View source for Hippie

{{Short description|Person associated with 1960s–1970s counterculture}}
{{Redirect|Hippies|the British comedy series|Hippies (TV series){{!}}''Hippies'' (TV series)|the garage rock album|Hippies (album){{!}}''Hippies'' (album)|7=Hippie (disambiguation)}}
{{distinguish|Youth International Party{{!}}Yippie|Yuppie|Hipster (1940s subculture)|Hipster (contemporary subculture)}}{{Multiple image
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| footer            = {{center|'''Clockwise from top:'''}} Young people near the [[Woodstock]] music festival in August 1969; Button pins from the [[sexual revolution]]; [[Jefferson Airplane]] on the cover of ''[[Cashbox (magazine)|Cash Box]]'' in 1967; An [[Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War|anti-war demonstrator]] offers a flower to a Military Police officer during the [[National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam]]'s 1967 [[March on the Pentagon]].
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A '''hippie''', also spelled '''hippy''',<ref>[https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/hippie Hippie] Cambridge Dictionary</ref> especially in British English,<ref>{{citation|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/hippy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231212434/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/hippy|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 31, 2017|title=hippy - Definition of hippy in English by Oxford Dictionaries|website=Oxford Dictionaries - English}}</ref> is someone associated with the [[counterculture of the 1960s|counterculture]] of the mid-1960s to early 1970s, originally a youth movement that began in the United States and spread to different countries around the world.<ref>{{Citation|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/hippie|title=hippie {{!}} History, Lifestyle, & Beliefs|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2019-05-24}}</ref> The word ''[[Etymology of hippie|hippie]]'' came from ''[[Hipster (1940s subculture)|hipster]]'' and was used to describe [[beatnik]]s<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Beat-movement|title=Beat movement - History, Characteristics, Writers, & Facts|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref> who moved into New York City's [[Greenwich Village]], San Francisco's [[Haight-Ashbury]] district, Los Angeles' [[Laurel Canyon, Los Angeles|Laurel Canyon]], and Chicago's [[Old Town, Chicago|Old Town]] community. The term ''hippie'' was used in print by San Francisco writer Michael Fallon, helping popularize use of the term in the media, although the tag was seen elsewhere earlier.<ref name="Smead2000">{{citation|author=Howard Smead|title=Don't Trust Anyone Over Thirty: The First Four Decades of the Baby Boom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vP99yWtfovYC&pg=PA155|date=November 1, 2000|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=978-0-595-12393-3|pages=155–}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last1=Kilgallen|first1=Dorothy|title=Dorothy Kilgallen's Voice of Broadway|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=QaUtAAAAIBAJ&pg=5541,2026321&dq=hippies&hl=en|publisher=Syndicated column via The Montreal Gazette|access-date=July 10, 2014|date=June 11, 1963|quote=New York hippies have a new kick – baking marijuana in cookies...}}</ref>

The origins of the terms ''[[Hip (slang)|hip]]'' and ''hep'' are uncertain. By the 1940s, both had become part of [[African-American culture|African American]] [[Glossary of jive talk|jive]] slang and meant "sophisticated; currently fashionable; fully up-to-date".<ref>To say "I'm hip to the situation" means "I'm aware of the situation. See: {{Citation| last = Sheidlower| first = Jesse | author-link = Jesse Sheidlower| date = December 8, 2004| title = Crying Wolof: Does the word hip really hail from a West African language?| work = [[Slate (magazine)|Slate Magazine]]| url = https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2004/12/the-real-history-of-hip.html | access-date = May 7, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=hep |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |website=Etymonline.com |access-date=February 3, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hep |title=Hep - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary |website=Merriam-webster.com |date=August 31, 2012 |access-date=February 3, 2014}}</ref> The [[Beat Generation|Beat]]s adopted the term ''hip'', and early hippies adopted the language and [[Counterculture of the 1960s|countercultural values]] of the Beat Generation. Hippies created their own communities, listened to [[psychedelic music]], embraced the [[sexual revolution]], and many used drugs such as [[Cannabis (drug)|marijuana]] and [[Lysergic acid diethylamide|LSD]] to explore [[Altered state of consciousness|altered states of consciousness]].<ref>{{citation |last1=Davis |first1=Fred |last2= Munoz|first2= Laura|date= June 1968|title= Heads and Freaks: Patterns and Meanings of Drug Use Among Hippies|journal=Journal of Health and Social Behavior |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages= 156–64|doi=10.2307/2948334|pmid=5745772 |jstor=2948334 |s2cid=27921802  | issn = 0022-1465 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |last1=Allen|first1=James R. |last2= West|first2=Louis Jolyon |date=1968 |title=Flight from violence: Hippies and the green rebellion |journal=[[American Journal of Psychiatry]] |volume= 125|issue=3 |pages=364–370 |doi= 10.1176/ajp.125.3.364|pmid=5667202 }}</ref>

In 1967, the [[Human Be-In]] in [[Golden Gate Park]], San Francisco, and the [[Monterey International Pop Festival]]<ref>{{citation|url=https://montereyinternationalpopfestival.com/|title=Monterey International Pop Festival|first=Monterey International Pop|last=Festival|website=Monterey International Pop Festival|access-date=2 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622053934/https://montereyinternationalpopfestival.com/|archive-date=22 June 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> popularized hippie culture, leading to the [[Summer of Love]] on the West Coast of the United States, and the 1969 [[Woodstock]] Festival on the East Coast. Hippies in Mexico, known as ''[[jipitecas]]'', formed ''[[La Onda]]'' (the Wave) and gathered at [[Festival Rock y Ruedas de Avándaro|Avándaro]], while in New Zealand, nomadic [[housetrucker]]s practiced alternative lifestyles and promoted sustainable energy at [[Nambassa]]. In the United Kingdom in 1970, many gathered at the gigantic third [[Isle of Wight Festival 1970|Isle of Wight Festival]] with a crowd of around 400,000 people.<ref>"The attendance at the third Pop Festival at...Isle of Wight, England on 30 Aug 1970 was claimed by its promoters, Fiery Creations, to be 400,000." ''The Guinness book of Records, 1987'' (p. 91), Russell, Alan (ed.). [[Guinness World Records]], 1986 {{ISBN|0851124399}}.</ref> In later years, mobile "peace convoys" of [[New Age travellers]] made summer [[pilgrimage]]s to free music festivals at [[Stonehenge]] and elsewhere. In Australia, hippies gathered at [[Nimbin, New South Wales|Nimbin]] for the 1973 [[Aquarius Festival]] and the annual Cannabis Law Reform Rally or [[MardiGrass]]. "''[[Piedra Roja (festival)|Piedra Roja]]'' Festival", a major hippie event in Chile, was held in 1970.<ref>{{citation|last=Purcell|first=Fernando|title=Ampliando miradas: Chile y su historia en un tiempo global|year=2009|publisher=RIL Editores|isbn=978-956-284-701-8|author2=Alfredo Riquelme|page=21}}</ref> Hippie and psychedelic culture influenced 1960s to mid 1970s teenager and youth culture in [[Iron Curtain]] countries in Eastern Europe (see ''[[Mánička]]'').<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1347632.html|title=(Un)Civil Societies: September 3, 2007|newspaper=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|date=11 November 2008 }}</ref>

Hippie fashion and values had a major effect on culture, influencing [[popular music]], television, film, literature, and the arts. Since the 1960s, mainstream society has assimilated many aspects of hippie culture. The religious and [[cultural diversity]] the hippies espoused has gained widespread acceptance, and their pop versions of [[Eastern philosophy]] and Asiatic spiritual concepts have reached a larger group. Those who participated in the hippie movement at its height were those born during or shortly after [[World War II]], during the 1940s and early 1950s. These were the youngest of the [[Silent Generation]] and oldest of the [[Baby Boomers]]; the former who were the actual leaders of the movement as well as the early pioneers of [[rock music]].<ref>{{citation |title=The Misconception About Baby Boomers and the Sixties |url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/the-misconception-about-baby-boomers-and-the-sixties |magazine=The New Yorker |access-date=20 December 2021 |date=18 August 2019}}</ref>

==Etymology==
{{main|Hippie (etymology)}}
[[File:RussianRainbowGathering 4Aug2005.jpg|thumb|upright|Contemporary hippie at the [[Rainbow Gathering]] in Russia, 2005]]

Lexicographer [[Jesse Sheidlower]], the principal American editor of the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', argues that the terms ''hipster'' and ''hippie'' are derived from the word ''[[hip (slang)|hip]]'', whose origins are unknown.<ref>{{Citation
 | last = Vitaljich
 | first = Shaun
 | date = December 8, 2004
 | title = Crying Wolof
 | publisher = [[Slate Magazine]]
 | url = http://www.slate.com/id/2110811/
 | access-date = 2007-05-07
}}</ref> The word ''hip'' in the sense of "aware, in the know" is first attested in a 1902 cartoon by [[Tad Dorgan]],<ref>Jonathan Lighter, ''Random House Dictionary of Historical Slang''</ref> and first appeared in prose in a 1904 novel by [[George V. Hobart|George Vere Hobart]]<ref>George Vere Hobart (January 16, 1867 – January 31, 1926)</ref> (1867–1926), ''Jim Hickey: A Story of the One-Night Stands'', where an African-American character uses the slang phrase "Are you hip?"

