View source for Hermann Hesse

{{Short description|German writer (1877–1962)}}
{{About|the German writer|the Swiss politician and businessman|Hermann Hess (politician)|the Ghanaian technology entrepreneur|Herman Chinery-Hesse}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] -->
| name             = Hermann Hesse
| image            = Hermann Hesse 2.jpg
| image_size       = 
| caption          = 
| birth_name       = 
| birth_date       = {{birth date|df=y|1877|7|2}}
| birth_place      = [[Calw]], [[Kingdom of Württemberg]], German Empire
| death_date       = {{death date and age|df=y|1962|8|9|1877|7|2}}
| death_place      = [[Montagnola]], Ticino, Switzerland
| resting_place    = Cimitero di S. Abbondio, Gentilino, Ticino
| occupation       = {{cslist|Novelist|short story author|essayist|poet|painter}}
| spouse              = {{marriage|Maria Bernoulli|1904|1923}} {{marriage|Ruth Wenger|1924|1927}} {{marriage|[[Ninon Hesse]]|1931|1962}}
| period           = 
| genre            = Fiction
| signature        = Hesse Signature.svg
| signature_alt    = Signature of Hermann Karl Hesse
| notableworks     = {{plainlist|
* ''[[The Glass Bead Game]]'' (1943)
*  ''[[Siddhartha (novel)|Siddhartha]]'' (1922)
*  ''[[Steppenwolf (novel)|Steppenwolf]]'' (1927)
*  ''[[Narcissus and Goldmund]]'' (1930)
*  ''[[Demian]]'' (1919)
}}
| awards           = {{plainlist|
* [[Gottfried-Keller-Preis]] (1936)
* [[Goethe Prize]] (1946)
* [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] (1946)
* [[Wilhelm Raabe Literature Prize]] (1950)
* [[Peace Prize of the German Book Trade]] (1955)
}}
}}

'''Hermann Karl Hesse''' ({{IPA|de|ˈhɛʁman ˈhɛsə|lang|De-Hermann Hesse.ogg}}; 2 July 1877 – 9 August 1962) was a [[Germans|German]]-[[Swiss people|Swiss]] poet and novelist, and winner of the [[1946 Nobel Prize in Literature]]. His interest in [[Eastern philosophy|Eastern religious, spiritual, and philosophical traditions]], combined with his involvement with [[Jungian analysis]], helped to shape his literary work. His best-known novels include ''[[Demian]]'', ''[[Steppenwolf (novel)|Steppenwolf]]'', ''[[Siddhartha (novel)|Siddhartha]]'', ''[[Narcissus and Goldmund]]'', and ''[[The Glass Bead Game]]'', each of which explores an individual's search for [[Authenticity (philosophy)|authenticity]], self-knowledge, and [[spirituality]]. 

Hesse was a widely-read author in the German-speaking countries during his lifetime, but his more enduring international fame did not come until a few years after his death, when, in the mid-1960s, his works became enormously popular with post-World War II generation readers in the United States, Europe, and elsewhere.  

== Life and work ==

=== Family background ===
Hermann Karl Hesse was born on 2 July 1877 in the [[Black Forest]] town of [[Calw]], in [[Kingdom of Württemberg|Württemberg]], [[German Empire]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Hermann Hesse: Facts |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1946/hesse/facts/ |access-date=19 September 2025 |website=The Nobel Prize}}</ref> His grandparents served in India at a mission under the auspices of the [[Basel Mission]], a Protestant Christian missionary society. His grandfather [[Hermann Gundert]] compiled a [[Malayalam]] grammar and a Malayalam-English dictionary, and also contributed to a translation of the Bible into Malayalam in [[South India]].<ref>{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/amalayalamanden00gundgoog | page=[https://archive.org/details/amalayalamanden00gundgoog/page/n50 14] | title=A Malayalam and English Dictionary| publisher=C. Stolz | last1=Gundert| first1=Hermann| year=1872}}</ref> Hesse's mother, Marie Gundert, was born at such a mission in South India in 1842. In describing her own childhood, she said, "A happy child I was not ...". As was usual among missionaries at the time, she was left behind in Europe at the age of four when her parents returned to India.<ref>{{Citation | last = Gundert | first = Adele |trans-title=Marie Hesse: A life picture in letters and diaries | language = de | title = Marie Hesse: Ein Lebensbild in Briefen und Tagebuchern}} as quoted in Freedman (1978) pp. 18–19.</ref>

[[File:Hermann Hesse House.JPG|thumb|Hesse's birthplace in Calw, 2007]]

Hesse's father, Johannes Hesse, the son of a doctor, was born in 1847 in [[Paide|Weissenstein]], [[Governorate of Estonia]] in the [[Russian Empire]] (now Paide, [[Estonia]]). His son Hermann was at birth a dual citizen of the German Empire and the Russian Empire.<ref>{{Citation | title = Weltbürger – Hermann Hesses übernationales und multikulturelles Denken und Wirken | language = de |trans-title=Hermann Hesse's international and multicultural thinking and work | type = exhibition | publisher = Hermann-Hesse-Museum | place = City of Calw | date = 2 July 2009 – 7 February 2010}}.</ref> Hermann had five siblings, but two of them died in infancy. In 1873, the Hesse family moved to Calw, where Johannes worked for Calwer Verlagsverein, a publishing house specializing in theological texts and schoolbooks. Marie's father, [[Hermann Gundert]] (also the namesake of his grandson), managed the publishing house at the time, and Johannes Hesse succeeded him in 1893.

