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{{short description|Shaped head covering, having a brim and a crown, or one of these}}
{{Redirect|Hats|other uses|Hat (disambiguation)|and|Hats (disambiguation)}}
 
[[Image:Chapeaux en peau de castor.jpg|thumb|A collection of 18th and 19th centuries men's beaver felt hats]]
[[File:Pierre Auguste Renoir - Woman in a Flowered Hat - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|upright|''Woman in a Flowered Hat'' (1889), by [[Pierre-Auguste Renoir]]: Straw hat with brim decorated with cloth flowers and ribbons]]

A '''hat''' is a [[Headgear|head covering]] which is worn for various reasons, including protection against weather conditions, ceremonial reasons such as university graduation, religious reasons, comedy, safety, or as a [[fashion accessory]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Pauline Thomas |url=http://www.fashion-era.com/hats-hair/hats_hair_1_wearing_hats_fashion_history.htm |title=The Wearing of Hats Fashion History |publisher=Fashion-era.com |date=2007-09-08 |access-date=2011-07-02}}</ref> Hats which incorporate mechanical features, such as visors, spikes, flaps, [[orthodontic headgear|braces]] or [[party hat|beer holders]] shade into the broader category of [[headgear]].

In the past, hats were an indicator of [[social status]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/117987.html |title=The social meanings of hats |publisher=University of Chicago Press|access-date=2011-07-02}}</ref> In the [[military]], hats may denote nationality, branch of service, rank or [[regiment]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/id/42199/ |title=Insignia:The Way You Tell Who's Who in the Military |publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]] |access-date=2011-07-02 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414202044/http://www.defense.gov//News/NewsArticle.aspx?ID=42199 |archive-date=2012-04-14 }}</ref> Police typically wear distinctive hats such as [[peaked cap]]s or [[brimmed hat]]s, such as those worn by the [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]]. Some hats have a protective function. As examples, the [[hard hat]] protects construction workers' heads from injury by falling objects, a British police [[Custodian helmet]] protects the officer's head, a [[sun hat]] shades the face and shoulders from the sun, a [[cowboy hat]] protects against sun and rain and an [[ushanka]] fur hat with fold-down earflaps keeps the head and ears warm. Some hats are worn for ceremonial purposes, such as the [[mortarboard]], which is worn (or carried) during university graduation ceremonies. Some hats are worn by members of a certain profession, such as the [[Toque]] worn by chefs, or the [[mitre]] worn by Christian [[bishops]]. Adherents of certain religions regularly wear hats, such as the [[turban]] worn by [[Sikh]]s, or the [[church crown|church hat]] that is worn as a [[Christian head covering|headcovering by Christian women]] during prayer and worship.<ref name="SL">{{cite web |title=What are Church Hats? |work=Southern Living |url=https://www.southernliving.com/culture/church-hats |publisher=[[Southern Living]] |access-date=10 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514230453/https://www.southernliving.com/culture/church-hats |language=English |quote=Church hats have been a key part of churchgoers' Sunday best for years, and are still an important aspect of dress in some churches today. The practice of covering one's head for church originally came from the Bible—1 Corinthians 11:15, to be precise. The simple head covering has been adapted and expanded to become a stylish part of Southern women's churchgoing attire. At the turn of the century, many Southern ladies wore simple hats to church out of respect, reverence for the service, and continuity with passed-down traditions. The church hat tradition continues today, with hats—sometimes called crowns—in bright colors, bold patterns, and eye-catching styles at Sunday services across the South.|archive-date=14 May 2021}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Willendorf-Venus-1468.jpg|thumb|upright|The 27,000-to-30,000-year-old [[Venus of Willendorf]] may depict a woman wearing a woven hat.]]