The term ''hipster'' was coined by [[Harry Gibson]] in 1944.<ref name="Harry The Hipster Gibson 1986">{{Citation
 | author = Harry "The Hipster" Gibson
 | year = 1986| title = Everybody's Crazy But Me646456456654151
 | series = The Hipster Story
 | publisher = Progressive Records
 | url = http://www.hyzercreek.com/harryautobio.htm
 | author-link = Harry Gibson
}}</ref> By the 1940s, the terms ''hip'', ''hep'' and ''hepcat'' were popular in Harlem [[jazz]] slang, although ''hep'' eventually came to denote an inferior status to ''hip''.<ref>Harry Gibson wrote: ''"At that time musicians used jive talk among themselves and many customers were picking up on it. One of these words was ''hep'' which described someone in the know. When lots of people started using ''hep'', musicians changed to ''hip''. I started calling people ''hipsters'' and greeted customers who dug the kind of jazz we were playing as 'all you hipsters.' Musicians at the club began calling me ''Harry the Hipster''; so I wrote a new tune called 'Handsome Harry the Hipster.'"'' -- "Everybody's Crazy But Me" (1986).</ref> In [[Greenwich Village]] in the early 1960s, [[New York City]], young [[counterculture]] advocates were named ''hips'' because they were considered "in the know" or "cool", as opposed to being ''[[Square (slang)|square]]'', meaning conventional and old-fashioned. In the April 27, 1961 issue of ''[[The Village Voice]]'', "An open letter to JFK & Fidel Castro", Norman Mailer utilizes the term hippies, in questioning JFK's behavior.  In a 1961 essay, [[Kenneth Rexroth]] used both the terms ''hipster'' and ''hippies'' to refer to young people participating in black American or [[Beatnik]] nightlife.<ref>Rexroth, Kenneth. (1961). "[http://www.bopsecrets.org/rexroth/jazz2.htm What's Wrong with the Clubs]." ''Metronome''. Reprinted in ''Assays''</ref> According to [[Malcolm X]]'s 1964 autobiography, the word ''hippie'' in 1940s [[Harlem]] had been used to describe a [[wigger|specific type of white man]] who "acted more [[Negro]] than Negroes".<ref>{{harvnb|Booth|2004|p=212}}.</ref> [[Andrew Loog Oldham]] refers to "all the Chicago hippies," seemingly about black blues/R&B musicians, in his rear [[Liner notes|sleeve notes]] to the 1965 LP ''[[The Rolling Stones, Now!]]''

Although the word ''hippies'' made other isolated appearances in print during the early 1960s, the first use of the term on the West Coast appeared in the article "A New Paradise for [[Beatniks]]" (in the ''[[The San Francisco Examiner|San Francisco Examiner]]'', issue of September 5, 1965) by San Francisco journalist Michael Fallon. In that article, Fallon wrote about the Blue Unicorn Cafe ([[coffeehouse]]) (located at 1927 Hayes Street in the Haight-Ashbury district of San Francisco), using the term ''hippie'' to refer to the new generation of beatniks who had moved from [[North Beach, San Francisco|North Beach]] into the [[Haight-Ashbury, San Francisco, California|Haight-Ashbury]] district.<ref name=pc42>{{Gilliland |url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc19801/m1/ |title=Show 42 - The Acid Test: Defining 'hippy' |show=42 |track=1}}</ref><ref>Use of the term "hippie" did not become widespread in the [[mass media]] until early 1967, after ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'' columnist [[Herb Caen]] began to use the term; See "Take a Hippie to Lunch Today", S.F. Chronicle, January 20, 1967, p. 37. San Francisco Chronicle, January 18, 1967 column, p. 27</ref>

==History==
{{main|History of the hippie movement}}

=== Origins ===
[[File:Be Your Own Goddess art bus (1967 VW Kombi) IMG 0136.JPG|thumb|left|A 1967 [[Volkswagen Type 2|VW Kombi]] bus decorated with hand-painting]]A July 1967 [[Time (magazine)|''Time'' magazine]] study on hippie philosophy credited the foundation of the hippie movement with historical precedent as far back as the [[sadhu]] of India, the spiritual seekers who had renounced the world and materialistic pursuits by taking [[Sannyasa]]. Even the counterculture of the Ancient Greeks, espoused by philosophers like [[Diogenes of Sinope]] and the [[Cynicism (philosophy)|cynics]] were also early forms of hippie culture.<ref name="Time_1968">{{Citation
  | title = The Hippies
  | newspaper = [[Time (magazine)|Time]]
  | date = July 7, 1968
  | url = https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,899555-1,00.html
  | access-date = 2007-08-24
}}</ref> It also named as notable influences the religious and spiritual teachings of [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]], [[Hillel the Elder]], [[Jesus]], [[St. Francis of Assisi]], [[Henry David Thoreau]], [[Gandhi]] and [[J. R. R. Tolkien]].<ref name="Time_1968" />

The first signs of modern "proto-hippies" emerged at the end of the 19th century in Europe. Late 1890s to early 1900s, a German youth movement arose as a countercultural reaction to the organized social and cultural clubs that centered on "German folk music". Known as ''[[Wandervogel|Der Wandervogel]]'' ("wandering bird"), this hippie movement opposed the formality of traditional German clubs, instead emphasizing [[folk music]] and singing, creative dress, and outdoor life involving hiking and camping.<ref>{{Citation
  | last = Randal
  | first = Annie Janeiro
  | title = Music, Power, and Politics
  | chapter = The Power to Influence Minds
  | pages = 66–67
  | publisher = Routledge
  | year = 2005
  | isbn = 0-415-94364-7
  | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=jXdWmAEACAAJ
}}</ref> Inspired by the works of [[Goethe]], [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], and [[Hermann Hesse]], Wandervogel attracted thousands of young Germans who rejected the rapid trend toward urbanization and yearned for the [[Germanic Neopaganism|pagan]], back-to-nature spiritual life of their ancestors.<ref name="Kennedy_Ryan">{{Citation
  | last1 = Kennedy
  | first1 = Gordon
  | last2 = Ryan
  | first2 = Kody
  | title = Hippie Roots & The Perennial Subculture
  | year = 2003
  | url = http://www.hippy.com/php/article-243.html
  | access-date = 2007-08-31
  | url-status = dead
  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070830033310/http://www.hippy.com/php/article-243.html
  | archive-date = August 30, 2007
  }}. See also: {{harvnb|Kennedy|1998}}.</ref> During the first several decades of the 20th century, Germans settled around the United States, bringing the values of this German youth culture. Some opened the first [[health food store]]s, and many moved to [[southern California]] where they introduced an alternative lifestyle. One group, called the "Nature Boys", took to the California desert and raised organic food, espousing a back-to-nature lifestyle like the Wandervogel.<ref name="LAT081004">Elaine Woo, [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-aug-10-me-boots10-story.html Gypsy Boots, 89; Colorful Promoter of Healthy Food and Lifestyles], ''Los Angeles Times'', August 10, 2004, Accessed December 22, 2008.</ref> Songwriter [[eden ahbez]] wrote a hit song called ''[[Nature Boy (song)|Nature Boy]]'' inspired by Robert Bootzin ([[Gypsy Boots]]), who helped popularize health-consciousness, [[yoga]], and [[organic food]] in the United States.

[[File:Miss Beatnik of 1959 contestants.jpg|thumb|[[Beatniks]] posing in front of a piece of beatnik art, 1959. The [[Beat Generation]] are seen as a predecessor to the hippie movement]]
The hippie movement in the United States began as a youth movement. Composed mostly of white teenagers and young adults between 15 and 25 years old,<ref>[[Benjamin Zablocki|Zablocki, Benjamin]]. "Hippies." ''World Book Online Reference Center''. 2006. Retrieved on 2006-10-12. "Hippies were members of a youth movement...from white middle-class families and ranged in age from 15 to 25 years old."</ref><ref name="Dudley_2000_193194">{{harvnb|Dudley|2000|pp=193–194}}.</ref> hippies inherited a tradition of cultural dissent from [[Bohemianism|bohemians]] and [[beatniks]] of the [[Beat Generation]] in the late 1950s.<ref name="Dudley_2000_193194" /> Beats like [[Allen Ginsberg]] crossed over from the beat movement and became fixtures of the burgeoning hippie and [[anti-war movement]]s. By 1965, hippies had become an established [[Group (sociology)|social group]] in the U.S., and the movement eventually expanded to other countries,<ref name="Hirsch_1993_419">{{harvnb|Hirsch|1993|p=419}}. Hirsch describes hippies as "Members of a cultural protest that began in the U.S. in the 1960s and affected Europe before fading in the 1970s...fundamentally a cultural rather than a political protest."</ref><ref name="Pendergast_2005">{{harvnb|Pendergast|Pendergast|2005}}. Pendergast writes: "The Hippies made up the...nonpolitical subgroup of a larger group known as the counterculture...the counterculture included several distinct groups...One group, called the New Left...Another broad group called...the Civil Rights Movement...did not become a recognizable social group until after 1965...according to John C. McWilliams, author of ''The 1960s Cultural Revolution''."</ref> extending as far as the United Kingdom and Europe, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Japan, [[La Onda|Mexico]], and Brazil.<ref name="Stone_1994">{{harvnb|Stone|1999|loc=[http://www.hipplanet.com/books/atoz/havens.htm Hippy Havens]}}</ref> The hippie ethos influenced [[the Beatles]] and others in the United Kingdom and other parts of Europe, and they in turn influenced their American counterparts.<ref>August 28 - Bob Dylan turns the Beatles on to cannabis for the second time. See also: {{Citation
  | last1 = Brown
  | first1 = Peter
  | author-link = Peter Brown (music industry)
  | last2 = Gaines
  | first2 = Steven
  | title = The Love You Make: An Insider's Story of the Beatles
  | publisher = NAL Trade
  | year = 2002
  | isbn = 0-451-20735-1
}};{{Citation
  | last = Moller
  | first = Karen
  | title = Tony Blair: Child Of The Hippie Generation
  | publisher = Swans
  | date = September 25, 2006
  | url = http://www.swans.com/library/art12/moller04.html
  | access-date = 2007-07-29
}}</ref> Hippie culture spread worldwide through a fusion of [[rock music]], [[folk music|folk]], [[blues]], and [[psychedelic rock]]; it also found expression in literature, the dramatic arts, [[1960s in fashion|fashion]], and the visual arts, including film, posters advertising rock concerts, and [[album]] covers.<ref>{{Citation|title=Light My Fire: Rock Posters from the Summer of Love |publisher=[[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston]] |year=2006 |url=http://www.mfa.org/exhibitions/sub.asp?key=15&subkey=2147 |access-date=2007-08-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070815092511/http://www.mfa.org/exhibitions/sub.asp?key=15&subkey=2147 |archive-date=August 15, 2007 }}</ref> In 1968, "core visible hippies" represented just under 0.2% of the U.S. population<ref name="Yablonsky_1968_36">{{harvnb|Yablonsky|1968|pp=36}}.</ref> and dwindled away by mid-1970s.<ref name="Hirsch_1993_419" />

