View source for Henri, Count of Chambord

{{Short description|Pretender to the French throne as Henry V (1844–83)}}{{Multiple issues|{{Citations needed|date=February 2013}} {{Expand French|topic=bio|date=February 2024}}}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Henri
| title        = Count of Chambord<br/> Duke of Bordeaux
| image        = Comte-de-chambord.jpg
| caption      = Photograph {{circa|1870}}
| moretext     = 
| succession   = [[Legitimists|Legitimist pretender to the French throne]]
| reign-type   = Pretence
| reign        = 3 June 1844 – 24 August 1883
| predecessor  = [[Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême]]
| successor    = [[Prince Philippe, Count of Paris|Philippe, Count of Paris]]<br>or<br>[[Juan de Borbón y Braganza|Juan, Count of Montizón]]
| birth_date   = {{Birth date|1820|09|29|df=y}}
| birth_place  = [[Tuileries Palace]], Paris, [[Bourbon Restoration in France|France]]
| death_date   = {{Death date and age|1883|08|24|1820|09|29|df=y}}
| death_place  = [[Schloss Frohsdorf]], Frohsdorf, [[Austria-Hungary]]
| place of burial = [[Kostanjevica Monastery]]
| full name    = {{lang|fr|Henri Charles Ferdinand Marie Dieudonné d'Artois|italic=no}}
| spouse       = {{marriage|[[Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria-Este (1817–1886)|Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria-Este]]|1846}}
| house        = [[House of Bourbon|Bourbon]]
| father       = [[Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry|Prince Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry]]
| mother       = [[Marie-Caroline of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Duchess of Berry|Princess Maria Carolina of Naples and Sicily]]
| signature    = Signature of Henri, Count of Chambord.svg
}}
'''Henri, Count of Chambord and Duke of Bordeaux''' ({{langx|fr|Henri Charles Ferdinand Marie Dieudonné d'Artois, duc de Bordeaux, comte de Chambord}}; 29 September 1820&nbsp;– 24 August 1883),<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Chambord, Henri Charles Ferdinand Marie Dieudonné, Comte de|volume=5|pages=822–823}}</ref> was the [[Legitimist]] [[pretender]] to the throne of France as '''Henri V''' from 1844 until his death in 1883.  

Henri was the only son of [[Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry]], born after his father's death, by his wife, [[Marie-Caroline of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Duchess of Berry|Princess Carolina of Naples and Sicily]], daughter of King [[Francis I of the Two Sicilies]]. The Duke himself was the younger son of [[Charles X of France|Charles X]]. As the grandson of Charles X, Henri was a {{lang|fr|[[Fils de France|Petit-Fils de France]]}}. He was the last-surviving legitimate descendant of [[Louis XV]] in the male line.

==Early life==
[[File:The dowager duchess de Berry presents her son Henri to the French court and royal family.jpg|thumb|left|''[[The Duchess of Berry Presenting the Duke of Bordeaux]]'' by [[Charles Nicolas Lafond]], 1821]]
'''Henri d'Artois''' was born on 29 September 1820, in the [[Pavillon de Marsan]], a portion of the [[Tuileries Palace]] that still survives in the compound of the [[Louvre Palace]] in [[Paris]]. His father, the [[Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry|''duc de Berry'']], had been assassinated seven months before Henri's birth.

At birth, Henri was given the title of ''duc de Bordeaux''. Because of his birth after his father's death, when the senior male line of the [[House of Bourbon]] was on the verge of extinction, one of his middle names was ''Dieudonné'' (French for "God-given"). Royalists called him "the miracle child". [[Louis XVIII]] was overjoyed, bestowing 35 royal orders to mark the occasion. Henri's birth was a major setback for the [[Louis Philippe I|Duke of Orleans]]' ambitions to ascend the French throne. During his customary visit to congratulate the newborn's mother, the duke made such offensive remarks about the baby's appearance that the lady holding him was brought to tears.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bernard |first=J.F. |title=Talleyrand: A Biography |url=https://archive.org/details/talleyrand00jack |publisher=Putnam |location=New York |year=1973 |page=495 |isbn=0-399-11022-4}}</ref>

==Titular King==
[[File:Henri d'Artois inspecting royal troops (cropped).jpg|thumb|The young Prince Henri inspecting the royal guard at [[Rambouillet]] on 2 August 1830.<ref>{{cite book |last=Castelot |first=André |title=Charles X |publisher=Perrin |location=Paris |year=1988 |isbn=978-2-262-00545-0 |page=492}}</ref>]]
[[File:France Pretender Bronze Coin 5 Fr 1831 Henri V.jpg|thumb|France Pretender Bronze Coin 5 Fr 1831 Henri V, Count of Chambord, 1820 Paris – 1883 [[Schloss Frohsdorf|Frohsdorf]], [[Austria]]. Juvenile head l./ Crowned royal arms of France.]]

