek'', Brill, 2009, p. 139).</ref><ref>{{LSJ|a(/rpuia|ἅρπυια|cite}}</ref> {{IPA|grc|hárpyːa|pron}}; {{langx|la|harpȳia}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=ONLINE LATIN DICTIONARY - Latin - English |url=https://www.online-latin-dictionary.com/latin-english-dictionary.php?lemma=HARPYIA100 |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=www.online-latin-dictionary.com}}</ref>) is a half-human and half-[[bird]] [[mythical creature]], often believed to be a personification of [[storm]] winds.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harpy {{!}} Greek Mythology, Meaning & Symbolism {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Harpy |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> They feature in [[Homer|Homeric poems]].<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Odyssey]]'' 20.66 & 77</ref>

==Descriptions==
Harpies were generally depicted as birds with the heads of maidens, faces pale with hunger and long claws on their legs. Roman and Byzantine writers detailed their ugliness.<ref>[[Virgil]], ''[[Aeneid]]'' 3.216; [[John Tzetzes|Tzetzes]] ad [[Lycophron]], [https://topostext.org/work/860#653 653]; [[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' 7.4; ''[[Fasti]]'' 6.132; [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''Fabulae'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#14.3 14]</ref>{{AI-generated source|date=November 2024}} Pottery art depicting the harpies featured beautiful women with wings. [[Ovid]] described them as human-[[vulture]]s.<ref>Ovid, ''Metamorphoses'' 7.4</ref>

===Hesiod===
To [[Hesiod]], they were imagined as fair-locked and winged maidens, who flew as fast as the wind:
{{blockquote|[T]he Harpyiai (Harpies) of the lovely hair, Okypete (Ocypete) and Aello, and these two in the speed of their wings keep pace with the blowing winds, or birds in flight, as they soar and swoop, high aloft.<ref name=":1" />}}

===Aeschylus===
Even as early as the time of [[Aeschylus]], harpies were thought to be ugly creatures with wings, and later writers carried their notions of the harpies so far as to represent them as most disgusting monsters. The [[Sibyl|Pythian priestess]] of [[Apollo]] compares the appearance of the [[Erinyes]], chthonic goddesses of vengeance, with those of harpies in the following lines of [[Oresteia|The Eumenides]]:

{{blockquote|Before this man an extraordinary band of women [i.e. the Erinyes] slept, seated on thrones. No! Not women, but rather Gorgons I call them; and yet I cannot compare them to forms of Gorgons either. Once before I saw some creatures in a painting [i.e. harpies], carrying off the feast of [[Phineus]]; but these [i.e. the Erinyes] are wingless in appearance, black, altogether disgusting; they snore with repulsive breaths, they drip from their eyes hateful drops; their attire is not fit to bring either before the statues of the gods or into the homes of men.<ref>[[Aeschylus]], ''Eumenides'' [http://topostext.org/work.php?work_id=14 50] {{PD-notice}}</ref>}}

===Virgil===
{{blockquote|Bird-bodied, girl-faced things they (Harpies) are; abominable their droppings, their hands are talons, their faces haggard with hunger insatiable.<ref>Virgil, ''Aeneid'' 3.216 {{PD-notice}}</ref>}}

===Hyginus===
{{blockquote|They are said to have been feathered, with cocks' heads, wings, and human arms, with great claws; breasts, bellies, and female parts human.<ref>Hyginus, ''Fabulae'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#14.3 14] {{PD-notice}}</ref>}}

==Functions and abodes==
The harpies seem originally to have been wind spirits (personifications of the destructive nature of wind).<ref>Tzetzes ad Lycophron, [https://topostext.org/work/860#165 167]: ''"Allegorically, harpies are the winds, as they are now, from the act of flying in the air."'' & [https://topostext.org/work/860#653 653] ''"and the winds are called harpies and names of winged female demons"''</ref>{{AI-generated source|date=November 2024}} Their name means 'snatchers' or 'swift robbers',<ref>[[Adrian Room]], ''Who's Who in Classical Mythology'', p. 147 {{ISBN|0-517-22256-6}}</ref> and they were said to steal food from their victims while they were eating and carry evildoers (especially those who have killed their families) to the [[Erinyes]]. When a person suddenly disappeared from the [[Earth]], it was said that he had been carried off by the harpies.<ref>Homer, ''Odyssey'' 1.241 & 14.371</ref> Thus, they carried off the daughters of King [[Pandareus]] and gave them as servants to the Erinyes.<ref>Homer, ''Odyssey'' 20.78</ref> In this form they were agents of punishment who abducted people and tortured them on their way to [[Tartarus]]. They were depicted as vicious, cruel, and violent.