While there are not many official records of hats before 3,000 BC, they probably were commonplace before that. The 27,000-to-30,000-year-old [[Venus of Willendorf]] figurine may depict a woman wearing a woven hat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/725803.stm|title=BBC News {{!}} SCI/TECH {{!}} World's oldest hat revealed|website=news.bbc.co.uk|access-date=2018-09-25}}</ref> One of the earliest known confirmed hats was worn by a [[Bronze Age]] man (nicknamed [[Ötzi]]) whose body (including his hat) was found frozen in a mountain between Austria and Italy, where he had been since around 3250 BC. He was found wearing a bearskin cap with a chin strap, made of several hides stitched together, essentially resembling a [[Ushanka|Russian fur hat]] without the flaps.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/aug/18/it-becometh-the-iceman-otzi-clothing-study-reveals-stylish-secrets-of-leather-loving-ancient|title=It becometh the iceman: clothing study reveals stylish secrets of leather-loving ancient|first=Nicola|last=Davis|archive-date=30 August 2016|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=30 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160830164637/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/aug/18/it-becometh-the-iceman-otzi-clothing-study-reveals-stylish-secrets-of-leather-loving-ancient|date=30 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/08/otzi-iceman-european-alps-mummy-clothing-dna-leather-fur-archaeology|title=Here's What the Iceman Was Wearing When He Died 5,300 Years Ago|first=Kristin|last=Romey|date=18 August 2016|publisher=[[National Geographic]]|access-date=18 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819105927/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/08/otzi-iceman-european-alps-mummy-clothing-dna-leather-fur-archaeology/|archive-date=19 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=O'Sullivan|first1=Niall J.|last2=Teasdale|first2=Matthew D.|last3=Mattiangeli|first3=Valeria|last4=Maixner|first4=Frank|last5=Pinhasi|first5=Ron|last6=Bradley|first6=Daniel G.|last7=Zink|first7=Albert|date=18 August 2016|title=A whole mitochondria analysis of the Tyrolean Iceman's leather provides insights into the animal sources of Copper Age clothing|journal=[[Scientific Reports]]|language=en|volume=6|article-number=31279|doi=10.1038/srep31279|pmid=27537861|issn=2045-2322|df=dmy-all|pmc=4989873|bibcode=2016NatSR...631279O }}</ref>

One of the first pictorial depictions of a hat appears in a tomb painting from [[Thebes, Egypt]], which shows a man wearing a conical straw hat, dated to around 3200 BC. Hats were commonly worn in ancient Egypt. Many upper-class Egyptians [[head shaving|shaved their heads]], then covered it in a [[headdress]] intended to help them keep cool. Ancient Mesopotamians often wore conical hats or ones shaped somewhat like an inverted vase.

[[File:Inquilinos.gif|thumb|upright|Hats as an indicator of social status: a [[:wikt:foreman|foreman]] (with horse) wears a hat of greater height than the accompanying [[inquilino]] (1821 [[Chile]]).]]

Other early hats include the [[Pileus (hat)|Pileus]], a simple skull-like cap; the [[Phrygian cap]], worn by freed slaves in Greece and Rome (which became iconic in America during the [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]] and the [[French Revolution]], as a symbol of the struggle for liberty against the Monarchy); and the Greek [[petasos]], the first known hat with a brim. Women wore veils, kerchiefs, hoods, caps and [[wimples]].

Like Ötzi, the [[Tollund Man]] was preserved to the present day with a hat on, probably having died around 400 BC in a Danish bog, which mummified him. He wore a pointed cap made of sheepskin and wool, fastened under the chin by a hide thong.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tollundman.dk/udseende.asp|title=The Tollund Man – Appearance|date=2004|website=The Tollund Man – A face from prehistoric Denmark|access-date=2016-09-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719132454/http://www.tollundman.dk/udseende.asp|archive-date=2011-07-19}}</ref>

[[Clement of Ireland|St. Clement]], the [[patron saint]] of [[felt]] [[hatmaker]]s, is said to have discovered felt when he filled his sandals with [[flax]] fibers to protect his feet, around 800 AD.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hatsandcaps.co.uk/Hat-History-Ahat_history/ |title=History of Hats |publisher=Hatsandcaps.co.uk |access-date=2011-07-02}}</ref>

In the Middle Ages, hats were a marker of social status and used to single out certain groups. The 1215 [[Fourth Council of the Lateran]] required that all Jews identify themselves by wearing the [[Judenhat]] ("Jewish hat"), marking them as targets for [[anti-Semitism]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Waldman |first=Katy |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_eye/2013/10/17/the_history_of_the_witch_s_hat_origins_of_its_pointy_design.html |title=The history of the witch's hat |publisher=Slate.com |date=2013-10-17 |access-date=2014-03-26}}</ref> The hats were usually [[Yellow badge|yellow]] and were either pointed or square.<ref>{{cite book |url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=h1s8K0_hCfoC |page=331 }} |title=All Things Medieval: An Encyclopedia of the Medieval World |first=Ruth A. |last=Johnston |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2011 |access-date=2014-03-26}}</ref>

[[File:charles-vernet-top-hat.jpg|thumb|Carle Vernet's 1796 painting showing two decadent French "[[Incroyables and Merveilleuses|Incredibles]]" greeting each other, one with what appears to be a top hat, perhaps its first recorded appearance.]]

