View source for Henry M. Jackson

{{short description|American politician (1912–1983)}}
{{Redirect|Scoop Jackson|the basketball writer|Scoop Jackson (writer)}}
{{Use American English|date=October 2022}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image               = Henry M. Jackson 1971 Edit.jpg
| caption             = Jackson {{circa}} 1971
| jr/sr               = United States Senator
| state               = [[Washington (state)|Washington]]
| term_start          = January 3, 1953
| term_end            = September 1, 1983
| predecessor         = [[Harry P. Cain]]
| successor           = [[Daniel J. Evans]]
| office1             = 29th [[Chair of the Democratic National Committee]]
| term_start1         = July 17, 1960
| term_end1           = January 21, 1961
| predecessor1        = [[Paul Butler (lawyer)|Paul Butler]]
| successor1          = [[John Moran Bailey]]
| state2              = [[Washington (state)|Washington]]
| district2           = {{ushr|WA|2|r}}
| term_start2         = January 3, 1941
| term_end2           = January 3, 1953
| predecessor2        = [[Monrad Wallgren]]
| successor2          = [[Jack Westland]]
| office3             = [[Snohomish County]] [[District attorney|Prosecuting attorney]]
| term_start3         = 1938
| term_end3           = 1940
| predecessor3        = 
| successor3          = 
| birth_name          = Henry Martin Jackson
| birth_date          = {{birth date|1912|5|31}}
| birth_place         = [[Everett, Washington]], U.S.
| death_date          = {{nowrap|{{death date and age|1983|9|1|1912|5|31}}}}
| death_place         = Everett, Washington, U.S.
| resting_place       = Evergreen Cemetery
| party               = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| spouse              = {{marriage|Helen Hardin|December 16, 1961}}
| children            = 2
| education           = [[Stanford University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])<br />[[University of Washington]] ([[Juris Doctor|JD]])
| allegiance          = United States
| branch              = {{army|United States}}
| serviceyears        = 1941–1942
| battles             = [[World War II]]
}}

'''Henry Martin''' "'''Scoop'''" '''Jackson''' (May 31, 1912 – September 1, 1983) was an American lawyer and politician who served as a [[U.S. representative]] (1941–1953) and [[U.S. senator]] (1953–1983) from the state of [[Washington (state)|Washington]]. A [[Cold War liberal]] and [[anti-Communist]] member of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]], Jackson supported higher military spending and a hard line against the [[Soviet Union]], while also supporting social welfare programs, [[civil rights]], and labor unions.<ref name="histlinkjack" />

Born in Everett, Washington, to [[Norwegian Americans|Norwegian immigrants]], Jackson practiced law in Everett, after graduating from the [[University of Washington School of Law]]. He won election to Congress in 1940, and joined the Senate in 1953 after defeating incumbent [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] senator [[Harry P. Cain]]. Jackson supported the [[civil rights movement]] of the 1960s, and authored the [[National Environmental Policy Act]], which helped establish the principle of publicly analyzing environmental impacts. He co-sponsored the [[Jackson–Vanik amendment]], which denied normal trade relations to non-capitalist countries with restrictive emigration policies. Jackson served as chairman of the [[United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources]] from 1963 to 1981. He was twice an unsuccessful candidate for the Democratic Party nomination, in both the [[1972 United States presidential election|1972]] and [[1976 United States presidential election|1976]] presidential elections. While still serving in the Senate, Jackson died in 1983.

His political beliefs were characterized by support of civil rights, human rights, and [[Environmental movement in the United States|safeguarding the environment]], but with an equally strong commitment to oppose [[totalitarianism]] in general and – with the start of the [[Cold War]] — [[communist rule]] in particular.<ref name = NYT>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/09/03/obituaries/senator-henry-m-jackson-is-dead-at-71.html|title=Senator Henry M. Jackson Is Dead at 71|page = 10|date=September 3, 1983|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=March 11, 2016|archive-date=March 6, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306103817/http://www.nytimes.com/1983/09/03/obituaries/senator-henry-m-jackson-is-dead-at-71.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Jackson's political philosophies and positions have been cited as an influence on a number of key figures associated with [[neoconservatism]], including [[Paul Wolfowitz]] and [[Richard Perle]], both of whom previously served as aides to Jackson.<ref name="histlinkjack">{{cite encyclopedia|first=Kit|last=Oldham|title=Jackson, Henry M. "Scoop"|encyclopedia=History Link, The free online encyclopedia of Washington state history|date=August 19, 2003|url=http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=5516|access-date=June 1, 2006|archive-date=November 18, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071118135651/http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=5516|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Jackson was born in the home of his parents, Marine (née Andersen) and Peter Jackson, in [[Everett, Washington]], on May 31, 1912. His mother and father were both immigrants from Norway.<ref name="coll">{{Cite web|title= Jackson (Henry M.) Collection |url=https://content.lib.washington.edu/jacksonweb/essay.html|access-date=June 29, 2020|website=content.lib.washington.edu|archive-date=June 30, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630164607/https://content.lib.washington.edu/jacksonweb/essay.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Peter Jackson was born Peter Gresseth in the  [[Kristiansund]] area, and changed his name when he immigrated. He met Marine, who was born in [[Fauske Municipality|Alvenes]] at the Lutheran church in Everett, where they were married in 1897. Henry was the fifth, and youngest, of the Jackson children; he was nicknamed "Scoop" by his sister in his childhood, after a comic strip character that he was said to have resembled.<ref name = NYT/> Jackson was a member of the [[National Honor Society]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalhonorsociety.org/about/famous-nhs-members/|title=Famous NHS Members|date=February 23, 2017|website=NHS}}</ref> He graduated with a [[Bachelor of Arts]] from [[Stanford University]] and a [[Juris Doctor]] from the [[University of Washington School of Law]], where he joined the [[Delta Chi]] fraternity.{{cn|date=November 2025}}

[[File:Henry M. Jackson for Prosecuting Attorney 1938.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|Advertisement for Jackson's prosecuting attorney candidacy published in ''[[The Everett Herald|The Everett Daily Herald]]'', September 9, 1938]]
In 1935, the year of his law school graduation, he was admitted to the bar, and began to practice law in Everett. He found immediate success, and was elected to become the [[prosecuting attorney]] for [[Snohomish County, Washington|Snohomish County]] from 1938 to 1940, where he made a name for himself prosecuting [[Rum-running|bootleggers]] and gamblers.{{cn|date=November 2025}}

== U.S. Congress ==
Jackson successfully ran for the U.S. Congress as a Democrat in 1940 and took his seat in the House of Representatives with the [[77th Congress]] on January 3, 1941. From then on, Jackson did not lose any congressional elections. Jackson joined the Army when [[Consequences_of_the_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor#Germany_and_Italy_declare_war|the United States entered World War II]] but left when [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] ordered all representatives to return home or resign their seats. He visited the [[Buchenwald]] concentration camp a few days after its liberation in 1945. He also visited his native Norway, where he observed the repatriation to Russia of [[Red Army]] soldiers captured by the Nazis, in which he recalled<blockquote>"I remember how reluctant most Russians were to return to the [[Soviet Union]]. They knew they would have even less freedom there."<ref name="coll"/></blockquote>

He attended the International Maritime Conference in [[Copenhagen]], Denmark, in 1945 with the American delegation, and he was elected president of the same conference in 1946, when it was held in [[Seattle]]. From 1945 to 1947, Jackson was also the chairman of the House Indian Affairs Committee. In the [[1952 U.S. House election]], Jackson relinquished his seat in the House for a run for one of Washington's Senate seats. Jackson soundly defeated Republican senator [[Harry P. Cain]] and remained a senator for over thirty years. He was Washington's first U.S. senator to be born in the state. Jackson died in office in 1983 after winning re-election for the fifth time in 1982.

