View source for Hematoma

{{short description|Localized bleeding outside of blood vessels}}
{{Dist|Haematomma|Hemangioma}}
{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name          = Hematoma 
| synonyms      = haematoma
| image         = Upper Arm Bruise.jpg
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| caption       = [[Contusion]] (bruise), a simple form of hematoma
| field         = [[Emergency medicine]]
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A '''hematoma''', also spelled '''haematoma''', or '''blood suffusion''' is a localized [[bleeding]] outside of [[blood vessel]]s, due to either disease or trauma including injury or surgery<ref>{{cite web |url= http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/ATHHTML/ATH040.html |title=Hematoma, toenail, gross |work=library.med.utah.edu |year=2013 |access-date=January 18, 2013}}</ref> and may involve blood continuing to seep from broken [[capillary|capillaries]]. A hematoma is [[Malignancy|benign]] and is initially in liquid form spread among the tissues including in sacs between tissues where it may [[coagulate]] and solidify before blood is reabsorbed into blood vessels. An [[ecchymosis]] is a hematoma of the skin larger than 10&nbsp;mm.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emedicinehealth.com/hematoma/article_em.htm |title=Information on Hematoma Types, Causes, and Treatments on |publisher=Emedicinehealth.com |access-date=2013-04-11}}</ref>

They may occur among and or within many areas such as [[skin]] and other [[Organ (biology)|organ]]s, [[connective tissue]]s, [[bone]], [[joint]]s and [[muscle]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-29 |title=Hematoma: Overview, types, treatment, and pictures |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324831 |access-date=2025-07-19 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en}}</ref>

A collection of blood (or even a [[hemorrhage]]) may be aggravated by [[anticoagulant]] medication (blood thinner).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dohan |first1=A. |last2=Darnige |first2=L. |last3=Sapoval |first3=M. |last4=Pellerin |first4=O. |date=2015-07-01 |title=Spontaneous soft tissue hematomas |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221156841500193X |journal=Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging |series=Vascular emergencies imaging |volume=96 |issue=7 |pages=789–796 |doi=10.1016/j.diii.2015.03.014 |issn=2211-5684|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Blood seepage and collection of blood may occur if [[heparin]] is given via an [[Intramuscular injection|intramuscular]] route; to avoid this, heparin must be given [[intravenously]] or [[subcutaneous injection|subcutaneously]].

==Signs and symptoms==
[[File:Hematoma development.png|thumb|center|400px|Intramuscular hematoma development and progression on the [[vastus lateralis muscle]] from 6 hours after trauma to 86 hours]]
Some hematomas are visible under the surface of the skin (commonly called bruises) or possibly felt as masses or lumps. Lumps may be caused by the limitation of the blood to a sac, [[Subcutaneous tissue|subcutaneous]] or intramuscular tissue space isolated by fascial planes. This is an anatomical feature that helps prevent injuries from causing massive blood loss. In most cases a hematoma as a sac of blood eventually dissolves; however, in some cases it may continue to grow due to blood seepage or show no change. If the sac of blood does not disappear, then it may need to be surgically cleaned out or repaired.

The slow process of reabsorption of hematomas can allow the broken down blood cells and hemoglobin pigment to move in the connective tissue. For example, a patient who injures the base of their thumb might cause a hematoma, which will slowly move all through their finger within a week. [[Gravity]] is the main determinant of this process.

Hematomas on [[articulation (anatomy)|articulations]] can reduce mobility of a member and present roughly the same symptoms as a [[fracture (bone)|fracture]].

In most cases, movement and exercise of the affected muscle is the best way to introduce the collection back into the bloodstream.