Along with the [[New Left]] and the [[Civil Rights Movement]], the hippie movement was one of three dissenting groups of the 1960s counterculture.<ref name="Pendergast_2005" /> Hippies rejected established institutions, criticized [[middle class]] values, opposed [[nuclear weapons]] and the [[Opposition to the Vietnam War|Vietnam War]], embraced aspects of [[Eastern philosophy]],<ref name="Oldmeadow_2004_260269">{{harvnb|Oldmeadow|2004|pp=260, 264}}.</ref> championed [[sexual liberation]], were often [[vegetarian]] and [[environmentally friendly|eco-friendly]], promoted the use of [[psychedelic drug]]s which they believed expanded one's consciousness, and created [[Intentional community|intentional communities]] or communes. They used alternative arts, [[street theatre]], [[folk music]], and [[psychedelic rock]] as a part of their lifestyle and as a way of expressing their feelings, their protests, and their vision of the world and life. Hippies opposed political and social orthodoxy, choosing a gentle and nondoctrinaire ideology that favored peace, love, and personal freedom,<ref name="Time-Life Books_1998_137">{{harvnb|Stolley|1998|pp=137}}.</ref><ref>Yippie [[Abbie Hoffman]] envisioned a different society: "...where people share things, and we don't need money; where you have the machines for the people. A free society, that's really what it amounts to... a free society built on life; but life is not some ''Time Magazine'', hippie version of fagdom... we will attempt to build that society..." See: Swatez, Gerald. Miller, Kaye. (1970). ''[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-3077305241438405731 Conventions: The Land Around Us]'' Anagram Pictures. University of Illinois at Chicago Circle. Social Sciences Research Film Unit. qtd at ~16:48. The speaker is not explicitly identified, but it is thought to be Abbie Hoffman. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080315025043/http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-3077305241438405731 |date=March 15, 2008 }}</ref> expressed for example in [[the Beatles]]' song "[[All You Need is Love]]".<ref>{{Citation
  | last = Wiener
  | first = Jon
  | author-link = Jon Wiener
  | title = Come Together: John Lennon in His Time
  | page = [https://archive.org/details/cometogetherjohn00jonw/page/40 40]
  | publisher = University of Illinois Press
  | year = 1991
  | isbn = 0-252-06131-4
  | url = https://archive.org/details/cometogetherjohn00jonw/page/40
  }}: "Seven hundred million people heard it in a worldwide TV satellite broadcast. It became the anthem of flower power that summer... The song expressed the highest value of the counterculture...For the hippies, however, it represented a call for liberation from Protestant culture, with its repressive sexual taboos and its insistence on emotional restraint... The song presented the [[flower power]] critique of movement politics: there was nothing you could do that couldn't be done by others; thus you didn't need to do anything...John was arguing not only against bourgeois self-denial and future-mindedness but also against the activists' sense of urgency and their strong personal commitments to fighting injustice and oppression..."</ref> Hippies perceived the dominant culture as a corrupt, monolithic entity that exercised undue power over their lives, calling this culture "[[the Establishment]]", "[[Big Brother (Nineteen Eighty-Four)|Big Brother]]", or "[[the Man]]".<ref name="Yablonsky_1968_106107">{{harvnb|Yablonsky|1968|pp=106–107}}.</ref><ref>Theme appears in contemporaneous interviews throughout {{harvtxt|Yablonsky|1968}}.</ref><ref name="McCleary_2004_50166323">{{harvnb|McCleary|2004|pp=50, 166, 323}}.</ref> Noting that they were "seekers of meaning and value", scholars like [[Timothy Miller]] have described hippies as a [[new religious movement]].<ref name="Dudley_2000_203206">{{harvnb|Dudley|2000|pp=203–206}}. [[Timothy Miller]] notes that the counterculture was a "movement of seekers of meaning and value...the historic quest of any religion." Miller quotes [[Harvey Cox]], William C. Shepard, [[Jefferson Poland]], and [[Ralph J. Gleason]] in support of the view of the hippie movement as a new religion. See also [[Wes Nisker]]'s ''The Big Bang, The Buddha, and the Baby Boom'': "At its core, however, hippie was a spiritual phenomenon, a big, unfocused, revival meeting." Nisker cites the ''San Francisco Oracle'', which described the Human Be-In as a "spiritual revolution".</ref>

===1958–1965: Early hippies===
[[File:Furthur 02.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.25|{{poemquote|Escapin' through the lily fields
I came across an empty space
It trembled and exploded
Left a bus stop in its place
The bus came by and I got on
That's when it all began
There was cowboy Neal
At the wheel
Of a bus to never-ever land}} – [[Grateful Dead]], lyrics from "That's It for the Other One"<ref name="Dodd 1998">{{Citation
  | last = Dodd
  | first = David
  | title = The Annotated Grateful Dead Lyrics: "That's It For The Other One"
  | publisher = [[University of California, Santa Cruz]]
  | date = June 22, 1998
  | url = http://arts.ucsc.edu/gdead/agdl/other1.html
  | access-date = 2008-05-09
  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080514110543/http://arts.ucsc.edu/GDead/AGDL/other1.html
  | archive-date = May 14, 2008
  | url-status = dead
  }}</ref>]]

During the late 1950s and early 1960s, novelist [[Ken Kesey]] and the [[Merry Pranksters]] lived communally first in [[Oregon]] and after the 1962 success of his novel ''[[One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (novel)|One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest]]'' in his San Francisco villa. Members included Beat Generation hero [[Neal Cassady]], [[Ken Babbs]], [[Carolyn Garcia|Carolyn Adams (aka Mountain Girl/Carolyn Garcia)]], [[Stewart Brand]], [[Del Close]], [[Paul Foster (cartoonist)|Paul Foster]], [[Merry Pranksters|George Walker]], Sandy Lehmann-Haupt and others. Their adventures were documented in [[Tom Wolfe]]'s book ''[[The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test]]''. With Cassady at the wheel of a school bus named [[Further (bus)|Further]], the Merry Pranksters traveled across the United States to celebrate the publication of Kesey's novel ''[[Sometimes a Great Notion (novel)|Sometimes a Great Notion]]'' and to visit the 1964 [[World's Fair]] in New York City. The Merry Pranksters were known for using [[cannabis (drug)|cannabis]], [[amphetamine]], and [[LSD]], and during their journey they "turned on" many people to these [[Psychoactive drug|drugs]]. The Merry Pranksters filmed and audio-taped their bus trips, creating an immersive [[multimedia]] experience that would later be presented to the public in the form of festivals and concerts. The [[Grateful Dead]] wrote a song about the Merry Pranksters' bus trips called "That's It for the Other One".<ref name="Dodd 1998" />

In 1961, although being closely associated to the [[Freak scene|L.A. freak scene]], [[Vito Paulekas]] and his wife Szou established in [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]] a clothing boutique which was credited with being one of the first to introduce "hippie" fashion as well as a brand of free-form dancing that would become associated with hippie culture. Vito would also provide rehearsal space for [[the Byrds]] and [[Love (band)|Love]], as well as helping bring attention to them by inviting his dance troupe to invade their concerts, they would later accompany [[the Byrds]] on a nationwide tour.<ref name="scram3">{{cite web |title=Carl Franzoni, Last of the Freaks |url=http://www.scrammagazine.com/franzoni |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060621124240/http://www.scrammagazine.com/franzoni |archive-date=21 June 2006}}</ref><ref name="scram">{{citation |url = http://www.scrammagazine.com/franzoni |title = Carl Franzoni, Last of the Freaks |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060621124240/http://www.scrammagazine.com/franzoni |archive-date=21 June 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="rogan">{{Citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLCw5BbrTwkC&q=%22vito+paulekas%22&pg=PA66|title=The Byrds: Timeless Flight Revisited : the Sequel|first=Johnny|last=Rogan|page=66|date=August 31, 1997|publisher=Rogan House|via=Google Books|isbn=9780952954019}}</ref><ref name="walker">{{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aYbZZUAOpdAC&q=%22vito+paulekas%22&pg=PA14|title=Laurel Canyon: The Inside Story of Rock-and-Roll's Legendary Neighborhood|first=Michael|last=Walker|page=14|date=May 1, 2010|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|via=Google Books|isbn=9781429932936}}</ref>

During this period [[Greenwich Village]] in New York City and [[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]], California anchored the American folk music circuit.

Berkeley's two coffee houses, "the Cabale Creamery" and "the Jabberwock", sponsored performances by folk music artists in a beat setting.<ref>{{Citation
  | last1 = Arnold
  | first1 = Corry
  | last2 = Hannan
  | first2 = Ross
  | title = The History of The Jabberwock
  | date = May 9, 2007
  | url = http://www.chickenonaunicycle.com/Jabberwock%20History.htm
  | access-date = 2007-08-31
  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070829100812/http://www.chickenonaunicycle.com/Jabberwock%20History.htm
  | archive-date = August 29, 2007
  | url-status = dead
  }}</ref>

In April 1963, Chandler A. Laughlin III, co-founder of the Cabale Creamery,<ref>{{Citation
  | last1 = Hannan
  | first1 = Ross
  | last2 = Arnold
  | first2 = Corry
  | title = Berkeley Art
  | date = October 7, 2007
  | url = http://www.chickenonaunicycle.com/Berkeley%20Art.htm
  | access-date = 2007-10-07
  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181015142227/http://www.chickenonaunicycle.com/Berkeley%20Art.htm
  | archive-date = October 15, 2018
  | url-status = dead
  }}</ref> established a kind of tribal, family identity among approximately fifty people who attended a traditional, all-night Native American [[peyote]] ceremony in a rural setting. This ceremony combined a [[psychedelic experience]] with traditional [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] spiritual values; these people went on to sponsor a unique genre of musical expression and performance at the "Red Dog Saloon" in the isolated, old-time mining town of [[Virginia City, Nevada|Virginia City]], Nevada.<ref name="Works" />

