View source for Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baron Rawlinson

{{Short description|British Army general (1864–1925)}}
{{distinguish|text=his father, [[Sir Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baronet]], a British diplomat and orientalist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[General]] [[The Right Honourable]]
| name          = The Lord Rawlinson
| honorific_suffix = [[Order of the Bath|GCB]] [[Order of the Star of India|GCSI]] [[Royal Victorian Order|GCVO]] [[Order of St Michael and St George|KCMG]]
| image         = Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baron Rawlinson in 1916.jpg
| image_size    = 
| alt           = 
| caption       = Rawlinson in 1916
| nickname      = 
| birth_date    = {{birth date|1864|02|20|df=yes}}
| birth_place   = Trent Manor, [[Dorset]], England
| death_date    = {{death date and age|1925|03|28|1864|02|20|df=yes}}
| death_place   = [[Delhi]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_cause   = Influenza
| placeofburial = St Andrew's Church, Trent, Dorset
| allegiance    = United Kingdom
| branch        = [[British Army]]
| serviceyears  = 1884–1925
| rank          = [[General (United Kingdom)|General]]
| servicenumber = 
| unit          = [[King's Royal Rifle Corps]]<br>[[Coldstream Guards]]
| commands      = [[Commander-in-Chief, India]]<br />[[Aldershot Command]]<br />[[Second Army (United Kingdom)|Second Army]]<br />[[Fourth Army (United Kingdom)|Fourth Army]]<br />[[First Army (United Kingdom)|First Army]]<br />[[IV Corps (United Kingdom)|IV Corps]]<br />[[4th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|4th Division]]<br />[[3rd Mechanised Division (United Kingdom)|3rd Division]]<br />[[2nd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|2nd Infantry Brigade]]<br />[[Staff College, Camberley]]
| battles       = [[Mahdist War]]<br />[[Second Boer War]]<br />[[First World War]]<br>[[North Russia intervention]]
| awards        = Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Bath]]<br />Knight Grand Commander of the [[Order of the Star of India]]<br />Knight Grand Cross of the [[Royal Victorian Order]]<br />Knight Commander of the [[Order of St Michael and St George]]<br />[[Mentioned in Despatches]]
| spouse        = Meredith Sophia Francis Kennard
| relations     = 
| laterwork     = 
}}
[[General (United Kingdom)|General]] '''Henry Seymour Rawlinson, 1st Baron Rawlinson''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|GCB|GCSI|GCVO|KCMG}} (20 February 1864 – 28 March 1925), known as '''Sir Henry Rawlinson, 2nd Baronet''' between 1895 and 1919, was a senior [[British Army]] officer in the [[First World War]] who commanded the [[Fourth Army (United Kingdom)|Fourth Army]] of [[British Expeditionary Force (World War I)|the British Expeditionary Force]] at the battles of the [[Battle of the Somme|Somme]] (1916) and [[Battle of Amiens (1918)|Amiens]] (1918) as well as the breaking of the [[Hindenburg Line]] (1918). He commanded the [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]] from 1920 to 1925.

==Early life==
Rawlinson was born at [[Trent, Dorset|Trent]] Manor in [[Dorset]] on 20 February 1864.<ref>{{cite ODNB|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-35690|title=Rawlinson, Henry Seymour, Baron Rawlinson|year=2004|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/35690|access-date=8 October 2019}}</ref> His father, [[Sir Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baronet]], was an Army officer, and a renowned [[Middle East]] scholar who is generally recognised as the father of [[Assyriology]]. His mother was Louisa Caroline Harcourt Seymour (1828-1889). He received his early formal education at [[Eton College]].<ref>L. G. Pine, The New Extinct Peerage 1884-1971: Containing Extinct, Abeyant, Dormant and Suspended Peerages With Genealogies and Arms (London, U.K.: Heraldry Today, 1972), page 227. Hereinafter cited as The New Extinct Peerage.</ref>

==Early military career==
After [[Passing out (military)|passing out]] from the [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst]], Rawlinson entered the [[British Army]] as a [[Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)|lieutenant]] in the [[King's Royal Rifle Corps]] in India on 6 February 1884.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=25315|page=535|date=5 February 1884}}</ref>{{sfn|Atwood|2018|p=8}} His father arranged for him to serve on the staff of a friend, General Sir [[Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts|Frederick Roberts]], the [[Commander-in-Chief, India]]. Rawlinson and the Roberts family remained close friends throughout his life.  When Roberts died in November 1914, Rawlinson wrote, "I feel as if I have lost my second father."{{sfn|Atwood|2018|p=102}} His first military experience was serving in [[British rule in Burma|Burma]] in 1886 at the end of the [[Third Anglo-Burmese War]].<ref name=lh>[http://www.kcl.ac.uk/lhcma/locreg/RAWLINSON.shtml Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives]</ref>

===Colonial service===
In October 1889, Rawlinson's mother died{{sfn|Atwood|2018|p=13}} and he returned to Britain. He transferred to the [[Coldstream Guards]],{{sfn|Atwood|2018|p=15}} and was promoted to [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|captain]] on 4 November 1891.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=26226|page=6231|date=24 November 1891|nolink=y}}</ref> He attended the [[Staff College, Camberley]] from 1893 to 1895, which brought him into contact with [[Julian Byng, 1st Viscount Byng of Vimy|Julian Byng]], [[Aylmer Haldane]], [[Thomas Snow (British Army officer)|Thomas Snow]], [[Hubert Hamilton]], [[Alexander Hamilton-Gordon (British Army officer, born 1859)|Alexander Hamilton-Gordon]], [[Launcelot Kiggell]], and [[Sir Henry Wilson, 1st Baronet|Henry Wilson]], all of whom would rise to high rank in the [[First World War]].{{sfn|Atwood|2018|p=15}} He served on Major General [[Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|Herbert Kitchener]]'s staff during the advance on [[Battle of Omdurman|Omdurman]] in [[Mahdist State|Sudan]] in 1898, and was promoted to [[Major (United Kingdom)|major]] on 25 January 1899<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27048|page=720|date=3 February 1899|nolink=y}}</ref> and to [[brevet (military)|brevet]] [[Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)|lieutenant colonel]] on 26 January 1899.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27048|page=722|date=3 February 1899|nolink=y}}</ref>