Although Jackson opposed the excesses of [[Joe McCarthy]], who had traveled to Washington state to campaign against him, he criticized [[Dwight Eisenhower]] for not spending enough on national defense. Jackson called for more inter-continental ballistic missiles in the national arsenal, and his support for nuclear weapons resulted in a primary challenge from the left in 1958, when he handily defeated Seattle peace activist Alice Franklin Bryant before winning re-election with 67 percent of the vote, which he topped the next four times he ran for re-election.<ref name="histlinkjack" /><ref>{{cite web|first=Kit|last=Oldham|title=Voters re-elect Senator Henry Jackson and six U.S. Representatives on November 4, 1958|work=HistoryLink.org|date=November 1, 2003|url=http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=5583|access-date=June 2, 2006|archive-date=November 18, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071118135655/http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=5583|url-status=live}}</ref>

During the [[1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries]], Jackson was the first choice of fellow senator [[John F. Kennedy]] for a running mate; Kennedy became convinced that a Southerner would better balance the ticket.<ref name=Kaufman4 /> [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] was later selected. Jackson boasted one of the strongest records on civil rights during the civil rights movement.<ref>Peter J. Ognibene, Scoop: The Life and Politics of Henry Jackson, 1975.</ref><ref>{{cite magazine| url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,904896,00.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221203916/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,904896,00.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=December 21, 2008 | magazine=Time | title=The Nation: The Democrats' Liberal Hawk on Capitol Hill | date=March 22, 1971 | access-date=May 4, 2010}}</ref> He supported the 1957 and the 1964 Civil Rights Acts. On July 22, 1965, Johnson signed the Water Resources Planning Act into law, citing Jackson as one of the Congress members to "have made a very invaluable and very farsighted contribution to America's future."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=27102|title=Remarks at the Signing of the Water Resources Planning Act|date=July 22, 1965|first=Lyndon B.|last=Johnson|author-link=Lyndon B. Johnson|publisher=American Presidency Project|access-date=May 18, 2018|archive-date=May 19, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519033118/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=27102|url-status=live}}</ref> In April 1968, responding to the assassination of [[Martin Luther King Jr.]], Jackson gave a speech about the legacy and injustice of inequality.<ref name="Miller">{{cite web|last1=Miller|first1=Paul Steven|title=Civil Rights and American Values: Understanding the Legacy of Senator Henry M. Jackson and its Relationship to the Emergence of Disability Human Rights|url=http://www.law.washington.edu/Multimedia/2008/Miller/transcript.pdf|website=School of Law, University of Washington|access-date=January 24, 2008|archive-date=September 27, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927151215/http://www.law.washington.edu/Multimedia/2008/Miller/transcript.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1963 Jackson was made chairman of the [[United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources|Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs]], which became the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources in 1977, a position he held until 1981. In the 1970s, Jackson joined with fellow senators [[Ernest Hollings]] and [[Edward Kennedy]] in a press conference to oppose [[Gerald Ford]]'s request for Congress to end [[Richard Nixon]]'s [[price controls]] on domestic oil, which had provoked oil companies into withholding gasoline during the [[1973 oil crisis]].<ref name="'70s 321">{{cite book|title= How We Got Here: The '70s|last= Frum|first= David|author-link= David Frum|year= 2000|publisher= Basic Books|location= New York City|isbn= 978-0-465-04195-4|page= 321|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KajtAAAAMAAJ|access-date= July 25, 2018|archive-date= August 3, 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200803024117/https://books.google.com/books?id=KajtAAAAMAAJ|url-status= live}}</ref><ref name="Distillations">{{cite journal|last1=Rinde|first1=Meir|title=Richard Nixon and the Rise of American Environmentalism|journal=Distillations|date=2017|volume=3|issue=1|pages=16–29|url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/richard-nixon-and-the-rise-of-american-environmentalism|access-date=April 4, 2018|archive-date=April 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405024821/https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/richard-nixon-and-the-rise-of-american-environmentalism|url-status=live}}</ref> Kaufman writes that, after 1968, Jackson "emerged as an intellectual and political leader in the perennial struggle of U.S. foreign policy to reconcile ideals with self-interest."<ref name="Kaufman4">{{cite book|title=Henry M. Jackson: A Life in Politics|year=2011|first=Robert G.|last=Kaufman|pages=4–5|isbn=978-0-295-99854-1|publisher=University of Washington Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-vQyjgEACAAJ|access-date=July 25, 2018|archive-date=August 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803013724/https://books.google.com/books?id=-vQyjgEACAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

Jackson authored the [[National Environmental Policy Act]], which has been called one of the most influential environmental laws in history. It helped to stimulate similar laws and the principle of publicly analyzed environmental impact in other states and in much of the world.<ref name="Kit">{{cite web|last1=Oldham|first1=Kit|title=President Richard Nixon signs Senator Henry Jackson's National Environmental Policy Act into law on January 1, 1970|url=http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=5615|website=History Link|date=November 13, 2003|access-date=August 12, 2014|archive-date=April 2, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402152602/http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=5615|url-status=live}}</ref> Jackson was also a leader of the fight for statehood for [[Alaska]] and Hawaii. In 1974, Jackson sponsored the [[Jackson–Vanik amendment]] in the Senate (with [[Charles Vanik]] sponsoring it in the House), which denied normal trade relations to certain countries with non-market economies that restricted the freedom of emigration. The amendment was intended to help refugees, particularly minorities, specifically Jews, to emigrate from the [[Soviet Bloc]]. Jackson and his assistant, [[Richard Perle]], also lobbied personally for some people who were affected by this law such as [[Natan Sharansky]].