The harpies were called "the hounds of mighty [[Zeus]]" thus "ministers of the Thunderer (Zeus)".<ref name=":0">[[Valerius Flaccus (poet)|Valerius Flaccus]], 4.425</ref> Later writers listed the harpies among the guardians of the [[Hades|underworld]] among other monstrosities including the [[Centaur]]s, [[Scylla]], [[Hecatoncheires|Briareus]], [[Lernaean Hydra]], [[Chimera (mythology)|Chimera]], [[Gorgon]]s and [[Geryon]].<ref>Virgil, ''Aeneid'' 6.287 ff.; [[Seneca the Younger|Seneca]], ''Hercules Furens'' 747 ff.</ref>

Their abode was described as either the islands called [[Strofades]],<ref>Virgil, ''Aeneid'' 3.210</ref> a place at the entrance of [[Orcus]],<ref>Virgil, ''Aeneid'' 6.289</ref> or a cave in Crete.<ref>Apollonius Rhodius, 2.298</ref>

==Names and family==
[[Hesiod]] calls them two "lovely-haired" creatures, the daughters of [[Thaumas]] and the [[Oceanid]] [[Electra (Oceanid)|Electra]] and sisters of [[Iris (mythology)|Iris]].<ref name=":1">[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' 265–267; Tzetzes ad Lycophron, [https://topostext.org/work/860#165 167]</ref>{{AI-generated source|date=November 2024}} [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], however, cited a certain Ozomene<ref>Hyginus, ''Fabulae'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#14.3 14]</ref> as the mother of the harpies but he also recounted that Electra was also the mother of these beings in the same source. This can be explained by the fact that Ozomene was another name for Electra. The harpies possibly were siblings of the river-god [[Hydaspes (mythology)|Hydaspes]]<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/529#26.351 26.351ff.]</ref> and [[Arke]],<ref>[[Ptolemy Hephaestion]], ''New History'' 6; [[Photios I of Constantinople|Photius]], ''Bibliotheca'' [https://topostext.org/work.php?work_id=237#190.46 190]</ref> as they were called sisters of Iris and children of Thaumas. According to [[Gaius Valerius Flaccus|Valerius]], Typhoeus ([[Typhon]]) was said to be the father of these monsters<ref name=":0" /> while a different version by [[Servius the Grammarian|Servius]] told that the harpies were daughters of [[Pontus (mythology)|Pontus]] and [[Gaia (mythology)|Gaea]] or of [[Poseidon]].<ref>[[Maurus Servius Honoratus|Servius]], Commentary on Virgil's ''Aeneid'' [https://topostext.org/work/548#3.241 3.241]</ref>

They were named [[Aello]] ("storm swift") and [[Ocypete]] ("the swift wing"),<ref>Hesiod, ''Theogony'' 265; [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], 1.121–123</ref> and [[Virgil]] added [[Celaeno]] ("the dark") as a third.<ref>{{cite wikisource|chapter=Book III|wslink=Aeneid (Williams)|plaintitle=Aeneid (Williams)|last1=Virgil|translator-last1=Williams|translator-first1=Theodore|publisher=|page=|wspage=|scan=}}</ref><ref>{{cite wikisource |last1=Hyginus |first1=Gaius |author-link1=Hyginus|title=Fabulae |wslink=Genealogiarum liber/Fabulae |language=la |wslanguage=la |quote= Zetes et Calais Aquilonis uenti et Orithyiae Erechthei filiae filii; hi capita pedesque pennatos habuisse feruntur crinesque caeruleos, qui peruio aere usi sunt. hi aues Harpyias tres, Thaumantis et Ozomenes filias, Aellopoda Celaeno Ocypeten, fugauerunt a Phineo Agenoris filio eodem tempore quo Iasoni comites ad Colchos proficiscebantur...}}</ref> [[Homer]] knew of a harpy named Podarge ("fleet-foot").<ref>Homer, ''[[Iliad]]'' 16.148</ref> Aello is sometimes also spelled Aellopus or Nicothoe; Ocypete is sometimes also spelled Ocythoe or Ocypode.