===1965–1967: Rise to prevalence===
During the summer of 1965, Laughlin recruited much of the original talent that led to a unique amalgam of traditional folk music and the developing psychedelic rock scene.<ref name="Works">{{Citation
 | author = Works, Mary (Director)
 | year = 2005
 | title = Rockin' At the Red Dog: The Dawn of Psychedelic Rock
 | publisher = Monterey Video
}}</ref> He and his cohorts created at this very place what became known as "[[Red Dog Experience|The Red Dog Experience]]", featuring previously unknown musical acts—[[Grateful Dead]], [[Jefferson Airplane]], [[Big Brother and the Holding Company]], [[Quicksilver Messenger Service]], [[The Charlatans (U.S. band)|the Charlatans]], and others—who played in the completely refurbished, intimate setting of Nevada, Virginia City's "Red Dog Saloon". There was no clear delineation between "performers" and "audience" in "The Red Dog Experience", during which music, psychedelic experimentation, a unique sense of personal style, and Bill Ham's first primitive light shows combined to create a new sense of community.<ref name="Ham">{{Citation
  | title = Bill Ham Lights
  | year = 2001
  | url = http://www.billhamlights.com
}}</ref> Laughlin and George Hunter of the Charlatans were true "proto-hippies", with their [[long hair]], boots, and outrageous clothing of 19th-century American (and Native American) heritage.<ref name="Works" /> LSD manufacturer [[Owsley Stanley]] lived in Berkeley during 1965 and provided much of the LSD that became a seminal part of the "Red Dog Experience", the early evolution of psychedelic rock and budding hippie culture. At the "Red Dog Saloon", the Charlatans were the first psychedelic rock band to play live (albeit unintentionally) loaded on LSD.<ref name="Lau">{{Citation
 |last=Lau
 |first=Andrew
 |title=The Red Dog Saloon and the Amazing Charlatans
 |publisher=Perfect Sound Forever
 |date=December 1, 2005
 |url=http://www.furious.com/perfect/reddogsaloon.html
 |access-date=2007-09-01
 |url-status=dead
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930180544/https://www.furious.com/perfect/reddogsaloon.html
 |archive-date=September 30, 2007
}}</ref>

When they returned to San Francisco, "Red Dog" participants Luria Castell, Ellen Harman and [[Alton Kelley]] created a collective called "the Family Dog."<ref name="Works" /> Modeled on their "Red Dog experiences", on October 16, 1965, the "Family Dog" hosted "[[Doctor Strange|A Tribute to Dr. Strange]]" at Longshoreman's Hall.<ref name="Grunenberg_2005_325">{{harvnb|Grunenberg|Harris|2005|p=325}}.</ref> Attended by approximately one thousand of the Bay Area's original "hippies", this was San Francisco's first [[psychedelic rock]] performance, costumed dance and light show, featuring [[Jefferson Airplane]], [[The Great Society (band)|the Great Society]] and the Marbles.<ref>{{citation| url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/05/20/MNG2NPUD1C1.DTL&ao=all | work=The San Francisco Chronicle | first=Joel | last=Selvin | title=Summer of Love: 40 Years Later / 1967: The stuff that myths are made of | date=June 24, 2011}}</ref> Two other events followed before year's end, one at "California Hall" and one at "the Matrix".<ref name="Works" /> After the first three "Family Dog" events, a much larger psychedelic event occurred at San Francisco's "Longshoreman's Hall". Called the "[[Trips Festival]]", it took place on January 21 – 23, 1966, and was organized by [[Stewart Brand]], [[Ken Kesey]], [[Owsley Stanley]] and others. Ten thousand people attended this sold-out event, with a thousand more turned away each night.<ref name="Tamony_1981_98">{{harvnb|Tamony|1981|p=98}}.</ref> On Saturday January 22, the [[Grateful Dead]] and [[Big Brother and the Holding Company]] came on stage, and six thousand people arrived to imbibe punch spiked with LSD and to witness one of the first fully developed light shows of the era.<ref>{{Citation|last=Dodgson |first=Rick |title=Prankster History Project |website=Pranksterweb.org |year=2001 |url=http://www.pranksterweb.org/trips.htm |access-date=2007-10-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011133826/http://pranksterweb.org/trips.htm |archive-date=October 11, 2007 }}</ref>

{{Quote_box
| width = 20%
| align = right
| quote = It is nothing new. We have a private revolution going on. A revolution of individuality and diversity that can only be private. Upon becoming a group movement, such a revolution ends up with imitators rather than participants...It is essentially a striving for ''realization'' of one's ''relationship'' to life and other people...
| source = Bob Stubbs, "Unicorn Philosophy"<ref name="Perry_2005_18">{{harvnb|Perry|2005|p=18}}.</ref>
}}

By February 1966, the "Family Dog" became "Family Dog Productions" under organizer [[Chet Helms]], promoting happenings at the [[Avalon Ballroom]] and the [[The Fillmore|Fillmore Auditorium]] in initial cooperation with [[Bill Graham (promoter)|Bill Graham]]. The Avalon Ballroom, the Fillmore Auditorium, and other venues provided settings where participants could partake of the full psychedelic music experience. Bill Ham, who had pioneered the original "Red Dog" light shows, perfected his art of [[Liquid light show|liquid light projection]], which combined light shows and film projection and became [[wikt:synonymous#Pronunciation|synonymous]] with the "San Francisco ballroom experience".<ref name="Works" /><ref name="Grunenberg_2005_156">{{harvnb|Grunenberg|Harris|2005|p=156}}.</ref> The sense of style and costume that began at the "Red Dog Saloon" flourished when [[Fox Theatre (San Francisco)|San Francisco's Fox Theater]] went out of business and hippies bought up its costume stock, reveling in the freedom to dress up for weekly musical performances at their favorite ballrooms. As ''San Francisco Chronicle'' music columnist [[Ralph J. Gleason]] put it, "They danced all night long, orgiastic, spontaneous and completely free form."<ref name="Works" />

Some of the earliest San Francisco hippies were former students at [[San Francisco State University|San Francisco State College]]<ref>The college was later renamed San Francisco State University.</ref> who became intrigued by the developing psychedelic hippie music scene.<ref name="Works" /> These students joined the bands they loved, living communally in the large, inexpensive [[Victorian architecture|Victorian]] apartments in the [[Haight-Ashbury]].<ref name="Perry_2005_57">{{harvnb|Perry|2005|pp=5–7}}. Perry writes that San Francisco State College students rented cheap, Edwardian-Victorians houses and apartments in the Haight.</ref> Young Americans around the country began moving to San Francisco, and by June 1966, around 15,000 hippies had moved into the Haight.<ref name="Tompkins_2001b" /> [[The Charlatans (U.S. band)|the Charlatans]], [[Jefferson Airplane]], [[Big Brother and the Holding Company]], and the [[Grateful Dead]] all moved to San Francisco's Haight-Ashbury neighborhood during this period. Activity centered on the [[Diggers (theater)|Diggers]], a guerrilla street [[theatre]] group that combined spontaneous street theatre, anarchistic action, and [[Happening|art happenings]] in their agenda to create a "free city". By late 1966, [[Diggers (theater)|the Diggers]] opened [[free stores]] which simply gave away their stock, provided free food, distributed free drugs, gave away money, organized free music concerts, and performed works of political art.<ref name="Lytle_2006_213215">{{harvnb|Lytle|2006|pp=213, 215}}.</ref>

On October 6, 1966, the state of California declared LSD a controlled substance, which made the drug illegal.<ref name="Columbia">{{Citation
  | last1 = Farber
  | first1 = David
  | last2 = Bailey
  | first2 = Beth L.
  | title = The Columbia Guide to America in the 1960s
  | page = 145
  | publisher = Columbia University Press
  | year = 2001
  | isbn = 0-231-11373-0
}}</ref> In response to the criminalization of LSD, San Francisco hippies staged a gathering in the [[Panhandle (San Francisco)|Golden Gate Park panhandle]], called the [[Love Pageant Rally]],<ref name="Columbia" /> attracting an estimated 700–800 people.<ref>{{Citation
  | last = Charters
  | first = Ann
  | author-link = Ann Charters
  | title = The Portable Sixties Reader
  | page = [https://archive.org/details/portablesixtiesr0000unse/page/298 298]
  | publisher = Penguin Classics
  | year = 2003
  | isbn = 0-14-200194-5
  | url = https://archive.org/details/portablesixtiesr0000unse/page/298
  }}</ref> As explained by Allan Cohen, co-founder of the ''[[San Francisco Oracle]]'', the purpose of the rally was twofold: to draw attention to the fact that LSD had just been made illegal—and to demonstrate that people who used LSD were not criminals, nor were they mentally ill. The Grateful Dead played, and some sources claim that LSD was consumed at the rally. According to Cohen, those who took LSD "were not guilty of using illegal substances...We were celebrating transcendental consciousness, the beauty of the universe, the beauty of being."<ref name="Lee_Shlain_1992_149">{{harvnb|Lee|Shlain|1992|p=149}}.</ref>

In [[West Hollywood]], [[California]], the [[Sunset Strip curfew riots]], also known as the "hippie riots", were a series of early [[Counterculture of the 1960s|counterculture]]-era clashes that took place between police and young people in 1966 and continuing on and off through the early 1970s. In 1966, annoyed residents and business owners in the district had encouraged the passage of strict (10:00&nbsp;p.m.) [[curfew]] and [[loitering]] laws to reduce the traffic congestion resulting from crowds of young club patrons.<ref name="LATimes 2007-08-05">{{citation| first = Cecilia| last = Rasmussen| date = August 5, 2007| title = Closing of club ignited the 'Sunset Strip riots' | newspaper = [[Los Angeles Times]] | url = https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-aug-05-me-then5-story.html}}</ref> This was perceived by young, local rock music fans as an infringement on their [[civil rights]], and on Saturday, November 12, 1966, fliers were distributed along the Strip inviting people to demonstrate later that day. Hours before the protest one of the rock 'n' roll radio stations in L.A. announced there would be a rally at [[Pandora's Box (nightclub)|Pandora's Box]], a club at the corner of [[Sunset Boulevard]] and Crescent Heights, and cautioned people to tread carefully.<ref name="Priore 2007">{{citation| last = Priore| first = Domenic| year = 2007| title = Riot on Sunset Strip: Rock 'n' Roll's Last Stand in Hollywood| publisher = Jawbone Press| isbn = 978-1-906002-04-6}}</ref> The ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' reported that as many as 1,000 youthful demonstrators, including such celebrities as [[Jack Nicholson]] and [[Peter Fonda]] (who was afterward handcuffed by police), erupted in protest against the perceived repressive enforcement of these recently invoked curfew laws.<ref name="LATimes 2007-08-05" /> This incident provided the basis for the 1967 low-budget teen [[exploitation film]] ''[[Riot on Sunset Strip]]'', and inspired multiple songs including the famous [[Buffalo Springfield]] song "[[For What It's Worth (Buffalo Springfield song)|For What It's Worth]]".<ref name="Stone">{{citation|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/features/for-what-its-worth-inside-buffalo-springfield-classic-w449685|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|title='For What It's Worth': Inside Buffalo Springfield's Classic Protest Song|author=David Browne|date=November 11, 2016|access-date=August 29, 2017|archive-date=June 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141515/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/features/for-what-its-worth-inside-buffalo-springfield-classic-w449685|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===1967: Human Be-In, Summer of Love, and popularity surge===
{{Main|Summer of Love}}
[[File:Junction of Haight and Ashbury.jpg|thumb|upright|Junction of Haight and Ashbury Streets, San Francisco, celebrated as the central location of the Summer of Love]]

On January 14, 1967, the outdoor [[Human Be-In]] organized by [[Michael Bowen (artist)|Michael Bowen]]<ref>"Chronology of San Francisco Rock 1965-1969"</ref> helped to popularize hippie culture across the United States, with 20,000 to 30,000 hippies gathering in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park.