Hesse grew up in a [[Swabia]]n [[Pietism|Pietist]] household, with the Pietist tendency to insulate believers into small, deeply thoughtful groups. Furthermore, Hesse described his father's Baltic German heritage as "an important and potent fact" of his developing identity. His father, Hesse stated, "always seemed like a very polite, very foreign, lonely, little-understood guest".<ref name="autogenerated414">{{Citation | first = Hermann | last = Hesse | title = Briefe | language = de |trans-title=Letters | place = Frankfurt am Main | publisher = Verlag Suhrkamp | year = 1964 | page = 414}}.</ref> His father's tales from Estonia instilled a contrasting sense of religion in young Hermann. "[It was] an exceedingly cheerful, and, for all its Christianity, a merry world ... We wished for nothing so longingly as to be allowed to see this Estonia ... where life was so paradisiacal, so colourful and happy."  Hesse's sense of estrangement from the Swabian petite bourgeoisie grew further through his relationship with his maternal grandmother Julie Gundert, née Dubois, whose French-Swiss heritage kept her from ever quite fitting in among that milieu.<ref name="autogenerated414" />

=== Childhood ===
From childhood, Hesse was headstrong and hard for his family to handle. In a letter to her husband, Hermann's mother Marie wrote: "The little fellow has a life in him, an unbelievable strength, a powerful will, and, for his four years of age, a truly astonishing mind. How can he express all that? It truly gnaws at my life, this internal fighting against his tyrannical temperament, his passionate turbulence [...] God must shape this proud spirit, then it will become something noble and magnificent – but I shudder to think what this young and passionate person might become should his upbringing be false or weak."<ref>Volker Michels (ed.): ''Über Hermann Hesse''. Verlag Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main, vol 1: ''1904–1962, Repräsentative Textsammlung zu Lebzeiten Hesses''. 2nd ed., 1979, {{ISBN|978-3-518-06831-1}}, p. 400.</ref>

[[File:Nikolausbrücke Calw.jpg|thumb|St. Nicholas-Bridge (''Nikolausbrücke''), one of Hesse's favourite childhood places. Click to see an enlarged image, in which the statue of Hesse can be seen near the centre.]]
Hesse showed signs of serious depression as early as his first year at school.<ref>Freedman, p. 30</ref> In his [[juvenilia]] collection ''Gerbersau'', Hesse vividly describes experiences and anecdotes from his childhood and youth in Calw: the atmosphere and adventures by the river, the bridge, the chapel, the houses leaning closely together, hidden nooks and crannies, as well as the inhabitants with their admirable qualities, their oddities, and their idiosyncrasies. The fictional town of Gerbersau is pseudonymous for Calw, imitating the real name of the nearby town of [[Hirsau]]. It is derived from the German words ''gerber'', meaning "tanner", and ''aue'', meaning "meadow".<ref>An English equivalent would be "Tannersmead".</ref> Calw had a centuries-old leather-working industry, and during Hesse's childhood the tanneries' influence on the town was still very much in evidence.<ref>Siegfried Greiner ''Hermann Hesse, Jugend in Calw'', Thorbecke (1981), {{ISBN|978-3-7995-2009-6}} p. viii</ref> Hesse's favourite place in Calw was the St. Nicholas Bridge (''Nikolausbrücke''), which is why a Hesse monument was built there in 2002.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rockysmith.net/2010/04/05/a-special-fondness-2/|title=A Special Fondness|first=Rocky|last=Smith|work=Mr. Writer|date=5 April 2010|access-date=4 March 2019}}</ref>

Hermann Hesse's grandfather [[Hermann Gundert]], a doctor of philosophy and fluent in multiple languages, encouraged the boy to read widely, giving him access to his library, which was filled with works of world literature. All this instilled a sense in Hermann Hesse that he was a citizen of the world. His family background became, he noted, "the basis of an isolation and a resistance to any sort of nationalism that so defined my life".<ref name="autogenerated414"/>

Young Hesse shared a love of music with his mother. Both music and poetry were important in his family. His mother wrote poetry, and his father was known for his use of language in both his sermons and the writing of religious tracts. His first role model for becoming an artist was his half-brother, Theo, who rebelled against the family by entering a music conservatory in 1885.<ref>Freedman (1978) pp. 30–32</ref> Hesse showed a precocious ability to rhyme, and by 1889–90 had decided that he wanted to be a writer.<ref>Freedman (1978) p. 39</ref>

=== Education ===
[[File:Middle Bridge, Basel, Switzerland.JPG|thumb|The Swiss city of [[Basel]], which became an important point of reference throughout Hesse's life and played an important role during the author's education]]
In 1881, when Hesse was four, the family moved to [[Basel]], Switzerland, staying for six years and then returning to Calw. After successful attendance at the Latin School in [[Göppingen]], Hesse entered the [[Evangelical Seminaries of Maulbronn and Blaubeuren|Evangelical Theological Seminary]] of [[Maulbronn Monastery|Maulbronn Abbey]] in 1891. The pupils lived and studied at the abbey, one of Germany's most beautiful and well-preserved, attending 41 hours of classes a week. Although Hesse did well during the first months, writing in a letter that he particularly enjoyed writing essays and translating classic Greek poetry into German, his time in Maulbronn was the beginning of a serious personal crisis.<ref>Zeller, pp. 26–30</ref> In March 1892, Hesse showed his rebellious character, and, in one instance, he fled from the Seminary and was found in a field a day later. Hesse began a journey through various institutions and schools and experienced intense conflicts with his parents. In May, after an attempt at suicide, he spent time at an institution in [[Bad Boll]] under the care of theologian and minister [[Christoph Friedrich Blumhardt]]. Later, he was placed in a mental institution in [[Stetten im Remstal]], and then a boys' institution in Basel. At the end of 1892, he attended the [[Gymnasium (school)|Gymnasium]] in Cannstatt, now part of [[Stuttgart]]. In 1893, he passed the One Year Examination, which concluded his schooling. The same year, he began spending time with older companions and took up drinking and smoking.<ref>Freedman (1978) p. 53</ref>