Throughout his time as senator, Jackson was a strong supporter of Israel. In 1970, he urged President [[Richard Nixon|Nixon]] to sell [[F-4 Phantom II]] fighter jets to that country, on the terms that amounted to a grant. During the [[Yom Kippur War]], Jackson, alongside fellow Congressional leaders demanded an urgent resupply of weapons, to ensure that Israeli forces would have the material, diplomatic and political support necessary for a victory.  When the Nixon administration balked at direct and visible material support, Jackson worked with [[Secretary of Defense]] [[James Schlesinger]], [[Assistant Secretary of State for Political-Military Affairs|Director of the Bureau of Political-Military Affairs]] [[Seymour Weiss (diplomat)|Seymor Weiss]], and senior American military commanders, notably [[Chief of Naval Operations]] [[Elmo Zumwalt]], to secure the decision to airlift vital weapons and ammunition to a "gravely imperiled IDF".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.jns.org/henry-m-scoop-jackson-honoring70/ | title=Henry M. 'Scoop' Jackson (1912–1983) | date=March 18, 2018 }}</ref> On December 1968 Jackson declined Nixon's offer to serve as [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]].<ref>{{cite web|url=|title=Senator Henry M. Jackson declines on December 6, 1968, to serve as U.S. Secretary of Defense|date=August 8, 2003|first1=Alan|last1=Smith}}</ref>

In 1975, after President [[Gerald Ford|Ford]] announced he would not invite Soviet dissident [[Aleksander Solzhenitsyn]] to the White House, for fear of angering the Soviet Union, Jackson and a group of other senators asked Solzhenitsyn to speak at an office in the [[United States Capitol|Capitol]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2001834779_jackson12m.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040114052857/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2001834779_jackson12m.html | archive-date=January 14, 2004 | title=The Seattle Times &#124; Local news, sports, business, politics, entertainment, travel, restaurants and opinion for Seattle and the Pacific Northwest }}</ref> Jackson was also one of the first senators to call for the normalization of relations with China, and was instrumental in arranging many business, educational, and community contacts between [[Washington (state)|Washington]] and China.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/07/09/archives/ackso-he-says-us-should-trust-peking-over-moscow.html | title=Closer China Ties Urged by Jackson | work=The New York Times | date=July 9, 1974 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nbr.org/publication/remembering-scoop/ | title=Remembering Scoop &#124; the National Bureau of Asian Research (NBR) }}</ref>

In March 1975 Jackson released a statement in which he expressed the view that it was paramount the [[Franklin Peroff]] case be found out to be either "an aberration or was symptomatic of much greater problem" within the Drug Enforcement Administration.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/03/10/archives/senate-study-calls-us-drug-agents-lax-in-checking-alleged-link-of.html|title=Senate Study Calls U. S. Drug Agents Lax in Checking Alleged Link of Vesco to Heroin|date=March 10, 1975|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=March 20, 2018|archive-date=March 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320231107/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/03/10/archives/senate-study-calls-us-drug-agents-lax-in-checking-alleged-link-of.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In June 1975, Jackson stated that if accounts about the conduct of former director of the Drug Enforcement Agency [[John R. Bartels Jr.]] were correct then his actions amounted to obstruction of justice and that evidence disclosed "in the last two days would indicate that there was a conscious, premeditated plan involving misconduct at the highest levels of the D.E.A."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/06/12/archives/jackson-asserts-exdrug-aide-may-have-obstructed-justice.html|title=Jackson Asserts Ex-Drug Aide May Have Obstructed Justice|date=June 12, 1975|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=March 20, 2018|archive-date=March 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320231035/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/06/12/archives/jackson-asserts-exdrug-aide-may-have-obstructed-justice.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In July 1977 the Senate approved a funding for the experimental nuclear reactor compromise proposal by Jackson and Idaho senator [[Frank Church]]. While the initial version by [[Jimmy Carter]] sought a decrease in funding from 150 million to 33&nbsp;million, the Jackson and Church measure halved the funding to 75&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/07/12/archives/senate-snubs-carter-in-backing-reactor-vote-rejects-bid-by.html|title=SENATE SNUBS CARTER IN BACKING REACTOR|date=July 12, 1977|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=March 22, 2018|archive-date=March 23, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323032156/https://www.nytimes.com/1977/07/12/archives/senate-snubs-carter-in-backing-reactor-vote-rejects-bid-by.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 1979, the Senate voted in favor of Carter's energy mobilization board plan, Jackson labeling the plan the "centerpiece" of Carter's program that was essential to guaranteeing the effectiveness of the rest of the legislation and was noted for successfully persuading colleagues to reject amendments to the plan.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/10/05/archives/energy-unit-voted-by-senate-mobilization-board-backed-by-68-to-25.html|title=Energy Unit Voted By Senate|first=Warren Jr.|last=Weaver|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=October 5, 1979 |access-date=May 20, 2018|archive-date=May 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520125816/https://www.nytimes.com/1979/10/05/archives/energy-unit-voted-by-senate-mobilization-board-backed-by-68-to-25.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Later that month, after the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee voted in favor of the Alaska public lands legislation, Carter issued a statement thanking Jackson and other members for supporting the legislation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=31626|first=Jimmy|last=Carter|title=Alaska Public Lands Legislation Statement on Approval by the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee.|publisher=American Presidency Project|date=October 30, 1979|access-date=March 20, 2018|archive-date=March 21, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321063207/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=31626|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Carter_Jackson_Nunn.jpg|thumb|right|Jackson meets with President [[Jimmy Carter]] and fellow Senator [[Sam Nunn]], December 14, 1977]]
Jackson led the opposition within the Democratic Party against the [[Strategic Arms Limitation Talks|SALT II]] treaty. For decades, Democrats who support a strong international presence for the United States have been called "Scoop Jackson Democrats," and the term was still used to describe Democrats such as [[Joe Lieberman]] and [[R. James Woolsey Jr]] by the 2000s.<ref>Meyerson, Adam. "[http://www.policyreview.org/summer90/lieberman.html Scoop Jackson Democrat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060514062638/http://www.policyreview.org/summer90/lieberman.html |date=May 14, 2006 }}", [[Hoover Institution]], ''[[Policy Review]]'', 1990.</ref><ref>"[http://www.brookings.edu/comm/transcripts/20011212.htm Media Influence on National Security Decisionmaking] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060602045803/http://www.brookings.edu/comm/transcripts/20011212.htm |date=June 2, 2006 }}", [[Brookings Institution]], December 12, 2001.</ref>

Jackson served for all but the last three years of his Senate tenure with Democratic colleague and friend [[Warren G. Magnuson]]. As a result, he spent 28 years as the state's junior senator, even though he had more seniority than all but a few of his colleagues. "Scoop" and "Maggie", as they affectionately called each other, gave Washington clout in national politics well beyond its population. They were one of the most effective delegations in the history of the Senate in terms of "bringing home the bacon" for their home state. Washington received nearly a sixth of public works appropriations but ranked only 23rd in population.<ref name="twintowers">{{cite news|title=Twin towers of power|date=September 29, 1996|first=Sharon|last=Boswell|author2=Lorraine McConaghy|work=[[The Seattle Times]]|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/centennial/september/towers.html|access-date=June 2, 2006|archive-date=May 7, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060507122751/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/centennial/september/towers.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Criticism ===
Jackson was known as a hawkish Democrat. He was often criticized for his support for the [[Vietnam War]] and his close ties to the defense industries of his state. His proposal of [[Fort Lawton]] as a site for an [[anti-ballistic missile]] system was strongly opposed by local residents, and Jackson was forced to modify his position on the location of the site several times, but continued to support ABM development. American Indian rights activists who protested Jackson's plan to give Fort Lawton to Seattle, instead of returning it to local tribes, staged a [[sit-in]]. In the eventual compromise, most of Fort Lawton became [[Discovery Park (Seattle)|Discovery Park]], with {{convert|20|acre|ha}} leased to [[United Indians of All Tribes]], who opened the [[Daybreak Star Cultural Center]] there in 1977.