On March 26, 1967, [[Lou Reed]], [[Edie Sedgwick]] and 10,000 hippies came together in [[Manhattan]] for the [[Central Park Be-In]] on [[Easter Sunday]].<ref>{{citation|last=DeCurtis|first=Anthony|date=July 12, 2007|title=New York|magazine=Rolling Stone|issue=1030/1031}} For additional sources, see:<br />– {{citation|last=McNeill|first=Don|url=https://www.villagevoice.com/2010/02/05/the-1967-central-park-be-in-a-medieval-pageant/|title=Central Park Rite is Medieval Pageant|work=The Village Voice|date=March 30, 1967|pages=1, 20}}<br />– {{citation|last=Weintraub|first=Bernard|title=Easter: A Day of Worship, a "Be-In" or just Parading in the Sun"|work=The New York Times|date=March 27, 1967|pages=1, 24}}<br />– {{citation|title=Be-In, be-in, Being|first=Don|last=McNeill|date=2017|orig-date=March 30, 1967|work=The Village Voice|url= http://www.villagevoice.com/specials/0543,50thmcneill,69181,31.html|access-date=2008-04-18|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080128161935/http://www.villagevoice.com/specials/0543,50thmcneill,69181,31.html|archive-date=January 28, 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The KFRC [[Fantasy Fair and Magic Mountain Music Festival]] from June 10–11, and the [[Monterey Pop Festival]] from June 16–18, introduced the music of the counterculture - and the new concept of a rock festival - to a wide audience, and marked the start of the "Summer of Love".<ref name="Dudley_2000_254">{{harvnb|Dudley|2000|pp=254}}.</ref>

[[Scott McKenzie]]'s rendition of [[John Phillips (musician)|John Phillips]]' song "[[San Francisco (Be Sure to Wear Flowers in Your Hair)|San Francisco]]" became a hit in the United States and Europe. The lyrics, "If you're going to San Francisco, be sure to wear some flowers in your hair", inspired thousands of young people from all over the world to travel to San Francisco, sometimes wearing flowers in their hair and distributing flowers to passersby, earning them the name "[[flower child|Flower Children]]". Bands like the [[Grateful Dead]], [[Big Brother and the Holding Company]] (with [[Janis Joplin]]), and [[Jefferson Airplane]] lived in the Haight.

{{Quote_box
| width = 30%
| align = left
| quote = According to the hippies, LSD was the glue that held the Haight together. It was the hippie sacrament, a mind detergent capable of washing away years of social programming, a re-imprinting device, a consciousness-expander, a tool that would push us up the evolutionary ladder.
| source = [[Jay Stevens]]<ref name="Stevens_1998_xiv">{{harvnb|Stevens|1998|p=xiv}}.</ref>
}}

In June 1967, [[Herb Caen]] was approached by "a distinguished magazine"<ref name="Caen" /> to write about why hippies were attracted to San Francisco. He declined the assignment but interviewed hippies in the Haight for his own newspaper column in the ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]''. Caen determined that, "Except in their music, they couldn't care less about the approval of the straight world."<ref name="Caen" /> Caen himself felt that the city of San Francisco was so straight that it provided a visible contrast with hippie culture.<ref name="Caen">SFGate.com. Archive. Herb Caen, June 25, 1967. [http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2009/05/31/PK6016S108.DTL ''Small thoughts at large'']. Retrieved on June 4, 2009.</ref>

On July 7, 1967 ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine featured a cover story entitled "The Hippies: The Philosophy of a Subculture." The article described the guidelines of the hippie code:

{{blockquote | Do your own thing, wherever you have to do it and whenever you want. Drop out. Leave society as you have known it. Leave it utterly. Blow the mind of every straight person you can reach. Turn them on, if not to drugs, then to beauty, love, honesty, fun.}}<ref name="Marty_1997_125">{{harvnb|Marty|1997|pp=125}}.</ref>

“It is estimated that around 100,000 people traveled to San Francisco in the summer of 1967.<ref>Joel Selvin, Summer of Love: The Inside Story of LSD, Rock & Roll, Free Love and High Times in the Wild West, New York: Dutton, 1994, pp. 3–5 (estimating c. 100,000 attendees during the Summer of Love).</ref><ref>Charles Perry, The Haight-Ashbury: A History, New York: Vintage, 1984, pp. 190–196 (discussing influx numbers and city estimates around summer 1967).</ref> The media was right behind them, casting a spotlight on the Haight-Ashbury district and popularizing the ‘hippie’ label.<ref>Time Magazine, ‘The Hippies: Philosophy of a Subculture,’ July 7, 1967 (national coverage spotlighting Haight‑Ashbury and popularizing the term ‘hippie’).</ref><ref>Newsweek, ‘Dropping Out in Haight‑Ashbury,’ July 1967 (feature coverage of the district and the emergent label).</ref> With this increased attention, hippies found support for their ideals of love and peace but were also criticized for their anti‑work, pro‑drug, and permissive ethos.<ref>David Farber, The Age of Great Dreams: America in the 1960s, New York: Hill and Wang, 1994, pp. 196–204 (public reception of hippie counterculture, endorsements and criticisms).</ref><ref>Stuart Hall et al., Resistance Through Rituals: Youth Subcultures in Post‑War Britain, London: Hutchinson, 1976 (media framing and moral critiques of countercultural movements); see also Alice Echols, Shaky Ground: The Sixties and Its Aftershocks, New York: Columbia University Press, 2002, pp. 86–95.</ref>

{{external media
| float  = right
| width  = 300px
| topic  = Death of Hippie<br />sunrise, October 6, 1967
| image1 = [https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/the-death-of-the-hippie-san-francisco-california-more-than-news-photo/515036038 Hippies parade, at Haight and Ashbury, carrying a symbolic casket. (North-east)]<ref>{{citation |title=Death of Hippie: An end to the Summer of Love |url=https://exhibits.library.ucsc.edu/exhibits/show/love-on-haight/death-of-hippie |website=· Love on Haight: The Grateful Dead and San Francisco in 1967 |publisher=Digital Exhibits UCSC Library |access-date=20 January 2021 |quote=Sign reads: "Funeral Notice: HIPPIE. In the Haight Ashbury District of this city. Hippie, devoted son of Mass Media. Friends are invited to attend service beginning at sunrise, October 6, 1967 at Buena Vista Park."}}</ref>
| image2 =  [https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/san-francisco-california-some-100-hippies-hold-rites-news-photo/515036092 Hippies parade, at Haight and Ashbury, carrying a symbolic casket. (East)]
| image3 = [https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/the-beatles-lead-guitar-player-george-harrison-strums-a-news-photo/515035734 George Harrison strums a borrowed guitar, followed by hippies. . Harrison spent an hour touring the Haight-Ashbury, before this stroll through Golden Gate Park.]
}}{{Listen
| filename     = 
| title        = "Within You Without You"
| description  = The song "[[Within You Without You]]" by [[the Beatles]] was written by [[George Harrison]] in 1967 for the band's eighth studio album ''[[Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band]]''. The song was embraced by the hippie movement for its use of elements found in [[Hinduism]] and [[Indian classical music]].
| pos          = left
}}
At this point, [[the Beatles]] had released their groundbreaking album ''[[Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band]]'', which was quickly embraced by the hippie movement with its colorful psychedelic sonic imagery.<ref>''Sgt. Pepper and the Beatles: It Was Forty Years Ago Today'', Julien, Olivier. Ashgate, 2009. {{ISBN|978-0754667087}}.</ref>

In 1967 [[Chet Helms]] brought the Haight Ashbury hippie and psychedelic scene to [[Denver]], when he opened [[the Family Dog Denver]], modeled on his [[Avalon Ballroom]] in San Francisco. The music venue created a nexus for the hippie movement in the western-minded Denver, which led to serious conflicts with city leaders, parents and the police, who saw the hippie movement as dangerous. The resulting legal actions and pressure caused Helms and Bob Cohen to close the venue at the end of that year.<ref>{{Citation|date=August 16, 2017|title=The Mystery of the Family Dog, Denver's Most Storied Rock Venue|url=https://www.westword.com/music/the-tale-of-the-dog-tells-the-story-of-the-family-dog-the-rock-venue-9369088|website=[[Westword]]}}</ref>