After this, Hesse began a bookshop apprenticeship in [[Esslingen am Neckar]], but quit after three days. Then, in the early summer of 1894, he began a 14-month mechanic apprenticeship at a clock tower factory in Calw. The monotony of soldering and filing work made him turn himself toward more spiritual activities. In October 1895, he was ready to begin wholeheartedly a new apprenticeship with a bookseller in [[Tübingen]]. This experience from his youth, especially his time spent at the seminary in Maulbronn, he later returned to in his novel ''[[Beneath the Wheel]]''.

=== Becoming a writer ===
[[File:Printing4 Walk of Ideas Berlin.JPG|thumb|upright|''Modern Book Printing'' from the [[Walk of Ideas]] in Berlin, Germany]]
On 17 October 1895, Hesse began working in the bookshop in Tübingen, which had a specialized collection in theology, philology, and law.<ref>[http://www.heckenhauer.de/ J. J. Heckenhauer].</ref> Hesse's tasks consisted of organizing, packing, and archiving the books. After the end of each twelve-hour workday, Hesse pursued his own work, and he spent his long, idle Sundays with books rather than friends. Hesse studied theological writings and later Goethe, Lessing, Schiller, and Greek mythology. He also began reading Nietzsche in 1895,<ref>Freedman (1978) p. 69.</ref> and that philosopher's ideas of "dual…impulses of passion and order" in humankind was a heavy influence on most of his novels.<ref>Freedman (1978) p. 111.</ref>

By 1898, Hesse had a respectable income that enabled financial independence from his parents.<ref>{{cite thesis|title=The concept of 'the human' in the work of Hermann Hesse and Paul Tillich|first=Wilbur|last=Franklin|publisher=St Andrews University|year=1977|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/96709396.pdf}}</ref> During this time, he concentrated on the works of the [[German Romanticism|German Romantics]], including much of the work of [[Clemens Brentano]], [[Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff]], [[Friedrich Hölderlin]], and [[Novalis]]. In letters to his parents, he expressed a belief that "the morality of artists is replaced by aesthetics".

During this time, he was introduced to the home of Fräulein von Reutern, a friend of his family's. There, he met with people his own age. His relationships with his contemporaries were "problematic", in that most of them were now at university. This usually left him feeling awkward in social situations.<ref>Freedman (1978) p. 64.</ref>

In 1896, his poem "Madonna" appeared in a [[Vienna|Viennese]] periodical and Hesse released his first small volume of poetry, ''Romantic Songs''. In 1897, a published poem of his, "Grand Valse", drew him a fan letter. It was from [[Helene Voigt-Diederichs|Helene Voigt]], who the next year married [[Eugen Diederichs]], a young publisher. To please his wife, Diederichs agreed to publish Hesse's collection of prose entitled ''[[One Hour After Midnight]]'' in 1898 (although it is dated 1899).<ref>Freedman(1978) pp. 78–80.</ref> Neither work was a commercial success. In two years, only 54 of the 600 printed copies of ''Romantic Songs'' were sold, and ''One Hour After Midnight'' received only one printing and sold sluggishly. Furthermore, Hesse "suffered a great shock" when his mother disapproved of "Romantic Songs" on the grounds that they were too secular and even "vaguely sinful".<ref>Freedman(1978), p. 79.</ref>

From late 1899, Hesse worked in a distinguished antique bookshop in Basel. Through family contacts, he stayed with the intellectual families of Basel. In this environment with rich stimuli for his pursuits, he further developed spiritually and artistically. At the same time, Basel offered the solitary Hesse many opportunities for withdrawal into a private life of artistic self-exploration, journeys and wanderings. In 1900, Hesse was exempted from compulsory military service due to an [[Amblyopia|eye condition]]. This, along with [[Neuralgia|nerve disorders]] and persistent headaches, affected him his entire life.

In 1901, Hesse undertook to fulfill a long-held dream and travelled for the first time to Italy. In the same year, Hesse changed jobs and began working at the antiquarium Wattenwyl in Basel. Hesse had more opportunities to release poems and small literary texts to journals. These publications now provided honorariums. His new bookstore agreed to publish his next work, ''[[Posthumous Writings and Poems of Hermann Lauscher]]''.<ref>Freedman(1978) p. 97.</ref> In 1902, his mother died after a long and painful illness. He could not bring himself to attend her funeral, stating in a letter to his father: "I think it would be better for us both that I do not come, in spite of my love for my mother".<ref>Freedman (1978), pp. 99–101.</ref>

Due to the good notices that Hesse received for ''[[Lauscher]]'', the publisher [[Samuel von Fischer|Samuel Fischer]] became interested in Hesse<ref>Freedman (1978) p. 107.</ref> and, with the novel ''Peter Camenzind'', which appeared first as a pre-publication in 1903 and then as a regular printing by Fischer in 1904, came a breakthrough: from now on, Hesse could make a living as a writer.  The novel became popular throughout Germany.<ref>Freedman (1978) p. 108.</ref> [[Sigmund Freud]] "praised ''[[Peter Camenzind]]'' as one of his favourite readings".<ref>Freedman (1978) p. 117.</ref>