Homer called the harpy [[Podarge]] as the mother of the two horses ([[Balius and Xanthus]]) of [[Achilles]] sired by the West Wind [[Zephyrus]]<ref>Homer, ''Iliad'' 16.150; [[Quintus Smyrnaeus]], 3.743 ff.</ref> while according to [[Nonnus]], Xanthus and Podarkes, horses of the Athenian king [[Erechtheus]], were born to Aello and the North Wind [[Boreas (god)|Boreas]].<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' 37.155</ref> Other progeny of Podarge were Phlogeus and Harpagos, horses given by [[Hermes]] to the [[Castor and Pollux|Dioscuri]], who competed for the chariot-race in celebration of the funeral games of [[Pelias]].<ref>[[Stesichorus]], fr. 178</ref> The swift horse [[Arion (mythology)|Arion]] was also said to begotten by loud-piping Zephyrus on a harpy (probably Podarge), as attested by [[Quintus Smyrnaeus]].<ref>Quintus Smyrnaeus, 4.569 ff.</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Names and family of harpies according to various sources
|-
! Name and relation
! Hesiod
! Homer
! Stesichorus
! Virgil
! Valerius 
! Apollodorus
! Hyginus
! Nonnus
! Quintus
! Servius
!
|-
| Parents
| Thaumas and Electra
| ''not stated''
| ''not stated''
| ''not stated''
| Typhoeus
| Thaumas and Electra
| Thaumas and Electra or Ozomene
| ''not stated''
| ''not stated''
| Pontus and Gaea or Poseidon
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |Names
| Aello
| Podarge
| Podarge
|
| rowspan="3" | ''not stated''
| Aello or Nicothoe
| Aellopus or Podarce
| Aellopos
| Podarge
| rowspan="3" | ''not stated''
|
|-
|Ocypete
|
|
|
|Ocypete, Ocythoe or Ocypode
|Ocypete
| –
|
|
|-
|
|
|
| Celaeno
|
| Celaeno
|
|
|
|-
| Mate
| –
| Zephyrus
| ''not stated''
| –
| –
| –
| –
| Boreas
| Zephyrus
| –
|
|-
| Progeny
| –
| Balius and Xanthus
| Phlogeus and Harpagos
| –
| –
| –
| –
| Xanthus and Podarkes
| Balius and Xanthus; Arion
| –
|
|}

==Mythology==
[[File:Harpij - I.I Schipper 1660, graveur Matthius Merian, naar J.Jonstons' "Naekeurige Beschryvingh van de Natuur".jpg|thumb|left|A harpy in [[Ulisse Aldrovandi]]'s ''Monstrorum Historia'', Bologna, 1642.]]
[[File:Harpyie.JPG|thumb|A [[medieval]] depiction of a harpy as a bird-woman.]]
The most celebrated story in which the harpies play a part is that of King [[Phineus]] of [[Thrace]], who was given the gift of [[prophecy]] by Zeus. Angry that Phineus gave away the god's secret plan, Zeus punished him by blinding him and putting him on an island with a buffet of food which he could never eat because the harpies always arrived to steal the food out of his hands before he could satisfy his hunger. Later writers add that they either devoured the food themselves, or that they dirtied it by dropping upon it some stinking substance, so as to render it unfit to be eaten.