Rawlinson served with distinction in a field command in the [[Second Boer War]] from 1899 to 1902, earning promotion to the local rank of [[Colonel (United Kingdom)|colonel]] on 6 May 1901.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27325|page=4187|date=21 June 1901|nolink=y}}</ref> He was in Western [[South African Republic|Transvaal]] during early 1902, and led a column taking part in the [[Battle of Rooiwal]], the last battle of the war (11 April 1902).<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=27455 |date=18 July 1902 |page=4589  |nolink=y}}</ref>

Following the [[Treaty of Vereeniging|end of hostilities]] in June 1902, he returned to the United Kingdom together with Lord Kitchener on board the SS ''Orotava'',<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=The Army in South Africa – Troops returning home |date=26 June 1902 |page=10 |issue=36804}}</ref> which arrived in [[Southampton]] on 12 July.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Lord Kitchener′s return |date=14 July 1902 |page=6 |issue=36819}}</ref> In a [[mentioned in despatches|despatch]] dated 23 June 1902, Lord Kitchener wrote of Rawlinson that he "possesses the qualities of Staff Officer and Column Commander in the field. His characteristics will always ensure him a front place in whatever he sets his mind to."<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=27459 |date=29 July 1902 |pages=4835–4837 |nolink=y}}</ref> For his service in the war, Rawlinson was appointed a Companion of the [[Order of the Bath]] in the April 1901 South Africa Honours list (the award was dated to 29 November 1900<ref name=cb>{{London Gazette |issue=27306 |date=19 April 1901 |page=2697}}</ref>), and he received the actual decoration after his return home, from [[Edward VII]] at [[Buckingham Palace]] on 24 October 1902.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Court Circular |date=25 October 1902 |page=8 |issue=36908}}</ref>

Rawlinson had received the brevet rank of colonel in the [[1902 Coronation Honours]] published on 26 June,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27448|supp=y|pages=4191–4193|date=26 June 1902|nolink=y}}</ref> was promoted to the substantive rank of colonel on 1 April 1903,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27549|page=2843|date=5 May 1903|nolink=y}}</ref> and named as commandant of the [[Staff College, Camberley]] in December 1903, taking over from Colonel [[Herbert Miles]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27634|page=181|date=8 January 1904}}</ref>

=== Staff College ===
Rawlinson was the first of three reforming commandants who transformed the Staff College into a real war school. The curriculum was modernised and updated, the teaching given a new sense of purpose and instructors became 'directing staff' rather than 'professors', emphasising practicality. [[Reade Godwin-Austen]], historian of the college, wrote:

{{Quote|"Blessed with an extremely attractive personality, a handsome appearance, high social standing, and more than an average share of this world's goods, he was one to inspire his students unconsciously to follow in his footsteps."<ref>Brevet-Major A.R. Godwin-Austen, The Staff and the Staff College. London, Constable, 1927, p. 235;</ref><ref>Brian Bond, ''The Victorian Army and the Staff College'', 1854–1914. London, Eyre Methuen, 1972, pp. 196–199.</ref>}}

He remained commandant until January 1907 when he was placed on [[half-pay]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27984|page=190|date=8 January 1907}}</ref>

[[File:Lord Kitchener visited Shiba Palace in Tokyo.jpg|thumb|left|Group of Lord Kitchener's Mission to Japan to attend the Imperial Grand Japanese Manoeuvres. Taken in the grounds of the Shiba Palace, Tokyo, November 1909. Major General Sir Henry Rawlinson stands on the extreme left.]]

Promoted to temporary [[Brigadier (United Kingdom)|brigadier general]] on 1 March 1907, he was made commander of the [[2nd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|2nd Infantry Brigade]] in place of [[Edwin Alderson]] at [[Aldershot Command|Aldershot]] that year.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28002|page=1740|date=8 March 1907|nolink=y}}</ref>{{sfn|Atwood|2018|p=83}} Having been promoted to [[Major general (United Kingdom)|major general]] on 10 May 1909,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28252|page=3763|date=18 May 1909|nolink=y}}</ref> he became [[general officer commanding]] of the [[3rd (UK) Division|3rd Division]] in June 1910, in succession to Major General [[William Franklyn (British Army officer)|William Franklyn]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28381|page=3883|date=3 June 1910}}</ref><ref name=lh/> In manoeuvres in June 1912, he showed an appreciation of the use of artillery, ''[[The Times]]'' correspondent noting approvingly:

{{Blockquote|An operation of altogether unusual character took place yesterday on [[Salisbury Plain]] when Major-General Sir Henry Rawlinson's 3rd Division practised combined field firing on a scale, which, so far as the writer can recall, has never been attempted before.<ref>'Combined Field Firing', The Times 28 June 1912, p. 13.</ref>}}