In the Middle Ages, hats for women ranged from simple scarves to elaborate [[hennin]],<ref name="vibbert">Vibbert, Marie, ''Headdresses of the 14th and 15th Centuries,'' No. 133, SCA monograph series (August 2006)</ref> and denoted social status. Structured hats for women similar to those of male courtiers began to be worn in the late 16th century.<ref name="hatsuk1">{{cite web|url=http://www.hatsuk.com/hatsuk/hatsukhtml/bible/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000914041825/http://www.hatsuk.com/hatsuk/hatsukhtml/bible/history.htm |archive-date=2000-09-14 |title=Hat history |publisher=Hatsuk.com |access-date=2012-01-07 }}</ref> The term 'milliner' comes from the Italian city of [[Milan]], where the best quality hats were made in the 18th century. Millinery was traditionally a woman's occupation, with the milliner not only creating hats and bonnets but also choosing lace, trimmings and accessories to complete an outfit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vintagefashionguild.org/fashion-history/the-history-of-womens-hats/ |title=History of Women's Hats |publisher=Vintagefashionguild.org |access-date=2012-01-07}}</ref>

[[File:Gruppbild sv arbetsförmän vid Läten Hospitalbygge - Nordiska Museet - NMA.0056803.jpg|thumb|Left-to-right: [[Top-hat]], [[peaked cap]], [[Borsalino]], [[bowler hat]] (Sweden, early 20th century).]]
In the first half of the 19th century, women wore bonnets that gradually became larger, decorated with ribbons, flowers, feathers, and gauze [[Trim (sewing)|trims]]. By the end of the century, many other styles were introduced, among them hats with wide brims and flat crowns, the flower pot and the toque. By the middle of the 1920s, when women began to cut their hair short, they chose hats that hugged the head like a helmet.<ref name="hatsuk1"/>

The tradition of wearing hats to [[horse racing]] events began at the [[Royal Ascot]] in Britain, which maintains a strict dress code. All guests in the Royal Enclosure must wear hats.<ref>{{cite news|author=Lauren Turner |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/new-dress-code-a-hit-at-ascots-ladies-day-7872665.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220509/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/new-dress-code-a-hit-at-ascots-ladies-day-7872665.html |archive-date=2022-05-09 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=New dress code a hit at Ascots' Ladies Day |publisher= Independent.co.uk |date=2012-06-21 |access-date=2013-08-29}}</ref> This tradition was adopted at other horse racing events, such as the [[Kentucky Derby]] in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hats-plus.com/chronicles/?p=634 |title=Hats in History: The Kentucky Derby |publisher=Hats-plus.com |date=2012-04-28 |access-date=2013-08-29 |archive-date=2013-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819005633/http://www.hats-plus.com/chronicles/?p=634 }}</ref>
[[File:Cover of Australasian Post With Miss Chinatown in 1966.jpg|thumb|upright|Cover of Australasian Post With Miss Chinatown wearing a [[Christian Dior]] hat in the 1960s]]
Extravagant hats were popular in the 1980s, and in the early 21st century, flamboyant hats made a comeback, with a new wave of competitive young milliners designing creations that include turban caps, [[trompe-l'œil]]-effect felt hats and tall headpieces made of human hair. Some new hat collections have been described as "wearable sculpture". Many pop stars, among them [[Lady Gaga]], have commissioned hats as publicity stunts.<ref name="nytimes1">{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/04/fashion/04iht-rhats04.html?pagewanted=all |title=Millinery Madness: Hat Makers With Attitude |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=3 October 2011 |access-date=2017-02-27 |archive-date=2017-06-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630065123/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/04/fashion/04iht-rhats04.html?pagewanted=all |url-status=live |last1=Young |first1=Robb }}</ref>

[[File:RhofHutladen1.jpg|thumb|A hat shop from about 1900 inside the [[Roscheider Hof Open Air Museum]].]]