Opponents derided him as "the senator from [[Boeing]]",<ref>Jason Vest. [http://www.thenation.com/doc/20020902/vest/3 "The Men From JINSA and CSP"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612020204/http://www.thenation.com/doc/20020902/vest/3 |date=June 12, 2008 }}, ''The Nation'', August 15, 2002.</ref> as well as a "[[whore]] for Boeing",<ref>[[Alexander Cockburn]]. ''Al Gore: A User's Manual'', p. 82, 2000.</ref> because of his consistent support for additional military spending on weapons systems and accusations of wrongful contributions from the company; in 1965, 80% of Boeing's contracts were military.<ref name="histlinkjack" /><ref name="twintowers" /> Jackson and Magnuson's campaigning for an expensive government [[supersonic transport]] plane project eventually failed. In addition, contrary to claims that he was an environmentalist, Jackson was almost as much a "whore for logging companies" as for Boeing, according Carsten Lien's book ''Olympic Battleground''.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Olympic Battleground: The Power Politics of Timber Preservation by Carsten Lien<!-- Bot generated title --> |isbn=978-0-89886-736-7 }}</ref>

After his death, critics pointed to Jackson's support for [[Japanese American internment]] camps during [[World War II]] as a reason to protest the placement of [[Bust of Henry M. Jackson|his bust at the University of Washington]].<ref name="shadows">{{cite news |title="Scoop" out of the shadows|first=Nick|last=Perry|work=[[The Seattle Times]]|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2002988731_scoop12m.html|date=May 12, 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929122437/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2002988731_scoop12m.html|archive-date=September 29, 2007}}</ref> Jackson was both an enthusiastic defender of the evacuation and a staunch proponent of the campaign to keep the Japanese-Americans from returning to the Pacific Coast after the war.<ref>"[https://dneiwert.blogspot.com/2007/01/eliminationism-in-america-viii.html Part VIII: White Man's Land] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070331201300/http://dneiwert.blogspot.com/2007/01/eliminationism-in-america-viii.html |date=March 31, 2007 }}", ''Eliminationism in America'', "Orcinus", January 23, 2007.</ref>

== Presidential campaigns ==
Jackson was not only successful as a politician in Washington state, but he also found recognition on the national level. He rose to the position of chairman of the [[Democratic National Committee]] in 1960, after being considered for the vice presidential ticket spot that eventually went to fellow senator [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]. Jackson ran for president twice, and both campaigns were noted for the hostile reception they received from the left wing of the Democratic Party. Jackson's one-on-one campaigning skills, which were extremely successful in Washington state, did not translate as well to the national stage. Even his supporters admitted that he suffered from a certain lack of charisma.<ref name="histlinkjack" /><ref name="HL1976">{{cite news
 |title=State voters elect Dixy Lee Ray as first woman governor of Washington, re-elect Senator Henry Jackson and House incumbents, and prefer Ford to Carter on November 2, 1976. |author=David Wilma and Kit Oldham |work=HistoryLink.org |date=November 7, 2003
 |url=http://historylink.org/File/5611 |access-date=April 6, 2018 |archive-date=April 10, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410035058/http://www.historylink.org/File/5611 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TNRlieb">{{cite news|title=Double Scoop|first=Reihan|last=Salam|work=The New Republic Online|date=May 27, 2003|url=http://www.tnr.com/doc.mhtml?i=express&s=salam052703|access-date=June 2, 2006|archive-date=June 21, 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030621145845/http://www.tnr.com/doc.mhtml?i=express&s=salam052703|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 1972 presidential campaign ===
Jackson was little known nationally when he first ran in [[1972 United States presidential election|1972]]. [[George McGovern]], who eventually won the nomination, even accused Jackson of racism for his opposition to [[desegregation busing|busing]] despite Jackson's longstanding record on civil rights issues. Jackson's high point in the campaign was a distant third in the early Florida primary, but he failed to stand out of the pack of better-known rivals, and he made real news only later in the campaign, as part of the "Stop McGovern" coalition, which raised what would be known as the "Acid, Amnesty and Abortion" questions about McGovern. Jackson suspended active campaigning in May after a weak showing in the Ohio primary and finishing well behind McGovern, [[Ed Muskie]], George Wallace, and [[Hubert Humphrey]] in early primaries.

Jackson re-emerged at the July Democratic convention after the runner-up, Humphrey, dropped out of the race. Jackson's name was placed in nomination by [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] governor [[Jimmy Carter]], and he finished second in the delegate roll call, well behind nominee McGovern.<ref name="TNRlieb" /><ref>"[http://cgi.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1996/analysis/back.time/9604/17/ A Message of Discontent from Wisconsin] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071118163733/http://cgi.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1996/analysis/back.time/9604/17/ |date=November 18, 2007 }}", "AllPolitics", ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', April 17, 1972.</ref> While campaigning in New York City, Jackson invited Meir Kahane, the leader of the violent organization the Jewish Defense League, to stand with him on stage to gain favor with Jewish Americans.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Friedman |first1=Robert |title=The False Prophet: Rabbi Meir Kahane |date=1990 |publisher=Lawrence Hill Books March |page=147}}</ref>

=== 1976 presidential campaign ===
[[File:Scoop Jackson campaigning in 1976 1.jpg|thumb|right|Jackson campaigning in the [[1976 Democratic Party presidential primaries|1976 Democratic presidential primaries]]]]
Jackson raised his national profile by speaking out on Soviet-U.S. relations and Middle East policy regularly, and he was considered a front-runner for the nomination when he announced the start of his campaign in February 1975. Jackson received substantial financial support from Jewish-Americans who admired his pro-Israel views, but his support of the Vietnam War resulted in hostility from the left wing of the Democratic Party. Jackson chose to run on social issues, emphasizing law and order and his opposition to busing. He was hoping for support from labor, but the possibility that [[Hubert Humphrey]] might enter the race caused unions to offer only lukewarm support.<ref name="histlinkjack" /><ref name="HL1976" /><ref name="TNRlieb" /><ref name="time76">{{cite magazine |title=Jimmy Carter's Big Breakthrough |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=May 10, 1976 |url=http://cgi.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1996/analysis/back.time/9605/10/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100211170746/http://cgi.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1996/analysis/back.time/9605/10/|archive-date = February 11, 2010 |df= mdy-all}}</ref> Jackson made the fateful decision not to compete in the early Iowa caucus and New Hampshire primary, which Carter won after liberals split their votes among four other candidates. Even though Jackson won the Massachusetts and New York primaries, he dropped out on May 1 after losing the critical [[Pennsylvania]] primary to Carter by 12% and running out of money.<ref name="histlinkjack" /><ref name="HL1976" /><ref name="TNRlieb" /><ref name="time76" />

== Death ==
[[File:Henry M. Jackson's Home-1.jpg|thumb|Jackson's home on Grand Avenue in Everett]]
On the evening of September 1, 1983, Jackson suffered a heart attack at his home in Everett, and was pronounced dead at nearby [[Providence Regional Medical Center Everett|Providence Hospital]] at the age of 71. His death came suddenly, occurring hours after he had given a news conference condemning the Soviet attack on [[Korean Air Lines Flight 007]].<ref name = NYT/><ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.heraldnet.com/news/the-day-jackson-died-began-with-shocking-news/|title = The day Jackson died began with shocking news|last = Muhstein|first = Julia|date = May 30, 2012|newspaper = [[The Everett Herald]]|accessdate = May 2, 2024}}</ref>

Jackson's death was greatly mourned. New York Senator [[Daniel Patrick Moynihan]] stated that "Henry Jackson is proof of the old belief in the Judaic tradition that at any moment in history goodness in the world is preserved by the deeds of [[Tzadikim Nistarim|36 just men]] who do not know that this is the role the Lord has given them. Henry Jackson was one of those men." Jackson is buried in [[Evergreen Cemetery (Everett, Washington)|Evergreen Cemetery]] in Everett.