This continued until the arrival of [[Jason]] and the [[Argonauts]]. Phineus promised to instruct them respecting the course they had to take, if they would deliver him from the harpies. The [[Boreads]], sons of [[Boreas (god)|Boreas]], the North Wind, who also could fly, succeeded in driving off the harpies. According to an ancient oracle, the harpies were to perish by the hands of the Boreades, but the Boreades were to die if they could not overtake the harpies. The harpies fled, but one fell into the river Tigris, which was hence called Harpys, and the other reached the Echinades, and as she never returned, the islands were called Strophades. But being worn out with fatigue, she fell down simultaneously with her pursuer; and, as they promised no further to molest Phineus, the two harpies were not deprived of their lives.<ref>Apollodorus, 1.9.21</ref> According to others, the Boreades were on the point of killing the harpies, when Iris or Hermes appeared and commanded the conquerors to set them free, promising that Phineus would not be bothered by the harpies again.  "The dogs of great Zeus" then returned to their "cave in Minoan Crete". Other accounts said that both the harpies as well as the Boreades died.<ref>Scholia ad Apollonius of Rhodes, 1.286 & 297; Tzetzes, ''Chiliades'' [https://topostext.org/work/617#1.209 1.217]</ref> Thankful for their help, Phineus told the Argonauts how to pass the [[Symplegades]].<ref>Apollonius of Rhodes, ''Argonautica'' 2; Ovid, ''Metamorphoses'' 13.710; Virgil, ''Aeneid'' 3.211 & 245</ref>

Tzetzes explained the origin of the myth pertaining to Phineus, the harpies, and the Boreades in his account. In this late version of the myth it was said that Phineus, due to his old age, became blind, and he has two daughters named [[Eraseia]] and [[Harpyreia]]. These maidens lived a very libertine and lazy life, abandoning themselves to poverty and fatal famine. Then Zetes and Calais snatched them away somehow, and they disappeared from those places ever since. From this account all myths about them [i.e., the harpies] started, as was also retold by Apollonius in his own story of the Argonauts.<ref>Tzetzes ad Lycophron'','' [https://topostext.org/work/860#165 166]; ''Chiliades'' [https://topostext.org/work/617#1.209 1.220]; Palaephaust, 23.3</ref>{{AI-generated source|date=November 2024}}

===Aeneid===
[[Aeneas]] encountered harpies on the Strophades as they repeatedly made off with the feast the [[Troy|Trojans]] were setting. [[Celaeno]] utters a prophecy: the Trojans will be so hungry they will eat their tables before they reach the end of their journey. The Trojans fled in fear.

==Later usage==
[[File:DVinfernoForestOfSuicides m.jpg|thumb|Harpies in the infernal wood, from ''Inferno'' XIII, by [[Gustave Doré]], 1861.]]

===Literature===
Harpies remained vivid in the [[Middle Ages]]. In Canto XIII of his ''[[Inferno (Dante)|Inferno]]'', [[Dante Alighieri]] envisages the tortured wood infested with harpies, where the [[suicide]]s have their punishment in the [[Inferno (Dante)#Seventh Circle (Violence)|seventh ring of Hell]]:

{{poemquote|Here the repellent harpies make their nests,
Who drove the Trojans from the Strophades
With dire announcements of the coming woe.
They have broad wings, with razor sharp talons and a human neck and face,
Clawed feet and swollen, feathered bellies; they caw
Their lamentations in the eerie trees.<ref>[http://new.bostonreview.net/BR18.1/dante.html Translation of Robert Pinsky, ''Boston Review''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104235244/http://new.bostonreview.net/BR18.1/dante.html |date=2014-11-04 }}</ref>}}

In Canto XXXIII of [[Orlando Furioso]], author [[Ludovico Ariosto]] has the Christian Ethiopian Emperor Senapo ([[Prester John]]) afflicted with harpies under circumstances nearly identical to those in the myth of Phineus. He has been blinded by God himself, and the harpies contaminate his every meal. Senapo is delivered from this torment by [[Astolfo]], a paladin from the court of [[Charlemagne]].<ref>[[Ludovico Ariosto]], [[Orlando Furioso]] 33.101</ref>

[[William Blake]] was inspired by Dante's description in his pencil, ink, and watercolour ''[[The Wood of the Self-Murderers: The Harpies and the Suicides]]'' (Tate Gallery, London).