The historians Robin Prior and Trevor Wilson praise Rawlinson's foresight in considering combining infantry with the fire-power of machine-guns and artillery.<ref>Robin Prior & Trevor Wilson, Command on the Western Front: The Military Career of Sir Henry Rawlinson 1914–1918 (Barnsley, Pen & Sword, 2004), p. 10.</ref> After handing over the division to his successor, Major General [[Hubert Hamilton]], in May 1914{{sfn|Atwood|2018|p=90}} Rawlinson went on leave, returning on the outbreak of war to briefly serve as director of recruiting at the [[War Office]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Beckett |first1=Ian |last2=Corvi |first2=Steven |title=Haig's Generals |date=2006 |publisher=Casemate Publishers |isbn=9781844151691 |page=166 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GBjGTD7NJgAC&pg=PA166 |ref=Beckett}}</ref>

==First World War==
=== Western Front ===
In September 1914, just weeks after the [[British entry into World War I]], Rawlinson was appointed temporarily as GOC of the [[4th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|4th Division]] of the [[British Expeditionary Force (World War I)|British Expeditionary Force]] in France, in the place of Major General [[Thomas Snow (British Army officer)|Thomas Snow]], who had been injured when his horse fell on him.<ref name=lh/>

Promoted to temporary [[Lieutenant general (United Kingdom)|lieutenant general]] on 4 October 1914,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28935|page=8135|date=13 October 1914|nolink=y}}</ref> he then took command of the [[IV Corps (United Kingdom)|IV Corps]].<ref name=lh/> In late September, the Belgian government formally requested British military assistance in [[Siege of Antwerp (1914)|defending Antwerp]]. IV Corps, acting under orders from the Cabinet, was chosen to reinforce the city. Rawlinson arrived in Antwerp on 6 October.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cassar|first=George H.|title=Kitchener's War: British Strategy from 1914 to 1916|publisher=Potomac Books|year=2004|isbn=9781574887099|location=United States|pages=100}}</ref> It was soon obvious that the combined British, Belgian, and French forces were too weak to hold the city, and Kitchener decided on an evacuation two days later.{{sfn|Atwood|2018|p=94}} IV Corps and the remnants of the [[Belgian Army order of battle (1914)|Belgian Army]] successfully re-joined [[Allies of World War I|Allied forces]] in Western Belgium, with the Cabinet returning Rawlinson's corps to the BEF, under Field Marshal [[John French, 1st Earl of Ypres|Sir John French]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cassar|title=Kitchener's War|publisher=|year=2004|isbn=|location=|pages=109}}</ref> IV Corps marched into [[Ypres]] on the night of 13–14 October, where the BEF, advancing northwards, was preparing to [[Race to the Sea|meet the German Army]].{{sfn|Atwood|2018|pp=95–96}} Located at the centre of the British line, IV Corps met the [[First Battle of Ypres|main thrust of the German attacks]] between 18 and 27 October and suffered heavy casualties.{{sfn|Atwood|2018|p=97–100}} On 28 October, IV Corps was put under the temporary command of Lieutenant General [[Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig|Sir Douglas Haig]], GOC [[I Corps (United Kingdom)|I Corps]], while Rawlinson went to England to oversee the preparation of the [[8th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|8th Division]]. When he returned in November the German attacks on Ypres had died down.{{sfn|Atwood|2018|p=101}}

Rawlinson wrote to the [[Conservative Party (United Kingdom)|Conservative]] politician [[Edward Stanley, 17th Earl of Derby]] (24 December 1914) forecasting that the Allies would win a [[Attrition warfare|war of attrition]] but it was unclear whether this would take one, two or three years.<ref>Jeffery 2006, p139</ref> In 1915, IV Corps formed part of the [[First Army (United Kingdom)|First Army]] of the BEF, commanded by Haig, now a [[General (United Kingdom)|full general]]. At the [[Battle of Neuve Chapelle]] (10–12 March 1915), he massed 340 guns. The weight of this bombardment on a comparatively narrow front enabled the attackers to secure the village and {{cvt|1600|yd|m}} of the German front line. The arrival of German reinforcements prevented further advance. Rawlinson concluded that an enemy's line of trenches could be broken 'with suitable artillery preparation' combined with secrecy.<ref>Robin Prior & Trevor Wilson, Command on the Western Front: the Military Career of Sir Henry Rawlinson 1914–1918 (Pen & Sword Books, Barnsley, 2004), p. 56.</ref> He also drew a lesson, that trench warfare called for limited advances: 'What I want to do now is what I call "Bite & Hold" – bite off a piece of the enemy's line like Neuve Chapelle & hold it against all counter-attacks...there ought to be no difficulty in holding against the enemy's counterattacks & inflicting on him at least twice the loss that we have suffered in making the bite'.{{sfn|Atwood|2018|p=95}}

At the end of 1915, Rawlinson was considered for command of the First Army, in succession to Haig, who succeeded French as [[commander-in-chief]] of the BEF, but the command was instead given to General [[Sir Charles Monro, 1st Baronet|Sir Charles Monro]]. He was promoted to temporary general on 22 December 1915.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29433 |supp=y|page=437|date=10 January 1916|nolink=y}}</ref> Promoted to the substantive rank of lieutenant general on 1 January 1916,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29438 |supp=y|page=568|date=14 January 1916|nolink=y}}</ref> Rawlinson assumed command of the new [[Fourth Army (United Kingdom)|Fourth Army]] on 24 January 1916.<ref>Prior & Wilson 2003, p. 137.</ref> The Fourth Army would play a major role in the planned Allied offensive on the [[Somme River|Somme]]. He wrote in his diary:

{{Quote|It is not the lot of many men to command an army of over half a million men.{{sfn|Middlebrook|1971|p=78}}}}

