View source for Heysel Stadium disaster

{{Short description|Fatal spectator riot in Brussels, Belgium in 1985}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox event
| title = Heysel Stadium disaster
| image = Heysel-1985.png
| caption = Photograph of Section X during the disaster.
| date = {{start date and age|df=yes|1985|05|29}}
| venue = [[King Baudouin Stadium|Heysel Stadium]]
| location = [[Brussels]], Belgium
| coordinates = {{coord|50|53|45|N|4|20|3|E|type:landmark}}
| cause = Football hooliganism; dilapidated stadium; negligent administration; poor policing<ref name="auto">{{cite news |url=https://www.euronews.com/2015/05/28/heysel-a-tragedy-waiting-to-happen |title=Heysel: a tragedy waiting to happen  |work=[[euronews]] |access-date=19 April 2024 |first=Mark |last=Davies |date=28 May 2015  |archive-date=29 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529091553/https://www.euronews.com/2015/05/28/heysel-a-tragedy-waiting-to-happen |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite news |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Heysel-Stadium-Disaster |title=Heysel Stadium disaster |work=[[Britannica]] |access-date=19 April 2024  |date=19 May 2023 |archive-date=19 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519170529/https://www.britannica.com/event/Heysel-Stadium-Disaster#ref1303119 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| participants = Supporters of [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] and [[Juventus FC|Juventus]]
| outcome = English clubs banned from European competition for five years; Liverpool for six years
| reported deaths = 39
| reported injuries = 600
| arrests = 34
| convicted = Police captain Johan Mahieu,<ref name="standaard.be">{{Cite web|url=https://www.standaard.be/cnt/dmf20221008_96553766?&articlehash=vG%2Bs8bjwR6Pm6zVY8B0fq1%2Fm205%2Fv94hDIDtr43E3AizL8deDeG%2F1GHkowwrn%2F0R3bBla64LrxZVoZ7phk7%2FAvBoIALnm9cYhnPfEyMk%2Bw9NV8mPiIlRL6VEdIans%2BUesVWpZCZqO6tjxuMq5HdkY5YD8ElKxnBahfhB%2BRPVP8Q9El3x%2B93qT7I%2FNNma0kNuUOzrpNw7DXlql%2BDDAIRh%2B9qUBN9MnmaAOC%2BD18wE%2F%2BrTcG%2F5fUbfFm1ClKG2HKBJUZhzYVtYQ8vz6rytn2eyJilyC0XWd4A3ziTSlqT8sazPofloMIOLOmUjJ1Qu4JFENJEIyvjdj8xvMtLzL9uWOA%3D%3D|title='Een aaneenschakeling van kleine foutjes heeft tot het Heizeldrama geleid'|website=standaard.be|date=8 October 2022 }}</ref> and 14 Liverpool fans convicted of [[manslaughter]]
}}

The '''Heysel Stadium disaster''' ({{langx|fr|Drame du Heysel}} {{IPA|fr|dʁam dy ɛzɛl|}}; {{langx|nl|Heizeldrama}} {{IPA|nl|ˈɦɛizəlˌdraːmaː|}}; {{langx|it|Strage dello 'Heysel}} {{IPA|it|ˈstraːdʒe dello eiˈzɛl|}}) was a [[Crowd collapses and crushes|crowd disaster]] on 29 May 1985, when [[Juventus FC|Juventus]] fans were escaping from an attack by [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] fans while they were pressed against a wall in the [[King Baudouin Stadium|Heysel Stadium]] in Brussels, Belgium, before the start of the [[1985 European Cup final]]. The stadium was in need of maintenance and had not been adequately updated.<ref name="auto"/> It had failed inspections before the disaster,<ref name="auto1"/> and the wall collapsed under the force. Thirty-nine spectators—mostly Italians and Juventus fans—were killed in the subsequent crush, while 600 more were injured.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Heysel: Liverpool and Juventus remember disaster that claimed 39 lives |work=[[Daily Mirror]] |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/heysel-football-stadium-anniversary-of-disaster-852138 |date=29 May 2012 |access-date=4 April 2018 |archive-date=10 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910164829/https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/heysel-football-stadium-anniversary-of-disaster-852138 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Heysel_(1).jpg|thumb|260px|Commemorative plaque at the [[King Baudouin Stadium]], formerly Heysel Stadium, in Brussels]]
An hour before the final was due to kick off, incidents of aggression between the two sets of supporters were taking place across the flimsy divide between the Liverpool section and what was intended to be a "neutral" section, for those who had purchased tickets in Belgium. The throwing of objects back and forth led to larger scale physical altercations, and the chicken wire fence was soon ripped down. After initial fighting, Juventus fans in the neutral section began to run away from the Liverpool fans who had become involved, initially towards the pitch (where Belgian police would not allow them to go) and the exit (where they were not permitted to leave), and then in the direction of the decrepit wall.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Heysel-Stadium-Disaster | title=Heysel Stadium disaster &#124; Description & Facts &#124; Britannica | date=March 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/european/liverpool-roma-vs-news-champions-league-preview-1984-glorious-night-tragic-circumstances-a8317891.html | title=A glorious yet tragic night: Revisiting Liverpool's 1984 win over Roma | website=[[Independent.co.uk]] | date=23 April 2018 }}</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/football/2015/may/27/heysel-stadium-disaster-30th-anniversary "Heysel stadium disaster: 'I saw the rows of bodies piled high{{'"}}]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615111637/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2015/may/27/heysel-stadium-disaster-30th-anniversary |date=15 June 2018 }}, ''The Guardian''</ref> Fans already standing near the wall were crushed; eventually the wall collapsed, providing an escape route for some while contributing to the fatalities.<ref>{{Cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2005/apr/02/championsleague200405.championsleague| title=Liverpool still torn over tragedy| newspaper=The Guardian| date=April 2005| last1=Kelso| first1=Paul| access-date=23 May 2018| archive-date=18 August 2006| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060818233206/http://football.guardian.co.uk/championsleague200405/story/0,,1450632,00.html| url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{cite web | url=https://richardcorbett.org.uk/remembering-heysel/ | title=Remembering Heysel }}</ref> Many people climbed to safety, but many others died or were badly injured. The game was played despite the pre-match incidents,<ref name="La Stampa">{{cite news|language=it|url=http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,2/articleid,1003_01_1985_0111_0002_22845711/anews,true/|title=L'UEFA: perché si è deciso di giocare|publisher=La Stampa|page=2|date=30 May 1985}}</ref> after a [[State of emergency#Graduation|state of siege]] was declared in the city,<ref name=Sconcerti>{{cite news|language=it|author=Mario Sconcerti|url=http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1985/05/31/fuga-da-bruxelles-nella-notte.html|title=Fuga da Bruxelles|publisher=la Repubblica|date=30 May 1985|quote=it: La città è in stato d'assedio. Per le strade non un'anima viva.|trans-quote=The city is in a [[State of emergency#Graduation|state of siege]]. There is not a living soul on the streets.}}</ref> with Juventus winning 1–0.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/liverpool/content/articles/2006/12/04/local_history_heysel_feature.shtml|title=Liverpool&nbsp;– History&nbsp;– Heysel disaster|publisher=BBC|access-date=22 March 2011|archive-date=5 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110305085636/http://www.bbc.co.uk/liverpool/content/articles/2006/12/04/local_history_heysel_feature.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>