Harpies also found a role in [[Shakespeare]]'s [[The Tempest|Tempest]], where the spirit [[Ariel (The Tempest)|Ariel]] tortured the antagonists Antonio, Sebastian, and Alonso for their crimes by staging a banquet scene similar to that in the [[Aeneid]].[[File:DEU Nürnberg COA (groß).svg|thumb|Greater coat of arms of the city of [[Nuremberg]]|198x198px]]

===Linguistic use and application===
The [[harpy eagle]] is a real bird named after the mythological animal.

The term is often used metaphorically to refer to a nasty or annoying woman. In [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]]'s ''[[Much Ado About Nothing]]'', Benedick<!--Benedick, not Benedict--> spots the sharp-tongued [[Beatrice (Much Ado About Nothing)|Beatrice]] approaching and exclaims to the prince, Don Pedro, that he would do an assortment of arduous tasks for him "rather than hold three words conference with this harpy!"

===Heraldry===
In the [[Middle Ages]], the harpy, referred to in German as the {{ill|Jungfrauenadler|de}}<ref name="Davies">[[Arthur Fox-Davies]], [https://archive.org/details/completeguidetoh00foxduoft ''A Complete Guide to Heraldry''], T. C. and E. C. Jack, London, 1909, p 229.</ref> or "maiden eagle" (although it may not have been modeled after the original harpy of Greek mythology), became a popular [[charge (heraldry)|charge]] in [[heraldry]], particularly in [[East Frisia]], seen on, among others, the [[coat-of-arms|coats-of-arms]] of [[County of Rietberg|Rietberg]], [[Coat of arms of Liechtenstein|Liechtenstein]], and the [[Cirksena]]. Among the earliest examples is the city of Nuremberg's device, which used the harpy as early as 1243.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fictitious and Symbolic Creatures in Art: Other Chimerical Creatures and Heraldic Beasts: The Harpy |url=https://sacred-texts.com/lcr/fsca/fsca40.htm |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=sacred-texts.com}}</ref>

The harpy also appears in British heraldry, although it remains a peculiarly German device.<ref name="Davies"/>

==See also==
* [[Alkonost]]
* [[Karura]]
* [[Kinnara]]
* [[Seraphim]]
* [[Siren (mythology)]]
* [[Sirin]]
* [[Tengu]]
* [[Tulevieja]]
* [[Uchek Langmeitong]]
* [[List of avian humanoids]]
*[[Harpya]]: 1979 Belgian movie about man living with a harpy

