View source for Henri Lefebvre

{{short description|French philosopher and sociologist (1901–1991)}}
{{distinguish|Marcel Lefebvre}}
{{for|the French wrestler|Henri Lefèbvre (wrestler)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox philosopher
|region           = [[Western philosophy]]
|era              = [[20th-century philosophy]]
|image            = Henri Lefebvre 1971.jpg
|caption          = Lefebvre in 1971
|name             = Henri Lefebvre
|birth_date       = {{birth date|df=yes|1901|06|16}}
|birth_place      = [[Hagetmau]], France
|death_date       = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1991|06|29|1901|06|16}}
|death_place      = [[Navarrenx]], France
|education        = [[University of Paris]] ([[M.A.|MA]], 1920;<ref name="Schrift p. 152"/> [[Doctorat d'État|DrE]], 1954)<ref name="Schrift p. 153">Schrift (2006), p. 153.</ref>
|school_tradition = [[Continental philosophy]]<br>[[Western Marxism]]<br>[[Hegelian Marxism]]
|doctoral_students= [[Jean Baudrillard]]
|main_interests   = {{hlist | [[Everyday life]] | [[dialectics]] | [[Marx's theory of alienation|alienation]] | mystification | social space | [[urbanity]] | rurality | [[modernity]] | [[literature]] | [[history]]}}
|notable_ideas    = {{hlist | Critique of everyday life | theory of moments | [[rhythmanalysis]] | [[right to the city]] | the production of [[social space]]}}
}}

'''Henri Lefebvre''' ({{IPAc-en|l|ə|ˈ|f|ɛ|v|r|ə}} {{respell|lə|FEV|rə}}; {{IPA|fr|ɑ̃ʁi ləfɛvʁ|lang}}; 16 June 1901 – 29 June 1991) was a French [[Marxist]] [[philosopher]] and [[sociology|sociologist]], best known for furthering the critique of [[everyday life]], for introducing the concepts of the [[right to the city]] and the production of [[social space]], and for his work on [[dialectical materialism]], [[Marx's theory of alienation|alienation]], and criticism of [[Stalinism]], [[existentialism]], and [[structuralism]]. In his prolific career, Lefebvre wrote more than sixty books and three hundred articles.<ref>{{cite book | author=Shields, Rob | title=Lefebvre Love and Struggle | publisher=Routledge | year=1999 |isbn=978-0-415-09370-5}}</ref> He founded or took part in the founding of several intellectual and academic journals such as ''Philosophies'', ''La Revue Marxiste'', ''[[Arguments Group|Arguments]]'', ''Socialisme ou Barbarie'', and ''Espaces et Sociétés''.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the City|last=Caves|first=R. W.|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|isbn=9780415252256|pages=427}}</ref>

==Biography==
Lefebvre was born in [[Hagetmau]], [[Landes (department)|Landes]], France. He studied philosophy at the [[University of Paris]] (the Sorbonne), graduating in 1920. By 1924 he was working with [[Paul Nizan]], [[Norbert Guterman]], [[Georges Friedmann]], [[Georges Politzer]], and [[Pierre Morhange]] in the ''Philosophies'' group seeking a "philosophical revolution".<ref>[http://www.ihtp.cnrs.fr/Trebitsch/pref_lefebvre1_MT.html Michel Trebitsch: ''Introduction to Critique of Everyday Life'', Vol. 1] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608040420/http://www.ihtp.cnrs.fr/Trebitsch/pref_lefebvre1_MT.html |date=8 June 2016 }}</ref> This brought them into contact with the [[Surrealism|Surrealists]], [[Dada]]ists, and other groups, before they moved towards the [[French Communist Party]] (PCF).