== Famous hatmakers ==
One of the most famous London hatters is [[James Lock & Co.]] of [[St James's Street]].<ref>See Whitbourn, F.: 'Mr Lock of St James's St Heinemann, 1971.</ref> The shop claims to be the oldest operating hat shop in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/01/fashion/hats-lock-and-co-london.html?_r=0 |title=Centuries of hats |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=30 March 2016 |access-date=2017-02-27 |archive-date=2017-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228172743/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/01/fashion/hats-lock-and-co-london.html?_r=0 |url-status=live |last1=Mitic |first1=Ginanne Brownell }}</ref> Another was Sharp & Davis of 6 [[Fish Street Hill]].<ref>For an account of the Sharp family's hat-making business, see Knapman, D. – 'Conversation Sharp – The Biography of a London Gentleman, [[Richard Sharp (politician)|Richard Sharp]] (1759–1835), in Letters, Prose and Verse'. [Private Publication, 2004]. British Library.</ref> In the late 20th century, museums credited London-based [[David Shilling]] with reinventing hats worldwide. Notable [[Belgium|Belgian]] hat designers are [[Elvis Pompilio]] and Fabienne Delvigne ([[Royal warrant of appointment|Royal warrant of appointment holder]]), whose hats are worn by European royals.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.brusselslife.be/en/article/brusselslife-with-fabienne-delvigne |title=Brussels life |publisher=Brusselslife.be |access-date=2013-04-15}}</ref> [[Philip Treacy]] [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] is an Irish milliner whose hats have been commissioned by top designers<ref>{{cite news|title=Philip Treacy 'Hatforms' at IMMA Thursday |url=http://www.rte.ie/ten/2001/0405/treacyp.html |access-date=11 December 2010 |newspaper=[[Raidió Teilifís Éireann]] |date=5 April 2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120817233050/http://www.rte.ie/ten/2001/0405/treacyp.html |archive-date=August 17, 2012 }}</ref> and worn at royal weddings.<ref>[http://www.independent.ie/world-news/royal-wedding/philip-treacy-king-of-royal-wedding-hats-2633003.html Philip Treacy: King of Royal wedding hats] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831081900/http://www.independent.ie/world-news/royal-wedding/philip-treacy-king-of-royal-wedding-hats-2633003.html |date=2011-08-31 }} ''Irish Independent'', 2011-04-29</ref> In North America, the well-known cowboy-hat manufacturer [[Stetson]] made the headgear for the [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]] and the [[Texas Ranger Division|Texas Rangers]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Snyder |first=Jeffrey B. |year=1997 |title=Stetson Hats and the John B. Stetson Company 1865–1970 |page=57 |location=Atglen |publisher=Schiffer |isbn=0-7643-0211-6 }}</ref> [[John Cavanagh (hatter)|John Cavanagh]] was one of the notable American hatters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bernardhats.com/hat-companies/cavanagh-hats/|title=Cavanagh Hats|website=Bernard Hats|date=22 June 2014 |language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-06}}</ref> Italian hat maker [[Borsalino]] has covered the heads of [[movie star|Hollywood stars]] and the world's rich and famous.<ref>''Hats and Headwear around the World: A Cultural Encyclopedia'', Beverly Chico, ABC-CLIO, 03.10.2013, p. 155.</ref>

== Collections ==
[[The Philippi Collection]] is a collection of religious headgear assembled by a German entrepreneur, Dieter Philippi, located in [[Kirkel]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nzzfolio.ch/www/21b625ad-36bc-48ea-b615-1c30cd0b472d/showarticle/17b78ab1-fd69-4400-8848-a44e6459cac8.aspx |title=Neue Zürcher Zeitung FOLIO |publisher=Nzzfolio.ch |date=2011-02-08 |access-date=2012-01-07}}</ref> The collection features over 500 hats,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.spiegel.de/panorama/gesellschaft/0,1518,665012,00.html |title=Der Spiegel |date=4 December 2009 |publisher=Spiegel.de |access-date=2012-01-07|last1=Smoltczyk |first1=Alexander }}</ref> and is currently the world's largest collection of clerical, ecclesiastical and religious head coverings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://philippi-collection.blogspot.com/2011/11/jewish-white-hat.html |title=Philippi Collection |publisher=Philippi-collection.blogspot.com |date=2011-11-23 |access-date=2012-01-07}}</ref>

== Styles ==
{{further|List of hat styles|List of headgear}}

This is a short list of some common and iconic examples of hats. There is a longer version at [[List of hat styles]]