== Personal life ==
In 1961, Jackson, called by ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' the Senate's "most eligible bachelor",<ref>''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'': [https://archive.today/20130204180442/http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,829949,00.html "''Time'' weekly round-up."] Retrieved April 17, 2007.</ref> married Helen Hardin, a 28-year-old Senate receptionist who was 20 years his junior. Jackson did not move out of his childhood home, where he lived with his unmarried sisters for several years. The Jacksons had two children: Anna Marie Laurence and Peter Jackson. Peter went on to serve as a speechwriter for Governor [[Christine Gregoire]] and to lead the effort to found the Center for Human Rights at the [[University of Washington]], which now has a scholarship in his name.

== Legacy ==
Jackson was posthumously awarded the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] in 1984. [[Ronald Reagan]] called him "one of the greatest lawmakers of our century", and stated:
{{blockquote|"Scoop Jackson was convinced that there's no place for partisanship in foreign and defense policy. He used to say, 'In matters of national security, the best politics is no politics.' His sense of bipartisanship was not only natural and complete; it was courageous. He wanted to be President, but I think he must have known that his outspoken ideas on the security of the Nation would deprive him of the chance to be his party's nominee in 1972 and '76. Still, he would not cut his convictions to fit the prevailing style.

I'm deeply proud, as he would have been, to have Jackson Democrats serve in my administration. I'm proud that some of them have found a home here."}}

Soviet dissident and later Israeli politician [[Natan Sharansky]] recalled when he was imprisoned by the [[KGB]] that
{{blockquote|"There was one name mentioned not once, not dozens, but hundreds of times, the name of the man who was singled out as head of this plot, as my closest and most important comrade in crime. It was the name of a man whom I had never met or spoken to on the telephone, but who symbolized for me all those in the free world who had supported the struggle for Soviet Jewry, the very best that was in the West. It was the name of Senator Henry Jackson."}}

In 1983, Jackson was awarded Delta Chi of the Year. One of Jackson's last acts as Senator was to sponsor legislation creating what became the [[Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jackson|first=Henry M.|date=May 27, 1983|title=S.653 – 98th Congress (1983–1984): An act to amend title 10, United States Code, to establish a Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, and for other purposes.|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/98th-congress/senate-bill/653|access-date=January 29, 2021|website=www.congress.gov|archive-date=May 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518112438/https://www.congress.gov/bill/98th-congress/senate-bill/653|url-status=live}}</ref> which was named after him after his death. Jackson's extended community of staff, colleagues and family members created the Henry M. Jackson Foundation from public monies and private donations to give grants to nonprofits and educational institutions. Its board members have included Richard Perle, [[Tom Foley]], and [[Jeane Kirkpatrick]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hmjackson.org/|title=Homepage|website=Henry M. Jackson Foundation|access-date=October 20, 2021|archive-date=January 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101231901/https://hmjackson.org/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="proteges">{{cite news |date=January 12, 2004 |title=Scoop Jackson's protégés shaping Bush's foreign policy |first=Alex |last=Fryer |work=[[The Seattle Times]] |url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2001834779_jackson12m.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061015210554/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2001834779_jackson12m.html |archive-date=October 15, 2006 }}</ref>

The [[U.S. Navy]] {{sclass|Ohio|submarine|0}} [[ballistic missile submarine]] {{USS|Henry M. Jackson|SSBN-730|2}} was named after him, in recognition of his longtime support of the nation's military. It is the only Ohio-class submarine not named after a U.S. state. On March 28, 1981, Jackson gave the principal address at the christening of the [[USS Bremerton (SSN-698)|USS ''Bremerton'' (SSN 698)]]. The ''Bremerton'' was the second ship to have the name, preceded by the [[USS Bremerton (CA-130)|USS ''Bremerton'' (CA 130)]]. It was christened by Mrs. Henry M. Jackson on July 22, 1978. The USS ''Bremerton'' (SSN 698) was mentioned in the classic [[Tom Clancy]] novel, ''[[The Hunt for Red October]]''. The [[University of Washington]] has named the [[Jackson School of International Studies]] in his honor. However, students objecting to Jackson's hawkish views on the Cold War in the mid-1980s caused the university to move a [[Henry M. Jackson (sculpture)|bust of the senator]] to the end of an abandoned corridor until it was restored to a more prominent place outside the Jackson School in 2006.<ref name="shadows" />

In 1983, the [[Snohomish County Public Utility District]] began operation of the [[Henry M. Jackson Hydroelectric Project]] outside [[Sultan, Washington]]. In 1994, the [[Everett School District]] completed construction of [[Henry M. Jackson High School]] in [[Mill Creek, Washington]]. The [[Henry M. Jackson Wilderness]] Area was created in his honor by the 1984 Washington Wilderness Act. The [[Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs]], with the cooperation of the Jackson family, awards a Henry M. "Scoop" Jackson Distinguished Service Award to individuals for their career dedication to U.S. national security. Jackson won the first award in 1982, and it was named after him after his death. Winners include [[Max Cleland]], [[Joe Lieberman]], [[Dick Cheney]], [[Jane Harman]], and [[Paul Wolfowitz]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Henry M. "Scoop" Jackson Distinguished Service Award |date=September 21, 2004 |publisher=Jinsa.org |url=http://www.jinsa.org/articles/articles.html/function/view/categoryid/1366/documentid/2173/history/3,2359,2166,1366,2173 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061002234117/http://www.jinsa.org/articles/articles.html/function/view/categoryid/1366/documentid/2173/history/3%2C2359%2C2166%2C1366%2C2173 |archive-date=October 2, 2006 }}</ref>

The Seattle-based [[Henry M. Jackson Foundation]] was created in 1983 by his former colleagues and staff, as well as his widow and other family members, to further his work. In 1987, the Department of Defense gave to the Jackson Foundation a one-time, $10&nbsp;million appropriation for its endowment, in honor of the Senator. To date, the Foundation has awarded over $26&nbsp;million in grants to educational and non-profit institutions. Jackson also sponsored legislation to form the Foundation to Advance Military Medicine, which was later renamed in his honor at the time of his death, to the [[Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine]].