By the end of the summer, the Haight-Ashbury scene had deteriorated. The incessant media coverage led [[Diggers (theater)|the Diggers]] to declare the "death" of the hippie with a parade.<ref>{{Citation|first=Barry |last=Miles|year=2003 |title=Hippie|publisher=Sterling Press|isbn=1-4027-1442-4|pages=210–211}}</ref><ref>{{Citation
  | title = October Sixth Nineteen Hundred and Sixty Seven
  | publisher = San Francisco Diggers
  | date = October 6, 1967
  | url = http://www.diggers.org/free_city_news_sheets.htm
  | access-date =2007-08-31
}}</ref><ref name="Bodroghkozy">{{Citation|last=Bodroghkozy|first=Aniko|title=Groove Tube: Sixties Television and the Youth Rebellion|publisher=[[Duke University Press]]|year=2001|page=[https://archive.org/details/groovetubesixtie00bodr/page/92 92]|isbn=0-8223-2645-0|url=https://archive.org/details/groovetubesixtie00bodr/page/92}}</ref> According to poet Susan 'Stormi' Chambless, the hippies buried an effigy of a hippie in the [[Panhandle (San Francisco)|Panhandle]] to demonstrate the end of his/her reign. Haight-Ashbury could not accommodate the influx of crowds (mostly naive youngsters) with no place to live. Many took to living on the street, panhandling and drug-dealing. There were problems with malnourishment, disease, and drug addiction. Crime and violence skyrocketed. None of these trends reflected what the hippies had envisioned.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.hippiedictionary.com/excerpts.html |title=The Hippie Dictionary, about the 60s and 70s |website=Hippiedictionary.com |access-date=2012-11-21}}</ref> 
By the end of 1967, many of the hippies and musicians who initiated the Summer of Love had moved on. Beatle [[George Harrison]] had once visited Haight-Ashbury and found it to be just a haven for dropouts, inspiring him to give up LSD.<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/George-Harrison-dies-after-long-fight-with-cancer-2848664.php|title=George Harrison dies after long fight with cancer|work=SFGate|access-date=2017-10-26}}</ref> Misgivings about the hippie culture, particularly with regard to substance use and lenient morality, fueled the [[moral panic]]s of the late 1960s.<ref>{{Citation
 |last=Muncie
 |first=John
 |title=Youth & Crime
 |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]]
 |page=176
 |year=2004
 |url=http://www.sagepub.co.uk/booksProdDesc.nav?prodId=Book225374
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070509025244/http://www.sagepub.co.uk/booksProdDesc.nav?prodId=Book225374
 |url-status=dead
 |archive-date=2007-05-09
 |isbn=0-7619-4464-8
}}</ref>

===1967–1970: Revolution and peak of influence===
[[File:August 25, 1968, Hippies in Lincoln Park, Chicago.webm|thumb|right|thumbtime=0:45|Anti-war protesters in [[Lincoln Park, Chicago]], attending a [[Youth International Party|Yippie]] organized event, approximately five miles north of the [[1968 Democratic National Convention]]. The band [[MC5]] can be seen playing.]]
By 1968, hippie-influenced fashions were beginning to take off in the mainstream, especially for youths and younger adults of the populous [[Baby boomers|baby boomer]] generation, many of whom may have aspired to emulate the hardcore movements now living in tribalistic communes, but had no overt connections to them. This was noticed not only in terms of clothes and longer hair for men, but also in music, film, art and literature, not just in the United States, but around the world. [[Eugene McCarthy]]'s brief presidential campaign successfully persuaded a significant minority of young adults to "get clean for Gene" by shaving their beards or wearing longer skirts; however the "Clean Genes" had little impact on the popular image in the media spotlight, of the hirsute hippy adorned in beads, feathers, flowers and bells.

A sign of this was the visibility that the hippie subculture gained in various mainstream and underground media. [[Hippie exploitation films]] are 1960s [[exploitation film]]s about the hippie counterculture<ref>{{citation |url=http://thesocietyofthespectacle.com/2009/04/mondo-mod-worlds-of-hippie-revolt-and-other-weirdness/ |title=Mondo Mod Worlds Of Hippie Revolt (And Other Weirdness) |website=Thesocietyofthespectacle.com |date=April 5, 2009 |access-date=2014-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112091111/http://thesocietyofthespectacle.com/2009/04/mondo-mod-worlds-of-hippie-revolt-and-other-weirdness/ |archive-date=November 12, 2013 |url-status=usurped |df=mdy-all }}</ref> with stereotypical situations associated with the movement such as [[cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] and [[LSD]] use, sex and wild psychedelic parties. Examples include ''[[The Love-ins]]'', ''[[Psych-Out]]'', ''[[The Trip (1967 film)|The Trip]]'', and ''[[Wild in the Streets]]''. Other more serious and more critically acclaimed films about the hippie counterculture also appeared such as ''[[Easy Rider]]'' and ''[[Alice's Restaurant (film)|Alice's Restaurant]]''. (See also: [[List of films related to the hippie subculture]].) Documentaries and television programs have also been produced until today as well as [[List of books and publications related to the hippie subculture|fiction and nonfiction books]]. The popular Broadway musical ''[[Hair (musical)|Hair]]'' was presented in 1967.

People commonly label other cultural movements of that period as hippie, but there are differences. For example, hippies were often not directly engaged in politics, as contrasted with "Yippies" (Youth International Party), an activist organization. The [[Youth International Party|Yippies]] came to national attention during their celebration of the 1968 spring equinox, when some 3,000 of them took over [[Grand Central Terminal]] in New York—eventually resulting in 61 arrests. Especially their leaders [[Abbie Hoffman]] and [[Jerry Rubin]], the Yippies became notorious for their theatrics, such as trying to levitate the Pentagon at the October 1967 war protest, and such slogans as "Rise up and abandon the creeping meatball!" Their stated intention to protest the [[1968 Democratic National Convention]] in Chicago in August, including nominating their own candidate, "[[Pigasus (politics)|Lyndon Pigasus Pig]]" (an actual pig), was also widely publicized in the media at this time.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,900067,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080407222801/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,900067,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 7, 2008 |title="The Politics of Yip", ''TIME Magazine'', Apr. 5, 1968 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=April 5, 1968 |access-date=2014-02-03}}</ref>

In [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] hippies congregated each Sunday for a large "be-in" at Cambridge Common with swarms of drummers and those beginning the Women's Movement. In the United States, the Hippie movement started to be seen as part of the "[[New Left]]", which was associated with anti-war college-campus protest movements.<ref name="Carmines and Layman" /> The New Left was a term used mainly in the United Kingdom and United States in reference to [[Activism|activists]], [[teacher|educators]], [[agitators]] and others in the 1960s and 1970s who sought to implement a broad range of reforms on issues such as gay rights, abortion, gender roles and drugs<ref name="Carmines and Layman">Carmines, Edward G., and Geoffrey C. Layman. 1997. "Issue Evolution in Postwar American Politics". In Byron Shafer, ed., ''Present Discontents''. NJ: Chatham House Publishers.</ref> in contrast to earlier leftist or [[Marxism|Marxist]] movements that had taken a more [[Vanguardism|vanguardist]] approach to social justice and focused mostly on [[labor unionization]] and questions of [[social class]].<ref>{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3nJUwFqRLTwC&q=new+left+cynthia+kaufman&pg=PA275|title=Ideas for Action: Relevant Theory for Radical Change|first=Cynthia|last=Kaufman|date=2 March 2019|page=275|publisher=South End Press|access-date=2 March 2019|via=Google Books|isbn=9780896086937}}</ref><ref><br />[[Todd Gitlin]], "The Left's Lost Universalism". In Arthur M. Melzer, Jerry Weinberger and M. Richard Zinman, eds., ''Politics at the Turn of the Century'', pp.&nbsp;3–26 (Lanham, MD: [[Rowman & Littlefield]], 2001).<br />{{Citation|author=Grant Farred|author-link=Grant Farred|year=2000|title=Endgame Identity? Mapping the New Left Roots of Identity Politics|journal=[[New Literary History]]|volume=31|issue=4|pages=627–648|jstor=20057628|doi=10.1353/nlh.2000.0045|s2cid=144650061}}</ref>

In April 1969, the building of [[People's Park (Berkeley)|People's Park]] in Berkeley, California received international attention. The [[University of California, Berkeley]] had demolished all the buildings on a {{convert|2.8|acre|m2|adj=on}} parcel near campus, intending to use the land to build playing fields and a parking lot. After a long delay, during which the site became a dangerous eyesore, thousands of ordinary Berkeley citizens, merchants, students, and hippies took matters into their own hands, planting trees, shrubs, flowers and grass to convert the land into a park. A major confrontation ensued on May 15, 1969, when Governor [[Ronald Reagan]] ordered the park destroyed, which led to a two-week occupation of the city of Berkeley by the [[California National Guard]].<ref name="Wollenberg">{{Citation|last=Wollenberg |first=Charles |title=Berkeley, A City in History |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-520-25307-0 |url=http://www.berkeleypubliclibrary.org/system/Chapter9.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705015337/http://www.berkeleypubliclibrary.org/system/Chapter9.html |archive-date=July 5, 2008 }}</ref><ref name="hayward_2001">{{Citation|last=Hayward|first=Steven F.|title=The Age of Reagan, 1964-1980: The Fall of the Old Liberal Order|year=2001|publisher=Prima Publishing|location=Roseville, California|isbn=978-0-7615-1337-7|oclc=47667257|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0BafgsBIlrwC&pg=PA325|access-date=January 31, 2011|page=325}}</ref> [[Flower power]] came into its own during this occupation as hippies engaged in acts of [[civil disobedience]] to plant flowers in empty lots all over Berkeley under the slogan "Let a Thousand Parks Bloom".