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Image
! Name
! Description
|-
| [[File:DarkGreenAscotCapOnHead.jpg|60px|Ascot cap]]
| [[Ascot cap]]
| A hard, men's cap, similar to the flat cap, but distinguished by its hardness and rounded shape
|-
| [[File:Balmoral bonnet black.jpg|60px|Balmoral bonnet]]
| [[Balmoral bonnet]]
| Traditional Scottish bonnet or cap worn with Scottish [[Highland dress]]
|-
| [[File:Texas Tech Red Raiders baseball cap.jpg|60px|Baseball cap]]
| [[Baseball cap]]
| A type of soft, light, wool or cotton cap with a rounded crown and a stiff, frontward-projecting brim
|-
| [[File:Noogler.png|60px|Propeller beanie with a visor]]
| [[Beanie (North America)]]
| A brimless cap, made from triangular panels of material joined by a button at the crown and seamed together around the sides, with or without a small [[visor]], once popular among schoolboys. Sometimes includes a propeller.<br />In New Zealand, Australia, the United Kingdom and some parts of the United States, ''beanie'' refers to the [[knit cap]].
|-
| [[File:Giovane guardia al palazzo della regina di Danimarca - panoramio.jpg|60px|Bearskin]]
| [[Bearskin]]
|The tall, furry hat of the [[Brigade of Guards]]' [[Full dress|full-dress]] uniform, originally designed to protect them against sword-cuts, etc. Commonly seen at [[Buckingham Palace]] in [[London]], [[England]]. Sometimes mistakenly identified as a [[Busby (military headdress)|busby]].
|-
| [[File:Evening Parade 140718-M-GR671-024 (Beret crop).jpg|60px|Beret]]
| [[Beret]]
| A soft, round cap, usually of woollen felt, with a bulging flat crown and tight-fitting brimless headband. Worn by both men and women and traditionally associated with [[Basque people]], [[France]], and the military.
|-
| [[File:Detail from a painting of Napoleon.jpg|60px|Bicorne]]
| [[Bicorne]]
| A broad-brimmed, felt hat with brim folded up and pinned front and back to create a long-horned shape. Also known as a [[cocked hat]]. Worn by European military officers in the 1790s and, as illustrated, commonly associated with [[Napoleon Bonaparte|Napoleon]].
|-
| [[File:Bowler Hat sw (fcm).jpg|60px|Bowler / Derby]]
| [[Bowler hat|Bowler / Derby]]
| A hard, felt hat with a rounded crown, created in 1850 by Lock's of [[St James's]], the [[Hatmaking|hatters]] to Thomas Coke, 2nd [[Earl of Leicester]], for his servants. More commonly known as a ''derby'' in the United States.
|-
| [[File:Buntaljfccc.JPG|60px|Buntal]]
| [[Buntal hat|Buntal]]
| A traditional [[straw hat]] from the Philippines woven from fibers extracted from [[buri palm]]s
|-
| [[File:Greenmustardorangbluechullo.jpg|60px|Chullo]]
| [[Chullo]]
| [[Peruvian]] or [[Bolivia]]n hat with ear-flaps made from [[vicuña]], [[alpaca]], [[llama]] or sheep's wool<ref>{{cite web|last=Klinkenborg |first=Verlyn |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2009/01/23/opinion/edverlyn.1-414278.php |title=Season of the chullo |publisher=International Herald Tribune |date=2009-02-03 |access-date=2011-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130103519/http://iht.com/articles/2009/01/23/opinion/edverlyn.1-414278.php |archive-date=January 30, 2009 }}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Vilmabanky.jpg|60px|Cloche hat]]
| [[Cloche hat]]
| A [[Bell (instrument)|bell]]-shaped ladies' hat that was popular during the [[Roaring Twenties]] (Cloche hat as worn by silent film star [[Vilma Bánky]], 1927)
|-
| [[File:SidBarnesHeadshot.jpg|60px|Cricket cap]]
| [[Cricket cap]]
| A type of soft cap traditionally worn by [[cricket]] players ([[Sid Barnes]] with his Australian cap)
|-
| [[File:Sombrero-cordobes.jpg|60px|Sombrero cordobés]]
| {{nowrap|[[Cordovan hat]]}}
| A traditional flat-brimmed and flat-topped hat originating from [[Córdoba, Spain]], associated with [[Flamenco|flamenco dancing and music]] and popularized by characters such as [[Zorro]]
|-
| [[File:Monywa-Hpo Win Daung-62-Affenfutterhaendlerin-gje.jpg|60px|Conical hat]]
| [[Conical Asian hat]]
| A [[Cone|conical]] straw hat associated with East and Southeast Asia. Sometimes known as a "coolie hat", although the term "coolie" may be interpreted as derogatory.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/Politics/Malema-under-fire-over-slur-on-Indians-20111020 |title=Malema under fire over slur on Indians |publisher=News24 |date=2011-10-20 |access-date=2013-06-16}}</ref><ref>Most current dictionaries do not record any offensive meaning ("an unskilled laborer or porter usually in or from India hired for low or subsistence wages" [http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=coolie Merriam-Webster] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080126211748/http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=coolie |date=2008-01-26 }}) or make a distinction between an offensive meaning in referring to "a person from the Indian subcontinent or of Indian descent" and an at least originally inoffensive, old-fashioned meaning, for example "''dated'' an unskilled native labourer in India, China, and some other Asian countries" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20161022011430/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/coolie Compact Oxford English Dictionary]). However, some dictionaries indicate that the word may be considered offensive in all contexts today. For example, [http://pewebdic2.cw.idm.fr/ Longman] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061127183935/http://pewebdic2.cw.idm.fr/ |date=2006-11-27 }}'s 1995 edition had "''old-fashioned'' an unskilled worker who is paid very low wages, especially in parts of Asia", but the current version adds "''taboo old-fashioned'' a very offensive word ... Do not use this word".</ref><!---Refs copied from opening section of [[Coolie]], 4 Jan 2104--->
|-
| [[File:Cap of American opossum with a raccoon tail (Davy Crockett style).jpg|60px|Coonskin cap]]
| [[Coonskin cap]]
| A hat of the indigenous peoples of the Appalachian region, fashioned from the skin and fur of a [[raccoon]], that became associated with Canadian and [[American pioneers|American frontiersmen]] of the 18th and 19th centuries
|-
| [[File:Felthat.jpg|60px]]
| [[Cowboy hat]]
| A high-crowned, wide-brimmed hat, with a sweatband on the inside, and a decorative hat band on the outside. Early models such as the [[Boss of the Plains]] could be customized by creasing the crown and rolling the brim.<ref>{{cite book |last=Snyder |first=Jeffrey B. |year=1997 |title=[[Stetson]] Hats and the John B. Stetson Company 1865–1970 |page=5 |location=Atglen |publisher=Schiffer |isbn=0-7643-0211-6 }}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Hampshire helmet constable.jpg|60px|Custodian helmet]]