=== Family life on Lake Constance and travels to South and Southeast Asia ===
[[File:Hermann Hesse.jpg|thumb|1905 portrait by Ernst Würtenberger (1868–1934)]]
[[File:Hermann Hesse Desk Museum Gaienhofen.jpeg|thumb|Hesse's writing desk, pictured at the Museum Gaienhofen]]
Having realised he could make a living as a writer, Hesse finally married Maria Bernoulli (of the [[Bernoulli family|famous family of mathematicians]]<ref>Gustav Emil Müller, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=WklYtBo4XpsC Philosophy of Literature]'', Ayer Publishing, 1976.</ref>) in 1904, while her father, who disapproved of their relationship, was away for the weekend. The couple settled down in [[Gaienhofen]] on [[Lake Constance]], and began a family, eventually having three sons. In Gaienhofen, he wrote his second novel, ''[[Beneath the Wheel]]'', which was published in 1906. In the following time, he composed primarily short stories and poems. His story "The Wolf", written in 1906–07, was "quite possibly" a foreshadowing of ''[[Steppenwolf (novel)|Steppenwolf]]''.<ref>Freedman (1978) p. 140.</ref>

His next novel, ''[[Gertrud (novel)|Gertrude]]'', published in 1910, revealed a production crisis. He had to struggle through writing it and would later describe it as "a miscarriage". Gaienhofen was the place where Hesse's interest in [[Buddhism]] was re-sparked. Following a letter to Kapff in 1895 entitled ''Nirvana'', Hesse had ceased alluding to Buddhist references in his work. In 1904, however, [[Arthur Schopenhauer]] and his philosophical ideas started receiving attention again, and Hesse discovered [[Theosophy (Blavatskian)|theosophy]]. Schopenhauer and theosophy renewed Hesse's interest in India. Although it was many years before the publication of Hesse's ''Siddhartha'' (1922), this masterpiece was to be derived from these new influences.

During this time, there also was increased dissonance between him and Maria, and in 1911 Hesse left for a long trip to [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Indonesia]]. He also visited Borneo and Burma, but "the physical experience ... was to depress him".<ref>Freedman (1978) p. 149</ref> Any spiritual or religious inspiration that he was looking for eluded him,<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/11/19/hermann-hesses-arrested-development|title=Hermann Hesse's arrested development|first=Adam|last=Kirsch|magazine=The New Yorker|date=19 November 2018|access-date=4 March 2019}}</ref> but the journey made a strong impression on his literary work. Following Hesse's return, the family moved to [[Bern]] (1912), but the change of environment could not solve the marriage problems, as he himself confessed in his novel ''[[Rosshalde]]'' from 1914.

=== During the First World War ===
At the outbreak of the [[World War I|First World War]] in 1914, Hesse registered himself as a volunteer with the [[Imperial German Army|Imperial Army]], saying that he could not sit inactively by a warm fireplace while other young authors were dying on the front. He was found unfit for combat duty, but was assigned to service involving the care of prisoners of war.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/HesseHermann/|title= Hermann Hesse Schriftsteller|access-date= 15 January 2008|publisher= Deutsches Historisches Museum|language= de}}</ref> While most poets and authors of the warring countries quickly became embroiled in a tirade of mutual hate, Hesse, seemingly immune to the general war enthusiasm of the time,<ref name="z83">Zeller, p. 83</ref> wrote an essay titled "O Friends, Not These Tones" ("O Freunde, nicht diese Töne"),{{Ref_label|a|a|none}} which was published in the {{Lang|de|[[Neue Zürcher Zeitung]]}}, on 3 November.<ref name="Mileck">{{Cite book |year=1977 |author=Mileck, Joseph |title=Hermann Hesse: Biography and Bibliography |volume=1 |page=42 |place=Berkeley, Los Angeles, London |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=978-0-520-02756-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zjdi21x9s1oC&q=%22Hermann+Hesse:+biography%22&pg=PR3 |access-date=11 October 2010}}</ref> In this essay he appealed to his fellow intellectuals not to fall for nationalistic madness and hatred.<ref name=z83 /><ref name=Mileck/> Calling for subdued voices and recognition of Europe's common heritage,<ref>Freedman (1978) p. 166</ref> Hesse wrote: "That love is greater than hate, understanding greater than ire, peace nobler than war, this exactly is what this unholy World War should burn into our memories, more so than ever felt before".<ref>Zeller, pp. 83–84</ref> What followed from this, Hesse later indicated, was a great turning point in his life. For the first time, he found himself in the middle of a serious political conflict, attacked by the German press, the recipient of hate mail, and distanced from old friends. However, he did receive support from his friend [[Theodor Heuss]], and the French writer [[Romain Rolland]], who visited Hesse in August 1915.<ref>Freedman (1978) pp. 170–71.</ref> In 1917, Hesse wrote to Rolland, "The attempt...to apply love to matters political has failed".<ref>Freedman (1978) p. 189</ref>

This public controversy was not yet resolved when a deeper life crisis befell Hesse with the death of his father on 8 March 1916, the serious illness of his son Martin, and his wife's [[schizophrenia]]. He was forced to leave his military service and begin receiving [[psychotherapy]]. This began for Hesse a long preoccupation with [[psychoanalysis]], through which he came to know [[Carl Jung]] personally, and was challenged to new creative heights. Hesse and Jung both later maintained a correspondence with Chilean author, diplomat and Nazi sympathizer [[Miguel Serrano]], who detailed his relationship with both figures in the book ''C. G. Jung & Hermann Hesse: A Record of Two Friendships''. During a three-week period in September and October 1917, Hesse penned his novel ''[[Demian]]'', which would be published following the armistice in 1919 under the pseudonym Emil Sinclair.