The tragedy resulted in English [[association football|football]] clubs being banned by [[Union of European Football Associations]] (UEFA) from all European competitions (lifted in 1990–91), with Liverpool being excluded for an additional three years, later reduced to one,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tomkinstimes.com/2013/05/heysel-25-years-on-book-extract/ |title=Heysel, 27 Years On – Book Extract |work=The Tomkins Times |access-date=22 April 2014 |archive-date=16 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416184215/http://tomkinstimes.com/2013/05/heysel-25-years-on-book-extract/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=1989-04-11 |title=British Soccer Will Return to Continent's Fields in 1990 |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-04-11-sp-1923-story.html |access-date=2022-09-17 |website=Los Angeles Times }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ap |date=1990-07-11 |title=English Soccer Clubs Readmitted to Europe|work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/07/11/sports/english-soccer-clubs-readmitted-to-europe.html |access-date=2022-09-17 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and 14 Liverpool fans were found guilty of [[manslaughter]] and sentenced to six years' imprisonment, with the Belgian authorities also being blamed, including police captain Johan Mahieu, who had been in charge of security, found guilty of manslaughter. The disaster was later described as "the darkest hour in the history of the UEFA competitions".<ref>Quote from UEFA Chief Executive Lars-Christer Olsson in 2004, [http://www.uefa.com/uefa/Keytopics/kind=2/newsId=300034.html uefa.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827030656/http://www.uefa.com/uefa/Keytopics/kind=2/newsId=300034.html |date=27 August 2009 }}</ref>

== Background ==
In May 1985, [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] were the defending [[UEFA Champions League|European Champions' Cup]] winners, having won the competition after defeating [[AS Roma|Roma]] on [[penalty shoot-out (association football)|penalties]] in the [[1984 European Cup final|previous season's final]]. Again, they would face Italian opposition, [[Juventus FC|Juventus]], which had won unbeaten the [[1983–84 European Cup Winners' Cup|1983–84 Cup Winners' Cup]]. Juventus had a team of many of [[Italy national football team|Italy]]'s [[1982 FIFA World Cup|1982 World Cup]] winning team, which played for Juventus for many years, and its [[playmaker]], [[Michel Platini]], was considered the best footballer in Europe or the world and was named [[Ballon d'Or|Footballer of The Year]] by the magazine ''[[France Football]]'' for the second year in a row in December 1984. Both teams were placed in the two first positions in the [[UEFA coefficient|UEFA club ranking]] at the end of the previous season<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kassiesa.home.xs4all.nl/bert/uefa/data/method1/tcoef1984.html|title=UEFA Team Coefficients 1983/1984|access-date=22 March 2014|archive-date=29 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140929025935/http://kassiesa.home.xs4all.nl/bert/uefa/data/method1/tcoef1984.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and were regarded by the [[sports journalism|specialist press]] as the two best teams on the continent.<ref>{{harv|Falkiner|2012}}</ref> Both teams had contested the [[1984 European Super Cup]] four months earlier, with a 2–0 victory for the Italian team.

Despite its status as Belgium's [[national stadium]], Heysel Stadium was in a poor state of repair by the [[1985 European Cup final]]. The 55-year-old stadium had not been sufficiently maintained for several years, and large parts of the facility were literally crumbling. For example, the outer wall had been made of [[cinder block]], and Liverpool fans who did not have tickets were seen kicking holes in the wall to get in.<ref name="times3">{{cite news | url=https://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,762-1554603,00.html | title=Our day of shame | work=The Times | access-date=24 May 2006 | location=London | first=Tony | last=Evans | date=5 April 2005 | archive-date=14 December 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214010232/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,762-1554603,00.html | url-status=live }}</ref> In some areas of the stadium, there was only one [[turnstile]], and some fans attending the game claimed that they were never searched or asked for their tickets.<ref name="Chalmers">{{cite web|last=Chalmers|first=Robert|title=Remembering the Heysel stadium disaster|url=https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/heysel-stadium-disaster-30-anniversary|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324144341/https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/heysel-stadium-disaster-30-anniversary|archive-date=24 March 2019|access-date=17 December 2018|work=[[GQ]]|date=29 May 2015}}</ref>

Liverpool players and fans reportedly expressed surprise at the stadium's condition, despite reports from [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] fans that the ground was a "dump" when Arsenal had played there a few years earlier. They were also surprised that Heysel was chosen despite its poor condition, especially since [[Barcelona]]'s [[Camp Nou]] and [[Madrid]]'s [[Santiago Bernabéu Stadium|Santiago Bernabéu]] were both available. Juventus President [[Giampiero Boniperti]] and Liverpool CEO Peter Robinson urged the [[Union of European Football Associations]] (UEFA) to choose another venue and claimed that Heysel was not in any condition to host a European Cup final, especially one involving two prominent European clubs. However, UEFA refused to consider a move.<ref name=Repubblica>{{cite news|language=it |author=Enrico Sisti |url=http://www.saladellamemoriaheysel.it/Intervista_a_Ian_Rush.html |title=Il calcio cambiò per sempre |publisher=[[la Repubblica]] |date=28 May 2010 |access-date=22 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322225627/http://www.saladellamemoriaheysel.it/Intervista_a_Ian_Rush.html |archive-date=22 March 2014}}</ref><ref name="lfcstory">{{cite web|url=http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/lfc_story/a_1985.shtml |title=LFC Story 1985 |work=Liverpool Official Website |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060520113640/http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/lfc_story/a_1985.shtml |archive-date=20 May 2006 |access-date=24 May 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref> {{Unreliable source?|date=September 2025}} It was later discovered that UEFA's inspection of the stadium had lasted just thirty minutes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.belgianfootball.be/en/heysel-stadium-disaster|title=The Heysel Stadium Disaster|work=[[Royal Belgian Football Association]]|access-date=10 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217062923/http://www.belgianfootball.be/en/heysel-stadium-disaster|archive-date=17 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

The stadium was crammed with 58,000 to 60,000 supporters, with more than 25,000 for each team. The two ends behind the goals comprised all-standing terraces, each end split into three zones. The Juventus end was O, N, and M, and the Liverpool end was X, Y, and Z, as deemed by the Belgian court after the disaster. However, the tickets for the Z section were reserved for neutral Belgian fans in addition to the rest of the stadium. The idea of the large neutral area was opposed by both Liverpool and Juventus,<ref name="times2">{{cite news | url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,428-1532782,00.html | title=Night of mayhem in Brussels that will never be forgotten | work=The Times | access-date=24 May 2006 | location=London | first1=James | last1=Ducker | first2=Tom | last2=Dart | date=19 March 2005 | archive-date=12 December 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212165630/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,428-1532782,00.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> as it would provide an opportunity for fans of both clubs to obtain tickets from agencies or from [[ticket resale|ticket touts]] outside the ground and thereby create a dangerous mix of fans.<ref name="lfcstory"/>

At the time, Belgium already had a large Italian community; many [[expatriate]] Juventus fans from Brussels, [[Liège]] and [[Charleroi]] bought Section Z tickets.<ref name="guardian">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2005/apr/02/championsleague200405.championsleague |title=Liverpool still torn over night that shamed their name |work=The Guardian |access-date=24 May 2006 |location=London |first=Paul |last=Kelso |date=2 April 2005 |archive-date=18 August 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060818233206/http://football.guardian.co.uk/championsleague200405/story/0,,1450632,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Chalmers/> Also, many tickets were bought up and sold by travel agents, mainly to Juventus fans. That meant the Juventus fans had more sections than the Liverpool fans with the Z section, which was nominally reserved for neutrals. Reportedly, Liverpool fans were still smarting from being attacked by Roma [[ultras]] at the 1984 European Cup final and placed next to what amounted to another Juventus section heightened tensions before the match.<ref name=Chalmers/> A small percentage of the tickets ended up in the hands of Liverpool fans.