| [[Custodian helmet]]
| A [[helmet]] traditionally worn by [[Law enforcement in the United Kingdom|British police constables]] while on foot patrol
|-
| [[File:Yellow deerstalker.jpg|60px|Deerstalker]]
| [[Deerstalker]]
| A warm, close-fitting [[Tweed (cloth)|tweed]] cap, with brims front and behind and ear-flaps that can be tied together either over the crown or under the chin. Originally designed for use while [[Hunting and shooting in the United Kingdom|hunting in]] the [[climate of Scotland]]. Worn by – and so closely associated with – the character [[Sherlock Holmes]].
|-
| [[File:Hatt.jpg|60px]]
| [[Fedora]]
| A soft, felt hat with a medium brim and lengthwise crease in the crown
|-
| [[File:Osmanischer Soldat II.jpg|60px]]
| [[Fez (clothing)|Fez]]
| Red felt hat in the shape of a truncated cone, common to Arab-speaking countries
|-
| [[File:Chapeau berger Peul-Institut d'ethnologie de Strasbourg-2.jpg|60px]]
| [[Fulani hat]]
| A conical, plant-fiber hat covered in leather both at the brim and top, worn by men of the Fulani people in West Africa
|-
| [[File:Schutzhelm.jpg|60px]]
| [[Hard hat]]
| A rounded, rigid helmet with a small brim, predominantly used in workplace environments, such as construction sites, to protect the head from injury by falling objects, debris and bad weather
|-
| [[File:Churchill V sign HU 55521.jpg|60px]]
| [[Homburg hat|Homburg]]
| A semi-formal hat of fur felt, with a single dent running down the centre of the crown, a wide silk grosgrain hatband ribbon, a flat brim shaped in a "pencil curl", and a ribbon-bound trim about the edge of the brim ([[Winston Churchill]] wearing a homburg)
|-
| [[File:Prince Sultan.jpg|60px]]
| [[Keffiyeh]]
| Three piece ensemble consisting of a {{Transliteration|ar|[[Taqiyah (cap)|thagiyah]]}} skullcap, {{Transliteration|ar|gutrah}} scarf, and {{Transliteration|ar|[[Agal (accessory)|agal]]}} black cord. Gutrahs are plain white or patterned, denoting ethnic or national identities.{{Citation needed|date=July 2008}}. ([[Sultan bin Abdulaziz, Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia]] wearing [[Keffiyeh]])
|-
| [[File:IDF soldier kippah put on tefillin-small.jpg|60px]]
| [[Kippah]]
| A hemispherical cap worn by Jews to fulfill the customary requirement held by halachic authorities that the head be covered at all times ([[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]] soldier, Lt. [[Asael Lubotzky]], prays with [[kippah]] and [[tefillin]].)
|-
| [[File:Woman wearing a knit cap-2014.jpg|60px|upright]]
| [[Knit cap]]
| A knitted hat, worn in winter, usually made from wool or acrylic.  In New Zealand, Australia, the United Kingdom and some parts of the United States, the term ''beanie'' is applied to this cap, while in Canada it is known as a ''tuque''.
|-
| [[File:Umaru Yar'Adua VOA.jpg|60px]]
| [[Kufi]]
| A brimless, short, rounded cap worn by Africans and people throughout the African diaspora ([[Umaru Yar'Adua]], President of Nigeria)
|-
| [[File:Visita di Papa Benedetto XVI a Genova - 2008-05-18 - Primo piano di Benedetto XVI.jpg|60px]]
| [[Mitre]]
| Distinctive hat worn by bishops in the [[Roman Catholic Church]], [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], the [[Lutheran Church]]es and the [[Anglican Communion]] ([[Pope Benedict XVI]])
|-
| [[File:Enrique ponce.jpg|60px]]
| [[Montera]]
| A crocheted hat worn by [[bullfighters]]
|-
| [[File:Panama hat.jpg|60px]]
| [[Panama hat|Panama]]
| Straw hat made in [[Ecuador]]
|-
| [[File:Bust Attis CdM.jpg|60px]]
| [[Phrygian cap]]
| A soft conical cap, pulled forward. In sculpture, paintings and caricatures it represents freedom and the pursuit of liberty. The popular cartoon characters [[the Smurfs]] wear white or red Phrygian caps.
|-
|[[File:DorisDay-midnightlace-full.jpg|60px|Actress Doris Day wearing a pillbox hat in 1960]]
|[[Pillbox hat]]
| A small hat with straight, upright sides, a flat [[Brim (hat)|crown]], and no brim. (Actress [[Doris Day]] wearing a [[pillbox hat]] in 1960)
|-
| [[File:PithHelmetTruman.jpg|60px]]
| [[Pith helmet]]
| A lightweight, rigid, cloth-covered helmet made of cork or pith, with brims front and back. Worn by Europeans in tropical colonies in the 1800s.
|-
| [[File:Rasta Man Barbados.jpg|60px]]
| [[Rastacap]]
| A tall, round, usually crocheted and brightly colored cap worn by [[Rastafarians]] and others with dreadlocks to tuck their locks away
|-
| [[File:Plk-lekarz.JPG|60px]]
| [[Rogatywka]]
| An asymmetrical, peaked, four-pointed cap used by various Polish military units throughout the ages
|-
| [[File:Meghan Markle 2014 (cropped).jpg|60px]]
| [[Santa hat]]{{anchor|Santa Hat}}
| A floppy, pointed, red [[stocking cap]], trimmed in white fur, traditionally associated with [[Christmas]]
|-
| [[File:Harry S Truman sombrero.jpg|60px]]
| [[Sombrero]]
| A Mexican hat with a conical crown and a very wide, saucer-shaped brim, highly embroidered and made of plush felt
|-
|[[File:Tam-o-shanters.jpg|60px| ]]
| [[Tam o' shanter (cap)|Tam o'Shanter]]
| A traditional flat, round [[Scotland|Scottish]] cap usually worn by men (in the British military sometimes abbreviated ''ToS'')
|-
| [[File:Tophat.jpg|60px]]
| [[Top hat]]
| Also known as a [[beaver hat]], a ''magician's hat'', or, in the case of the tallest examples, a ''stovepipe hat''. A tall, flat-crowned, cylindrical hat worn by men in the 19th and early 20th centuries, now worn only with morning dress or evening dress. Cartoon characters [[Uncle Sam]] and [[Rich Uncle Pennybags|Mr. Monopoly]] are often depicted wearing such hats. Once made from felted beaver fur.
|-
| [[File:Chef Hat.JPG|60px]]
| [[Toque]]
| A tall, pleated, brimless, cylindrical hat, informally, known as a ''chef's hat''
|-
| [[File:Peter the Great Reenactor.jpg|60px]]
| [[Tricorne]]
| A soft hat with a low crown and broad brim, pinned up on either side of the head and at the back, producing a triangular shape. Worn by Europeans in the 18th century. Larger, taller, and heavily ornamented brims were present in France and the [[Papal States]].
|-
| [[File:Sikh man, Agra 05.jpg|60px]]
| [[Turban]]
| A headdress consisting of a scarf-like single piece of cloth wound around either the head itself or an inner hat
|-
| [[File:Grayushanka.jpg|60px]]
| [[Ushanka]]
| A Russian fur hat with fold-down ear-flaps
|-
| [[File:Cardinal zucchetto 2003 modified 2008-15-08.jpg|60px]]
| [[Zucchetto]]
| Skullcap worn by clerics, typically in Roman Catholicism
|}