=== Casa Camuzzi ===
By the time Hesse returned to civilian life in 1919, his marriage had fallen apart. His wife, Maria, had a severe episode of [[psychosis]], but, even after her recovery, Hesse saw no possible future with her. Their home in Bern was divided, their children were accommodated in boarding houses and by relatives,<ref>Zeller, p. 93</ref> and Hesse resettled alone in the middle of April in [[Ticino]]. He occupied a small farmhouse near Minusio (close to Locarno), living from 25 April to 11 May in Sorengo. On 11 May, he moved to the town [[Montagnola]] and rented four small rooms in a castle-like building, the Casa Camuzzi. Here, he explored his writing projects further; he began to paint, an activity reflected in his next major story, "[[Klingsor's Last Summer]]", published in 1920. This new beginning in different surroundings brought him happiness, and Hesse later called his first year in Ticino "the fullest, most prolific, most industrious and most passionate time of my life".<ref>Zeller, p. 94</ref> In 1922, Hesse's novella ''[[Siddhartha (novel)|Siddhartha]]'' appeared, which showed the love for Indian culture and Buddhist philosophy that had already developed earlier in his life. In 1924, Hesse married the singer Ruth Wenger, the daughter of the Swiss writer [[Lisa Wenger]] and aunt of [[Méret Oppenheim]]. This marriage was short-lived, and they divorced in 1927.

In 1923, Hesse was granted Swiss citizenship.<ref name="Hesse 1946">{{Cite web|last=Hesse|first=Hermann|date=1946|title=Biographical|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1946/hesse/biographical/|access-date=2022-01-08|website=The Nobel Prize}}</ref> His next major works, ''Kurgast'' (1925) and ''The Nuremberg Trip'' (1927), were autobiographical narratives with ironic undertones and foreshadowed Hesse's following novel, ''[[Steppenwolf (novel)|Steppenwolf]]'', which was published in 1927. In the year of his 50th birthday, the first biography of Hesse appeared, written by his friend [[Hugo Ball]]. Shortly after his new successful novel, he turned away from the solitude of ''Steppenwolf'' and started a cohabitation with art historian [[Ninon Hesse|Ninon Dolbin]], née Ausländer.<ref name="Mileck 1978">{{Cite book|last=Mileck|first=Joseph|title=Hermann Hesse : life and art|date=1978|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0-520-03351-5|location=Berkeley|oclc=3804203|page=243}}</ref> This change to companionship was reflected in the novel ''[[Narcissus and Goldmund]]'', appearing in 1930.

=== Later life and death ===
[[File:Hermann Hesse 1946.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Hesse, {{Circa|1946}}]]

In 1931, Hesse left the Casa Camuzzi and moved with Ninon to a larger house, also near Montagnola, which was built for him to use for the rest of his life, by his friend and patron Hans C. Bodmer.<ref name="Mileck 1978" /> In the same year, Hesse married Ninon, and began planning what would become his last major work, ''[[The Glass Bead Game]]'' (a.k.a. ''Magister Ludi'').<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mileck|first=Joseph|title=Hermann Hesse : life and art|date=1978|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0-520-03351-5|location=Berkeley|oclc=3804203|pages=243, 246}}</ref> In 1932, as a preliminary study, he released the novella ''[[Journey to the East]]''.

Hesse observed the rise to power of [[Nazism]] in Germany with concern. In 1933, [[Bertolt Brecht]] and [[Thomas Mann]] made their travels into exile, each aided by Hesse. In this way, Hesse attempted to work against [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]]'s suppression of art and literature that protested Nazi ideology. Hesse's third wife was Jewish, and he had publicly expressed his opposition to anti-Semitism long before then.<ref>Galbreath (1974) Robert. "Hermann Hesse and the Politics of Detachment", p. 63, ''Political Theory'', vol. 2, No 1 (Feb 1974).</ref> Hesse was criticized for not condemning the Nazi Party, but his failure to criticize or support any political idea stemmed from his "politics of detachment [...] At no time did he openly condemn (the Nazis), although his detestation of their politics is beyond question."<ref>Galbreath (1974) Robert. "Hermann Hesse and the Politics of Detachment", p. 64, ''Political Theory'', vol. 2, No 1 (Feb 1974)</ref> In March 1933, seven weeks after Hitler took power, Hesse wrote to a correspondent in Germany, "It is the duty of spiritual types to stand alongside the spirit and not to sing along when the people start belting out the patriotic songs their leaders have ordered them to sing." In the 1930s, Hesse made a quiet statement of resistance by reviewing and publicizing the work of banned Jewish authors, including [[Franz Kafka]].<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/11/19/hermann-hesses-arrested-development |title=Hermann Hesse's Arrested Development |magazine=The New Yorker |last=Kirsch |first=Adam |date=12 November 2018 |access-date=12 July 2021 }}</ref> In the late 1930s, German journals stopped publishing Hesse's work, and the Nazis eventually banned it.

According to Hesse, he "survived the years of the Hitler regime and the Second World War through the eleven years of work that [he] spent on [''The Glass Bead Game'']".''<ref name="Hesse 1946" />'' Printed in 1943 in Switzerland, this was to be his last novel. He was awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] in 1946.