Lefebvre joined the PCF in 1928 and became one of the most prominent French Marxist intellectuals during the second quarter of the 20th century, before joining the [[French resistance]].<ref>Mark Poster, 1975, Existential Marxism in Postwar France: From Sartre to Althusser, Princeton University Press</ref> From 1944 to 1949, he was the director of ''[[Radiodiffusion Française]]'', a French radio broadcaster in [[Toulouse]]. Among his works was a highly influential, anti-Stalinist text on dialectics called ''Dialectical Materialism'' (1940). Seven years later, Lefebvre published his first volume of ''The Critique of Everyday Life''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.notbored.org/lefebvre-interview.html|title=Lefebvre on the Situationists: AnInterview|access-date=17 May 2016}}</ref> His early work on method was applauded and borrowed centrally by the philosopher [[Jean-Paul Sartre]] in ''[[Critique of Dialectical Reason]]'' (1960). During Lefebvre's thirty-year stint with the PCF, he was chosen to publish critical attacks on opposed theorists, especially existentialists like Sartre and Lefebvre's former colleague Nizan,<ref>[http://www.radicalphilosophy.com/default.asp?channel_id=2191&editorial_id=9838 Radical Philosophy obituary, Spring 1992] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030626092609/http://www.radicalphilosophy.com/default.asp?channel_id=2191&editorial_id=9838 |date=26 June 2003 }}</ref> only to intentionally get himself expelled from the party for his own heterodox theoretical and political opinions in the late 1950s. He then went from serving as a primary intellectual for the PCF to becoming one of France's most important critics of the PCF's politics (e.g. immediately, the lack of an opinion on Algeria, and more generally, the partial apologism for and continuation of [[Stalinism]]) and intellectual thought (i.e. [[structuralism]], especially the work of [[Louis Althusser]]).<ref>Henri Lefebvre and Leszek Kołakowski. ''Evolution or Revolution''; F. Elders (ed.), ''Reflexive Water: The Basic Concerns of Mankind'', London: Souvenir. pp. 199–267. {{ISBN|0-285-64742-3}}</ref>

In 1961, Lefebvre became professor of sociology at the [[University of Strasbourg]], before joining the faculty at the new university at [[University of Paris X: Nanterre|Nanterre]] in 1965.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ihtp.cnrs.fr/Trebitsch/pref_lefebvre3_MT.html|title=Préface de : Henri Lefebvre, Critique of Everyday Life. Volume III. (1981)|access-date=17 May 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608022258/http://www.ihtp.cnrs.fr/Trebitsch/pref_lefebvre3_MT.html|archive-date=8 June 2016}}</ref> He was one of the most respected professors, and he had influenced and analysed the [[May 1968 events in France|May 1968 student revolt]].<ref>[[Vincent Cespedes]], [[May 68, Philosophy is in the Street!]] (Larousse, Paris, 2008).{{page needed|date=September 2016}}</ref> Lefebvre introduced the concept of the [[right to the city]] in his 1968 book ''Le Droit à la ville''<ref>[http://faculty.washington.edu/mpurcell/geojournal.pdf Mark Purcell, Excavating Lefebvre: The right to the city and its urban politics of the inhabitant], GeoJournal 58: 99–108, 2002.</ref><ref>[http://www.reclaiming-spaces.org/crisis/archives/266 "Right to the City" as a response to the crisis: "Convergence" or divergence of urban social movements?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310001029/http://www.reclaiming-spaces.org/crisis/archives/266 |date=10 March 2012 }}, Knut Unger, ''Reclaiming Spaces''</ref> (the publication of the book predates the May 1968 revolts which took place in many French cities). Following the publication of this book, Lefebvre wrote several influential works on cities, urbanism, and space, including ''The Production of Space'' (1974), which became one of the most influential and heavily cited works of [[urban theory]]. By the 1970s, Lefebvre had also published some of the first critical statements on the work of [[post-structuralists]], especially [[Michel Foucault]].<ref>[http://www.radicalphilosophy.com/default.asp?channel_id=2191&editorial_id=9838 Radical Philosophy obituary, 1991] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030626092609/http://www.radicalphilosophy.com/default.asp?channel_id=2191&editorial_id=9838 |date=26 June 2003 }}</ref> During the following years he was involved in the editorial group of ''Arguments'', a [[New Left]] magazine which largely served to enable the French public to familiarize themselves with Central European revisionism.<ref>{{cite book | author=Gombin, Richard | title=The Origins of Modern Leftism |publisher=Penguin | year=1971 | isbn=978-0-14-021846-6}}, p40</ref>