On 2 August 1830, in response to the [[July Revolution]], Henri's grandfather, Charles X, [[abdicated]], and twenty minutes later Charles' elder son [[Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême]], himself renounced his rights, in favour of the young Duke of Bordeaux. Charles X urged his cousin Louis Philippe of Orléans, as ''Lieutenant général du royaume'', to proclaim Henri as ''Henry V, King of France''. Louis Philippe requested the Duke of Bordeaux to be brought to Paris to have his rights recognised. The duchess of Berry was forbidden to escort her son; therefore, both the grandfather and the mother refused to leave the child in France.<ref>Garnier, J. (1968). "Louis-Philippe et le Duc de Bordeaux (avec des documents inédits)". ''Revue Des Deux Mondes (1829–1971)'', 38–52. Retrieved May 26, 2020. {{JSTOR|44593301}}</ref> As a consequence, after seven days, a period in which legitimist monarchists considered that Henri had been the rightful monarch of France, the Chamber of Deputies decreed that the throne should pass to Louis Philippe, who was proclaimed King of the French on 9 August.<ref>{{cite book |last=Price |first=Munro |title=The Perilous Crown: France between Revolutions |publisher=Macmillan |location=London |year=2007 |pages=177, 181–182, 185 |isbn=978-1-4050-4082-2}}</ref>

Henri and his family left France and went into exile on 16 August 1830. While some French monarchists recognised him as their sovereign, others disputed the validity of the abdications of his grandfather and of his uncle.{{citation needed|date=January 2010}} Still others recognised the [[July Monarchy]] of Louis Philippe. With the deaths of his 79-year-old grandfather in 1836 and of his uncle in 1844, young Henri became the genealogically senior claimant to the French throne. His supporters were called [[Legitimists]], to distinguish them from the [[Orléanists]], the supporters of the family of Louis Philippe.

Henri, who preferred the courtesy title of '''Count of Chambord''' (from the [[château de Chambord]], which had been presented to him by the [[French Restoration|Restoration]] government, and which was the only significant piece of personal property of which he was allowed to retain ownership upon his exile), continued his claim to the throne throughout the July Monarchy of Louis Philippe, the [[French Second Republic|Second Republic]] and [[Second French Empire|Empire]] of [[Napoleon III|Napoléon III]], and the early years of the [[Third Republic of France|Third Republic]].

In November 1846, the Count of Chambord married his second cousin [[Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria-Este (1817–1886)|Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria-Este]], daughter of Duke [[Francis IV, Duke of Modena|Francis IV]] of [[Duchy of Modena|Modena]] and Princess [[Maria Beatrice of Savoy]]. The couple had no children.

==Hope of a restoration==
[[File:Plaque of the declaration by Henri, Comte de Chambord (Henry V).jpg|thumb|Plaque, at the château de Chambord, of the 5 July 1871 declaration, known as the "declaration of the white flag" ({{lang|fr|déclaration du drapeau blanc}}), by Henri, Count of Chambord (Henri V).]]
[[File:Count Henri of Chambord's Flag of France accurate version.svg|thumb|right|The French ''[[drapeau tricolore|tricolore]]'' with the royal crown and fleur-de-lys was possibly designed by the count in his younger years as a compromise<ref>{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Whitney |title=Flags: Through the Ages and Across the World |url=https://archive.org/details/flagsthroughages00smit/page/75 |url-access=registration |publisher=McGraw-Hill |location=New York |year=1975 |page=[https://archive.org/details/flagsthroughages00smit/page/75 75] |isbn=978-0-07-059093-9}}</ref>]]
{{main|French Third Restoration}}
In 1870, as the Second Empire collapsed following its defeat in the Franco-Prussian War at the [[battle of Sedan]] on 2 September 1870, the royalists became a majority in the National Assembly. The Orléanists agreed to support the Count of Chambord's claim to the throne, with the expectation that upon his death, with him lacking any sons, he would be succeeded by their own claimant, [[Prince Philippe, Count of Paris|Philippe d'Orléans, Count of Paris]]. With Henri backed by both Legitimists and Orléanists, the restoration of monarchy in France seemed a likely possibility. However, he insisted that he would accept the crown only on condition that France abandon its [[Flag of France|tricolour flag]] (associated with the [[French Revolution]]) and return to the use of the [[fleur-de-lis|''fleur de lys'']] flag,<ref>D. W. Brogan, ''The Development of Modern France (1870–1939)'' (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1945), pp. 83–84.</ref> comprising the historic royal arms of France. He rejected a compromise whereby the ''fleur-de-lys'' would be the new king's personal standard, and the tricolour would remain the national flag. [[Pope Pius IX]], upon hearing Henri's decision, notably remarked "And all that, all that for a napkin!"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ewtn.com/catholicism/library/humour-of-pope-pius-ix-5720|title = The Humour of Pope Pius IX |website=EWTN}}</ref>

