View source for Hester Thrale

{{Short description|Welsh writer and socialite (1740/1741–1821)}}
{{For|this subject's daughter "Queeney"|Hester Maria Elphinstone, Viscountess Keith}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{infobox person
| name               = Hester Thrale
| image              = Hester Thrale in 1786 or 1786.png
| caption            = Thrale in 1786
| birth_name         = Hester Lynch Salusbury
| birth_date         = {{Birth date|df=yes|1741|01|27}}
| birth_place        = [[Caernarvonshire]], Wales
| death_date         = {{Death date and age |df=yes|1821|05|02|1741|01|27}}
| death_place        = [[Clifton, Bristol]]
| other_names        = Hester Salusbury, <br/> Hester Piozzi
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* [[Henry Thrale]] (m. 1763),
* {{marriage|Gabriel Mario Piozzi|1784}}
}}
}}

'''Hester Lynch Thrale Piozzi''' (née '''Salusbury'''; 27 January 1741 or 16 January 1740 – 2 May 1821)<ref name="calendar" group="Note">Contemporary records, which used the Julian calendar and the [[New Year#Historical European new year dates|Annunciation Style]] of enumerating years, recorded her birth as 16 January 1740. The provisions of the British [[Calendar (New Style) Act 1750]], implemented in 1752, altered the official British dating method to the Gregorian calendar with the start of the year on 1 January (it had been 25 March). These changes resulted in dates being moved forward 11 days, and for those between 1 January and 25 March, an advance of one year. For further explanation, see: [[Old Style and New Style dates]].</ref> was a Welsh writer and socialite who was an important source on [[Samuel Johnson]] and 18th-century British life. She belonged to the prominent [[Salusbury family]] of Anglo-Welsh landowners, and married firstly a wealthy brewer, [[Henry Thrale]], with whom she had 12 children, then a music teacher, Gabriel Mario Piozzi. Her ''[[Anecdotes of the Late Samuel Johnson]]'' (1786) and her diary ''[[Thraliana]]'', published posthumously in 1942, are the main works for which she is remembered. She also wrote a [[popular history]] book, a travel book, and a dictionary. She has been seen as a [[protofeminism|protofeminist]].

==Early years==
[[File:Hester Thrale.jpg|thumb|240px|Sir [[Joshua Reynolds]], ''Portrait of Hester Thrale and her daughter Hester'' ({{circa|1777}}), [[Beaverbrook Art Gallery]], [[New Brunswick]], Canada]]
Hester Lynch Salusbury was born at Bodvel Hall, [[Caernarvonshire]], Wales, the only daughter of Hester Lynch Cotton and [[John Salusbury (diarist)|Sir John Salusbury]]. As a member of the powerful [[Salusbury family]], she belonged to one of the most illustrious Welsh land-owning dynasties of the [[Georgian era]]. Through her father's line, she was a direct descendant of [[Katheryn of Berain]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Major |first1=Emma |title=Madam Britannia: women, church, and nation, 1712-1812 |date=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford [England]; New York |isbn=978-0199699377 |page=40}}</ref>
Hester enjoyed the devoted attention of her uncles and was educated to a high level for a young woman. She would later write that "they had taught me to read and speak and think and translate from the French, till I was half a prodigy."<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Piozzi |first1=Hester Lynch |title=Thraliana [electronic resource] : the diary of Mrs. Hester Lynch Thrale (later Mrs. Piozzi) 1776-1809 |date=1942 |location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.96569/2015.96569.6554-Thraliana-The-Dairy-Of-Mrs-Hester-Lynch-Thrale_djvu.txtUrl=Yes}}</ref>

==Career==
[[File:thralehouse.jpg|thumb|upright|Streatham Park]]