During the last twenty years of his life, Hesse wrote many short stories (chiefly recollections of his childhood) and poems (frequently with nature as their theme). Hesse also wrote ironic essays about his alienation from writing (for instance, the mock autobiographies: ''Life Story Briefly Told'' and ''Aus den Briefwechseln eines Dichters'') and spent much time pursuing his interest in watercolours. Hesse also occupied himself with the steady stream of letters he received as a result of the Nobel Prize and as a new generation of German readers explored his work. In one essay, Hesse reflected wryly on his lifelong failure to acquire a talent for idleness and speculated that his average daily correspondence exceeded 150 pages. He died on 9 August 1962, aged 85, in [[Montagnola]], Switzerland<ref name=":0" /> and was buried in the cemetery of Sant’Abbondio in [[Gentilino]], where his friend and biographer [[Hugo Ball]] and another German personality, the conductor [[Bruno Walter]], are also buried.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rr_EaUeiVzkC&q=Sant%27abbondio+cemetery+herman+hesse&pg=PA360|title=Hermann Hesse: Life and Art|last=Mileck|first=Joseph|date=29 January 1981|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-04152-3|location=Berkeley|pages=360|language=en}}</ref>

==Religious views==

As reflected in ''Demian'', and other works, he believed that "for different people, there are different ways to God".<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.adherents.com/people/ph/Hermann_Hesse.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070714154948/http://www.adherents.com/people/ph/Hermann_Hesse.html | url-status = usurped | archive-date = 14 July 2007 | work = Adherents | title = The Religious Affiliation of Nobel Prize-winning author Hermann Hesse}}.</ref> Despite the influence he drew from Hindu and Buddhist philosophies, he stated about his parents that "their Christianity, one not preached but lived, was the strongest of the powers that shaped and moulded me".<ref>{{Citation | last = Hesse | first = Hermann | year = 1951 | title = Gesammelte Werke |trans-title=Collected Works | publisher = Suhrkamp Verlag | page = 378 | quote = Von ihnen bin ich erzogen, von ihnen habe ich die Bibel und Lehre vererbt bekommen, Ihr nicht gepredigtes, sondern gelebtes Christentum ist unter den Mächten, die mich erzogen und geformt haben, die stärkste gewesen [I have been educated by them; I have inherited the Bible and doctrine from them; their Christianity, not preached, but lived, has been the strongest among the powers that educated and formed me] | language = de}}. Another translation: "Not the preached, but their ''practiced'' Christianity, among the powers that shaped and molded me, has been the strongest."</ref><ref>{{Citation | last = Hilbert | first = Mathias | year = 2005 | title = Hermann Hesse und sein Elternhaus – Zwischen Rebellion und Liebe: Eine biographische Spurensuche |trans-title=Hermann Hesse and his Parents’ House – Between Rebellion and Love: A biographical search | publisher = Calwer Verlag | language = de | page = 226}}.</ref>

==Influence==

===Influence in the German-speaking Countries===

[[File:Hermann Hesse Bueste.JPG|thumb|upright|left|Statue in [[Calw]]]]
In his time, Hesse was a popular and influential author in the German-speaking world; worldwide fame only came later. Hesse's first great novel, ''[[Peter Camenzind]]'', was received enthusiastically by young Germans desiring a different and more "natural" way of life in this time of great economic and technological progress in the country (see also [[Wandervogel]] movement).<ref>Prinz, pp. 139–42</ref> ''[[Demian]]'' had a strong and enduring influence on the generation returning home from the [[First World War]].<ref>Zeller, p. 90</ref> Similarly, ''[[The Glass Bead Game]]'', with its disciplined intellectual world of Castalia and the powers of meditation and humanity, captivated Germans' longing for a new order amid the chaos of a broken nation following the loss in the [[Second World War]].<ref>Zeller, p. 186</ref>

Towards the end of his life, German (born Bavarian) composer [[Richard Strauss]] (1864–1949) set three of Hesse's poems to music in his song cycle ''[[Four Last Songs]]'' for soprano and orchestra (composed 1948, first performed posthumously in 1950): "Frühling" ("Spring"), "September", and "Beim Schlafengehen" ("On Going to Sleep").

In the 1950s, Hesse's popularity began to wane, while literature critics and intellectuals turned their attention to other subjects. In 1955, the sales of Hesse's books by his publisher [[Suhrkamp Verlag|Suhrkamp]] reached an all-time low. However, after Hesse's death in 1962, posthumously published writings, including letters and previously unknown pieces of prose, contributed to a new level of understanding and appreciation of his works.<ref>Zeller, pp. 180–81</ref>

Throughout Germany, many schools are named after Hesse. The [[Hermann-Hesse-Literaturpreis]] is a literary prize associated with the city of [[Karlsruhe]] that has been awarded since 1957.<ref>[http://www1.karlsruhe.de/Kultur/Projekte/Kulturpreise/hhpreis03.htm Hermann-Hesse-Preis 2003] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309040720/http://www1.karlsruhe.de/Kultur/Projekte/Kulturpreise/hhpreis03.htm |date=9 March 2013 }}. karlsruhe.de</ref> Since 1990,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hermann-hesse.de/en/Preistraeger |title=The winners of the Calw Hermann Hesse Prize |access-date=2 July 2018 |archive-date=2 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702204717/https://www.hermann-hesse.de/en/Preistraeger |url-status=dead }}</ref> the [[Calw Hermann Hesse Prize]] has been awarded every two years alternately to a German-language literary journal and a translator of Hesse's work.<ref>[http://www.hermann-hesse.de/en/foundation Calw Hermann Hesse Prize] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124192856/http://www.hermann-hesse.de/en/foundation |date=24 January 2022 }}. Hermann-hesse.de (18 September 2012). Retrieved 23 September 2012.</ref> 
The Internationale Hermann-Hesse-Gesellschaft (unofficial English name International Hermann Hesse Society) was founded in 2002 on Hesse's 125th birthday and began awarding its Hermann Hesse prize in 2017.<ref>[https://www.hessegesellschaft.de/startseite.html ''Adolf Muschg erster Preisträger des neu ausgelobten Preis der Internationalen Hermann Hesse Gesellschaft''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190619154700/https://www.hessegesellschaft.de/startseite.html |date=19 June 2019 }} (in German)</ref>

===The 1960s "Hesse Boom"===

By the time of Hesse's death in 1962, his works were still relatively little read in the United States, despite his status as a Nobel laureate. A memorial published in ''[[The New York Times]]'' went so far as to claim that Hesse's works were largely "inaccessible" to American readers.