Lefebvre died in 1991. In his obituary, ''[[Radical Philosophy]]'' magazine honored his long and complex career and influence:
{{blockquote|the most prolific of French Marxist intellectuals, died during the night of 28–29 June 1991, less than a fortnight after his ninetieth birthday. During his long career, his work has gone in and out of fashion several times, and has influenced the development not only of philosophy but also of sociology, geography, political science and literary criticism.<ref>''Radical Philosophy'' obituary, 1991.</ref>}}

==Critique of everyday life==
{{Anti-consumerism|People}}
One of Lefebvre's most important contributions to social thought is the idea of the "critique of everyday life", which he pioneered in the 1930s. Lefebvre defined everyday life dialectically as the intersection of "illusion and truth, power and helplessness; the intersection of the sector man controls and the sector he does not control",<ref>{{cite book | author=Lefebvre, Henri | title=The Critique of Everyday Life |publisher=Verso |year=1947 | isbn=978-1844671946}}, p40</ref> and is where the perpetually transformative conflict occurs between diverse, specific rhythms: the body's polyrhythmic bundles of natural rhythms, physiological (natural) rhythms, and social rhythms (Lefebvre and Régulier, 1985: 73).<ref>{{cite book |author1=Lefebvre, Henri  |author2=Regular, Catherine | title=Rhythmanalysis|publisher=Continuum |year=2004 | isbn=978-0826472991}}</ref> The everyday was, in short, the space in which all life occurred, and between which all fragmented activities took place. It was the residual.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ihtp.cnrs.fr/Trebitsch/pref_lefebvre1_MT.html|title=Préface à : Henri Lefebvre, Critique of Everyday Life. Volume I. Introduction|access-date=17 May 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608040420/http://www.ihtp.cnrs.fr/Trebitsch/pref_lefebvre1_MT.html|archive-date=8 June 2016}}</ref> While the theme presented itself in many works, it was most notably outlined in his eponymous three-volume study, which came out in individual installments, decades apart, in 1947, 1961, and 1981.

Lefebvre argued that everyday life was an underdeveloped sector compared to technology and production, and moreover that in the mid 20th century, capitalism changed such that everyday life was to be colonized. In this zone of everydayness (boredom) shared by everyone in society regardless of class or specialty, autocritique of everyday realities of boredom vs. societal promises of free time and leisure, could lead to people understanding and then revolutionizing their everyday lives. This was essential to Lefebvre because everyday life was where he saw capitalism surviving and reproducing itself. Without revolutionizing everyday life, capitalism would continue to diminish the quality of everyday life, and inhibit real self-expression. The critique of everyday life was crucial because it was for him only through the development of the conditions of human life—rather than abstract control of productive forces—that humans could reach a concrete utopian existence.<ref>Elden, 2004, pp. 110–126.</ref>

Lefebvre's work on everyday life was heavily influential in French theory, particularly for the [[Situationists]], as well as in politics (e.g. for the May 1968 student revolts).<ref>{{cite book | author=Ross, Kristin | title=May 68 and its afterlives|publisher=University of Chicago |year=2005 | isbn=978-0226727998}}{{page needed|date=September 2016}}</ref> The third volume has also recently influenced scholars writing about digital technology and information in the present day,<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Shaw | first1 = Joe | last2 = Graham | first2 = Mark | title = An Informational Right to the City? Code, Content, Control, and the Urbanization of Information | journal = [[Antipode (journal)|Antipode]] | volume = 49 | issue = 4 | pages = 907–927 | doi = 10.1111/anti.12312 | date = February 2017 | bibcode = 2017Antip..49..907S | doi-access = free }}</ref> since it has a section dealing with this topic at length, including analysis of the {{ill|Nora-Minc Report|fr|Rapport Nora-Minc}} (1977); key aspects of [[information theory]]; and other general discussion of the "colonisation" of everyday life through information communication technologies as "devices" or "services".