The offensive on the Somme was originally conceived as a joint Anglo-French offensive but owing to the demands of the [[Battle of Verdun]], French participation was reduced from one half to one third of the total number of troops engaged, leaving the British, and especially Rawlinson's inexperienced army, to bear the brunt of the offensive.{{sfn|Middlebrook|1971|p=70}} On the eve of the offensive, he "showed an attitude of absolute confidence".{{sfn|Middlebrook|1971|p=90}} To his diary he confided some uncertainties: "What the actual results will be no one can say but I feel pretty confident of success myself though only after heavy fighting. That the bosh [sic] will break and that a debacle will supervene I do not believe..." He was not satisfied that the wire was well cut and enemy trenches sufficiently "knocked about".<ref>Rodney Atwood, 'Rawlinson on the Somme, 'Centenary Perspectives on the Great War: Society for Army Historical Research Commemorative Special Publication on the First World War p. 74.</ref>

===Battle of the Somme===
[[File:General Sir Henry S Rawlinson.jpg|thumb|left|General Sir Henry Rawlinson, Bt, at [[British Fourth Army|Fourth Army]] HQ, Querrieu Château, July 1916]]

The Somme offensive was launched on 1 July 1916. In English writing, attention has been paid to the [[First day on the Somme|first day]], a British disaster for three of the five attacking corps, although the battle lasted 141 days against two German armies. On 1 July, British forces were repulsed by the Germans along most of the front north of the [[Albert, Somme|Albert]]–[[Bapaume]] road, suffering 57,000 casualties. The worst defeats were in front of [[Battle of Pozières|Pozières]] and [[Battle of Thiepval Ridge|Thiepval]]. By the afternoon Rawlinson was aware of much of the disaster but not of the casualties. By 3 July he knew 8,000 prisoners had been taken.{{sfn|Middlebrook|1971|p=226}}<ref>Atwood, 'Rawlinson on the Somme', p. 76.</ref> On the Allied right, the British and French had more success. Here they had a better fire plan but limited objectives as a flank guard to a main advance further north.  This was more in keeping with Rawlinson's idea of "bite and hold". There is no documentary evidence that the corps commander on the right (southern) British flank, Lieutenant General [[Walter Congreve]], commanding [[XIII Corps (United Kingdom)|XIII Corps]], telephoned Rawlinson to ask permission to advance beyond his set objectives or to send in cavalry.{{sfn|Middlebrook|1971|p=213, 226, 291}}<ref>Atwood, 'Rawlinson on the Somme', p.91note111.</ref>

The principal causes of the defeat in the north were the skill of German defenders, the siting of their defences and the failure of the long and heavy preliminary artillery bombardment to destroy the German barbed wire and trenches, except in the southern sector where French heavy artillery assisted. It is not true that heavily laden British infantry were required to advance at a slow walk. The researches of the historians Robin Prior and Trevor Wilson have shown that the majority of battalions were out in No Man's Land before whistles blew.<ref>Robin Prior & Trevor Wilson The Somme (London, 2005), pp. 112–118.</ref> This was of no avail, except in the south, against skilful placing of German machine guns in enfilade positions and German artillery fire falling on British trenches to prevent reinforcements reaching the [[36th (Ulster) Division]], who had penetrated the German position north of Thiepval. Rawlinson's 'Tactical Notes', initially drafted by his chief of staff Archie Montgomery, were not prescriptive, giving initiative to battalion commanders to choose their formations.<ref>Atwood, 'Rawlinson on the Somme', p. 74.</ref>

[[File:KGV Rawlinson Congreve 1916 IWM Q 969.jpg|thumb|right|Lieutenant-General [[Walter Congreve]] inspecting captured German trenches near [[Fricourt]] along with King [[George V]], the [[Edward VIII|Prince of Wales]], General Sir Henry Rawlinson and Lieutenant Harding of the [[Royal Engineers]] in 1916.]]

Haig told Rawlinson to exploit success in the south. Fourth Army fought its way forward towards the second German line atop the [[Battle of Bazentin Ridge|Bazentin Ridge]]. At first light on 14 July, following a night approach march, a two-day preparatory bombardment of over 375,000 shells and a five-minute intensive hurricane bombardment, the leading British attackers, some within {{cvt|100|yd|m}} of enemy lines attacked the German position. Nearly all first line objectives were taken. The Germans suffered 2,200 casualties and the British took 1,400 prisoners.<ref>T.R. Moreman, 'The Dawn Assault – Friday 14th July 1916,' Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research, vol LXXI, no. 287 (Autumn, 1993), pp. 180–204.</ref> The British were unable to exploit this success and a long period of difficult fighting followed. The Germans made excellent use of the woods on the battlefield, turning each into a strongpoint. Rawlinson mainly failed to intervene and coordinate attacks until late August and early September, when he massed guns and men, enabling brigades of the [[16th (Irish) Division]] to [[Battle of Guillemont|capture Guillemont village]].{{sfn|Atwood|2018|p=97–100}} By late September, superior British artillery and better tactics enabled the British to achieve a striking success in the [[Battle of Morval]]. At the start of October, the rain and the temperature fell and the battlefield turned into a quagmire. The only late success was gained by the [[Fifth Army (United Kingdom)|Fifth Army]] (formerly Reserve Army, commanded by Lieutenant General [[Hubert Gough]]) capturing Beaumont Hamel.{{sfn|Atwood|2018|p=157–158}}