===First marriage===
After her father had gone bankrupt in an attempt to invest in [[Halifax, Nova Scotia]], Hester married the rich brewer [[Henry Thrale]] on 11 October 1763, at [[St Anne's Church, Soho|St Anne's Chapel, Soho]], London. They had twelve children, of whom only four survived to adulthood, and lived at [[Streatham Park]]. However, the marriage was often strained: her husband frequently felt slighted by members of the court and may well have married to improve his social status. The Thrales' eldest daughter, [[Hester Maria Elphinstone, Viscountess Keith|Hester]], became a viscountess as the wife of [[George Elphinstone, 1st Viscount Keith]].<ref>{{cite ODNB |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/8743 |title=Elphinstone [née Thrale], Hester Maria, Viscountess Keith  |year=2004 |place=Oxford |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/8743 |access-date=2021-11-16}}</ref>

After her marriage, Thrale was free to associate with whom she pleased. Due to her husband's financial status, she was able to enter London society, as a result of which she met [[Samuel Johnson]], [[James Boswell]], Bishop [[Thomas Percy (Bishop of Dromore)|Thomas Percy]], [[Oliver Goldsmith]], and other literary figures, including the young [[Frances Burney]], whom she took with her to [[Gay Street, Bath|Gay Street]], [[Bath, England|Bath]].{{sfn |Frances Burney |pp=45–56}}

In July 1774 Johnson visited Wales in Thrale's company,{{sfn |Boswell |1851 |page=185}} during which time they visited Hester's uncle [[Sir Lynch Cotton, 4th Baronet|Sir Lynch Cotton]] at [[Combermere Abbey|Combermere]] in Denbighshire.{{sfn |Broadley |1909 |page=176}} Frances, the wife of Sir Lynch's son [[Sir Robert Salusbury Cotton, 5th Baronet|Robert]], "found Johnson, despite his rudeness, at times delightful, having a manner peculiar to himself in relating anecdotes that could not fail to attract old and young. Her impression was that Thrale was very vexatious in wishing to engross all his attention, which annoyed him much."{{sfn |Stapleton Cotton |Stapleton Cotton |Knollys |1866 |page=22}}

Johnson wrote two verses for Thrale in 1775, the first to celebrate her 35th birthday,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thrale.com/mrs_thrale_35_verses |title=Mrs Thrale at 35 verses |website=Thrale.com |access-date=13 January 2022 }}</ref> and another in Latin to honour her.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Donald & Mary Hyde Collection of Dr. Samuel Johnson - Houghton Library |url=https://library.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/static/onlineexhibits/johnson/circle/7_4.html |access-date=2021-11-16 |website=Harvard College Library}}</ref>

[[Frances Burney]], in her diary, describes the conversations at several of Thrale's soirées, including one in 1779 about a young woman named Sophy Streatfeild (1755–1835), a daughter of [[Henry Streatfeild]],<ref>{{Cite ODNB |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/45505 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/45505 |title=The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |year=2004}}</ref> who was a favourite of Johnson and Mr Thrale, rather to the chagrin of Hester, who commented that Sophy "had a power of captivation that was irresistible ... her beauty joined to her softness, her caressing manners, her tearful eyes, and alluring looks, would insinuate her into the heart of any man she thought worth attacking."{{sfn|Frances Burney|p=32}} The touch of jealousy here is further revealed in Thrale's remarking (after another of her male guests had professed devotion to Miss Streatfeild and the desire to "soothe" her): "I would ensure her power of crying herself into any of your hearts she pleased. I made her cry to Miss Burney, to show how beautiful she looked in tears" and (on being rebuked about this) "Oh but she liked it ... Miss Burney would have run away but she came forward on purpose to show herself. Sophy Streatfeild is never happier than when tears trickle down from her fine eyes in company."{{sfn |Frances Burney |p=33}}

The Thrales were in Bath in 1780 at the time of the [[Gordon Riots]], when a Roman Catholic chapel was set on fire,{{sfn |Frances Burney |pp=54–56}} although the greater worry for them was whether Thrale's brewery in [[Southwark]] would escape being ransacked, which it narrowly did.{{sfn |Frances Burney |p=59}}

Burney records Thrale's distress on losing her husband (4 April 1781), referring to her as "sweet Mrs. Thrale" and sympathising with the "agitation" she was under in having to sell the brewery and wind up his affairs. Burney was there to congratulate and cheer Thrale when the business was concluded.{{sfn |Frances Burney |pp=60–62}}