== Confrontation ==
[[File:Heysel plan.png|300px|thumbnail|Heysel Stadium by section]]
At approximately 7:00{{spaces}}p.m. local time, an hour before kickoff, the initial disturbance started.<ref name="bbc 2">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/768380.stm |title=The Heysel disaster |publisher=BBC News |access-date=15 June 2006 |date=29 May 2000 |archive-date=12 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112222859/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/768380.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> The Liverpool supporters in Section X and the mixed, but largely Juventus, supporters in Section Z (a supposedly neutral section for which tickets had been sold locally in Belgium) stood merely metres apart. The boundary between the two was marked by temporary [[chain link fencing]] and a central thinly-policed no man's land.<ref name="guardian5">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2005/apr/03/newsstory.sport14 |title=Lost lives that saved a sport |work=The Guardian |access-date=15 June 2006 |location=London |first=Andrew |last=Hussey |date=3 April 2005 |archive-date=5 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705170416/http://football.guardian.co.uk/News_Story/0,1563,1448505,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Football hooliganism|Hooligans]] began to throw flares, bottles and stones across the divide and picked up stones from the crumbling terraces beneath them.<ref name=Chalmers/>

As kickoff approached, the exchange of objects increased. Eventually angry Liverpool fans charged towards the Juventus fans, the boundary between Section X and Z broke down, and the few police officers stationed at the divide were overpowered. As the Juventus fans started fleeing, initially towards the pitch (but the Belgian police would not allow them to go there) and the exit (where the officials would not open the gate to allow them to leave) and then towards the decrepit [[concrete]] wall at the perimeter of Section Z. Fans standing near the wall were [[Crowd collapses and crushes|crushed]], and as the pressure mounted the entire lower portion of the wall collapsed, burying fans underneath it as it fell.<ref name="auto2"/> Some fans managed to climb over to safety, but many others died or were badly injured.

In retaliation for the events in Section Z, many Juventus fans advanced down the stadium running track to help other Juventus supporters, but police intervention stopped the advance. A large group of Juventus fans fought the police with rocks, bottles and stones for two hours. One Juventus fan was also seen firing a [[starting pistol|starting gun]] at Belgian police.<ref>{{cite news|title=Italian fan firing a gun at Belgium police|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2194&dat=19850531&id=PDc0AAAAIBAJ&pg=5516,5515417|newspaper=Ottawa Citizen}}</ref>

== Match ==
It was decided that the match should eventually start for [[public policy doctrine]] reasons<ref name="Curino">{{cite news|author=Luciano Curino|date=30 May 1985|title=Tragedia allo stadio di Bruxelles|language=it|page=1|publisher=La Stampa|url=http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,1/articleid,1003_01_1985_0111_0001_13892528/|url-status=live|access-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507233740/http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,1/articleid,1003_01_1985_0111_0001_13892528|archive-date=7 May 2015}}</ref> because abandoning the match would have risked inciting further disturbances.<ref name="La Stampa"/> This decision was jointly made by UEFA officials, the [[Italian Football Federation|Italian]], [[The Football Association|English]] and [[Royal Belgian Football Association|Belgian]] national associations, the country's [[Federal Public Service Interior|Ministry of Interior]] led by [[Belgian Prime Minister|local Premier]] [[Wilfried Martens]], [[List of mayors of Brussels|Brussels Mayor]] [[Hervé Brouhon]], and the city's [[Federal Police (Belgium)|police force]], despite the scale of the disaster, the [[State of emergency#Graduation|state of siege]] in the [[City of Brussels]] consequently declared by the [[Federal Government of Belgium|Belgian government]]<ref name="Sconcerti"/> and Juventus' expressed concerns about the match proceeding.<ref>{{cite news|author=Renato Proni|date=30 May 1985|title=La Juventus non voleva giocare|language=it|page=3|publisher=La Stampa|url=http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,3/articleid,1003_01_1985_0111_0031_13892986/|url-status=live|access-date=9 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402125159/http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,3/articleid,1003_01_1985_0111_0031_13892986/|archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="Curino"/> After the captains of both sides spoke to the crowd and appealed for calm,<ref>{{harvtxt|Graham|1985|p=55}}</ref> the players took the field knowing that people had died. Years later, Liverpool captain [[Phil Neal]] said that in hindsight, it would have been "a better decision" to call off the game.<ref name="lfcstory" />

Juventus won the match 1–0 thanks to a penalty scored by [[Michel Platini|Platini]], which was awarded by the Swiss referee, Daina, for a foul against [[Zbigniew Boniek]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Nie dla Bońka na stadionie Juventusu|url=http://www.sport.pl/pilka/1,65083,8536356,Nie_kibicow_dla_Bonka_na_stadionie_Juventusu.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213858/http://www.sport.pl/pilka/1%2C65083%2C8536356%2CNie_kibicow_dla_Bonka_na_stadionie_Juventusu.html|archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref>

At the end of the game, the [[European Champion Clubs' Cup|trophy]] was given in front of the stadium's Honor Stand by UEFA President [[Jacques Georges]] to Juventus Captain [[Gaetano Scirea]]. The chants of fans of both teams in the stands<ref>{{cite news|author=James Arangüera|date=7 June 1985<!--|access-date=21 March 2014-->|title=Um trófeu para ser esquecido|language=pt|page=29|publisher=[[Placar]]}}</ref> and the massive [[Pitch invasion|invasion of the pitch]] by journalists and fans at the end of the match generated the collective [[hysteria]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Reilly|first1=Thomas|year=1996|title=Science and Soccer|pages=316; 320|publisher=E & FN Spon|location=London|url=http://www.gethitch.com.au/csf/Soccer%20Coaching/36865462-Science-and-Soccer-Thomas-Reilly.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106010508/http://www.gethitch.com.au/csf/Soccer%20Coaching/36865462-Science-and-Soccer-Thomas-Reilly.pdf|archive-date=6 November 2014|isbn=0-419-18880-0}}</ref> Some of the Italian club players celebrated the title in the middle of the pitch in front of their fans in the M section, and some of the Liverpool players applauded their fans between the X and Z sections.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Camerani|first1=Francesco|title=Le verità sull'Heysel. Cronaca di una strage annunciata|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2003|isbn=978-888-7-67623-5|pages=135–136|language=it}}</ref>

Liverpool players only realised the extent of the tragedy when they boarded their bus at a Brussels hotel to go to the airport, when a crowd of Juventus supporters surrounded the bus. Police had to escort the bus out of the lot.<ref name="lfcstory" /> The police allowed Liverpool's bus to drive directly onto the [[Airport apron|tarmac]] at [[Brussels Airport]] to prevent potential disturbances at the terminal.<ref name="Chalmers" />