The results of the Somme remain in dispute; casualties on both sides were immense. There is evidence that the German Army suffered enormous damage from an increasingly effective British artillery aided by French and British air superiority over the battlefield.<ref>J.P. Harris, 'Douglas Haig and the First World War' (Cambridge, 2008), p.p. 242.</ref> "The unprecedented English artillery fire on the Somme is filling the hospitals more than ever" wrote the wife of a German aristocrat.<ref>Princess Evelyn Blucher, An English Wife in Berlin (London, 1920), p. 154.</ref> Rawlinson contributed to this in his awareness of guns and aircraft and his planning aided by his chief of staff for attacks on 14 July and 25 September. On and before 1 July and during most of August he has been criticised for giving insufficient direction and did not consistently assert control over subordinate commanders.<ref>Robin Prior & Trevor Wilson, 'Command on the Western Front: the Military Career of Sir Henry Rawlinson 1914–1918 (Barnsley, 2004), Part IV, "The Somme", pp. 137–260.</ref> There was cautious British optimism at the end of the Battle and General Sir [[Sir Henry Wilson, 1st Baronet|Henry Wilson]] felt that Haig could defeat Germany in 1917 by fighting "two Sommes at once", but that he should be told how much manpower was available and told to plan accordingly.<ref>Major General C.E. Callwell, 'Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson: His Life and Diaries (2 vols. London, 1927), pp. 296–297 quoting his diary of 14 November 1916.</ref>

In January 1917, Rawlinson was promoted to permanent general "for distinguished service in the field".<ref name="LG 29 December 1916">{{London Gazette |issue=29886 |date=29 December 1916 |page=15 |supp=y |nolink=y}}</ref> For a period in 1917–18, he also commanded the [[Second Army (United Kingdom)|Second Army]]. In February 1918 he was appointed British Permanent Military Representative to the inter-Allied [[Supreme War Council]] at [[Versailles (city)|Versailles]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/rawlinson.htm|title=Sir Henry Rawlinson|publisher=First World War|access-date=15 January 2019}}</ref>

===Battles of 1918===
[[File:Rawlinson and staff 1918.jpg|thumb|left|General Rawlinson with senior members of his staff in front of Fourth Army Advanced Headquarters, a camouflaged railway train, at Montigny Farm, near [[Péronne, Somme|Peronne]], France, October 1918.]]

On 28 March 1918, Rawlinson took over Fifth Army from Hubert Gough, sacked in the wake of the German March offensive, [[Operation Michael]]; his Fourth Army Staff joined him and Fifth Army became Fourth Army on 2 April. By this time the German Army's offensive had been checked, and the Allies were preparing a counter-offensive. Following the success of the [[First Australian Imperial Force|Australian]] attack at [[Battle of Hamel|Le Hamel]] on 4 July, Rawlinson proposed to Haig, now a field marshal, a larger attack, designed to force the Germans back from the city of [[Amiens]] and further to damage the German Army's weakening morale. At lunch on 16 July Haig agreed, saying he had already proposed such an operation.{{sfn|Atwood|2018|p=176}} Rawlinson had learned from his experiences on the Somme:

{{Blockquote|The immeasurable superiority of the planning for 8 August 1918 over that for 1 July 1916 testified to the distance the [[British Expeditionary Force (World War I)|BEF]] had travelled in the interim."{{sfn|Stevenson|2011|p=119}}}}

The attack was to be on a relatively narrow front, with no prior bombardment and limited objectives. To ensure a breakthrough, Haig gave Rawlinson command of virtually the whole British [[Royal Tank Regiment|armoured forces]]. By this stage of the war British manpower was severely depleted, and to achieve the breakthrough, the Fourth Army comprised four Canadian, five Australian, five British and two American divisions.{{sfn|Stevenson|2011|p=120}}

[[File:The British Army on the Western Front, 1914-1918 Q9690.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Sir [[Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig|Douglas Haig]] with his army commanders and their chiefs of staff, November 1918. Front row, left to right: Sir [[Herbert Plumer, 1st Viscount Plumer|Herbert Plumer]], Sir Douglas Haig, Sir Henry Rawlinson. Middle row, left to right: Sir [[Julian Byng, 1st Viscount Byng of Vimy|Julian Byng]], Sir [[William Birdwood]], Sir [[Henry Horne, 1st Baron Horne|Henry Horne]]. Back row, left to right: Sir [[Herbert Lawrence]], Sir [[Charles Kavanagh]], [[Brudenell White]], Percy, [[Louis Vaughan]], [[Archibald Montgomery-Massingberd]], [[Hastings Anderson]].]]

The Allies achieved surprise and the [[Battle of Amiens (1918)|Battle of Amiens]] proved a striking success. On 8 August, described by General [[Erich Ludendorff]] as "the black day of the German Army", the Allies took 12,000 prisoners and captured 450 guns. The German and Allied commands were struck by the collapse in German morale and the high number of Germans surrendering without a fight.{{sfn|Stevenson|2011|p=123}} The Allies were still cautious about pressing their advantage too far and on 11 August Rawlinson advised Haig to halt the offensive.{{sfn|Stevenson|2011|p=125}}

In September, again commanding a mixed force of British, Australian and American divisions, Rawlinson participated in the breaking of the [[Hindenburg Line]], a major part of the [[Hundred Days Offensive]]. Initial planning was by Lieutenant General Sir [[John Monash]], the [[Australian Corps]] commander, but Rawlinson broadened the front and gave him more tanks. The Allied attack was preceded by a massive artillery bombardment. Allied success was most striking in the centre where the [[46th (North Midland) Division]], part of Rawlinson's [[IX Corps (United Kingdom)|IX Corps]], [[Battle of St Quentin Canal|crossed the St Quentin Canal]] and stormed trenches beyond, advancing up to {{cvt|3|mi|km}} and taking over 5,300 prisoners.{{sfn|Atwood|2018|pp=189–191}} The Fourth Army's advance continued in the Battles of the [[Battle of the Selle|Selle]] and the [[Battle of the Sambre (1918)|Sambre]] and Oise Canal. In the Hundred Days, the Fourth Army had gained {{cvt|85|mi|km}}, taking 80,000 prisoners and 1,100 guns.{{sfn|Atwood|2018|p=200}}