At this time, 1781, Thrale was  socialising with [[whig (British political party)|Whig]] members of parliament such as [[William Smith (abolitionist)|William Smith]], the [[abolitionist]], [[Benjamin Vaughan]] and writers, including [[Helen Maria Williams]] and  [[Anna Laetitia Barbauld]] at Southhampton Row in [[Bloomsbury, London]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Helen Maria |editor1-last=Fraistat |editor1-first=N. |title=Letters Written in France |date=2001 |publisher=Broadview Press Ltd. |page=18 |isbn=9781551112558 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IOh5AgAAQBAJ&dq=anna+laetitia+Barbauld.+Hester+Thrale&pg=PA18 |access-date=4 July 2023}}</ref>

===Second marriage===
During the ensuing years, Thrale fell in love with Gabriel Mario Piozzi, an Italian music teacher who had taught the Thrales' children,{{sfn|Gopnik|2008}} and married him on 25 July 1784. She complained: "I see the English newspapers are full of gross Insolence towards me", with one commenting how Thrale could not have imagined "his wife's disgrace, by eventually raising an obscure and penniless Fiddler into sudden Wealth."{{sfn |Gopnik |2008}} This caused a rift with Johnson, which was only perfunctorily mended shortly before his death. The levelling marriage also earned her the disapproval of Burney (who would herself marry in 1793 the impoverished, Catholic émigré Alexandre D'Arblay) and her cousins the [[Viscount Combermere|Cottons]]. Thrale and Piozzi subsequently left England to travel in Europe for three years, especially in Italy and often following traditional routes of the Grand Tour.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wachowich |first1=Angela |title=Hester Thrale Piozzi's Observations and Reflections made in the Course of a Journey through France, Italy, and Germany (1789) |url=https://womensprinthistoryproject.com/blog/post/79 |journal=Women's Print History Project |series=Spotlights on Titles |access-date=12 June 2023}}</ref>

Thrale retired to [[Brynbella]], a newly built [[country house]] on her ''Bach y Graig'' estate in the [[Vale of Clwyd]], near [[Tremeirchion]] in north Wales in 1795.<ref name="ODNB page" /> She and her husband eventually adopted his nephew, [[John Salusbury Piozzi Salusbury]], who arrived in Britain in 1798, moved to Brynbella after his marriage in 1814, which she gifted to him, and eventually became heir to the Salusbury family properties and name.<ref>[https://orlando.cambridge.org/people/8ceaa304-ae56-4e00-b746-797c0550f1ff "John Salusbury Piozzi"], ''Orlando Project: Women's Writing in the British Isles from the Beginnings to the Present'' (2022)</ref>

===Written works===
After Johnson's death, she published ''[[Anecdotes of the Late Samuel Johnson]]'' (1786) and their letters to each other (1788).<ref name="ODNB page" >Michael J. Franklin, "Piozzi, Hester Lynch (1741–1821)", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' (Oxford, UK: OUP, 2004) [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/22309 Retrieved 25 April 2017.]</ref>

Frances Burney, who considered both Johnson and Thrale to be among her dearest friends, read the unpublished manuscript with much interest, but disapproved of the decision to publish, noting, "She has given all – every word – and thinks that, perhaps, a justice to Dr Johnson, which, in fact, is the greatest injury to his memory."{{sfn|Frances Burney|p=187}}

Together with Thrale's diaries, which were known as ''[[Thraliana]]'' and not published until 1942, these sources help to fill out the picture of Johnson often presented in Boswell's ''[[Life of Samuel Johnson]]''. Johnson often stayed with the Thrale household and had his own room above the library at Streatham, in which he worked. The friendship between Johnson and Thrale was emotionally intimate, and after her husband died in 1781 "Johnson's circle took it for granted that he would marry Hester."{{sfn|Gopnik|2008}}

Based upon two letters Johnson wrote to Thrale in French and a passage in Thrale's ''Anecdotes of the Late Samuel Johnson,'' Thrale's biographer Ian McIntyre and Johnson's biographers Peter Martin and Jeffrey Meyers have suggested that Thrale and Johnson had a [[sadomasochistic]] relationship in which Thrale whipped Johnson.{{sfn |Gopnik |2008}}