== Victims ==
Of the 39 people killed, 32 were Italian (including two minors), four Belgian, two French, and one from [[Northern Ireland]].<ref>{{cite news|date=17 May 2011|title=Heysel stadium disaster film is planned|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-merseyside-13430935|url-status=live|access-date=21 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102075626/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-merseyside-13430935|archive-date=2 January 2016}}</ref><ref>[http://www.liverpooldailypost.co.uk/liverpool-fc/heysel-tragedy/2010/05/27/the-39-victims-who-died-at-heysel-stadium-92534-26530945/ The 39 victims who died at Heysel Stadium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101021045418/http://www.liverpooldailypost.co.uk/liverpool-fc/heysel-tragedy/2010/05/27/the-39-victims-who-died-at-heysel-stadium-92534-26530945/|date=21 October 2010}} -''liverpooldailypost.co.uk''</ref>{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* {{flagicon|ITA}} Rocco Acerra, 29
* {{flagicon|ITA}} Bruno Balli, 50
* {{flagicon|BEL}} Alfons Bos, 35<ref name=French_book>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KhSmIUmS5IgC&pg=PT56|title=Le Heysel: Une tragédie européenne|author=Jean-Philippe Leclaire|access-date=26 June 2018|isbn=9782702146842|date=2005-05-18|publisher=Calmann-Lévy }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|ITA}} Giancarlo Bruschera, 21
* {{flagicon|ITA}} Andrea Casula, 11
* {{flagicon|ITA}} Giovanni Casula, 44
* {{flagicon|ITA}} Nino Cerullo, 24
* {{flagicon|BEL}} Willy Chielens, 41
* {{flagicon|ITA}} Giuseppina Conti, 17
* {{flagicon|BEL}} Dirk Daeninckx, 38
* {{flagicon|ITA}} Dionisio Fabbro, 51
* {{flagicon|FRA|1974}} Jacques François, 45<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lavoixdunord.fr/171726/article/2017-06-02/il-y-trente-deux-ans-des-chapellois-frappes-par-le-drame-du-heysel|title=Il y a trente-deux ans, des Chapellois frappés par le drame du Heysel|work=lavoixdunord.fr|date=2 June 2017|access-date=26 June 2018|language=fr|archive-date=27 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627010822/http://www.lavoixdunord.fr/171726/article/2017-06-02/il-y-trente-deux-ans-des-chapellois-frappes-par-le-drame-du-heysel|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|ITA}} Eugenio Gagliano, 35
* {{flagicon|ITA}} Francesco Galli, 24
* {{flagicon|ITA}} Giancarlo Gonnelli, 20
* {{flagicon|ITA}} Alberto Guarini, 21
* {{flagicon|ITA}} Giovacchino Landini, 50
* {{flagicon|ITA}} Roberto Lorentini, 31
* {{flagicon|ITA}} Barbara Lusci, 58
* {{flagicon|ITA}} Franco Martelli, 22
* {{flagicon|ITA}} Loris Messore, 28
* {{flagicon|ITA}} Gianni Mastroiaco, 20
* {{flagicon|ITA}} Sergio Bastino Mazzino, 38
* {{flagicon|ITA}} Luciano Rocco Papaluca, 38
* {{flagicon|ITA}} Luigi Pidone, 31
* {{flagicon|ITA}} Benito Pistolato, 50
* {{flagicon|NIR}} Patrick Radcliffe, 38<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/remembering-belfast-man-patrick-radcliffe-who-died-in-heysel-tragedy-31262076.html|title=Remembering Belfast man Patrick Radcliffe who died in Heysel tragedy|work=Belfast Telegraph|date=29 May 2015|access-date=26 June 2018|archive-date=27 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627005323/https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/remembering-belfast-man-patrick-radcliffe-who-died-in-heysel-tragedy-31262076.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|ITA}} Domenico Ragazzi, 44
* {{flagicon|ITA}} Antonio Ragnanese, 49
* {{flagicon|FRA|1974}} Claude Robert, 27<ref name=French_book/>
* {{flagicon|ITA}} Mario Ronchi, 43
* {{flagicon|ITA}} Domenico Russo, 28
* {{flagicon|ITA}} Tarcisio Salvi, 49
* {{flagicon|ITA}} Gianfranco Sarto, 47
* {{flagicon|ITA}} Amedeo Giuseppe Spolaore, 55
* {{flagicon|ITA}} Mario Spanu, 41
* {{flagicon|ITA}} Tarcisio Venturin, 23
* {{flagicon|BEL}} Jean Michel Walla, 32
* {{flagicon|ITA}} Claudio Zavaroni, 28
}}

== Investigation ==
The investigation focused initially on the actions of Liverpool fans. On 30 May, official UEFA observer Gunter Schneider said, "Only the English fans were responsible. Of that there is no doubt." UEFA, the organiser of the event, the owners of Heysel Stadium and the Belgian police were investigated for culpability. After an eighteen-month investigation, the dossier of leading Belgian judge Marina Coppieters was finally published. The investigation concluded that blame should not rest solely with the fans, and some culpability lay also with the police and authorities. Several top officials were incriminated by her findings, including police captain Johan Mahieu, who had been in charge of security. He was subsequently charged with involuntary manslaughter.<ref name="auto2"/>

=== Effect on stadiums ===
After Heysel, English clubs began to impose stricter rules intended to make it easier to prevent troublemakers from attending domestic games, with legal provision to exclude troublemakers for three months introduced in 1986, and the [[Football Spectators Act 1989]] introduced in 1991.

Serious progress on legal banning orders preventing foreign travel to matches was arguably not made until the violence involving England fans (allegedly mainly involving [[neo-Nazism|neo-Nazi]] groups, such as [[Combat 18]]) at a match against [[Republic of Ireland national football team|Ireland]] [[Lansdowne Road football riot|on 15 February 1995]] and violent scenes at the [[1998 FIFA World Cup]]. Rioting at [[UEFA Euro 2000]] saw the introduction of new legislation and wider use of police powers—by 2004, 2,000 banning orders were in place, compared to fewer than 100 before Euro 2000.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Crime prevention - GOV.UK|url=https://www.gov.uk/crime-justice-and-law/crime-prevention|website=gov.uk|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329231137/http://www.crimereduction.homeoffice.gov.uk/policing13.htm?w46|archivedate=29 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=[Archived Content&#93; Football disorder &#124; Home Office<!-- Bot generated title -->|url=http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/crime-victims/reducing-crime/football-disorder/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318140521/http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/crime-victims/reducing-crime/football-disorder/|archivedate=18 March 2009}}</ref>

The main reforms to English stadiums came after the [[Taylor Report]] into the [[Hillsborough disaster]] in April 1989, which ultimately resulted in the death of 97 Liverpool fans. All-seater stadiums became a requirement for clubs in the top two divisions while pitch-side fencing was removed and [[closed-circuit camera]]s became widespread. Fans who misbehave can have their tickets revoked and be legally barred from attending games at any English stadium.

The Heysel Stadium itself continued to be used for some matches of the Belgium national team until 1990, when UEFA banned Belgium from hosting a European final for a minimum of 10 years. In 1994, the stadium was almost completely rebuilt as the [[King Baudouin Stadium]]. On 28 August 1995 the new stadium welcomed the return of football to Heysel in the form of a friendly match between [[Belgium national football team|Belgium]] and [[Germany national football team|Germany]]. It then hosted a major European final again on 8 May 1996 when [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] [[1996 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup final|defeated]] [[SK Rapid Wien|Rapid Vienna]] 1–0 to win the [[1995–96 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup|Cup Winners' Cup]].