The situation changed in the mid-1960s when his works suddenly became bestsellers in the United States, with many of the novels republished in inexpensive paperback editions.<ref name="z185">Zeller, p. 185.</ref> The revival in popularity of Hesse's works has been credited to their association with some of the popular themes of the 1960s [[Counterculture of the 1960s|counterculture]] (or hippie) movement. In particular, the quest-for-enlightenment themes of ''[[Siddhartha (novel)|Siddhartha]]'', ''[[Journey to the East]]'', ''[[Narcissus and Goldmund]]'' and ''[[The Glass Bead Game]]'' resonated with those espousing counter-cultural ideals. The "magic theatre" sequences in ''[[Steppenwolf (novel)|Steppenwolf]]'' were interpreted by some as drug-induced [[psychedelia]], although there is no evidence that Hesse ever took psychedelic drugs or recommended their use.<ref>Zeller p. 189</ref> In large part, the Hesse boom in the United States can be traced back to enthusiastic writings by two influential counterculture figures: [[Colin Wilson]] and [[Timothy Leary]].<ref>Zeller, p. 188</ref> 

From the United States, the Hesse renaissance spread to other parts of the world and even back to Germany: more than 800,000 copies were sold in the German-speaking world from 1972 to 1973. To date, his works have sold more than 100 million copies worldwide, making Hesse one of the 100 top selling authors of all time. <ref>Zeller p. 186</ref> <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=R4RM-WIC6rEC&dq=100-million-copies&pg=PA101 Eckhard Bernstein in ''Culture and Customs of Germany''] page 101 on Hermann Hesse: "Over 100 million copies of his works have been sold worldwide" (2004)</ref>

As an effect of the worldwide Hesse boom, ''Siddhartha'' became one of the most popular Western novels set in [[India]]. An authorized translation of ''Siddhartha'' was published in the Malayalam language in 1990, the language that surrounded Hesse's grandfather, Hermann Gundert, for most of his life. A Hermann Hesse Society of India has also been formed. It aims to bring out authentic translations of ''Siddhartha'' in all Indian languages and has already prepared the Sanskrit,<ref>Hesse, Hermann. Siddhartha. Sanskrit Translation by L. Sulochana Devi. Trivandrum, Hermann Hesse Society of India, 2008 [https://books.google.com/books?id=EUA9g2S6r00C&q=siddhartha+Sanskrit+translation]</ref>
Malayalam<ref>Hesse, Hermann. Siddhartha. Malayalam Translation by R. Raman Nair. Trivandrum, CSIS, 1993</ref> and Hindi<ref>Hesse, Hermann. Siddhartha. Hindi Translation by Prabakaran, hebbar Illath. Trivandrum, Hermann Hesse Society of India, 2012 [https://books.google.com/books?id=FZOoVFPiY-gC&q=siddhartha+Hindi+prabhakaran]</ref> translations of ''Siddhartha''.

=== References in Popular Culture===

The [[Magic Theatre]] in San Francisco, its name referring to "The Magic Theatre for Madmen Only" in ''Steppenwolf'' (a kind of spiritual and somewhat nightmarish cabaret attended by some of the characters, including Harry Haller), was founded in 1967 to perform works by new playwrights.

The 1960s rock band [[Steppenwolf (band)|Steppenwolf]] took its name from Hesse's novel<ref>{{Cite web|last=Binder|first=Antje|date=7 October 2016|title=5 bands whose names you probably didn't know were inspired by literature|url=https://www.dw.com/en/5-bands-whose-names-you-probably-didnt-know-were-inspired-by-literature/a-35961949|access-date=2021-12-04|website=dw.com|language=en-GB}}</ref> and the [[Steppenwolf Theatre Company|Steppenwolf Theatre]] in Chicago was also named after that novel.

There is a quote from ''[[Demian]]'' on the cover of [[Santana (band)|Santana]]'s 1970 album ''[[Abraxas (album)|Abraxas]]'', revealing the source of the album's title.

Musician [[Steve Adey]] adapted Hesse's poem "How Heavy the Days" on his 2017 LP ''Do Me a Kindness''.