==Classification==

===Types===
[[File:Hematoma at backside.jpg|thumb|207x207px|Intramuscular hematoma at [[buttocks]] as a result of a [[sports injury]]]]
[[File:Types of Hematoma.jpg|thumb|307x307px|Left to right: Epidural, subdural, and intracranial hematoma of the brain]]
[[File:Schwellung am Fußknloechel und Blutergussl.jpg|thumb|207x207px|Hematoma of the ankle caused by a 3rd degree [[Sprained ankle|sprain]]]]
*Subdermal hematoma (under the [[skin]])
*Intramuscular hematoma (inside [[muscle tissue]])
*Skull/brain:
**[[Subgaleal hematoma]] – between the [[galea aponeurosis]] and [[periosteum]]
**[[Cephalohematoma]] – between the [[periosteum]] and [[skull]]. Commonly caused by vacuum delivery and vertex delivery.
**[[Epidural hematoma]] – between the [[skull]] and [[dura mater]]
**[[Subdural hematoma]] – between the [[dura mater]] and [[arachnoid mater]]
**[[Subarachnoid hematoma]] – between the [[arachnoid mater]] and [[pia mater]] (the [[subarachnoid space]])
**[[Othematoma]] – between the skin and the layers of cartilage of the ear
*[[Breast hematoma]] ([[breast]])
*[[cauliflower ear|Perichondral hematoma]] ([[ear]])
*[[Perianal hematoma]] ([[anus]])
*[[Subungual hematoma]] (nail)
*[[Rectus sheath hematoma]]
*Genital hematoma<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kurakula |first1=Sowjanya |last2=Siddaraju |first2=Maheshwari Nallur |last3=Kumarswamy |first3=Varalakshmi |last4=Raza |first4=Qurat ul Ain |last5=Kompella |first5=Abhijna Rao |last6=Kurakula |first6=Sowjanya |last7=Siddaraju |first7=Maheshwari Nallur |last8=Kumarswamy |first8=Varalakshmi |last9=Raza |first9=Qurat ul ain |last10=Kompella |first10=Abhijna Rao |date=2023-06-13 |title=Non-Obstetric Traumatic Vulvar Hematoma Managed in a Low-Resource Setting: A Case Report of a Rare Condition |url=https://www.cureus.com/articles/162866-non-obstetric-traumatic-vulvar-hematoma-managed-in-a-low-resource-setting-a-case-report-of-a-rare-condition |journal=Cureus |language=en |volume=15 |issue=6 |doi=10.7759/cureus.40369 |doi-access=free |issn=2168-8184|pmc=10340129 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ernest |first1=Alex |last2=Knapp |first2=Gregory |date=2015 |title=Severe traumatic vulva hematoma in teenage girl |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ccr3.395 |journal=Clinical Case Reports |language=en |volume=3 |issue=12 |pages=975–978 |doi=10.1002/ccr3.395 |issn=2050-0904|pmc=4693693 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nyeche |first=S. |last2=Ubom |first2=A. E. |last3=Ikimalo |first3=J. I. |date=2022-06-01 |title=Vulva Haematoma following Sexual Assault in an Adolescent Nigerian Girl: A Case Report |url=https://www.annalsofhealthresearch.com/index.php/ahr/article/view/423 |journal=Annals of Health Research (The Journal of the Medical and Dental Consultants Association of Nigeria, OOUTH, Sagamu, Nigeria) |language=en |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=159–164 |doi=10.30442/ahr.0802-08-167 |issn=2536-6149|doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Degrees===
*[[Petechiae]] – small pinpoint hematomas less than 3&nbsp;mm in diameter;
*[[Purpura]] (purple) – a bruise about 3-10 mm in diameter, generally round in shape;
*[[Ecchymosis]] – subcutaneous extravasation of blood in a thin layer under the skin, i.e. bruising, over 1&nbsp;cm in diameter.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Robbins basic pathology|editor-last1=Kumar|editor-first1=Vinay|editor-last2=Abbas|editor-first2=Abul K.|editor-last3=Aster|editor-first3=Jon C.|others=Illustrated by Perkins, James A.|isbn=9780323353175|edition=10th|location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|pages=101|oclc=960844656|date = 2017-03-28}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The English word "hematoma" came into use in 1826. The word derives from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] αἷμα ''haima'' "blood" and -ωμα ''-oma'', a suffix forming nouns indicating a mass or tumor.<ref>[http://etymonline.com/index.php?term=hematoma&allowed_in_frame=1 "hematoma"]. ''[[Online Etymology Dictionary]].''</ref>

==See also==
*[[Metanephric dysplastic hematoma of the sacral region]]
*[[Welt (bruise)|Welts]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Medical resources
|  DiseasesDB      =5487
|  ICD10           = {{ICD10|M79.81}}
|  ICD9            = {{ICD9|729.92}}
|  ICDO            = 
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|  MeSH            =D006406
|  GeneReviewsNBK  = 
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*{{commons category-inline|Hematomas}}

{{General injuries}}
{{Bleeding and clotting disorders|us=y}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Gross pathology]]