==Litigation==
British police undertook a thorough investigation to bring the perpetrators to justice. Some seventeen minutes of film and many still photographs were examined. ''[[This Week (ITV TV series)|TV Eye]]'' produced an hour-long programme featuring the footage while British newspapers published the photographs.

A total of 34 people were arrested and questioned with 26 Liverpool fans being charged with [[manslaughter]]—the only [[Extradition|extraditable]] offence applicable to events at Heysel. An extradition hearing in London in February–March 1987 ruled all 26 were to be extradited to stand trial in Belgium for the death of Juventus fan Mario Ronchi. In September 1987 they were extradited and formally charged with manslaughter applying to all 39 deaths and further charges of assault. Initially, all were held at a Belgian prison, but, over the subsequent months, judges permitted their release as the start of the trial was further delayed.

The trial eventually began in October 1988, with three Belgians also standing trial for their role in the disaster: Albert Roosens, the head of the Belgian Football Association, for allowing tickets for the Liverpool section of the stadium to be sold to Juventus fans; and two police chiefs—Michel Kensier and Johan Mahieu—who were in charge of policing at the stadium that night.<ref name="standaard.be"/> Two of the 26 Liverpool fans were in custody in Britain at the time and stood trial later. In April 1989, fourteen fans were convicted and given three-year sentences, half of which were suspended for five years, allowing them to return to the UK.<ref name="witnesses">{{cite news|last=Jackson|first=Jamie|date=3 April 2005|title=The witnesses|work=The Observer|location=London|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2005/apr/03/newsstory.sport|url-status=live|access-date=27 May 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061001232814/http://observer.guardian.co.uk/osm/story/0,,1448082,00.html|archive-date=1 October 2006}}</ref> One man who was acquitted was [[Ronnie Jepson]], who would go on to make 414 appearances over a thirteen-year career in the [[English Football League]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Kent|first=Jeff|title=Port Vale Promotion Chronicle 1988–1989: Back to Where We Once Belonged!|publisher=Witan Books|year=1989|isbn=0-9508981-3-9|page=17}}</ref>

== Aftermath {{anchor|Ban}}==
===English club ban===
{{more citations needed section|date=May 2016}}
Pressure mounted to ban English clubs from European competition. On 31 May 1985, British Prime Minister [[Margaret Thatcher]] asked [[The FA|The Football Association]] (the FA) to withdraw English clubs from European competition before they were banned,<ref>{{cite news |last=McKie |first=David |title=Thatcher set to demand FA ban on games in Europe |url=https://www.theguardian.com/fromthearchive/story/0,,1496054,00.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130716043114/http://www.guardian.co.uk/fromthearchive/story/0,,1496054,00.html |archive-date=16 July 2013 |access-date=27 May 2006 |work=The Guardian |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Archives |first=L. A. Times |date=1985-05-31 |title=English Soccer Clubs Pull Out of Europe Competition |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-05-31-mn-14585-story.html |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> but two days later, UEFA banned English clubs for "[[Sine die|an indeterminate period of time]]".<ref>{{Cite web |title=English football clubs banned from Europe {{!}} June 2, 1985 |url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/english-football-clubs-banned-from-europe |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=HISTORY|date=16 November 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ap |date=1985-06-03 |title=ENGLISH SOCCER CLUBS ARE BANNED FROM EUROPEAN PLAY INDEFINITELY |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/06/03/world/english-soccer-clubs-are-banned-from-european-play-indefinitely.html |access-date=2024-06-02 |work=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-25 |title=European Football Union Bans English Soccer Teams |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1985/06/03/european-football-union-bans-english-soccer-teams/04959dae-2e33-4962-984c-e197b98d9601/ |access-date=2024-06-02 |newspaper=Washington Post|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> On 6 June, the [[FIFA|International Federation of Association Football]] (FIFA) extended this ban to all worldwide matches, but this was modified a week later to allow friendly matches outside of Europe to take place.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-28 |title=FIFA Restricts English Soccer |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/sports/1985/06/07/fifa-restricts-english-soccer/21076298-ae7f-41d7-82e6-b1db14ad97ba/ |access-date=2024-06-02 |newspaper=Washington Post|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> In December 1985, FIFA announced that English clubs were also free to play friendly games in Europe, though the Belgian government banned any English clubs from playing in their country.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1985-06-02 |title=1985: Uefa bans English clubs from Europe |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/2/newsid_2494000/2494963.stm |access-date=2024-06-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World ban on English soccer clubs lifted - UPI Archives |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1985/07/11/World-ban-on-English-soccer-clubs-lifted/4873489902400/ |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=UPI}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2005-04-04 |title=Heysel and the tragic aftermath |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/europe/4400953.stm |access-date=2024-06-02}}</ref>

Though the [[England national football team|England national team]] was not subjected to any bans, English club sides were banned [[Adjournment sine die|indefinitely]] from European club competitions, with Liverpool being provisionally subject to a further three years' suspension as well. In April 1989, following years of campaigning from the English football authorities, UEFA confirmed the reintroduction of English clubs (with the exception of Liverpool) into its competitions from the 1990–91 season onward effective from 11 July 1990.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Archives |first=L. A. Times |date=1989-04-11 |title=British Soccer Will Return to Continent's Fields in 1990 |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-04-11-sp-1923-story.html |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Archives |first=L. A. Times |date=1990-07-10 |title=Soccer Union Lifts Ban on English Clubs |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-07-10-sp-419-story.html |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=English soccer clubs readmitted to Europe - UPI Archives |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1990/07/10/English-soccer-clubs-readmitted-to-Europe/4009647582400/ |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=UPI}}</ref> In April 1991 UEFA's executive committee voted to allow Liverpool back into European competition from the 1991–92 season onward, a year later than their compatriots, but two years earlier than initially foreseen. In the end, all English clubs served a five-year-ban, while Liverpool were excluded for six years.

According to former Liverpool striker [[Ian Rush]], who signed with Juventus a year later, he saw pronounced improvement in the institutional relationships between both the clubs and their fans during his career in Italy.<ref name="Repubblica" />

====England's UEFA coefficient====
Prior to the introduction of the ban, England were ranked first in the [[UEFA coefficient]] ranking due to the performance of English clubs in European competition in the previous five seasons.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UEFA Country Ranking 1985 |url=https://kassiesa.net/uefa/data/method1/crank1985.html |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=kassiesa.net}}</ref> Throughout the ban, England's points were kept in the ranking until they would have naturally been replaced.