[[File:Swami opening.jpg|thumb|right|[[Swami Satchidananda]] giving the opening talk at the Woodstock Festival of 1969]]
In August 1969, the [[Woodstock|Woodstock Music and Art Fair]] took place in [[Bethel, New York]], which for many, exemplified the best of hippie counterculture. Over 500,000 people arrived<ref name="Dean">{{Citation|last=Dean|first=Maury|author-link=Maury Dean |title=Rock 'N' Roll Gold Rush|publisher=Algora Publishing|year=2003|page=243|isbn=0-87586-207-1}}</ref> to hear some of the most notable musicians and bands of the era, among them [[Canned Heat]], [[Richie Havens]], [[Joan Baez]], [[Janis Joplin]], [[Grateful Dead]], [[Creedence Clearwater Revival]], [[Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young]], [[Carlos Santana]], [[Sly and the Family Stone]], [[the Who]], [[Jefferson Airplane]] and [[Jimi Hendrix]]. [[Wavy Gravy]]'s [[Hog Farm]] provided security and attended to practical needs, and the hippie ideals of love and human fellowship seemed to have gained real-world expression. Similar rock festivals occurred in other parts of the country, which played a significant role in spreading hippie ideals throughout America.<ref>Mankin, Bill. [http://likethedew.com/2012/03/04/we-can-all-join-in-how-rock-festivals-helped-change-america/ We Can All Join In: How Rock Festivals Helped Change America] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219032259/http://likethedew.com/2012/03/04/we-can-all-join-in-how-rock-festivals-helped-change-america/ |date=2013-12-19 }}. Like the Dew. 2012.</ref>

In December 1969, a rock festival took place in [[Altamont, California]], about 45&nbsp;km (30 miles) east of San Francisco. Initially billed as "Woodstock West", its official name was the [[Altamont Free Concert]]. About 300,000 people gathered to hear [[the Rolling Stones]]; [[Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young]]; [[Jefferson Airplane]] and other bands. The [[Hells Angels]] provided security that proved far less benevolent than the security provided at the Woodstock event: 18-year-old [[Killing of Meredith Hunter|Meredith Hunter]] was stabbed and killed by one of the Hells Angels during the Rolling Stones' performance after he brandished a gun and waved it toward the stage.<ref name="Lee">{{citation|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2005/05/26/ALTAMONT.TMP |title=Altamont 'cold case' is being closed |last=Lee |first=Henry K. |date=May 26, 2005 |newspaper=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |access-date=2008-09-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626200756/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=%2Fchronicle%2Farchive%2F2005%2F05%2F26%2FALTAMONT.TMP |archive-date=June 26, 2008 }}</ref>

===1970–1973: Aftershocks and decline===
By the 1970s, the 1960s [[zeitgeist]] that had spawned hippie culture seemed to be on the wane.<ref name="Bugliosi_1994">{{harvnb|Bugliosi|Gentry|1994|pp=638–640}}.</ref><ref>Bugliosi (1994) describes the popular view that the Manson case "sounded the death knell for hippies and all they symbolically represented", citing [[Joan Didion]], [[Diane Sawyer]], and ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''. Bugliosi admits that although the Manson murders "may have hastened" the end of the hippie era, the era was already in decline.</ref><ref>{{citation| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/13/opinion/sunday/the-entrepreneurial-generation.html?_r=2&pagewanted=all&smid=fb-share | work=The New York Times | title=Generation Sell | date=November 12, 2011 | access-date=2011-12-03 | first1=William | last1=Deresiewics}}</ref> The events at the [[Altamont Free Concert]] shocked many Americans,<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/On-This-Day--Deaths-at-Rolling-Stones--Altamont-Concert-Shocks-the-Nation.html |title=On This Day: Four Die at Rolling Stones' Altamont Concert |website=Findingdulcinea.com |access-date=2012-11-21 |archive-date=2011-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429194408/http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/On-This-Day--Deaths-at-Rolling-Stones--Altamont-Concert-Shocks-the-Nation.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> including those who had strongly identified with hippie culture. Another shock came in the form of the [[Sharon Tate]] and [[Leno and Rosemary LaBianca]] murders committed in August 1969 by [[Charles Manson]] and his "family" of followers.

Nevertheless, the turbulent political atmosphere that featured the bombing of Cambodia and shootings by [[National Guard of the United States|National Guardsmen]] at [[Jackson State killings|Jackson State University]] and [[Kent State shootings|Kent State University]] still brought people together. These shootings inspired the May 1970 song by [[Quicksilver Messenger Service]] "What About Me?", where they sang, "You keep adding to my numbers as you shoot my people down", as well as [[Neil Young]]'s "[[Ohio (CSNY song)|Ohio]]", a song that protested the Kent State massacre, recorded by [[Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young]].  The anti-war movement reached its peak at the [[1971 May Day Protests]] as over 12,000 protesters were arrested in Washington, D.C.; President Nixon himself actually ventured out of the White House and chatted with a group of the hippie protesters. The draft was ended soon thereafter, in January 1973.

===1973–present: Absorption into the mainstream and new developments===
Much of hippie style had been integrated into mainstream American society by the early 1970s.<ref name="Tompkins_2001a">{{harvnb|Tompkins|2001a}}.</ref><ref name="Morford">{{Citation
  | last = Morford
  | first = Mark
  | author-link = Mark Morford
  | title = The Hippies Were right!
  | publisher = [[SF Gate]]
  | date = May 2, 2007
  | url = http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/g/a/2007/05/02/notes050207.DTL
  | access-date = 2007-05-25
}}</ref> Large rock concerts that originated with the 1967 KFRC [[Fantasy Fair and Magic Mountain Music Festival]] and [[Monterey Pop Festival]] and the British [[Isle of Wight Festival]] in 1968 became the norm, evolving into [[Arena rock|stadium rock]] in the process. During the mid-late 1970s, with the [[Fall of Saigon|end]] of the draft and the [[Vietnam War]], a renewal of [[patriotism|patriotic]] sentiment associated with the approach of the [[United States Bicentennial]], the decline in popularity of psychedelic rock, and the emergence of new genres such as [[prog rock]], [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]], [[disco]], and [[punk rock]], the mainstream media lost interest in the hippie counterculture. At the same time there was [[Mod revival|a revival]] of the [[Mod (subculture)|Mod subculture]], [[skinhead]]s, [[Teddy Boy|teddy boys]] and the emergence of new youth cultures, like the [[punk movement|punk]]s, [[goth subculture|goths]] (an arty offshoot of punk), and [[football casuals]]; starting in the late 1960s and early 1970s in Britain, hippies had begun to come under attack by skinheads.<ref>{{Citation | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iS4hsxKiMNgC&q=Hippie+bashing+by+skinheads&pg=PA188 | title = Encyclopedia of contemporary British culture | isbn = 978-0-415-14726-2 | last1 = Childs | first1 = Peter | last2 = Storry | first2 = Mike | year = 1999 | page=188| publisher = Taylor & Francis }}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=http://www.eelpie.org/epd_19.htm |title=Eel Pie Dharma - Skinheads - Chapter 19 |website=Eelpie.org |date=December 13, 2005 |access-date=2012-11-21}}</ref><ref>{{citation| url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,909318-1,00.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080630050338/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,909318-1,00.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=June 30, 2008 | magazine=Time | title=Britain: The Skinheads | date=June 8, 1970 | access-date=2010-05-04}}</ref>

[[File:Tallinn hippie.jpg|thumb|right|A group of hippies in [[Tallinn]], 1989]]
[[File:Cornflake & Vivian.jpg|thumb|left|Couple attending Snoqualmie Moondance Festival, August 1993]]
Many hippies would adapt and become members of the growing countercultural [[New Age]] movement of the 1970s.{{sfn|Lewis|Melton|1992|p=xi}} While many hippies made a long-term commitment to the lifestyle, some people argue that hippies "sold out" during the 1980s and became part of the materialist, self-centered consumer [[yuppie]] culture.<ref name="Lattin_2004">{{harvnb|Lattin|2004|pp=74}}.</ref><ref name="Heath_Potter_2004">{{harvnb|Heath|Potter|2004}}.</ref> Although not as visible as it once was, hippie culture has never died out completely: hippies and neo-hippies can still be found on college campuses, on communes, and at gatherings and festivals. Many embrace the hippie values of peace, love, and community, and hippies may still be found in [[Bohemianism|bohemian]] enclaves around the world.<ref name="Stone_1994" /> Hippie communes, where members tried to live the ideals of the hippie movement, continued to flourish. On the West Coast, Oregon had quite a few,<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.cavejunction.com/cavejunction/locsites2.shtml |title=In Cave Junction alone there were a number of communes listed |website=Cavejunction.com |access-date=2014-02-03}}</ref> while in 1970, the hippie community of [[Tawapa]] was founded in [[New Mexico]].<ref>{{Citation |date=2013-03-08 |title=Flashbacks |url=https://www.newmexicomagazine.org/blog/post/new-mexico-hippie-communes/ |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=www.newmexicomagazine.org |language=en-us}}</ref> It lasted until the 1990s, when the people were pushed off the land due to [[housing developments]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Hovey |first=Kathryn |title=Anarchy and community in the new American West: Madrid, New Mexico, 1970-2000 |date=2005 |publisher=University of New Mexico Press |isbn=978-0-8263-3446-6 |location=Albuquerque}}</ref> Around 1994, a new term, "[[Zippie]]", was being used to describe hippies that had embraced [[New Age]] beliefs, new technology, and a love for electronic music.<ref>Marshall, Jules, "[https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/2.05/zippies.html Zippies!]", ''[[Wired Magazine]]'', issue 2.05, May 1994</ref>

==Ethos and characteristics==
{{Psychedelic sidebar}}
[[File:Tie-dye hippie.jpg|thumb|Tie-dyed clothes, associated with hippie culture]]
The bohemian predecessor of the hippie culture in San Francisco was the "[[Beat Generation]]" style of coffee houses and bars, whose clientele appreciated literature, a game of chess, music (in the forms of jazz and folk style), modern dance, and traditional crafts and arts like pottery and painting."<ref>O'Brien, Karen 2001 ''Joni Mitchell: Shadows and Light''. London:Virgin Books, pp.77-78</ref> The entire tone of the ''new'' subculture was different. Jon McIntire, manager of the Grateful Dead from the late 1960s to the mid-1980s, points out that the great contribution of the hippie culture was this projection of [[joy]]. "The beatnik thing was black, cynical, and cold."<ref>{{citation |last=Greenfield |first=Robert |format=interview |title=The Burden of Being Jerry |url=http://www.levity.com/gans/SFFocus.html |access-date=2013-09-11 }}</ref> Hippies sought to free themselves from societal restrictions, choose their own way, and find new [[meaning of life|meaning in life]]. One expression of hippie independence from societal norms was found in their standard of dress and grooming, which made hippies instantly recognizable to one another, and served as a visual symbol of their respect for individual rights. Through their appearance, hippies declared their willingness to question authority, and distanced themselves from the "straight" and "[[square (slang)|square]]" (i.e., conformist) segments of society.<ref name="Yablonsky_1968_243357">{{harvnb|Yablonsky|1968|pp=103 et al.}}.</ref> [[Personality traits]] and values that hippies tend to be associated with are "[[altruism]] and [[mysticism]], [[honesty]], [[joy]] and [[nonviolence]]".<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,899555-1,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070503045854/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,899555-1,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 3, 2007 |title="The Hippies" in Time magazine |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=July 7, 1967 |access-date=2014-02-03}}</ref>

===Art and fashion===
{{See also|Psychedelia}}

Leading proponents of the 1960s Psychedelic Art movement were San Francisco poster artists such as [[Rick Griffin]], [[Victor Moscoso]], [[Bonnie MacLean]], [[Stanley Mouse]] and [[Alton Kelley]], and [[Wes Wilson]]. Their psychedelic-rock concert posters were inspired by [[Art Nouveau]], [[Victoriana]], [[Dada]], and [[Pop Art]]. Posters for concerts in the [[Fillmore West]], a concert auditorium in San Francisco, popular with hippie audiences, were among the most notable of the time. Richly saturated colors in glaring contrast, elaborately ornate lettering, strongly symmetrical composition, collage elements, rubber-like distortions, and bizarre iconography are all hallmarks of the San Francisco psychedelic poster art style. The style flourished from roughly the years 1966 until 1972. Their work was immediately influential to album cover art, and indeed all of the aforementioned artists also created album covers.