==Social production of space==
{{Main|Social production of space}}
Lefebvre dedicated a great deal of his philosophical writings to understanding the importance of (the production of) space in what he called the reproduction of social relations of production. This idea is the central argument in the book ''The Survival of Capitalism'', written as a sort of prelude to {{lang|fr|La Production de l'espace}} (1974) (''The Production of Space'').

Lefebvre contends that there are different modes of production of space (i.e. [[spatialization]]) from natural space ('absolute space') to more complex spaces and flows whose meaning is produced in a social way (i.e. social space).<ref>''Place, A Short Introduction'' by Tim Cresswell</ref> Lefebvre analyzes each historical mode as a three-part dialectic between everyday practices and perceptions ({{lang|fr|le perçu}}), representations or theories of space ({{lang|fr|le conçu}}) and the spatial [[The Imaginary (psychoanalysis)#French culture|imaginary]] of the time ({{lang|fr|le vécu}}).<ref>Shields, Rob, ''Places on the Margin'', Routledge, 1991, {{ISBN|0-415-08022-3}}, pp. 50–58.</ref>

Lefebvre's argument in ''The Production of Space'' is that space is a social product, or a complex social construction (based on values, and the social production of meanings) which affects spatial practices and perceptions. Lefebvre argued that every society—and, therefore, every mode of production—produces a certain space, its own space.