Thrale also wrote ''Observations and Reflections made in the Course of a Journey through France, Italy, and Germany'' (1789), which describes her travels during her honeymoon with Piozzi. The book mostly focuses on their travel in Italy. Notably, it was one of the first travelogues written by a British woman that was written in prose rather than in letters.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=D'Ezio |first1=Marianna |title=The Advantages of 'Demi-Naturalization': Mutual Perceptions of Britain and Italy in Hester Lynch Piozzi's Observations and Reflections Made in the Course of a Journey through France, Italy and Germany |journal=Journal for Eighteenth Century Studies |date=June 2010 |volume=33 |issue=2 |page=168 |doi=10.1111/j.1754-0208.2010.00275.x }}</ref> Although there was only one edition, it was famous enough that [[Queen Charlotte]] read it.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wachowich |first1=Angela |title=Hester Thrale Piozzi's Observations and Reflections made in the Course of a Journey through France, Italy, and Germany (1789) |url=https://womensprinthistoryproject.com/blog/post/79 |journal=Women's Print History Project |series=Spotlights on Titles |access-date=12 June 2023}}</ref> She was also the author of two plays, both unproduced.<ref name="ODNB page"/>

Her ''Retrospection...'' (1801)<ref>Hester Thrale Piozzi, ''Retrospection, or a review of the most striking and important events, characters, situations, and their consequences which the last eighteen hundred years have presented to the view of mankind'', 2 vols, London: John Stockdale, 1801.</ref> was an attempt at a [[popular history]] of that period, but was not received well by critics, some of whom patently resented female intrusion into what was then the male preserve of history. Reviewers also coupled sexism with ageism in dismissing her work. One reviewer called it "a series of dreams by an old lady."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Looser |first=Devoney |title=Women Writers and Old Age in Great Britain, 1750–1850 |location=Baltimore, MD |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |year=2008 |pages=97–117 |isbn=9780801887055}}</ref>

According to the ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', "it has since been seen as a [[feminist history]], concerned to show changes in manners and mores in so far as they affected women; it has also been judged to anticipate Marxian history in its keen apprehension of [[Reification (Marxism)|reification]]: 'machines imitated mortals to unhoped perfection, and men found out they were themselves machines.{{'"}}<ref name="ODNB page"/>

A [[lexicographer]] in her own right, Mrs Piozzi's ''British synonymy, or, An attempt at regulating the choice of words in familiar conversation'' was published in 1794 by G. G. & J. Robinson of London, ten years after Dr Johnson's death.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rct.uk/collection/1071556/british-synonymy-or-an-attempt-at-regulating-the-choice-of-words-in-familiar | title=Piozzi, Hester Lynch (1741-1821) - British synonymy, or, an attempt at regulating the choice of words in familiar conversation...; v. 2 / By Hester Lynch Piozzi }}</ref>

==Death and legacy==
Hester Piozzi died at No. 10 (now 20) Sion Row, [[Clifton, Bristol|Clifton]], Bristol, of complications after a fall, and was buried on 16 May 1821 near Brynbella in the churchyard of Corpus Christi Church, [[Tremeirchion]], next to Piozzi.<ref name="ODNB page"/> A marble plaque inside the church was erected in 1909:
<blockquote>Near this place are interred the remains of<br />
Hester Lynch Piozzi.<br />
"Doctor Johnson's Mrs Thrale"<br />
Born 1741. Died 1821.<br />
Witty. Vivacious and Charming. In an Age of Genius<br />
She Ever Held a Foremost Place<br />
This Tablet is Erected by Orlando Butler Fellowes<br />
Grand-Son of Sir James Fellowes. The Intimate Friend of<br />
Mrs. Piozzi and her Executor.<br />
Assisted by Subscriptions<br />
28th April 1909.{{sfn |Broadley |1909 |page=154}}</blockquote>

Frances Burney eulogised her, going so far as to make a comparison with [[Germaine de Staël]].<ref>''The Journals and Letters of Fanny Burney (Madame D'Arblay'', ed. [[Joyce Hemlow]] et al., 12 vols (London: OUP, 1972–1984), IX, pp. 208–209.</ref>

From the time of her death almost up to the present, she was referred to by scholars as Johnson had done, as Mrs Thrale or Hester Thrale. Nowadays she is often referred to as Hester Lynch Piozzi or Mrs Piozzi.