In 1873 another attempt to restore the monarchy failed for the same reasons. Henri traveled to Paris and tried to negotiate with the government, to no avail; and on 20 November, the National Assembly confirmed [[Marshal of France|Marshal]] [[Patrice de MacMahon|Patrice de MacMahon, duc de Magenta]], as Chief of State of France for the next seven years.<ref>Gabriel de Broglie, ''Mac Mahon,'' Paris, Perrin, 2000, pp. 247–251.</ref>

==Defeat==
The [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]] was established (with then Chief of State, [[Patrice de MacMahon|the Duke of Magenta]], as [[President of France|President of the Republic]]) to wait for Henri's death and his replacement by his distant cousin, the more liberal [[Prince Philippe, Count of Paris|Count of Paris]], of the Orléanist branch of the House of Bourbon. Initially, the monarchist majority in Parliament believed this to be temporary, until such time as the Count of Paris could return to the throne. However, by the time this occurred in 1883, public opinion had swung behind the Republic as the form of government which, in the words of the former President [[Adolphe Thiers]], "divides us least". Thus, Henri could mockingly be hailed by republicans such as [[Georges Clemenceau]] as "the French [[George Washington|Washington]]"&nbsp;– the one man without whom the Republic could not have been founded.

Henri died on 24 August 1883 at his residence in [[Frohsdorf]], [[Austria]], at the age of 62, bringing the male line of Louis XV to an end. He was buried in the crypt of his grandfather Charles X, in the church of the Franciscan [[Kostanjevica Monastery]] in [[Gorizia]], Austria (now [[Slovenia]]). His personal property, including the [[Château de Chambord]], was left to his nephew [[Robert I, Duke of Parma]], son of Henri's late sister.

Henri's death left the Legitimist line of succession distinctly confused. On the one hand, Henri himself had accepted that the head of the [[House of France]] (as distinguished from the [[House of Bourbon]]) would be the head of the Orléans line, i.e. [[Prince Philippe, Count of Paris]]. This was accepted by many Legitimists, and was the default on legal grounds; the only surviving Bourbon male line more senior was the branch of the Kings of Spain, descended from [[Philip V of Spain|King Philip V]], which had however renounced its right to inherit the throne of France as a condition of the [[Peace of Utrecht|Treaty of Utrecht]]. However, several of Henri's supporters, including his widow, chose to disregard his statements and the Treaty, arguing that no one had the right to deny that the senior direct male-line Bourbon was the head of the House of France and thus the legitimate King of France; the renunciation of the Spanish branch would be, under this interpretation, illegitimate and therefore void. Thus the ''[[Blancs d'Espagne]]'', as they would come to be known, settled on [[Infante Juan, Count of Montizón]], the former [[Carlism|Carlist]] pretender to the [[Monarchy of Spain|Spanish throne]],<ref>The [[Salic law|Semi-Salic law]] of succession instituted by Philip V in 1713 had been suspended in Spain by the [[Pragmatic Sanction of 1830]]. Therefore, the actual king of Spain, [[Alfonso XII of Spain|Alfonso XII]], was not the senior descendant of [[Hugh Capet]] in the male line.</ref> as their claimant to the French crown.

==Gallery==
<gallery class="center">
File:Charles-Ferdinand d'Artois, duc de Berry.jpg|''[[Portrait of the Duke of Berry]]'' by [[François Gérard]], 1820 
Image:François Gérard - La duchesse de Berry et ses enfants,1822.jpg|''[[The Duchess of Berry and Her Children]]'' by [[François Gérard]], 1822
File:Berry, Marie-Caroline duchesse de - 1.jpg|''[[Portrait of the Duchess of Berry]]'' by [[Thomas Lawrence]], 1825
File:Portrait, The Duke of Bordeaux, Dubois-Drahonet.jpg|The young Duke of Bordeaux in a military uniform, by [[Alexandre-Jean Dubois-Drahonet]], 1828
Image:Carolina, Duchess of Berry and her son the Duke of Bordeaux by François Pascal Simon Gérard (1770-1837).png|The Duchess of Berry and her son by [[François Gérard]], 1828
Image:Henri d'Artois as a child.jpg|Detail of portrait, c. 1830
Image:Bordeaux, duc de.jpg|Portrait, c. 1833
</gallery>