Lefebvre's concept has been criticised: e.g. in ''The Urban Question'', [[Manuel Castells]]. Many responses to Castells are provided in ''The Survival of Capitalism'', and some such as [[Andy Merrifield]]<ref>{{Cite book|date=2002-09-11|editor-last=Crang|editor-first=Mike|editor2-last=Thrift|editor2-first=Nigel|title=Thinking Space|publisher=Routledge|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203411148|doi=10.4324/9780203411148|isbn=9781134721184}}</ref> argue that the acceptance of those critiques in the academic world would be a motive for Lefebvre's effort in writing the long and theoretically dense ''The Production of Space''. In "Actually-Existing Success: Economics, Aesthetics, and the Specificity of (Still-)Socialist Urbanism," [[Michal Murawski]] critiques Lefebvre's dismissal of actually existing socialism by showing how socialist states produced differential space.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Murawski|first=Michał|date=October 2018|title=Actually-Existing Success: Economics, Aesthetics, and the Specificity of (Still-)Socialist Urbanism|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0010417518000336/type/journal_article|journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History|language=en|volume=60|issue=4|pages=907–937|doi=10.1017/S0010417518000336|s2cid=149783548|issn=0010-4175|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
*1925 "''Positions d'attaque et de défense du nouveau mysticisme''", ''Philosophies'' 5–6 (March). pp.&nbsp;471–506. (Pt. 2 of the "Philosophy of Consciousness" (''Philosophie de la conscience'') project on being, consciousness and identity, originally proposed as a DES<ref>DES stands for ''{{Interlanguage link|diplôme d'études supérieures|fr}}'', roughly equivalent to an [[Master of Arts|MA]] thesis.</ref> thesis to [[Léon Brunschvicg]] and eventually abandoned—Lefebvre's DES 1920 thesis was titled ''Pascal et Jansénius'' (''[[Blaise Pascal|Pascal]] and [[Cornelius Jansen|Jansenius]]'').)<ref name="Schrift p. 152">Schrift (2006), p. 152.</ref><ref>Elden 2004, p. 96.</ref>
*1934 with Norbert Guterman, ''Morceaux choisis de Karl Marx'', Paris: NRF (numerous reprintings).
*1936 with Norbert Guterman, ''La Conscience mystifiée'', Paris: Gallimard (new ed. Paris: Le Sycomore, 1979).
*1937 ''Le nationalisme contre les nations'' (Preface by Paul Nizan), Paris: ''Éditions sociales internationales'' (reprinted, Paris: Méridiens-Klincksliek, 1988, Collection "Analyse institutionnelle", Présentation M. Trebitsch, Postface Henri Lefebvre).
*1938 ''Hitler au pouvoir, bilan de cinq années de fascisme en Allemagne'', Paris: Bureau d'Éditions.
*1938 with Norbert Guterman, ''Morceaux choisis de Hegel'', Paris: Gallimard (3 reprintings 1938–1939; in the reprinted Collection "Idées", 2 vols. 1969).
*1938 with Norbert Guterman, ''Cahiers de Lénine sur la dialectique de Hegel'', Paris: Gallimard.
*1939 ''Nietzsche'', Paris: ''Éditions sociales internationales''.
*1940 ''Le Matérialisme Dialectique'', Paris: PUF. Trans. John Sturrock, ''Dialectical Materialism,'' [[Jonathan Cape|Jonathan Cape Ltd.]] {{ISBN|0-224-61507-6}}
*1942 ''Le Don Juan du Nord'', ''Europe – revue mensuelle'' '''28''', April 1948, pp.&nbsp;73–104.
*1946 ''L'Existentialisme'', Paris: Éditions du Sagittaire.
*1947 ''Logique formelle, logique dialectique'', Vol. 1 of ''A la lumière du matérialisme dialectique'', written in 1940–41 (2nd volume censored). Paris: Éditions sociales.
*1947 ''Descartes'', Paris: Éditions Hier et Aujourd'hui.
*1947 ''Critique de la vie quotidienne'', L'Arche, trans. John Moore, ''Critique of Everyday Life Volume 1: Introduction'', London: Verso, 1991. 
*1948 ''Le Marxisme'', Paris: PUF.
*1950 ''Knowledge and Social Criticism, Philosophic Thought in France and the USA'' Albany N.Y.: State University of New York Press. pp.&nbsp;281–300 (2nd ed. 1968).
*1958 ''Problèmes actuels du marxisme'', Paris: Presses universitaires de France; 4th edition, 1970, Collection "Initiation philosophique"
*1958 (with [[Lucien Goldmann]], [[Claude Roy (poet)|Claude Roy]], [[Tristan Tzara]]) ''Le romantisme révolutionnaire'', Paris: La Nef.
*1961 ''Critique de la vie quotidienne II, Fondements d'une sociologie de la quotidienneté'', Paris: L'Arche, trans. John Moore, ''Critique of Everyday Life Volume II: Foundations for a Sociology of the Everyday'', London: Verso, 2008. 
*1962 ''Introduction à la Modernité'', Paris. Trans. John Moore, ''Introduction to Modernity: Twelve Preludes September 1959-May 1961'', London: Verso.
*1963 ''La vallée de Campan - Etude de sociologie rurale'', Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
*1965 ''Métaphilosophie'', foreword by [[Jean Wahl]], Paris: Éditions de Minuit, Collection "Arguments". Trans. David Fernbach and ed. Stuart Elden as ''Metaphilosophy'', London: Verso, 2016
*1965 ''La Proclamation de la Commune'', Paris: Gallimard, Collection "Trente Journées qui ont fait la France".
*1966 ''La Sociologie de Marx'', Paris: PUF. Trans. Norbert Guterman, ''Sociology of Marx'', New York: Pantheon.
*1968 ''Le Droit à la ville'', Paris: Anthropos (2nd ed.); Paris: Ed. du Seuil, Collection "Points". English translation in ''Writings on Cities'', 1996.