[[Samuel Beckett]] drew on Thrale's diaries and ''[[Anecdotes of the Late Samuel Johnson|Anecdotes]]'' to dramatize her and Johnson's relationship in one of his earliest plays, ''[[Disjecta (Beckett)#Part IV: Human Wishes|Human Wishes]]''. However, he abandoned the play after completing the first act.

Author [[Lillian de la Torre]] featured Thrale in the story "The Stolen Christmas Box", part of a series featuring Johnson as a detective.

A three-act opera, ''Johnson Preserv'd'', was written by the English composer [[Richard Stoker]], with a libretto by Jill Watt. The characters are Dr Samuel Johnson, James Boswell, Hester Thrale, Gabriel Piozzi, and Mrs Thrale's maid Polly (the only fictitious character). The opera was performed by [[Opera Piccola]] at [[Camden Town Hall|St Pancras Town Hall]], London, in July 1967, with the tenor [[Philip Langridge]] performing the role of Piozzi. It was conducted by [[Vilém Tauský|Vilem Tausky]] and directed by [[Anthony Sharp]]. The vocal score was published by Peters Edition in 1971.

Mrs Thrale, also referred to as Signora Piozzi, is a major character in the play ''Fanny Burney'', based on scenes in Burney's life, from the age of sixteen to eighty-eight, in [[Elizabeth Goudge]]'s ''Three Plays'' (Duckworth, London, 1939); along with Burney's father [[Charles Burney]], and her sister, Susan, and [[Samuel Johnson]] and [[James Boswell]], Alexandre D'Arblay (Burney's French emigré husband), and [[William Thackeray]].

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography}}
*[[Lleweni Hall]]

==Further reading==
*[[Beryl Bainbridge]], ''[[According to Queeney]]'', Little Brown & Co., 2001 (novel)
*{{Cite book |last=Boswell |first=James |author-link=James Boswell |title=The life of Samuel Johnson. &#91;Followed by&#93; The journal of a tour to the Hebrides |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W8EIAAAAQAAJ |year=1851}}
*{{Cite book |title=Hester Lynch Piozzi (Mrs. Thrale) |first=James L. |last=Clifford |year=1987 |location=New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=0-231-06389-X |ref=none}}
*Marianna D'Ezio, "The Advantages of Demi-Naturalization": Hester Piozzi's "Observations and Reflections Made in the Course of a Journey Through France, Italy and Germany" (1789), ''Journal for Eighteenth Century Studies'' 33:2 (2010), pp.&nbsp;165–180
*Marianna D'Ezio, ''Hester Lynch Thrale Piozzi. A Taste for Eccentricity''. Newcastle upon Tyne. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2010
*{{Cite book |first=Ian |last=McIntyre |author-link=Ian McIntyre |title=Hester: The Remarkable Life of Dr Johnson's 'dear Mistress' |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AvMLAQAAMAAJ |year=2008 |publisher=Constable |isbn=978-1-84529-449-6 |ref=none}}
*{{Cite book |last=Looser |first=Devoney |title=Women Writers and Old Age in Great Britain, 1750-1850 |location=Baltimore, MD |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |year=2008| pages=97–117|ref=none}}
*H. L. Piozzi, E. A. Bloom and L. D. Bloom, ''The Piozzi letters: Correspondence of Hester Lynch Piozzi, 1784-1821 (formerly Mrs. Thrale)''. Newark: University of Delaware Press, 1989
*[[C. E. Vulliamy]], ''Mrs. Thrale of Streatham''. London: Cape, 1936
*{{Cite book |first1=Mary Woolley |last1=Stapleton Cotton |first2=Stapleton |last2=Stapleton Cotton |author2-link=Stapleton Cotton, 1st Viscount Combermere |first3=William Wallingford |last3=Knollys |title=Memoirs and Correspondence of Field-marshal Viscount Combermere, from his family papers, by Mary Viscountess Combermere and W. W. Knollys |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KTwBAAAAQAAJ |year=1866}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Notes===
{{Reflist|group="Note"}}