== Awards ==
* 1906: Bauernfeld-Preis
* 1928: Mejstrik-Preis of the Schiller Foundation in Vienna
* 1936: [[Gottfried-Keller-Preis]]
* 1946: [[Goethe Prize]]
* 1946: [[Nobel Prize in Literature]]
* 1947: Honorary Doctorate from the [[University of Bern]]
* 1950: [[Wilhelm Raabe Literature Prize]]
* 1954: [[Pour le Mérite]]
* 1955: [[Peace Prize of the German Book Trade]]

== Books==
[[File:Demian Erstausgabe.jpg|thumb|''[[Demian]],'' 1919]]

===Novellas===
* (1899) ''Eine Stunde hinter Mitternacht'' (''An Hour after Midnight'')
* (1908) ''Freunde''
* (1914) ''In the Old Sun''
* (1916) ''Schön ist die Jugend''
* (1919) ''[[Klein and Wagner|Klein und Wagner]]''
* (1920) ''Klingsors letzter Sommer'' (''[[Klingsor's Last Summer]]'')

===Novels===
* (1904) ''[[Peter Camenzind]]''
* (1906) ''Unterm Rad'' (''[[Beneath the Wheel]]''; also published as ''The Prodigy'')
* (1910) ''[[Gertrud (novel)|Gertrud]]''
* (1914) ''[[Rosshalde|Roßhalde]]''
* (1915) ''[[Knulp]]'' (also published as ''Three Tales from the Life of Knulp'')
* (1919) ''[[Demian]]'' (published under the pen name Emil Sinclair)
* (1922) ''[[Siddhartha (novel)|Siddhartha]]''
* (1927) ''[[Steppenwolf (novel)|Der Steppenwolf]]''
* (1930) ''Narziß und Goldmund'' (''[[Narcissus and Goldmund]]''; also published as ''Death and the Lover'')
* (1932) ''Die Morgenlandfahrt'' (''[[Journey to the East]]'')
* (1943) ''Das Glasperlenspiel'' (''[[The Glass Bead Game]]''; also published as ''Magister Ludi'')

===Short story collections===
* (1919) ''[[Strange News from Another Star]]'' (originally published as ''Märchen'') — written between 1913 and 1918
* (1933) ''Small World'' (published as ''Kleine Welt'') - 7 stories exploring the inner lives, struggles, and self-discovery journeys of individuals within the seemingly mundane settings of small towns and communities, dedicated to his three sons: Bruno, Heiner and Martin)
* (1972) ''Stories of Five Decades'' (23 stories written between 1899 and 1948)

===Non-fiction===
* (1913) ''Besuch aus Indien'' (''Visitor from India'')—philosophy
* (1920) ''Blick ins Chaos'' (''A Glimpse into Chaos'')—essays
* (1920) ''Wandering''—notes and sketches
* (1971) ''If the War Goes On''—essays
* (1972) ''Autobiographical Writings'' (including "A Guest at the Spa")—collection of prose pieces
* (2018) ''Singapore Dream and Other Adventures: Travel Writings from an Asian Journey''

===Poetry collections===
* (1898) ''Romantische Lieder'' (''Romantic Songs'')
* (1900) ''Hinterlassene Schriften und Gedichte von Hermann Lauscher'' (''The Posthumous Writings and Poems of Hermann Lauscher'')—with prose
* (1970) [[Poems (Hesse collection)|''Poems'']] (21 poems written between 1899 and 1921)
* (1975) ''Crisis: Pages from a Diary''
* (1979) ''Hours in the Garden and Other Poems '' (written during the same period as ''The Glass Bead Game'')

== Film adaptations ==
*1966: ''[[El lobo estepario]]'' (based on ''Steppenwolf'')
*1971: ''[[Zachariah (film)|Zachariah]]'' (based on ''Siddartha'')
*1972: ''[[Siddhartha (1972 film)|Siddhartha]]''
*1974: ''[[Steppenwolf (film)|Steppenwolf]]''
*1981: ''[[Kinderseele#Film, TV or theatrical adaptations|Kinderseele]]''
*1989: ''[[Francesco (1989 film)|Francesco]]''
*1996: ''Ansatsu'' (based on ''Demian'')
*2003: ''[[Poem: I Set My Foot Upon the Air and It Carried Me]]''
*2003: ''[[Siddhartha (2003 film)|Siddhartha]]''
*2012: ''{{Ill|Homecoming (2012 film)|de|3=Die Heimkehr (2012)|lt=Homecoming}}''
*2020: ''{{ill|Narziss und Goldmund (film)|de|Narziss und Goldmund (Film)|lt= Narcissus and Goldmund}}''

== Citations ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
* {{cite book | last=Freedman | first=Ralph | title=Hermann Hesse, Pilgrim of Crisis: A Biography | publisher=Fromm International | location=New York | date=1997 | isbn=978-0-88064-172-2 | oclc=35159328}}
* {{cite book | last=Prinz | first=Alois | title="Und jedem Anfang wohnt ein Zauber inne": die Lebensgeschichte des Hermann Hesse | publisher=Suhrkamp |location=Frankfurt (Main) | date=2006 | isbn=978-3-518-45742-9 | oclc=181463174 | language=de}}
* {{cite book | last=Zeller | first=Bernhard | title=Hermann Hesse | publisher=Rowohlt Taschenbuch Verlag | location=Reinbek | date=2005 | isbn=3-499-50676-9 | oclc=61714622 | language=de}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links |b=no |commons=Hermann Hesse |n=no |q=Hermann Hesse |s=Hermann Hesse |v=no |wikt=no}}
* {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/hermann-hesse}}
* {{Gutenberg author |id=941 | name=Hermann Hesse}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Hermann Hesse}}
* {{Librivox author |id=4400}}
* {{OL author}}
* [http://noblib.internet-box.ch/NLEW.php?authorid=41 List of works]
* {{Helveticat}}
* {{Helveticarchives|id=165067}}
* {{Nobelprize}}
* [http://www.gss.ucsb.edu/projects/hesse/ Hermann Hesse Page] – in German and English, maintained by Professor Gunther Gottschalk
* [http://www.hermann-hesse.de Hermann-Hesse.de]
* [https://www.ludorff.com/en/artists/hermann-hesse Hesse's art – Galerie Ludorff, Düsseldorf, Germany]

{{Hermann Hesse}}
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