*1968 ''La vie quotidienne dans le monde moderne'', Paris: Gallimard, Collection "Idées". Trans. Sacha Rabinovitch as ''Everyday Life in the Modern World''. Allen Lane The Penguin Press, 1971. 
*1968 ''L'irruption de Nanterre au sommet'', Paris: Syllepse, 2nd ed. 1998. trans. Alfred Ehrenfeld, ''The Explosion: From Nanterre to the Summit'', New York: Monthly Review Press.
*1970 ''La révolution urbaine'', Paris: Gallimard, Collection "Idées". Trans. Robert Bononno, ''The Urban Revolution'', Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2003.
*1970 ''Du rural à l'urbain'', Paris: Anthropos. First half trans. Robert Bononno in ''On the Rural: Economy, Sociology, Geography'', Stuart Elden and Adam David Morton eds., Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
*1970 ''La fin de l'histoire'', Paris: Minuit.
*1971 ''Le manifeste différentialiste'', Paris: Gallimard, Collection "Idées".
*1971 ''Au-delà du structuralisme'', Paris: Anthropos.
*1972 ''La pensée marxiste et la ville'', Tournai and Paris: Casterman. Trans. Robert Bononno, ''Marxist Thought and the City'', Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
*1973 ''Le jeu de Kostas Axelos'', Paris: Fata Morgana, with [[Pierre Fougeyrollas]].
*1973 ''La survie du capitalisme; la re-production des rapports de production''. Partial trans. Frank Bryant as ''The Survival of Capitalism''. London: Allison and Busby, 1976. (The French book includes material originally in L'Irruption, translated in The Explosion, 1969.)
*1974 ''La production de l'espace'', Paris: Anthropos. Trans. Donald Nicolson-Smith, ''The Production of Space'', Oxford: Blackwell, 1991. *1991 
*1974 with [[Leszek Kołakowski]] ''Evolution or Revolution'', F. Elders, ed. ''Reflexive Water: The Basic Concerns of Mankind'', London: Souvenir. pp.&nbsp;199–267. {{ISBN|0-285-64742-3}}
*1975 ''Hegel, Marx, Nietzsche, ou le royaume des ombres'', Paris: Tournai, Casterman. Collection "Synthèses contemporaines". {{ISBN|2-203-23109-2}} trans. David Fernbach as ''Hegel, Marx, Nietzsche or the Realm of Shadows'', London: Verso, 2020.
*1975 ''Le temps des méprises: Entretiens avec Claude Glayman'', Paris: Stock. {{ISBN|2-234-00174-9}}
*1978 with Catherine Régulier ''La révolution n'est plus ce qu'elle était'', Paris: Éditions Libres-Hallier (German trans. Munich, 1979). {{ISBN|2-264-00849-0}}
*1976-78 ''De l'État'', Paris: UGE, four volumes, Collection "10/18".
*1980 ''Une pensée devenue monde: Faut-il abandonner Marx?'' Paris: Fayard.
*1980 ''La présence et l'absence'', Paris: Casterman. {{ISBN|2-203-23172-6}}
*1981 ''Critique de la vie quotidienne, III. De la modernité au modernisme (Pour une métaphilosophie du quotidien)'' Paris: L'Arche. Trans. Gregory Elliott, ''Critique of Everyday Life Volume III: From Modernity to Modernism (Towards a Metaphilosophy of Daily Life)'', London: Verso, 2008.
*1985 with Catherine Régulier-Lefebvre, ''Le projet rythmanalytique'' Communications 41. pp.&nbsp;191–199. Included in Rhythmanalysis, 2004. 
*1986 with Serge Renaudie and Pierre Guilbaud, "International Competition for the New Belgrade Urban Structure Improvement", in ''Autogestion, or Henri Lefebvre in New Belgrade'', Vancouver: Fillip Editions. {{ISBN|978-0-9738133-5-7}}
*1988 ''Toward a Leftist Cultural Politics: Remarks Occasioned by the Centenary of Marx's Death'', D. Reifman trans., L.Grossberg and C.Nelson (eds.) ''Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture'', Urbana: University of Illinois Press; New York: Macmillan. pp.&nbsp;75–88. {{ISBN|0-252-01108-2}}
*1990 ''Du Contrat de Citoyenneté'', Paris: Syllepse.
*1991 with Patricia Latour and Francis Combes, ''Conversation avec Henri Lefebvre'' P. Latour and F. Combes, eds. Paris: Messidor, Collection "Libres propos".
*1992 with [[Catherine Regulier-Lefebvre]] ''[[Rhythmanalysis|Éléments de rythmanalyse: Introduction à la connaissance des rythmes]]'', preface by René Lorau, Paris: Ed. Syllepse, Collection "Explorations et découvertes". English translation: ''Rhythmanalysis: Space, time and everyday life'', Stuart Elden, Gerald Moore trans. Continuum, New York, 2004.
*1996 ''Writings on Cities'', Eleonore Kofman and Elizabeth Lebas, trans. and eds., Oxford: Basil Blackwell. {{ISBN|0-631-19187-9}} Includes ''The Right to the City'' and other essays.
*2002 ''Méthodologie des Sciences: Un inédit'', Paris: Anthropos.
*2003 ''Key Writings'', Stuart Elden, Elizabeth Lebas, Eleonore Kofman, eds. London/New York: Continuum.
*2009 ''State, Space, World: Selected Essays'', Neil Brenner, Stuart Elden, eds. Gerald Moore, Neil Brenner, Stuart Elden trans. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
*2014 [http://www.upress.umn.edu/book-division/books/toward-an-architecture-of-enjoyment''Toward an Architecture of Enjoyment''.], L. Stanek ed., R. Bononno trans. (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press), the first publication in any language of the book written in 1973.
*2022 ''On the Rural. Economy, Sociology, Geography'', Stuart Elden, Adam David Morton eds., Robert Bononno trans. (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press),  including the first half of his book ''Du rural à l’urbain'' (1970) and supplementary texts