The Allied advances continued until the [[Armistice of 11 November 1918]], which brought an end to the fighting on the Western Front.{{Sfn|Persico|2005}}

==Later life ==
=== Post-war activities ===
Rawlinson was bestowed with many honours in reward for his role in the First World War. He was made a Knight Grand Cross of the [[Royal Victorian Order]] in 1917 and appointed a Knight Commander of the [[Order of St Michael and St George]] 1918. In August 1919 [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]] passed a vote of thanks to him for his military service, and awarded him the sum of £30,000 from the [[Exchequer]].<ref name=holmes>{{cite web|title=Biographical entry for Baron Henry Seymour Rawlinson|publisher=Holmes A-Court family history|year=2018|url=http://www.holmesacourt.org/hac/2/2686.htm}}</ref> In 1919, he was raised to the [[peerage]] as '''Baron Rawlinson''' of Trent in the County of [[Dorset]],<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=31624 |date=31 October 1919 |page=13255|nolink=y}}</ref> and appointed a Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Bath]].<ref name="gcb">{{London Gazette
| issue = 31092
| date = 1 January 1919
| page = 1
| supp = y
| nolink = y
}}</ref>

Rawlinson was again called on to organise an evacuation, this time of the Allied forces that had been [[North Russia Intervention|sent to Russia]] to intervene in the [[Russian Civil War]].<ref name=lh/> In November 1919, after returning to Britain, he succeeded General Sir [[Archibald Murray]] as general officer commanding-in-chief (GOC-in-C) of [[Aldershot Command]].<ref name=lh/><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=31654|page=14278|date=21 November 1919|supp=y}}</ref>

=== Indian Command ===
In 1920, Rawlinson was made [[Commander-in-Chief, India]]. [[Winston Churchill]] as [[Secretary of State for War]] was instrumental in securing his appointment, over-riding a tradition that the post alternated between officers from the British and Indian Armies. He told Lloyd George that the post should go to the best qualified officer and that his military advisors "entirely supported my view that the best appointment we could make would be that of General Lord Rawlinson".<ref>National Archives, WO31/15353,  'Appointment of Lord Rawlinson'</ref> He held the post until his death.<ref name=lh/> He faced severe challenges. Brigadier [[Reginald Dyer]]'s ordering his men to [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre|shoot at a crowd at Amritsar]], killing 387 unarmed Indians, left a deep legacy of bitterness.<ref>[[Ferdinand Mount]], [https://www.lrb.co.uk/v41/n07/ferdinand-mount/they-would-have-laughed "They would have laughed"], in ''London Review of Books'' dated 4 April 2019, Vol. 41, No.7, pp 9–12</ref> The [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]] had ended, but there was [[Waziristan campaign (1919–1920)|continued fighting in Waziristan]]. A hugely expanded army faced postwar demobilisation and continued cost of modernisation. The new commander-in-chief was expected to introduce a measure of "Indianisation", giving commissions to Indians. Under the system of [[Diarchy]], Indians, generally opposed to military expenditure, took a share in government and Rawlinson would have to justify army budgets.  The [[Malabar rebellion]] of 1921 brought widespread disorder. When [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]] launched the movement of non-cooperation with the British on 1 August 1920, he wished to avoid popular violence, but in 1922 the campaign degenerated: a crowd attacked a police station at Chauri Chaura, set fire to the building and 22 or 23 policemen were burnt to death or hacked down by the crowd. Gandhi cancelled the campaign, but he and other leaders of the resistance were arrested.<ref>Jacobsen, Rawlinson in India, pp. pp. xxi–xxiv and 1–6.</ref> Rawlinson certainly began his command believing that the Army would have to maintain order. On 15 July, he complained that:

{{blockquote|Unless we, as a government, are prepared to act vigorously and take strong measures to combat the insidious propaganda of the extremists we are bound to have something very like rebellion in India before long... You say what you like about not holding India by the sword, but you have held it by the sword for 100 years and when you give up the sword you will be turned out. You must keep the sword ready to hand and in case of trouble or rebellion use it relentlessly. [[Edwin Montagu|Montagu]] calls it terrorism, so it is and in dealing with natives of all classes you have to use terrorism whether you like it or not.<ref>{{cite book|first=John |last=Newsinger|title=The Blood Never Dried: A People's History of the British Empire|publisher=Bookmarks Publications |year=2006|pages=113–114|isbn=978-1905192120}}</ref>}}

[[John Newsinger]] argues that "there is no doubt that the great majority of the British in India, soldiers, officials, civilians, agreed with Rawlinson on this. A few months later he noted in his journal that he "was determined to fight for the white community against any black sedition or rebellion", and, if necessary, "be the next Dyer".<ref>{{cite book|first=M |last=Jacobsen|title=Rawlinson in India|publisher=Stroud |year=2002|pages=12, 16|isbn=978-0750931410}}</ref> Nonetheless, with Gandhi temporarily behind bars and increasing economic stability as the 1920s advanced, Rawlinson had the scope to reduce the Army's strength, modernise its equipment and work closely with Viceroys [[Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford]] and [[Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading]] to try to make diarchy a success. In [[Waziristan]], the British and Indian Field Force backed by aircraft put an end to the fighting, [[Waziristan campaign (1921–1924)|built roads]] and established a brigade base at Razmak.<ref>Brian Robson, Crisis on the Frontier: The Third Afghan War and the Campaign in Waziristan 1919–1920 (Staplehurst, 2004).</ref> Rawlinson announced a scheme of "Indianisation" to the [[Central Legislative Assembly]] on 17 February 1923. Its aim, he said, was to "give Indians a fair opportunity of providing that units officered by Indians will be efficient in every way". The [[Rashtriya Indian Military College|Prince of Wales' Royal Indian Military College]] was founded at [[Dehra Dun]] in 1922, run on English public school lines, to encourage potential officer candidates.{{sfn|Atwood|2018|p=224–225}}