=== Influence on neoconservatism ===
Jackson believed that evil should be confronted with power.<ref name="proteges" /> His support for [[civil rights]] and equality at home,<ref name="shadows" /> married to his opposition to ''[[détente]]'',<ref name="proteges" /> his support for human rights,<ref name="wolfowitz">{{cite web|title=Henry M. "Scoop" Jackson Distinguished Service Award|first=Paul|last=Wolfowitz|author-link=Paul Wolfowitz|publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]|date=November 18, 2002|url=http://www.defenselink.mil/speeches/2002/s20021118-depsecdef.html|access-date=March 25, 2006|archive-date=November 22, 2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021122174903/http://www.defenselink.mil/speeches/2002/s20021118-depsecdef.html|url-status=live}}</ref> along with that of democratic allies,<ref name="guardian">{{cite news|title=Democrat hawk whose ghost guides Bush|first=Julian|last=Borger|date=December 6, 2002|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/international/story/0,,854703,00.html|location=London|access-date=December 14, 2016|archive-date=October 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020184932/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/dec/06/usa.julianborger|url-status=live}}</ref> and his firm belief that the United States could be a force for good in the world,<ref name="atlantic">{{cite news|date=April 12, 2006|first=Elizabeth|last=Wasserman|title=Beinart Talks Back|work=The Atlantic|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200604u/beinart-liberals|access-date=March 7, 2017|archive-date=July 6, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706165947/http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200604u/beinart-liberals|url-status=live}}</ref> and inspired a legion of loyal aides who went on to propound Jackson's philosophy as part of neoconservatism. In addition to Richard Perle, neoconservatives [[Paul Wolfowitz]], [[Bill Kristol]], [[Elliot Abrams]],   [[Charles Horner (diplomat)|Charles Horner]], and [[Douglas Feith]] were former Democratic aides to Jackson who, disillusioned with the Carter administration, supported [[Ronald Reagan]] and joined his administration in 1981, later becoming prominent foreign policy makers in the 21st-century [[George W. Bush|Bush]] administration. Neoconservative [[Ben Wattenberg]] was a prominent political aide to Jackson's 1972 and 1976 presidential campaigns. Wolfowitz has called himself a "Scoop Jackson Republican" on multiple occasions.<ref name="wolfowitz" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Ronald Reagan Dies|work=Paula Zahn Now|publisher=CNN|date=June 5, 2004|url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0406/05/pzn.00.html|access-date=May 4, 2010|archive-date=September 11, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100911061224/http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0406/05/pzn.00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Many journalists and scholars across the political spectrum have noted links between Senator Jackson and modern neoconservatism.<ref name="histlinkjack" /><ref name="proteges" /><ref name="guardian" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Empire builders: Neocon 101|work=The Christian Science Monitor|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/specials/neocon/neocon101.html|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20050904013728/http://www.csmonitor.com/specials/neocon/neocon101.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 4, 2005}}</ref><ref name="latimesheilbrunn">{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/opinion/la-op-heilbrunn28may28,0,3212824.story?track=mostemailedlink|title=Return of the liberal hawks|work=Los Angeles Times|date=May 28, 2006|access-date=March 11, 2016|archive-date=October 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020184919/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-may-28-op-heilbrunn28-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Kaplan, Lawrence F. "[http://www.tnr.com/doc.mhtml?i=20030303&s=kaplan030303 Regime Change] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030622131233/http://www.tnr.com/doc.mhtml?i=20030303&s=kaplan030303 |date=June 22, 2003 }}", ''[[The New Republic]]'', February 19, 2003.</ref><ref>''[[The Washington Times]]'', [http://www.washtimes.com/upi-breaking/20041122-111818-3140r.htm (broken link)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050228114427/http://www.washtimes.com/upi-breaking/20041122-111818-3140r.htm |date=February 28, 2005 }}.</ref><ref>"[http://www.seanet.com/~jimxc/Politics/March2005_3.html Pseudo-Random Thoughts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519231849/http://www.seanet.com/~jimxc/Politics/March2005_3.html |date=May 19, 2012 }}", Jim Miller on Politics, SEANET, 03-2005.</ref><ref name="Dems">Harrop, Froma. "[http://www.realclearpolitics.com/Commentary/com-11_23_05_FH.html Dems Need Another Scoop Jackson] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060602130426/http://www.realclearpolitics.com/Commentary/com-11_23_05_FH.html |date=June 2, 2006 }}", [[RealClearPolitics]], November 23, 2005.</ref><ref name = NYT/>

Jackson's influence on foreign policy has been cited as foundational to the [[George W. Bush]] administration's foreign policy, and the [[Iraq War]].<ref>{{cite news|title=The road the U.S. traveled to Baghdad was paved by 'Scoop' Jackson|first=Roger|last=Morris|date=April 6, 2003|work=Seattle Post-Intelligencer|url=http://www.seattlepi.com/opinion/115505_focus06.shtml|access-date=February 13, 2011|archive-date=October 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020184929/https://www.seattlepi.com/news/article/P-I-Focus-The-road-the-U-S-traveled-to-Baghdad-1111242.php|url-status=live}}</ref> Jackson biographer Robert Kaufman says "There is no question in my mind that the people who supported Iraq are supporting Henry Jackson's instincts."<ref name="proteges" /> [[Peter Beinart]] argues that the Democratic Party should return to Jackson's values in its foreign policy, criticizing current-day neoconservatives for failing to adopt Jackson's domestic policy views along with his foreign policy views.<ref name="atlantic" /><ref name="latimesheilbrunn" />

=== Henry Jackson Society ===
In 2005, the [[Henry Jackson Society]] was formed at the [[University of Cambridge]], England. The non-partisan British group is dedicated to "pursuit of a robust foreign policy ... based on clear universal principles such as the global promotion of the rule of law, liberal democracy, civil rights, environmental responsibility and the market economy" as part of "Henry Jackson's legacy."<ref name="Statement">"[http://zope06.v.servelocity.net/hjs/principles_html Statement of Principles] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060430054251/http://zope06.v.servelocity.net/hjs/principles_html |date=April 30, 2006}}", [[Henry Jackson Society]], March 11, 2005.</ref> The organization is now based in London and hosts high-profile speaker events in the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]].