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* Stuart Elden, ''Understanding Henri Lefebvre: Theory and the Possible'', London/New York: Continuum, 2004.
* Alan D. Schrift, ''Twentieth-Century French Philosophy: Key Themes And Thinkers'', Blackwell Publishing, 2006.

==Further reading==
*Andy Merrifield, ''Henri Lefebvre: A Critical Introduction'' (London: Routledge, 2006)
*Goonewardena, K., Kipfer, S., Milgrom, R. & Schmid, C. eds. ''Space, Difference, Everyday Life: Reading Henri Lefebvre''. (New York: Routledge, 2008)
*[[Sue Middleton]], ''Henri Lefebvre and Education: Space, History, Theory'' (New York: Routledge, 2016)
*Andrzej Zieleniec: Space and Social Theory, London 2007, p.&nbsp;60–97.
*Derek R. Ford, ''Education and the Production of Space: Political Pedagogy, Geography, and Urban Revolution'' (New York: Routledge, 2017)
*Chris Butler, ''Henri Lefebvre: Spatial Politics, Everyday Life, and the Right to the City'' (New York/London: Routledge, 2012)
*Shields, R.,''Lefebvre, Love, and Struggle''(New York/London: Routledge, 1998)
*Simon, D., 'Devenir Henri Lefebvre. Enjeux d’une reconnaissance scientifique en sociologie rurale (années 1940-1950)', ''[https://shs.cairn.info/revue-etudes-rurales-2022-2-page-116?lang=fr Etudes rurales]'', 210 (2022), pp. 116-140.
*Simon, D. (ed.), 'Mémoire pour la défense d’Henri Lefebvre', ''[https://journals.openedition.org/rhsh/8076 Revue d’histoire des sciences humaines]'', 42 (2023), pp. 172-178.
*Simon, D., 'Une plaidoirie académique. Henri Lefebvre proteste contre son exclusion du CNRS', ''[https://journals.openedition.org/rhsh/8081 Revue d’histoire des sciences humaines]'', 42 (2023), pp. 179-196. 