The places vacated by English clubs in the UEFA Cup were reallocated to the best countries who would usually only have two spots in the competition—countries ranked between ninth and twenty-first. For the [[1985–86 UEFA Cup]], the Soviet Union, France, [[Czechoslovakia]], and the Netherlands were granted an additional spot each, while in [[1986–87 UEFA Cup|1986–87]], [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]], Czechoslovakia, France, and [[East Germany]] were the recipients. The [[1987–88 UEFA Cup|1987–88]] season saw Portugal, Austria, and Sweden gain an additional place, with Sweden and Yugoslavia gaining the places for the [[1988–89 UEFA Cup|1988–89]] competition. The final year of the English ban, [[1989–90 UEFA Cup|1989–90]] saw Austria receive a spot, while a play-off round was played between a French and a Yugoslav side for the final space—due to the two countries having the same number of points in the ranking.<ref>{{cite web|title=UEFA Ranking History|url=https://kassiesa.home.xs4all.nl/bert/uefa/files/uefa-ranking-history.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818170916/http://kassiesa.home.xs4all.nl/bert/uefa/files/uefa-ranking-history.html|archive-date=18 August 2018|access-date=24 December 2018|work=kassiesa.home.xs4all.nl}}</ref>

England was removed from the rankings in 1990 due to having no points.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UEFA Country Ranking 1990 |url=https://kassiesa.net/uefa/data/method1/crank1990.html |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=kassiesa.net}}</ref> England did not return to the top of the coefficient rankings until 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UEFA Country Ranking 2008 |url=https://kassiesa.net/uefa/data/method3/crank2008.html |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=kassiesa.net}}</ref>

====Banned clubs====
The following clubs were denied entry to European competitions during this period:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Seasons
! European Cup
! European Cup Winners' Cup
! UEFA Cup
|-
| align="center" |1985–86
| [[1985–86 European Cup|Everton]]
| [[1985–86 European Cup Winners' Cup|Manchester United]] (4th)
| [[1985–86 UEFA Cup|Liverpool (2nd)<br>Tottenham Hotspur (3rd)<br>Southampton (5th)<br>Norwich City (League Cup winners; 20th)]]
|-
| align="center" |1986–87
| [[1986–87 European Cup|Liverpool]]
| [[1986–87 European Cup Winners' Cup|Everton]] (2nd)
| [[1986–87 UEFA Cup|West Ham United (3rd)<br>Manchester United (4th)<br>Sheffield Wednesday (5th)<br>Oxford United (League Cup winners; 18th)]]
|-
| align="center" |1987–88
| [[1987–88 European Cup|Everton]]
| [[1987–88 European Cup Winners' Cup|Coventry City]] (10th)
| [[1987–88 UEFA Cup|Liverpool (2nd)<br>Tottenham Hotspur (3rd)<br>Arsenal (4th, League Cup winners)<br>Norwich City (5th)]]
|-
| align="center" |1988–89
| [[1988–89 European Cup|Liverpool]]
| [[1988–89 European Cup Winners' Cup|Wimbledon]] (6th)
| [[1988–89 UEFA Cup|Manchester United (2nd)<br>Nottingham Forest (3rd)<br>Everton (4th)<br>Luton Town (League Cup winners; 9th)]]
|-
| align="center" |1989–90
| [[1989–90 European Cup|Arsenal]]
| [[1989–90 European Cup Winners' Cup|Liverpool]] (2nd)
| [[1989–90 UEFA Cup|Nottingham Forest (3rd, League Cup winners)<br>Norwich City (4th)<br>Derby County (5th)<br>Tottenham Hotspur (6th)]]
|-
| align="center" |1990–91
|[[1990–91 European Cup|Liverpool]]
|}

The number of places available to English clubs in the UEFA Cup would however have been reduced had English teams been eliminated early in the competition. By the time of the re-admittance of all English clubs except Liverpool in 1990–91, England was only granted one UEFA Cup entrant (awarded to the league runners-up); prior to the ban, they had four entry slots, a number not awarded to England again under regular means.

Welsh clubs playing in the [[English football league system|English league system]], who could qualify for the [[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup|European Cup Winners' Cup]] via the [[Welsh Cup]], were unaffected by the ban. [[Bangor City F.C.|Bangor City]] ([[1985–86 European Cup Winners' Cup|1985–86]]),{{refn|Bangor City finished runners-up of the 1984–85 Welsh Cup to English side [[Shrewsbury Town F.C.|Shrewsbury Town]], however English teams cannot qualify for the European Cup Winners' Cup through the Welsh Cup.|group="note"}} [[Wrexham F.C.|Wrexham]] ([[1986–87 European Cup Winners' Cup|1986–87]]), [[Merthyr Tydfil F.C.|Merthyr Tydfil]] ([[1987–88 European Cup Winners' Cup|1987–88]]), [[Cardiff City F.C.|Cardiff City]] ([[1988–89 European Cup Winners' Cup|1988–89]]), and [[Swansea City A.F.C.|Swansea City]] ([[1989–90 European Cup Winners' Cup|1989–90]]) all competed in the Cup Winners' Cup during the ban on English clubs, despite playing in the English league system.

In the meantime, many other clubs missed out on a place in the UEFA Cup due to the return of English clubs to European competitions only being gradual—in 1990, the league had no UEFA coefficient points used to calculate the number of teams, and even though [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] won the Cup Winners' Cup in the first season of returning in [[1990–91 European Cup Winners' Cup|1990–91]], it took several more years for England to win back the points to the previous level, due to the coefficient being calculated over a five-year period and there being a one-year delay between the publication of the rankings and their impact on club allocation.

Liverpool's additional year of exclusion from Europe meant that there was no English representation in the [[1990–91 European Cup]], as they were [[1989–90 Football League First Division]] champions.

====Repercussions on UEFA Cup qualification====
Due to the weak coefficient, [[EFL Cup|Football League Cup]] winners [[Nottingham Forest F.C.|Nottingham Forest]] also missed out on UEFA Cup places in [[1990–91 UEFA Cup|1990–91]], along with [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]] and Arsenal. The teams who missed out on the [[1991–92 UEFA Cup]], for the same reason were [[Sheffield Wednesday F.C.|Sheffield Wednesday]], [[Crystal Palace F.C.|Crystal Palace]], and [[Leeds United F.C.|Leeds United]]. Arsenal and [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] were unable to take part for the [[1992–93 UEFA Cup|1992–93 competition]]. For [[1993–94 UEFA Cup|1993–94]], [[Blackburn Rovers F.C.|Blackburn Rovers]] and [[Queens Park Rangers F.C.|Queens Park Rangers]] would have qualified.

Leeds United missed out in [[1994–95 UEFA Cup|1994–95]] and initially [[1995–96 UEFA Cup|1995–96]], though they qualified for the latter via the new [[UEFA Respect Fair Play ranking|UEFA Fair Play ranking]], which at the time gave their three top-ranking associations' highest-placed team who've not already qualified for Europe a UEFA Cup spot. Remaining outside the top three of the coefficient rankings, England retained its three UEFA Cup berths instead of four. Sixth-placed [[Everton F.C.|Everton]] lost a Fair Play berth for [[1996–97 UEFA Cup|1996–97]] by UEFA, as punishment for the FA due to Tottenham Hotspur and [[Wimbledon F.C.|Wimbledon]] fielding weakened teams in the [[1995 UEFA Intertoto Cup]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/english-clubs-pay-for-intertoto-fiasco-1526049.html|title=English clubs pay for Intertoto fiasco|work=The Independent|date=16 December 1995|access-date=31 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=FAQ: Qualification and Seeding for the European Cups|url=https://kassiesa.net/uefa/history/faq1996.txt|access-date=29 September 2020|publisher=Bert Kassies}}</ref>

By this point, while England's coefficient was no longer directly affected by the ban due to it being outside of the five-year window, their coefficient continued to be affected by years of under-representation in the competition. As a result, [[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]] missed out via their league position for [[1997–98 UEFA Cup|1997–98]] and [[1998–99 UEFA Cup|1998–99]] but qualified for both through Fair Play. Restructuring of UEFA competitions for 1999–2000 gave the top six associations of the coefficient ranking three UEFA Cup berths (the top three gained four [[1999–2000 UEFA Champions League|Champions League]] berths, whilst 4–6 got three), which England now reached, whilst associations ranked seventh and eighth were given four berths for the competition.