=== Jackson Papers controversy ===
Jackson's documents were donated to the [[University of Washington]] shortly after his death in 1983, and have been archived there ever since.{{r|library 2012}} When the materials were donated in 1983, university staff removed all information considered [[Classified information in the United States|classified]] at the time.<ref name="Webley 2005">{{cite news |last=Webley |first=Kayla |date=February 8, 2005 |title=CIA looks into papers donated to University |work=The Daily |publisher=University of Washington |url=http://www.dailyuw.com/news/article_bb9e3d54-b19f-5670-80ec-56095c95e940.html |access-date=September 5, 2018 |archive-date=August 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801172828/http://www.dailyuw.com/news/article_bb9e3d54-b19f-5670-80ec-56095c95e940.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Additional materials were added to the collection until 1995.<ref name="library 2012">{{cite web | title=Special Collections, UW Libraries | website=Henry M. Jackson papers | date=September 26, 2012 | url=http://digital.lib.washington.edu/findingaids/view?docId=JacksonHenry3560.xml | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926144355/http://digital.lib.washington.edu/findingaids/view?docId=JacksonHenry3560.xml | archive-date=September 26, 2012 | url-status=unfit | access-date=September 5, 2018}}</ref> At some point, library staff discovered a classified document in the collection and sent it to the government for [[declassification]].<ref>{{Cite news |author=Staff writer |title=Security team to review Sen. Jackson's papers |url=https://www.seattlepi.com/seattlenews/article/Security-team-to-review-Sen-Jackson-s-papers-1165917.php |work=[[Seattle Post-Intelligencer]] |date=February 7, 2005 |access-date=July 15, 2018 |archive-date=July 15, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715123616/https://www.seattlepi.com/seattlenews/article/Security-team-to-review-Sen-Jackson-s-papers-1165917.php |url-status=live }}</ref> In response, in the summer of 2004, a man who identified himself as an employee of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) called the [[University of Washington]] asking to inspect Senator Jackson's archived documents housed there. He found a document labeled as classified and showed this to a librarian.{{r|Kaste 2005}}
In February 2005, 22 years after Jackson's death, a five-person team including staff of the CIA, [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]], the [[United States Department of Energy|Department of Energy]], and the [[Information Security Oversight Office]] came to the library to review all of Jackson's papers to remove anything still considered classified, or reclassified since then. The Department of Energy found nothing of concern, but the CIA blanked lines in about 20 papers and pulled 8 documents out of collection.<ref name="Kaste 2005">{{cite news|title=CIA's Seizure of Files Raises Questions|first=Martin|last=Kaste|work=Morning Edition|publisher=National Public Radio|date=March 15, 2005|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4535175|access-date=April 1, 2018|archive-date=July 15, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715123024/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4535175|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gup |first=Ted |year=2008 |title=Nation of Secrets: The Threat to Democracy and the American Way of Life |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0WOslCKGhvEC&pg=PA120 |location=New York |publisher=Anchor Books |pages=120–121 |isbn=978-0-307-47291-5 |access-date=July 15, 2018 |archive-date=August 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803022103/https://books.google.com/books?id=0WOslCKGhvEC&pg=PA120 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{r|Webley 2005}}<ref>{{cite news|title=CIA seizes Sen. Jackson papers|first=Lara|last=Bain|work=Everett Herald|date=February 15, 2005|url=https://www.heraldnet.com/news/cia-seizes-sen-jackson-papers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905201400/https://www.heraldnet.com/news/cia-seizes-sen-jackson-papers/ |archive-date=September 5, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=Staff writer |date=February 21, 2005 |title=Federal Officials Remove Jackson Documents from UW |url=https://www.seattlepi.com/seattlenews/article/Federal-officials-remove-Jackson-documents-from-UW-1166945.php |work=[[Seattle Post-Intelligencer]] |access-date=July 15, 2018 |archive-date=July 15, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715123636/https://www.seattlepi.com/seattlenews/article/Federal-officials-remove-Jackson-documents-from-UW-1166945.php |url-status=live }}</ref> {{As of|2018}}, some files in the collection are available only to those regarded by the library as "serious researchers", who must first sign a release not to divulge some of the information contained in the files.{{r|library 2012}}<ref name="Archives West 1999">{{cite web | title=Archives West: Henry M. Jackson papers, 1912–1987 | website=Archives West | date=February 22, 1999 | url=https://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv91324 | access-date=September 5, 2018 | archive-date=September 6, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906014010/https://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv91324 | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Electoral history ==

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em ; font-size:95%"
|+ [[List of United States Senators from Washington|U.S. Senate (Class 1) elections in Washington]]: Results 1952–1982<ref name="ocresults">{{cite web |url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/CandidateDetail.html?CandidateID=6234 |title=OurCampaigns, Henry Martin "Scoop" Jackson |access-date=November 29, 2009 |publisher=OurCampaigns |archive-date=June 2, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602201532/http://www.ourcampaigns.com/CandidateDetail.html?CandidateID=6234 |url-status=live }}</ref>
!|Year
!
!|Democrat
!|Votes
!|Pct
!
!|Republican
!|Votes
!|Pct
!
!|3rd party
!|Party
!|Votes
!|Pct
!
!|3rd party
!|Party
!|Votes
!|Pct
!
|-
|[[1952 United States Senate election in Washington|1952]]
|
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{nowrap|'''Henry M. Jackson'''}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} align="right" |595,288
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |56.23%
|
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{nowrap|[[Harry P. Cain]]}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}} align="right" |460,884
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |43.53%
|
|{{Party shading/Progressive}} |{{nowrap|[[Thomas C. Rabbitt]]}}
|{{Party shading/Progressive}} |[[Progressive Party (United States, 1948)|Progressive]]
|{{Party shading/Progressive}} align="right" |1,912
|{{Party shading/Progressive}} align="right" |0.18%
|
|{{Party shading/Socialist Labor}} |Henry Killman
|{{Party shading/Socialist Labor}} |{{nowrap|[[Socialist Labor Party of America|Socialist Labor]]}}
|{{Party shading/Socialist Labor}} align="right" |651
|{{Party shading/Socialist Labor}} align="right" |0.06%
|
|-
|[[1958 United States Senate election in Washington|1958]]
|
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{nowrap|'''Henry M. Jackson'''}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} align="right" |597,040
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |67.32%
|
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{nowrap|William B. Bantz}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}} align="right" |278,271
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |31.38%
|
|{{Party shading/Socialist Labor}} |Henry Killman
|{{Party shading/Socialist Labor}} |[[Socialist Labor Party of America|Socialist Labor]]
|{{Party shading/Socialist Labor}} align="right" |7,592
|{{Party shading/Socialist Labor}} align="right" |0.86%
|
|{{Party shading/Constitution}} |Archie G. Idso
|{{Party shading/Constitution}} |[[Constitution Party (United States 1952)|Constitution]]
|{{Party shading/Constitution}} align="right" |2,257
|{{Party shading/Constitution}} align="right" |0.26%
|
|-
|[[United States Senate elections, 1964|1964]]
|
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{nowrap|'''Henry M. Jackson'''}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} align="right" |875,950
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |72.21%
|
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |[[Lloyd J. Andrews]]
|{{Party shading/Republican}} align="right" |337,138
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |27.79%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[1970 United States Senate election in Washington|1970]]
|
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{nowrap|'''Henry M. Jackson'''}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} align="right" |879,385
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |82.43%
|
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{nowrap|Charles W. Elicker}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}} align="right" |170,790
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |16.01%
|
|{{Party shading/Socialist Workers}} |William Massey
|{{Party shading/Socialist Workers}} |[[Socialist Workers Party (United States)|Socialist Workers]]
|{{Party shading/Socialist Workers}} align="right" |9,255
|{{Party shading/Socialist Workers}} align="right" |0.87%
|
|{{Party shading/Independent}} |Edison Fisk
|{{Party shading/Independent}} |Buffalo
|{{Party shading/Independent}} align="right" |7,377
|{{Party shading/Independent}} align="right" |0.69%
|
|-
|[[1976 United States Senate election in Washington|1976]]
|
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{nowrap|'''Henry M. Jackson'''}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} align="right" |1,071,219
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |71.84%
|
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |George M. Brown
|{{Party shading/Republican}} align="right" |361,546
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |24.25%
|
|{{Party shading/American Independent}} |Dave Smith
|{{Party shading/American Independent}} |{{nowrap|[[American Independent Party|American Independent]]}}
|{{Party shading/American Independent}} align="right" |28,182
|{{Party shading/American Independent}} align="right" |1.89%
|
|{{Party shading/Libertarian}} |{{nowrap|Richard K. Kenney}}
|{{Party shading/Libertarian}} |[[Libertarian Party (United States)|Libertarian]]
|{{Party shading/Libertarian}} align="right" |19,373
|{{Party shading/Libertarian}} align="right" |1.30%
|
|-
|[[1982 United States Senate election in Washington|1982]]
|
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{nowrap|'''Henry M. Jackson'''}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} align="right" |943,665
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |68.96%
|
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |Douglas Jewett
|{{Party shading/Republican}} align="right" |332,273
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |24.28%
|
|{{Party shading/Independent}} |[[King Lysen]]
|{{Party shading/Independent}} |[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|{{Party shading/Independent}} align="right" |72,297
|{{Party shading/Independent}} align="right" |5.28%
|
|{{Party shading/Independent}} |Jesse Chiang
|{{Party shading/Independent}} |[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|{{Party shading/Independent}} align="right" |20,251
|{{Party shading/Independent}} align="right" |1.48%
|
|}