== Size ==
Hat sizes are determined by measuring the [[circumference]] of a person's head about {{convert|1|cm|in|frac=5}} above the ears. Inches or centimeters may be used depending on the manufacturer. [[Felt]] hats can be stretched for a custom fit. Some hats, like [[hard hat]]s and [[baseball cap]]s, are adjustable. Cheaper hats come in "standard sizes", such as small, medium, large, extra large: the mapping of measured size to the various "standard sizes" varies from maker to maker and style to style, as can be seen by studying various catalogues, such as [[Hammacher Schlemmer]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.enduroworld.com.au/helmet_sizes.htm |title= Helmet sizes |publisher=Enduroworld.com.au |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325032202/http://www.enduroworld.com.au/helmet_sizes.htm|archive-date=March 25, 2012}}</ref>

<div class="center">
{| class="wikitable"
|+ '''Hat sizes'''{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}
! size || || || || || Youth S/M  ||Youth L/XL || XXS || XS  ||S  || M  || L  || XL  || XXL  || XXXL
|-
! Age (years)
| 0 || {{frac|1|2}} || 1 || {{frac|1|1|2}} || 2 || || || || || || || || ||
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Circumference in cm
| 34 || 43 || 47 || 48 || 49 || 50 || 51–52 || 53–54 || 55–56 || 57–58 || 59–60 || 61–62 || 63–64 || 65–66
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Circumference in inches
 | {{frac|13|3|8}} || 17 || {{frac|18|1|2}} || {{frac|18|3|4}} || {{frac|19|1|4}} || {{frac|19|3|4}} || {{frac|20|1|8}}–{{frac|20|1|2}} || {{frac|20|5|8}}–{{frac|21|1|4}} || {{frac|21|5|8}}–22 || 22{{frac|1|2}}–22{{frac|7|8}}|| 23{{frac|1|4}}–23{{frac|5|8}}|| 24–24{{frac|3|8}}|| 24{{frac|3|4}}–25{{Frac|1|4}} || 25–26
|- style="text-align:center;"
!UK hat size
|  ||  || 5 || 5{{frac|3|4}} || 6–6{{Frac|1|8}} || 6{{Frac|1|4}}–6{{frac|3|8}} || 6{{Frac|1|2}}–6{{frac|5|8}} || 6{{frac|3|4}}–6{{frac|7|8}}|| 7–7{{frac|1|8}}|| 7{{Frac|1|4}}–7{{Frac|3|8}}|| 7{{Frac|1|2}}–7{{frac|5|8}} || 7{{frac|3|4}}–7{{frac|7|8}}|| 8–8{{frac|1|8}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
!US hat size
|  ||  || 5{{frac|7|8}}|| 6 || 6{{frac|1|8}}|| 6{{Frac|1|4}} || 6{{frac|3|8}}–6{{frac|1|2}} || 6{{frac|5|8}}–6{{frac|3|4}} || 6{{Frac|7|8}}–7 || 7{{Frac|1|8}}–7{{Frac|1|4}} || 7{{Frac|3|8}}–7{{frac|1|2}} || 7{{Frac|5|8}}–7{{frac|3|4}} || 7{{Frac|7|8}}–8 || 8{{Frac|1|8}}–8{{Frac|1|4}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
!French hat size
|  ||  || 0 || {{frac|1|2}} || 1 || 1{{frac|1|2}} || 2–2{{frac|1|2}} || 3–3{{frac|1|2}} || 4–4{{frac|1|2}} || 5–5{{frac|1|2}} || 6–6{{frac|1|2}} || 7–7{{frac|1|2}} || 8–8{{frac|1|2}} || 9–9{{frac|1|2}}
|}
</div>
US hat size is a measurement of head diameter in inches. It can be computed from a measurement of circumference in centimeters by dividing by 8, because multiplying 2.54 (the number of centimeters per inch) by {{pi}} (the multiplier to give circumference from diameter) is almost exactly 8.