== Commemorations ==
[[File:Heysel disaster memorial in Cherasco (Italy).jpg|thumb|Monument at [[Cherasco]], Italy]]
In 1985, a memorial was presented to the victims at the Juventus headquarters in Piazza Crimea, [[Turin]]. The monument includes an [[epitaph]] written by Torinese journalist [[Giovanni Arpino]]. Since 2001 to 2017 it has been situated in front of the club's headquarters in Corso Galileo Ferraris and since then in [[Juventus Stadium#J-Village|Juventus Headquarter]].<ref>{{cite web|language=it |url=http://www.saladellamemoriaheysel.it/Immagini/Lapide.jpg |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130413133440/http://www.saladellamemoriaheysel.it/Immagini/Lapide.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 April 2013 |title=Una foto del monumento a Torino |access-date=3 June 2010 }}</ref> [[File:Heysel Stadium memorial, St John's Gardens.jpg|thumb|Memorial in [[St John's Gardens, Liverpool|St John's Gardens]], Liverpool|left]]In 1991, another memorial monument for the 39 victims of the disaster, was inaugurated in [[Reggio Emilia]], the hometown of the victim Claudio Zavaroni, in front of [[Stadio Mirabello]]: every year the committee "Per non dimenticare Heysel" (In order not to forget Heysel) holds a ceremony on 29 May with relatives of the victims, representatives of Juventus, survivors and various supporters clubs from various football clubs, including Inter Milan, Milan AC, Reggiana and Torino.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.saladellamemoriaheysel.it/ANNIVERSARI%20e%20CERIMONIE/Anniversari_e_Cerimonie_di_Reggio_Emilia.html | title=Reggio Emilia 1985-2019 | access-date=29 May 2017 | archive-date=28 May 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528052650/http://www.saladellamemoriaheysel.it/ANNIVERSARI%20e%20CERIMONIE/Anniversari_e_Cerimonie_di_Reggio_Emilia.html | url-status=live }}</ref> During [[UEFA Euro 2000|Euro 2000]], members of the Italian team left flowers on the site in honour of the victims.

On 29 May 2005, a £140,000 sculpture was unveiled at the new Heysel stadium, to commemorate the disaster. The monument is a [[sundial]] designed by French artist Patrick Rimoux and includes Italian and Belgian stone and the poem "[[Funeral Blues]]" by Englishman [[W. H. Auden|W.&nbsp;H.&nbsp;Auden]] to symbolise the sorrow of the three countries. Thirty-nine lights shine, one for each who died that night.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/2360360/Anniversary-monument-honours-Heysel-dead.html |title=Anniversary monument honours Heysel dead |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |access-date=30 May 2015 |location=London |first=Duncan |last=White |date=30 May 2005 |archive-date=29 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629033844/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/2360360/Anniversary-monument-honours-Heysel-dead.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 26 May 2010, a permanent plaque was unveiled on the Centenary Stand at Anfield to honour the Juventus fans who died 25 years earlier. This plaque is one of two permanent memorials to be found at Anfield, along with one for the 97 fans killed in the Hillsborough disaster in 1989. In May 2012, a Heysel Memorial was unveiled in the [[Juventus Stadium#J-Museum|J-Museum]] at [[Turin]]. There is also a tribute to the disaster's victims in the club's ''Walk of Fame'' in front of the [[Juventus Stadium]]. Two years later Juventus' officials announced a memorial in the Continassa headquarter. In February 2014, an exhibition in Turin was dedicated both to the Heysel tragedy and [[Superga air disaster]]. The name of the exhibition was "''Settanta angeli in un unico cielo – Superga e Heysel tragedie sorelle''" (70 angels in the one same heaven – Superga and Heysel sister tragedies) and gathered material from 4 May 1949 and 29 May 1985.<ref>[http://www.serieaddicted.com/article/heysel-and-superga_juve-and-toro-s-pain-finally-united-in-an-exhibition.php Heysel and Superga: Juve and Toro's pain finally united in an exhibition] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129081515/http://www.serieaddicted.com/article/heysel-and-superga_juve-and-toro-s-pain-finally-united-in-an-exhibition.php |date=29 November 2014 }} -''serieaddicted.com''</ref>

On 12 November 2015, the [[Italian Football Federation]] (FIGC), Juventus' representatives led by Mariella Scirea and J-Museum president Paolo Garimberti and members of the Italian victims association held a ceremony in front of the Heysel monument in King Baudouin Stadium for the 30th anniversary of the event.<ref>{{cite news|language=it|url=http://www.juventus.com/it/news/news/2015/in-memoria-delle-vittime-dell-heysel.php|title=In memoria delle vittime dell'Heysel|publisher=juventus.com|date=12 November 2015|access-date=12 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113232900/http://www.juventus.com/it/news/news/2015/in-memoria-delle-vittime-dell-heysel.php|archive-date=13 November 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The following day, FIGC president [[Carlo Tavecchio]] announced the retirement of ''Squadra Azzurra'''s number 39 shirt prior to the friendly match between [[Italy national football team|Italy]] and [[Belgium national football team|Belgium]].<ref>{{cite news|language=it|url=http://vivoazzurro.it/figcnews/azzurri-a-bruxelles-30-anni-dopo-la-tragedia-dellheysel-le-iniziative-della-figc/|title=Azzurri a Bruxelles 30 anni dopo la tragedia dell'Heysel: le iniziative della FIGC|work=Vivo Azzurri|publisher=Federazione Italiana Giuoco Calcio|date=11 November 2015|access-date=10 November 2015|archive-date=12 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151112182424/http://vivoazzurro.it/figcnews/azzurri-a-bruxelles-30-anni-dopo-la-tragedia-dellheysel-le-iniziative-della-figc/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== At games ===
A memorial service for those killed in the disaster was held before Liverpool's match with [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] at Anfield on 18 August 1985, their first fixture after the disaster. However, according to ''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]'', it was "drowned out" by chanting.<ref>{{cite news|title=Liverpool fans mar service for riot victims|date=19 August 1985|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=31 July 2013|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=5jVWAAAAIBAJ&pg=3228%2C2937361}}</ref> [[File:Amicizia.jpg|thumb|300px|right|[[Anfield#The Stands|The Kop]] creates a mosaic saying "Amicizia" ("Friendship")]]Juventus and Liverpool were drawn together in the quarter-finals of the [[2004–05 UEFA Champions League|2004–05 Champions League]], their first meeting since Heysel. Before the first leg at [[Anfield]], Liverpool fans held up placards to form a banner saying "''amicizia''" ("friendship" in Italian). The gesture was met with a mixed reaction from Juventus fans, with some applauding and others choosing to turn their backs on it.<ref name="bbc3">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/4409501.stm |title=Mixed reactions to Heysel homage |publisher=BBC News |access-date=15 June 2006 |date=6 April 2005 |archive-date=21 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090421153035/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/4409501.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> In the return leg in Turin, Juventus fans displayed banners reading ''"Easy to speak, difficult to pardon: Murders"'' and ''"15-4-89. Sheffield. God exists"'', the latter a reference to the [[Hillsborough disaster]], in which 97 Liverpool fans were killed in a crush. A number of Liverpool fans were attacked in the city by Juventus ultras.<ref>{{cite news|last=Moore|first=Glenn|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/premier-league/taunts-and-trouble-mar-juves-attempts-to-deal-with-the-past-5344777.html|title=Taunts and trouble mar Juve's attempts to deal with the past|work=The Independent|date=14 April 2005|access-date=21 April 2013|archive-date=19 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819122741/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/premier-league/taunts-and-trouble-mar-juves-attempts-to-deal-with-the-past-5344777.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In May 2015, during a [[2014-15 Serie A|Serie A]] match between Juventus and Napoli at Turin, Juventus fans held up placards to form a banner saying "''+39 Rispetto''" ("respect +39" in Italian) including the names of the victims of the disaster.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.foxsports.com.au/football/eurobeat-dortmund-farewell-jurgen-klopp-party-time-for-league-winners-juventus-bayern-psg/story-e6frf423-1227367072169|title=EuroBeat: Dortmund farewell Jurgen Klopp, party time for league winners Juventus, Bayern, PSG|work=Fox Sports|access-date=24 May 2015| date=24 May 2015}}</ref>