===Bibliography===
*{{Cite book |title=Doctor Johnson and Mrs Thrale : Including Mrs Thrale's unpublished Journal of the Welsh Tour Made in 1774 and Much Hitherto Unpublished Correspondence of the Streatham Coterie |first=A. M. |last=Broadley |author-link=Alexander Meyrick Broadley |year=1909 |location=London |publisher=John Lane [[The Bodley Head]] |url=https://archive.org/details/doctorjohnsonand00broauoft}}
*{{Cite book |first=James |last=Boswell |title=Life of Johnson |editor-first=R. W. |editor-last=Chapman |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1998}}
*{{Cite book |first=Frances |last=Burney |title=The Diary of Fanny Burney |editor-first=L. |editor-last=Gibbs |location=London |publisher=Dent (Everyman edition) |year=1971 |ref={{sfnref|Frances Burney}}}}
*Franklin, Michael J. "Piozzi [née Salusbury; other married name Thrale], Hester Lynch (1741–1821), writer." ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''.  September 23, 2004. Oxford University Press. Date of access 16 Aug. 2023, <https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-22309> 
*{{Citation |last=Gopnik |first=Adam |author-link=Adam Gopnik |date=8 December 2008|title=The Critics: A Critic at Large: Man of Fetters: Dr. Johnson and Mrs. Thrale|magazine=The New Yorker |volume=84 |issue=40 |pages=90–96 |url=http://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/atlarge/2008/12/08/081208crat_atlarge_gopnik |access-date=9 July 2011}}
*Francine Prose, ''The Lives of the Muses''. New York: Harper Collins, 2002, pp.&nbsp;29–56.

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{wikisource|works=or|Hester Lynch Piozzi}}
*{{Cite DNB |author=Stephen, Leslie |author-link=Leslie Stephen |wstitle=Piozzi, Hester Lynch |volume=45 |pages=323–326}}
*{{Gutenberg author |id=906}}
*{{Internet Archive author |sname=Hester Lynch Piozzi}} 
*{{Librivox author |id=10215}}
*{{OL author|3652763A}}
*[http://www.thrale.com/hesters_eightieth_birthday_ball_final_year Grand Ball in celebration of her 80th birthday]
*{{UK National Archives ID}}
*[https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/manchesteruniversity/data/gb133-tpm Thrale Piozzi Manuscripts], [[John Rylands Library]], [[University of Manchester]]
*[http://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/atlarge/2008/12/08/081208crat_atlarge_gopnik Dr. Johnson and Mrs. Thrale by Adam Gopnick]
*{{NPG name|name=Hester Lynch Piozzi (née Salusbury; Mrs Thrale)}}
*[http://www.eighteenthcenturypoetry.org/authors/pers00243.shtml Hester Lynch Piozzi] at the [http://www.eighteenthcenturypoetry.org/ Eighteenth-Century Poetry Archive (ECPA)]

{{Samuel Johnson|state=collapsed}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thrale, Hester}}
[[Category:1740s births]]
[[Category:1821 deaths]]
[[Category:18th-century lexicographers]]
[[Category:18th-century Welsh women writers]]
[[Category:19th-century Welsh women writers]]
[[Category:18th-century Welsh diarists]]
[[Category:19th-century Welsh historians]]
[[Category:18th-century British letter writers]]
[[Category:British salon-holders]]
[[Category:Samuel Johnson]]
[[Category:Streathamites]]
[[Category:Salusbury family|Hester]]
[[Category:Tremeirchion]]
[[Category:People from Caernarfonshire]]
[[Category:Deaths from falls]]
[[Category:British women diarists]]
[[Category:British patrons of the arts]]
[[Category:Welsh women historians]]
[[Category:Welsh lexicographers]]
[[Category:Women lexicographers]]