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
* [[Aeschylus]], translated in two volumes. 2. ''Eumenides'' by Herbert Weir Smyth, Ph. D. Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press. 1926. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0006 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.] [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0005 Greek text available from the same website].
* [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], ''The Library'' with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. ISBN 0-674-99135-4. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0022 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.] [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0021 Greek text available from the same website].
* [[Gaius Julius Hyginus]], ''Fabulae from The Myths of Hyginus'' translated and edited by Mary Grant. University of Kansas Publications in Humanistic Studies. [https://topostext.org/work/206 Online version at the Topos Text Project.]
* [[Valerius Flaccus (poet)|Gaius Valerius Flaccus]], ''Argonautica'' translated by Mozley, J H. Loeb Classical Library Volume 286. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1928. [http://www.theoi.com/Text/ValeriusFlaccus1.html Online version at theio.com.]
* Gaius Valerius Flaccus, ''Argonauticon.'' Otto Kramer. Leipzig. Teubner. 1913. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2007.01.0058 Latin text available at the Perseus Digital Library.]
* [[Hesiod]], ''Theogony'' from ''The Homeric Hymns and Homerica'' with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.] [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0129 Greek text available from the same website].
* [[Homer]], [[Iliad|''The Iliad'']] with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, Ph.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. {{ISBN|978-0674995796|}}. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0134 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.]
* Homer, ''Homeri Opera'' in five volumes. Oxford, Oxford University Press. 1920. {{ISBN|978-0198145318|}}. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0133 Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Homer]], [[Odyssey|''The Odyssey'']] with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, PH.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1919. {{ISBN|978-0674995611|}}. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0136 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.] [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0135 Greek text available from the same website].
* [[Seneca the Younger|Lucius Annaeus Seneca]], ''Tragedies''. Translated by Miller, Frank Justus. Loeb Classical Library Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1917. [http://www.theoi.com/Text/SenecaHerculesFurens.html Online version at theio.com.]
* Lucius Annaeus Seneca, ''Tragoediae''. Rudolf Peiper. Gustav Richter. Leipzig. Teubner. 1921. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2007.01.0003 Latin text available at the Perseus Digital Library.]
* [[Maurus Servius Honoratus]], ''In Vergilii carmina comentarii. Servii Grammatici qui feruntur in Vergilii carmina commentarii;'' recensuerunt Georgius Thilo et Hermannus Hagen. Georgius Thilo. Leipzig. B. G. Teubner. 1881. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0053 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Nonnus|Nonnus of Panopolis]], ''Dionysiaca'' translated by William Henry Denham Rouse (1863-1950), from the Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1940.  [https://topostext.org/work/529 Online version at the Topos Text Project.]
* Nonnus of Panopolis, ''Dionysiaca. 3 Vols.'' W.H.D. Rouse. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1940-1942. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0485 Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Ovid|Publius Ovidius Naso]], ''Fasti'' translated by James G. Frazer. [https://topostext.org/work/143 Online version at the Topos Text Project.]
* Publius Ovidius Naso, ''Fasti.'' Sir James George Frazer. London; Cambridge, MA. William Heinemann Ltd.; Harvard University Press. 1933. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0547 Latin text available at the Perseus Digital Library].
* Publius Ovidius Naso, ''Metamorphoses'' translated by Brookes More (1859-1942). Boston, Cornhill Publishing Co. 1922. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0028 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.]
* Publius Ovidius Naso, ''Metamorphoses.'' Hugo Magnus. Gotha (Germany). Friedr. Andr. Perthes. 1892. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0029 Latin text available at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Virgil|Publius Vergilius Maro]], ''Aeneid.'' Theodore C. Williams. trans. Boston. Houghton Mifflin Co. 1910. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0054%3Abook%3D1%3Acard%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.]
* Publius Vergilius Maro, ''Bucolics, Aeneid, and Georgics''. J. B. Greenough. Boston. Ginn & Co. 1900. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0055 Latin text available at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Quintus Smyrnaeus]], ''The Fall of Troy'' translated by Way. A. S. Loeb Classical Library Volume 19. London: William Heinemann, 1913. [http://www.theoi.com/Text/QuintusSmyrnaeus1.html Online version at theio.com]
* Quintus Smyrnaeus, ''The Fall of Troy''. Arthur S. Way. London: William Heinemann; New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. 1913. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0490 Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Scholia]] to [[Lycophron|Lycophron's]] ''Alexandra'', marginal notes by Isaak and Ioannis Tzetzes and others from the Greek edition of Eduard Scheer (Weidmann 1881). [https://topostext.org/work/860 Online version at the Topos Text Project.]. [[iarchive:lycophronisalexa02lycouoft/page/n5/mode/2up|Greek text available on Archive.org]]
* [[John Tzetzes|Tzetzes, John]], ''Histories or Chiliades'' unedited translation by Ana Untila (Book I), Gary Berkowitz (II-IV), Konstantinos Ramiotis (V-VI), Vasiliki Dogani (VII-VIII), Jonathan Alexander (IX-X), Muhammad Syarif Fadhlurrahman (XI), and Nikolaos Giallousis (XII-XIII), with translation adjustments by Brady Kiesling affecting about 15 percent of the total . These translations are based on the 1826 Greek edition of Theophilus Kiesslingius. [https://topostext.org/work/617 Online version at the Topos Text Project.]

==External links==
{{EB1911 poster|Harpies}}
*{{Commons category-inline|Harpies}}
*[https://iconographic.warburg.sas.ac.uk/category/vpc-taxonomy-000269 The Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (images of Harpies)]

{{Greek religion}}
{{Greek mythology (deities)}}
{{Heraldic creatures}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Harpies| ]]