== Honours ==
* [[File:Royal Standard of the King of France.svg|25px]] [[House of Bourbon]]: Grand Master and Grand Croix of the [[Order of the Holy Spirit]]

* {{flagicon|Kingdom of France}} [[House of Bourbon]]: Grand Master and Knight of the [[Order of Saint Michael|Royal Order of Saint Michael]]
* {{flagicon|Kingdom of France}} [[House of Bourbon]]: Grand Master and Knight of the [[Order of Saint Louis|Royal and Military Order of Saint Louis]]

* {{flag|Spain|1785}}: Knight of the [[Order of the Golden Fleece]] (1823)<ref>[http://www.antiquesatoz.com/sgfleece/knights6.htm "Toison Espagnole (Spanish Fleece) – 19th century"] (in French), ''Chevaliers de la Toison D'or''. Retrieved 2018-09-05.</ref>

==Ancestry==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|1= 1. '''Prince Henri, Count of Chambord'''
|2= 2. [[Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry|Prince Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry]]
|3= 3. [[Marie-Caroline of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Duchess of Berry|Princess Maria Carolina of Naples and Sicily]]
|4= 4. [[Charles X of France]]
|5= 5. [[Maria Theresa of Savoy|Princess Maria Theresa of Savoy]]
|6= 6. [[Francis I of the Two Sicilies]]
|7= 7. [[Archduchess Maria Clementina of Austria]]
|8= 8. [[Louis, Dauphin of France (1729–1765)|Louis, Dauphin of France]]
|9= 9. [[Maria Josepha of Saxony, Dauphine of France|Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony]]
|10= 10. [[Victor Amadeus III]] of Sardinia
|11= 11. [[Maria Antonia Ferdinanda of Spain|Infanta Maria Antonia of Spain]]
|12= 12. [[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies]]
|13= 13. [[Maria Carolina of Austria|Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria]]
|14= 14. [[Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor]]
|15= 15. [[Maria Luisa of Spain|Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain]]
}}

==See also==
* [[List of shortest-reigning monarchs]]
* [[Bourbon-Orléanist Restoration Project]]

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Brown, Marvin Luther. ''The Comte de Chambord :The Third Republic's Uncompromising King''. Durham, N.C.:, Duke University Press, 1967.
* [[Philippe Delorme|Delorme, Philippe]]. ''Henri, comte de Chambord, Journal (1846–1883), Carnets inédits''. Paris: Guibert, 2009.
* {{cite Q|Q107258956 }}<!-- The Royal Family of France -->
* "The Death of the comte de Chambord", ''[[British Medical Journal]]'' 2, no. 1186 (September 22, 1883): 600–601.

==External links==
{{commons|Henri d'Artois, comte de Chambord}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Henri, Count of Chambord}}
* [http://www.heraldica.org/topics/france/birth_bordeaux.htm The Birth of the Duc de Bordeaux]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=xREYAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA119 Obituary] in ''[[The Times]]''

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[House of Bourbon]]|29 September|1820|24 August|1883|[[Capetian dynasty]]}}
{{s-reg|}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême|Louis XIX]]<br>{{small|(disputed)}}}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of French monarchs|King of France]]<br>''(disputed)''|years=2&nbsp;– 9 August 1830}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Louis Philippe I]]|as=[[List of French monarchs|King of the French]]}}
{{s-pre}}
{{s-bef|before=''[[Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême|Louis XIX]]''}}
{{s-tul|title=[[List of French monarchs|King of France]]|line=[[Legitimists|Legitimist pretender]]|years=3 June 1844&nbsp;– 24 August 1883|reason=[[July Revolution]]}}
{{s-aft|after=''[[Prince Philippe, Count of Paris|Philippe VII]]''<br>'''or'''<br>''[[Infante Juan, Count of Montizón|Jean III]]''}}
{{s-end}}

{{House of Bourbon (France)}}
{{Princes of France}}
{{Monarchs of France}}
{{French Pretenders}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Henri Of Chambord, Count}}
[[Category:Henri, Count of Chambord| ]]
[[Category:1820 births]]
[[Category:1883 deaths]]
[[Category:Nobility from Paris]]
[[Category:Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain]]
[[Category:Legitimist pretenders to the French throne]]
[[Category:Monarchs deposed as children]]
[[Category:Princes of France (Bourbon)]]
[[Category:Burials at Kostanjevica Monastery]]
[[Category:Navarrese titular monarchs]]