In January 1924, Rawlinson was appointed a Knight Grand Commander of the [[Order of the Star of India]].<ref name="ReferenceA">{{London Gazette |issue=32893 |date=1 January 1924 |pages=1–10  |supp=y}}</ref> By the end of his Indian command, he had reduced the [[British Indian Army|Indian army]] in numbers and cost, but improved firepower, mobility and training. In financial matters he had been hugely helped by Sir [[Bhupendra Nath Mitra]], who had financial details "at his finger's ends".<ref>Maurice, Life of General Lord Rawlinson, pp. 328 & 330–331.</ref> He had been appointed to succeed [[Rudolph Lambart, 10th Earl of Cavan]] as [[Chief of the Imperial General Staff]] when he left India.<ref>Jacobsen, Rawlinson in India, p. 189.</ref>

==Death==
Rawlinson died on 28 March 1925 at the age of 61 at [[Delhi]] in India, after a medical operation for a stomach ailment, although not long before the operation he had played [[polo]] and [[cricket]] and seemed fit and well.<ref>The Times, 28 March 1925, p. 12. 'Death of Lord Rawlinson. Sudden collapse after operation.'</ref> His body was carried back to England on the SS ''Assaye'', which was met on reaching the [[English Channel]] by [[HMCS Champlain (1919)|a Royal Navy destroyer]], onto which the coffin was transferred, then carried into [[Portsmouth Harbour]], being met at the South Jetty by a military ceremonial receiving party.<ref>{{cite web|title=Newspaper clipping showing the scene of the casket's arrival at Portsmouth|year=1925|url=https://www.ebay.co.uk/itm/1925-PORTSMOUTH-The-Body-Of-General-Lord-Rawlinson-Arrives-On-A-Destroyer/222999538773?hash=item33ebceec55:g:nJUAAOSwDPNbD-A5:rk:6:pf:0|access-date=5 March 2019|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306111513/https://www.ebay.co.uk/itm/1925-PORTSMOUTH-The-Body-Of-General-Lord-Rawlinson-Arrives-On-A-Destroyer/222999538773?hash=item33ebceec55:g:nJUAAOSwDPNbD-A5:rk:6:pf:0|url-status=dead}}</ref> Rawlinson was buried in the chapel of St Michael and St George in the north transept of St Andrew's Church, [[Trent, Dorset|Trent]], in the county of [[Dorset]].<ref>{{cite web|title=St. Andrew's Church, Trent|publisher= Dorset Churches|year=2018|url=http://www.dorset-churches.org.uk/trent.html}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Rawlinson was a gifted watercolour artist. In March 1920, he and Winston Churchill enjoyed a painting holiday together on the French estate of [[Hugh Grosvenor, 2nd Duke of Westminster]]. "The General paints in water colours and does it very well," wrote Churchill. "With all my enormous paraphernalia, I have produced very indifferent results here."{{sfn|Atwood|2018|p=204}}

He married Meredith Sophia Francis Kennard (1861–1931) at [[St Paul's Church, Knightsbridge]], London on 5 November 1890, the marriage producing no children. On Henry Rawlinson's death the baronetcy passed to his brother [[Sir Alfred Rawlinson, 3rd Baronet|Alfred Rawlinson]].<ref name=holmes/>{{sfn|Atwood|2018|p=14}}

==Honours==
===British===
* Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB) – 1 January 1919<ref name="gcb" /> (KCB: 18 February 1915;<ref>{{London Gazette
| issue = 29074
| date = 18 February 1915
| page = 1686
| supp = y
| nolink = y
}}</ref> CB: 19 April 1901<ref name=cb/>)
* Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India (GCSI) – 1 January 1924<ref name="ReferenceA" />
* Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO) - 14 July 1917<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=30216|date=3 August 1917|page=7912|nolink=y}}</ref> (KCVO: 15 August 1916;<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29711|date=18 August 1916|page=8149|nolink=y}}</ref> CVO: 30 June 1905<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27811|date=30 June 1905|page=4550 |supp=y|nolink=y}}</ref>)
* Knight Commander of the Order of St. Michael and St. George (KCMG) – 1 January 1918<ref>{{London Gazette|city=e|issue=13186|date=1 January 1918|page=9}}</ref>
* Baron Rawlinson, of Trent in the County of Dorset – 31 October 1919<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=31624|date=31 October 1919|page=13255|nolink=y}}</ref>