== See also ==
{{portal|Conservatism}}
* [[Henry M. Jackson High School]]
* [[List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets]]
* [[List of members of the United States Congress who died in office (1950–1999)]]
* [[United States congressional delegations from Washington]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Library resources box}}{{wikisource|works=or}}
{{Commons category|Henry Martin Jackson}}
{{Wikiquote|Henry M. Jackson}}
* [http://content.lib.washington.edu/jacksonweb/index.html Henry M. Jackson Collection]&nbsp;– University of Washington Digital Collection
* {{Biographical Directory of Congress|J000013}}
* {{Find a Grave|1781}}
* [http://www.4president.org/brochures/scoopjackson1972brochure.htm 1972 presidential campaign brochure], at 4president.org
* [http://www.lib.washington.edu/specialcoll/findaids/docs/papersrecords/JacksonHenry3560.xml Henry M Jackson Papers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060828023310/http://www.lib.washington.edu/specialcoll/findaids/docs/papersrecords/JacksonHenry3560.xml |date=August 28, 2006 }}, at the University of Washington
* [https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/art/artifact/Sculpture_24_00008.htm Bust of Henry Jackson], at the U.S. Senate
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060813012541/http://www.hjf.org/index.html Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine]
* [http://www.hmjackson.org/ Henry M Jackson Foundation]
* [http://www.henryjacksonsociety.org/ The Henry Jackson Society], at the University of Cambridge
* [https://www.amazon.com/Henry-M-Jackson-Life-Politics/dp/0295979623/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1328222652&sr=8-2 Henry M. Jackson—A Life in Politics], biography
* [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.31210024910513;view=1up;seq=2 Henry M. Jackson, late a senator]
*{{C-SPAN|9254570}}

=== Archives ===
* [http://digital.lib.washington.edu/findingaids/view?docId=JacksonHenry3560.xml Guide to the Henry M. Jackson Papers]. 1912–1987. Approximately 1,240 Cubic Ft. At the [http://www.lib.washington.edu/specialcoll/ University of Washington Libraries Special Collections].
* [http://digital.lib.washington.edu/findingaids/view?docId=BrooksRichard2903.xml Richard J. Brooks Papers.] 1956–2000. 7.62 cubic feet. 8 boxes, one vertical file, one oversize folder, one mapcase folder. At the [http://www.lib.washington.edu/specialcoll/ University of Washington Libraries Special Collections]. Contains correspondence from Senator Henry M. Jackson.

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|us-hs}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Monrad Wallgren]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of the [[List of United States representatives from Washington|U.S. House of Representatives]]<br />from [[Washington's 2nd congressional district]]|years=1941–1953}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Jack Westland]]}}
|-
{{s-ppo}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Hugh Mitchell (politician)|Hugh Mitchell]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] nominee for [[United States Senator|U.S. Senator]] from [[Washington (state)|Washington]]<br />([[Classes of United States Senators|Class 1]])|years=[[1952 United States Senate election in Washington|1952]], [[1958 United States Senate election in Washington|1958]], [[1964 United States Senate election in Washington|1964]], [[1970 United States Senate election in Washington|1970]], [[1976 United States Senate election in Washington|1976]], [[1982 United States Senate election in Washington|1982]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Mike Lowry]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Paul Butler (lawyer)|Paul M. Butler]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Chair of the [[Democratic National Committee]]|years=1960–1961}}
{{s-aft|after=[[John Moran Bailey]]}}
|-
{{s-vac|last=[[Howard Baker]], [[George H. W. Bush]], [[Peter H. Dominick|Peter Dominick]], [[Gerald Ford]], [[Robert P. Griffin|Robert Griffin]], [[Thomas Kuchel]], [[Melvin Laird|Mel Laird]], [[Bob Mathias]], [[George Murphy]], [[Richard Harding Poff|Dick Poff]], [[Charles H. Percy|Chuck Percy]], [[Al Quie]], [[Charlotte Thompson Reid|Charlotte Reid]], [[Hugh Scott]], [[William A. Steiger|Bill Steiger]], [[John Tower]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Response to the State of the Union address]]|years=1970|alongside=[[Donald M. Fraser|Donald Fraser]], [[Mike Mansfield]], [[John William McCormack|John McCormack]], [[Patsy Mink]], [[Edmund Muskie|Ed Muskie]], [[William Proxmire|Bill Proxmire]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Mike Mansfield]]}}
|-
{{s-par|us-sen}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[List of United States senators from Washington|United States Senator (Class 1) from Washington]]|alongside=[[Warren Magnuson]], [[Slade Gorton]]|years=1953–1983}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Daniel J. Evans]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Clinton Anderson (New Mexico politician)|Clinton Anderson]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Chair of the [[United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources|Senate Energy Committee]]<br />{{small|Interior Committee (1963–1977)}}|years=1963–1981}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Jim McClure (politician)|Jim McClure]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Mark Hatfield]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Ranking Member of the [[United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources|Senate Energy Committee]]|years=1981–1983}}
{{s-aft|after=[[J. Bennett Johnston]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[John C. Stennis]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Ranking Member of the [[United States Senate Committee on Armed Services|Senate Armed Services Committee]]|years=1983}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Sam Nunn]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{USSenWA}}
{{SenEnergyCommitteeChairmen}}
{{DNCchairmen}}
{{United States presidential election, 1960}}
{{United States presidential election, 1972}}
{{United States presidential election, 1976}}
{{Neoconservatism}}
{{Refusenik movement and 1990s post-Soviet aliyah}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jackson, Henry Martin}}
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