== Gallery ==
<gallery widths="175px" heights="175px">
File:Hermes warrior Louvre G515.jpg|[[Hermes]] wearing a [[petasos]] hat, Attic [[Red-figure pottery|red-figure]] [[krater]], {{circa|380–370 BC}}
File:Altes Museum-Tanagra-lady with fan.jpg|[[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greek]] statue of a lady with blue and gilt garment, a fan and a sun hat, from [[Tanagra]], {{circa|325–300 BC}}
File:1822-Millinery-shop-Paris-Chalon.jpg|[[Paris]] [[Hatmaking|millinery]] shop, France, 1822
File:Ion Theodorescu-Sion - Iluzie optică, Furnica, 30 oct 1908.JPG|Hat fashions have sometimes been the subject of ridicule. This 1908 cartoon by [[Ion Theodorescu-Sion]], which first appeared in a [[Romania]]n publication, satirised the popularity of [[mushroom hat]]s.
File:Mode. Hattar. Modeplansch från 1911 - Nordiska Museet - NMA.0033994.jpg|Women's [[picture hat]]s from 1911.
File:Mathias Schmid.Man in a hat.Panel, 7.5 x 6.5 cm.jpg|Mathias Schmid (Austria, 1835-1923). Man in a hat
File:Douglas Fairbanks at third Liberty Loan rally HD-SN-99-02174.JPEG|[[New York City]], 1918: A large crowd of people, almost all wearing hats
File:Heatfacroty 1.jpg|Family-owned hat factory in [[Montevarchi]], Italy, date unknown
File:A customer tries on a new hat in the millinery department of Bourne and Hollingsworth on London's Oxford Street in 1942. D6596.jpg|Millinery department of [[Bourne & Hollingsworth]], in London's [[Oxford Street]] in 1942. Unlike most other clothing, hats were not strictly rationed in [[World War II|wartime]] Britain and there was an explosion of adventurous millinery styles.
File:John Paul II Medal of Freedom 2004.jpg|[[John Paul II]] wearing a [[zucchetto]]
File:Hat MET 1988.342.1a.jpg|17th century openwork hat [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/81227 |title=Hat, British, 17th century |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] website }}</ref>
File:Woman with hat in red dress, North Beach SF.jpg|Classic wide-brimmed Western hat crafted in [[Felt|felt]], [[North Beach, San Francisco|North Beach]], San Francisco
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Chapeaugraphy]]
* [[Headgear]]
* [[List of hat styles]]
* [[List of headgear]]
* [[List of outerwear]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{wikiquote-inline}}
* {{Commons category-inline|Hats}}
* {{wiktionary-inline}}

{{Hats}}
{{Headgear}}
{{Clothing}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hats| ]]
[[Category:History of fashion]]