In an interview with ''Planet Football'', Liverpool footballer [[Mark Lawrenson]] spoke about his experience in the immediate aftermath of the Heysel Stadium disaster, describing it as a "surreal, ugly night" and "a horrific chain of events."<ref>Mark Lawrenson recalls night of the 1985 stadium disaster | https://www.joe.co.uk/sport/mark-lawrenson-heysel-disaster-225474</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Crowd control]]
* [[Crowd control barrier]]
* [[Crowd manipulation]]
* [[Hillsborough disaster]]
* [[English football clubs in international competitions]]
* [[Football hooliganism in the United Kingdom]]
* [[Juventus F.C. in international football]]
* [[Liverpool F.C. in international football]]
* [[2017 Turin stampede]]
* [[Kanjuruhan Stadium disaster]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

===Works cited===
* {{cite book |last1=Falkiner |first1=Keith |chapter=A Midfield Maestro |title=in Emerald Anfield. The Irish and Liverpool FC |publisher=Hachette Books Ireland |location=Dublin |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-444-74386-9 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Graham |first1=Matthew |title=Liverpool |publisher=Hamlyn Publishing Group |location=Twickenham |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-600-50254-8 }}

== Further reading ==
<!-- in chronological order -->
* Evans, R., & Rowe, M. (2002). "For Club and Country: Taking Football Disorder Abroad". ''Soccer & Society'', 3(1), 37. {{doi|10.1080/714004870}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hopkins |first1=M |last2=Treadwell|first2=J |title=Football Hooliganism, Fan Behaviour and Crime: Contemporary Issues |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2014|isbn=978-1137347978 }}
* {{Cite journal |journal=Soccer and Society |title=English Football Fan Groups in the 1990s: Class, Representation and Fan Power |last=Nash |first=Rex |volume=2 |issue=1 |date=2001|pages=39–58 |doi=10.1080/714866720|s2cid=143050570 }}
* {{Cite journal |journal=Soccer and Society |title='Heads in the Sand': Football, Politics and Crowd Disasters in Twentieth-Century Britain |last=Johnes |first=Martin |volume=5 |issue=2 |date=2004|pages=134–151 |doi=10.1080/1466097042000235173|s2cid=153999309 }}
* {{Cite journal |journal=Soccer and Society |title=Hit and tell: A review essay on the Soccer Hooligan Memoir |last=Redhead |first=Steve |volume=5 |issue=3 |date=Autumn 2004|pages=392–403 |doi=10.1080/1466097042000279625|s2cid=162546263 }}
* {{Cite journal |journal=Soccer and Society |title='Protect Me From What I Want': Football Fandom, Celebrity Cultures and 'New' Football in England |last=Williams |first=John |volume=7 |issue=1 |date=2006|pages=96–114 |doi=10.1080/14660970500355637|s2cid=143334150 }}
* {{Cite journal |journal=Soccer and Society |title=The Nature and Extent of Football Hooliganism in England and Wales |last1=Frosdick |first1=Steve |last2=Newton |first2=Robert |volume=7 |issue=4 |date=2006|pages=403–422 |doi=10.1080/14660970600905703|s2cid=145372970 }}
* {{Cite journal |journal=Soccer and Society |title=The Ownership and Control of Elite Club Competition in European Football |last=Holt |first=Matthew |volume=8 |issue=1 |date=2007|pages=50–67 |doi=10.1080/14660970600989491|s2cid=143783793 }}
* {{Cite journal |journal=Soccer and Society |title=This Sporting Life: The Realism of The Football Factory |last=Redhead |first=Steve |volume=8 |issue=1 |date=2007|pages=90–108 |doi=10.1080/14660970600989525|s2cid=162357806 }}
* {{Cite journal |journal=The International Journal of the History of Sport |title=Football hooliganism as a transnational phenomenon: Past and present analysis: A critique – More specificity and less generality |last=Spaaij |first=Ramón |volume=24 |issue=4 |date= 2007|pages=411–431 |doi=10.1080/09523360601157156|s2cid=145600753 }}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110923190100/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/system/topicRoot/Heysel_Disaster/ Heysel Disaster] Original reports from ''[[The Times]]'', at [[Internet Archive]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110321174959/http://www.lfconline.com/news/loadsngl.asp?cid=EDB3 Heysel Tragedy article on LFC Online]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/4394705.stm BBC Sports columnist Alan Hansen – Reds tie evokes Heysel memories]
* [http://www.sirc.org/publik/football_violence.pdf Football Violence in Europe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926060511/http://www.sirc.org/publik/football_violence.pdf |date=26 September 2007 }} Paper by the [[Social Issues Research Centre]]
* [http://tomkinstimes.com/2009/12/heysel-athens-the-truth/ Partial article by Paul Tompkins]

{{Human stampedes}}
{{Topics on Brussels}}
{{Juventus F.C.}}
{{Liverpool F.C.}}
{{UEFA Champions League seasons}}
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[[Category:1984–85 European Cup]]
[[Category:1984–85 in Italian football]]
[[Category:1984–85 in Belgian football]]
[[Category:1984–85 in English football]]
[[Category:1985 crimes in Belgium]]
[[Category:1985 in England]]
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[[Category:Association football hooliganism]]
[[Category:Belgium–Italy sports relations|1985-05-29]]
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[[Category:Crime in Brussels]]
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[[Category:Juventus FC]]
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[[Category:Manslaughter in Europe]]
[[Category:Manslaughter trials]]
[[Category:1985 crimes]]
[[Category:May 1985 in Europe]]
[[Category:Riots and civil disorder in Belgium]]
[[Category:Stadium disasters]]
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[[Category:Association football riots]]
[[Category:Trials in Belgium]]
[[Category:1985 disasters in Belgium]]
[[Category:Filmed killings]]
[[Category:UEFA Champions League controversies and incidents]]
[[Category:Sport deaths in Belgium]]