===Other===
* Grand Officer of the [[Legion of Honour]] of France – 24 February 1916<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29486|date=24 February 1916|page=2065 |supp=y|nolink=y}}</ref>
* [[Order of Danilo]], 1st Class of the [[Kingdom of Montenegro]] – 31 October 1916<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29977|date=9 March 1917|page=2448 |supp=y|nolink=y}}</ref>
* Obilitch Medal in Gold of the Kingdom of Montenegro – 21 April 1917<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=30030|date=21 April 1917|page=3826 |supp=y|nolink=y}}</ref>
* [[Order of St. George]], 4th Class of the [[Russian Empire]] – 1 June 1917<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=30108|date=1 June 1917|page=5433 |supp=y|nolink=y}}</ref>
* [[Grand Officer of the Order of Leopold]] of Belgium – 26 July 1917<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=30202|date=26 July 1917|page=7590 |supp=y|nolink=y}}</ref>
* [[War Cross (Belgium)|Croix de Guerre]] of Belgium – 11 March 1918<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=30568|date=11 March 1918|page=3097 |supp=y|nolink=y}}</ref>
* [[Croix de Guerre]] of France  – 11 March 1919<ref>{{London Gazette|city=e|issue=13420|date=18 March 1919|page=1232}}</ref>
* [[Army Distinguished Service Medal]] of the United States – 12 July 1919<ref>{{London Gazette|city=e|issue=13475|date=18 July 1919|page=2428}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|last=Atwood|first=Rodney|title=General Lord Rawlinson: From Tragedy to Triumph|isbn=978-1-4742-4698-9|year=2018|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing|Bloomsbury Academic]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UnNkDwAAQBAJ}}
*{{cite book |last1=Beckett |first1=Ian F. W. |last2=Corvi |first2=Steven J. |title=Haig's Generals |year=2006 |publisher=Pen & Sword Military |location=Barnsley |isbn=978-1-84415-169-1}}
* Jacobsen, Mark, (2002) 'Rawlinson in India'. Publications of the Army Records Society Vol 19.Sutton Publishing, Stroud, Glos.
*{{cite book |last=Jeffery |first=Keith |title=Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson: A Political Soldier |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-820358-2}}
* Maurice, Major-General Sir Frederick (1928), ''The Life of General Lord Rawlinson of Trent G.C.B., G.C.V.O., G.C.S.I., K.C.M.G.: From His Journals and Letters'' Cassell, OCLC 924000844
*{{cite book|last=Middlebrook|first=Martin|title=The First Day on the Somme|publisher=Allen Lane|year=1971|isbn=0-14-139071-9}}
*{{cite book|first=Robin|last=Neillands|author-link=Robin Neillands|title=The Great War Generals on the Western Front 1914–1918|year=1999|publisher=Robinson, 1999|isbn=1841190632}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Persico |first1=Joseph E.|author-link1=Joseph E. Persico |year=2005 |title=11th Month, 11th Day, 11th Hour |publisher=Random House |location=London |edition=illustrated, reprint |isbn=978-0-09-944539-5 |oclc=224671506 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6EBlXYx-O0C}}
* Prior, Robin (2004) ''Command on the Western Front: The Military Career of Sir Henry Rawlinson 1914–1918'' Leo Cooper, {{ISBN|1-84415-103-4}}
* Rawlinson, A. (1923) ''Adventures in the Near East, 1918–1922'' Andrew Melrose, OCLC 369625881
*{{cite book|last=Stevenson|first=David|title= With Our Backs to the Wall: Victory and Defeat in 1918|publisher=Allen Lane |year=2011|isbn=978-0141020792}}
*{{cite book |title=Borrowed Soldiers: Americans under British Command, 1918 |first=Mitchell A. |last=Yockelson | author-link = Mitchell Yockelson |others=Foreword by John S. D. Eisenhower |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-8061-3919-7}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baron Rawlinson}}
*[http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/person.asp?search=ss&sText=Rawlinson&LinkID=mp03719 National Portrait Gallery] (13 portraits, 6 displayed)
*{{PM20|FID=pe/014222}}
*[https://archivesearch.lib.cam.ac.uk/repositories/9/resources/1822 The Papers of General Lord (Henry S) Rawlinson] held at [[Churchill Archives Centre]]

{{s-start}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[4th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|GOC 4th Division]]|years=September–October 1914}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Henry Fuller Maitland Wilson|Henry Wilson]]}}
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{{s-new| post}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[IV Corps (United Kingdom)|GOC IV Corps]]|years=October 1914–December 1915}}
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{{succession box|title=[[First Army (United Kingdom)|GOC First Army]]|years=December 1915–February 1916|before=[[Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig|Sir Douglas Haig]]|after=[[Sir Charles Monro, 1st Baronet|Sir Charles Monro]]}}
{{s-new| post}}
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{{s-non  | reason  = ''Position abolished''}}
{{succession box|title=[[Second Army (United Kingdom)|GOC Second Army]]<br><small>(renamed [[Fourth Army (United Kingdom)|Fourth Army]], December 1917)</small>|years=November 1917–February 1918|before=[[Herbert Plumer, 1st Viscount Plumer|Sir Herbert Plumer]]|after=[[William Birdwood|Sir William Birdwood]]}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Aldershot Command|GOC-in-C Aldershot Command]]|years=1919–1920}}
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{{succession box | before=[[Sir Charles Monro, 1st Baronet|Sir Charles Monro]] | title=[[Commander-in-Chief, India|C-in-C India]] | years=1920–1925 | after=[[Claud Jacob|Sir Claud Jacob]]}}
{{s-reg|uk-bt}}
{{succession box | before=[[Sir Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baronet|Henry Rawlinson]] | title=[[Rawlinson Baronets|Baronet]]<br />'''(of North Walsham) | years='''1895–1925 | after=[[Sir Alfred Rawlinson, 3rd Baronet|Alfred Rawlinson]]}}
{{s-reg|uk}}
{{s-new | creation}}
{{s-ttl
 | title  = [[Baron Rawlinson]]
 | years  = 1919–1925
}}
{{s-non | reason = Extinct }}
{{s-end}}

{{Commander-in-Chief, India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rawlinson, Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baron}}
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