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
*[https://www.versobooks.com/en-gb/blogs/news/5474-i-am-not-a-good-communist-henri-lefebvre-s-autobiography-from-1957 “I am not a good Communist”] from Henri Lefebvre's ''Autobiography'' (1957)
*[http://www.henrilefebvre.org Henri Lefebvre, Urban Research and Architecture Today]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070822182640/http://ojs.gc.cuny.edu/index.php/situations/article/view/175 "The Ignored Philosopher and Social Theorist: The Work of Henri Lefebvre"] by [[Stanley Aronowitz]], in: ''Situations'', vol. 2, no. 1, pp.&nbsp;133–155 ([[PDF]] available).
*[http://www.notbored.org/space.html Review of ''The Production of Space''] in ''Not Bored''
*[http://www.notbored.org/symphony.html Review of ''The First Situationist Symphony''] in ''Not Bored''
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20111006160316/http://www.cul-studies.com/english/emessenge/200412/324.html "Henri Lefebvre: Philosopher of Everyday Life"] (2001) by Rob Shields
*[https://books.google.com/books?printsec=frontcover&vid=ISBN0415093694&vid=ISBN0415093708&vid=ISBN0415093708&vid=ISBN0415093694&vid=ISBN0415093694&vid=LCCN98020945#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Lefebvre, Love and Struggle - Spatial Dialectics''] (London: Routledge 1999) by Rob Shields (includes largely complete bibliography of Henri Lefebvre's work).
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110726100724/http://www.newsandletters.org/Issues/2003/October/Lefebvre%C2%AD_Oct03.htm Review of ''Lefebvre, Love and Struggle'']
*[https://www.ualberta.ca/~rshields/f/prodspac.htm "An English Précis of Henri Lefebvre's La Production de l'Espace"] (Sussex University 1986) by Rob Shields
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225319/http://www.krcf.org/krcfhome/PRINT/nonlocated/nlonline/nonJordan.html "Bioinformatic Alignments"] by Jordan Crandall
*[http://www.cas.umn.edu/publications/papers.html "Central Europe and the Nationalist Paradigm"] (University of Texas at Austin 1996) by Katherine Arens
*[http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/postmodern_culture/v008/8.3spacings.html "Postmodern Spacings"] in ''Postmodern Culture'' by Mark Nunes et al.
*[http://www.ingentaconnect.com//content/berghahn/sartre/1999/00000005/00000001/art00002 "Towards a Heuristic Method: Sartre and Lefebvre"] by Michael Kelly in ''Sartre Studies International'', vol. 5, no. 1, 1999, pp.&nbsp;1–15.
*[http://www.upress.umn.edu/book-division/books/henri-lefebvre-on-space ''Henri Lefebvre on Space Architecture, Urban Research, and the Production of Theory''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523101218/http://www.upress.umn.edu/book-division/books/henri-lefebvre-on-space |date=23 May 2014 }} by Lukasz Stanek
*[http://www.lasommeetlereste.com/article-henri-lefebvre-le-retour-69430706.html "La Somme et la Reste" Newsletter] (in French) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518003957/http://www.lasommeetlereste.com/article-henri-lefebvre-le-retour-69430706.html |date=18 May 2017}}
*[http://multitudes.samizdat.net/article.php3?id_article=618 "La Méthode d'Henri Lefebvre"] in ''Multitudes'' by Rémi Hess (in French)
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=Tt9Pm4WsCNMC&dq=Christian+Schmid,+Henri+Lefebvre+und+die+Produktion+des+urbanen+Raumes&pg=PA7 ''Stadt, Raum und Gesellschaft: Henri Lefebvre und die Theorie der Produktion des Raumes''] by Christian Schmid (in German)

{{Continental philosophy}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lefebvre, Henri}}
[[Category:1901 births]]
[[Category:1991 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century atheists]]
[[Category:20th-century French philosophers]]
[[Category:Anti-consumerists]]
[[Category:Atheist philosophers]]
[[Category:French atheism activists]]
[[Category:Critics of postmodernism]]
[[Category:Critics of religions]]
[[Category:Ecofeminists]]
[[Category:Secular humanists]]
[[Category:French anti-fascists]]
[[Category:French anti-capitalists]]
[[Category:French Communist Party members]]
[[Category:French environmentalists]]
[[Category:French feminists]]
[[Category:French literary critics]]
[[Category:French male writers]]
[[Category:French sociologists]]
[[Category:Marxist humanists]]
[[Category:Marxist theorists]]
[[Category:People from Landes (department)]]
[[Category:French philosophers of technology]]
[[Category:Theoretical historians]]
[[Category:University of Paris alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Paris]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Strasbourg]]
[[Category:Urban sociologists]]
[[Category:Urban theorists]]