Psychedelic [[Liquid light show|light shows]] were a new art form developed for rock concerts. Using oil and dye in an emulsion that was set between large convex lenses upon overhead projectors, the light-show artists created bubbling liquid visuals that pulsed in rhythm to the music. This was mixed with slide shows and film loops to create an improvisational motion picture art form, and to give visual representation to the improvisational jams of the rock bands and create a completely "trippy" atmosphere for the audience.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}}
The Brotherhood of Light were responsible for many of the light shows in San Francisco psychedelic rock concerts.
<!-- [[WP:NFCC]] violation: [[File:Freak Brother No 1.jpg|thumb|No. 1 of the cult underground comic strip ''[[The Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers]]'' which dealt with the adventures and lifestyles of three fictional hippies]] -->

Out of the psychedelic counterculture there also arose a new genre of comic books: [[underground comix]]. ''Zap Comix'' was among the original underground comics, and featured the work of [[Robert Crumb]], [[S. Clay Wilson]], Victor Moscoso, [[Rick Griffin]], and [[Robert Williams (artist)|Robert Williams]] among others. Underground comix were ribald and intensely satirical, and seemed to pursue weirdness for the sake of weirdness. [[Gilbert Shelton]] created perhaps the most enduring of underground cartoon characters, ''[[The Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers]]'', whose drugged-out exploits held a mirror up to the hippie lifestyle of the 1960s.

[[File:Monument to the hippie era. Tamil Nadu.jpg|thumb|Monument to the hippie era in [[Tamil Nadu]], India]]

As in other counterculture movements such as the beat movement and the later [[punk movement]], hippie symbols and iconography were purposely borrowed from either "low" or "primitive" cultures, with hippie fashion reflecting a disorderly, often [[Vagrancy (people)|vagrant]] style.<ref name="Katz_1988_120">{{harvnb|Katz|1988|pp=120}}.</ref> As with other adolescent, white middle-class movements, [[deviance (sociology)|deviant behavior]] of the hippies involved challenging the prevailing [[gender differences]] of their time: both men and women in the hippie movement wore jeans and maintained long hair,<ref name="Katz_1988_125">{{harvnb|Katz|1988|pp=125}}.</ref> and both genders wore sandals, moccasins or went [[barefoot]].<ref name="Tompkins_2001b" /> Men often wore beards,<ref name="Pendergast" /> while women wore little or no makeup, with many going [[braless]].<ref name="Tompkins_2001b">{{harvnb|Tompkins|2001b}}</ref> Hippies often chose brightly colored clothing and wore unusual [[Styles of clothing|styles]], such as [[Bell-bottoms|bell-bottom]] pants, vests, [[tie-dye]]d garments, [[dashiki]]s, [[peasant blouses]], and long, full skirts; non-Western inspired clothing with [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]], [[Latin America]]n, African and Asiatic motifs was also popular. Much hippie clothing was self-made in defiance of corporate culture, and hippies often purchased their clothes from flea markets and second-hand shops.<ref name="Pendergast" /> Favored accessories for both men and women included Native American jewelry, head scarves, headbands, [[Love beads|long beaded necklaces]], and circular ''John Lennon'' style glasses.<ref name="Tompkins_2001b" /> Hippie homes, vehicles and other possessions were often decorated with [[psychedelic art]]. The bold colors, hand-made clothing and loose fitting clothes opposed the tight and uniform clothing of the 1940s and 1950s. It also rejected consumerism in that the hand-production of clothing called for self-efficiency and individuality.<ref>{{cite book |last=Pendergast |first=Sara |title=Fashion, Costume, and Culture: Clothing, Headwear, Body Decorations, and Footwear Through the Ages |year=2004 |publisher=UXL |location=Detroit |page=640}}</ref>

=== Love and sex ===
{{See also|Free love}}
[[File:Oz Mag Number 28.png|thumb|left|''[[Oz (magazine)|Oz]]'' number 28, also known as the "[[Schoolkids Oz|Schoolkids issue of Oz]]", which was the main cause of a 1971 high-profile obscenity case in the United Kingdom. ''Oz'' was a UK underground publication with a general hippie / counter-cultural point of view.]]

The common stereotype on the issues of love and sex had it that the hippies were "[[promiscuous]], having wild sex orgies, seducing innocent teenagers and every manner of sexual perversion."<ref name="StonesexII">{{harvnb|Stone|1999|loc=[http://www.hipplanet.com/books/atoz/sex.htm "Sex, Love and Hippies"]}}</ref> The hippie movement appeared concurrently in the midst of a rising [[sexual revolution]], in which many views of the ''status quo'' on this subject were being challenged.

The clinical study ''[[Human Sexual Response (book)|Human Sexual Response]]'' was published by [[Masters and Johnson]] in 1966, and the topic suddenly became more commonplace in America. The 1969 book ''[[Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Sex* (*But Were Afraid to Ask) (book)|Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Sex (But Were Afraid to Ask)]]'' by psychiatrist [[David Reuben (sex author)|David Reuben]] was a more popular attempt at answering the public's curiosity regarding such matters. Then in 1972 appeared ''[[The Joy of Sex]]'' by [[Alex Comfort]], reflecting an even more candid perception of love-making. By this time, the recreational or 'fun' aspects of sexual behavior were being discussed more openly than ever before, and this more 'enlightened' outlook resulted not just from the publication of such new books as these, but from a more pervasive sexual revolution that had already been well underway for some time.<ref name="StonesexII"/>

The hippies inherited various countercultural views and practices regarding sex and love from the [[Beat Generation]]; "their writings influenced the hippies to open up when it came to sex, and to experiment without guilt or [[jealousy]]."<ref name="StonesexIII">{{harvnb|Stone|1999|loc=[http://www.hipplanet.com/books/atoz/sex.htm "Sex, Love and Hippies"]}}, "Again the Beat generation must be credited with living and writing about sexual freedom. Allen Ginsberg, Jack Kerouac, William Burroughs and others lived unusually free, sexually expressive lives."</ref> One popular hippie slogan that appeared was "If it feels good, do it!"<ref name="StonesexII" /> which for many meant "you are free to love whomever you please, whenever you please, however you please". This encouraged spontaneous sexual activity and experimentation. [[Group sex]], [[public sex]], [[homosexuality]]; under the influence of drugs, all the taboos went out the window. This doesn't mean that straight sex or [[monogamy]] were unknown, quite the contrary. Nevertheless, the [[open relationship]] became an accepted part of the hippie lifestyle. This meant that you might have a primary relationship with one person, but if another attracted you, you could explore that relationship without rancor or jealousy."<ref name="StonesexII"/>

Hippies embraced the old slogan of [[free love]] of the radical social reformers of other eras; it was accordingly observed that "Free love made the whole love, marriage, sex, baby package obsolete. Love was no longer limited to one person, you could love anyone you chose. In fact love was something you shared with everyone, not just your sex partners. Love exists to be shared freely. We also discovered the more you share, the more you get! So why reserve your love for a select few? This profound truth was one of the great hippie revelations."<ref name="StonesexII"/> Sexual experimentation alongside psychedelics also occurred, due to the perception of their being uninhibitors.<ref name="StonesexIV">{{harvnb|Stone|1999|loc=[http://www.hipplanet.com/books/atoz/sex.htm "Sex, Love and Hippies"]}}, "But the biggest release of inhibitions came about through the use of drugs, particularly marijuana and the psychedelics. Marijuana is one of the best aphrodisiacs known to man. It enhances the senses, unlike alcohol, which dulls them. As any hippie can tell you, sex is a great high, but sex on pot is fuckin' far out![...] More importantly, the use of psychedelic drugs, especially LSD was directly responsible for liberating hippies from their sexual hang-ups. The LSD trip is an intimate soul wrenching experience that shatters the ego's defenses, leaving the tripper in a very poignant and sensitive state. At this point, a sexual encounter is quite possible if conditions are right. After an LSD trip, one is much more likely to explore one's own sexual nature without inhibitions."</ref> Others explored [[Religion and sexuality|the spiritual aspects of sex]].<ref name="StonesexV">{{harvnb|Stone|1999|loc=[http://www.hipplanet.com/books/atoz/sex.htm "Sex, Love and Hippies"]}}, "Many hippies on the spiritual path found enlightenment through sex. The ''[[Kama Sutra]]'', the [[Tantric sex]]ual manual from ancient India is a way to cosmic union through sex. Some gurus like Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh (Osho) formed cults that focused on liberation through the release of sexual inhibitions."</ref>

===Travel===
[[File:Gypsy Van Front.jpg|thumb|Hand-crafted Hippie Truck, 1968]]

Hippies tended to travel light, and could pick up and go wherever the action was at any time. Whether at a [[love-in]] on [[Mount Tamalpais]] near San Francisco, a demonstration against the Vietnam War in Berkeley, or one of [[Ken Kesey]]'s "Acid Tests", if the "vibe" was not right and a change of scene was desired, hippies were mobile at a moment's notice. Planning was eschewed, as hippies were happy to put a few clothes in a backpack, stick out their thumbs and hitchhike anywhere. Hippies seldom worried whether they had money, hotel reservations or any of the other standard accoutrements of travel. Hippie households welcomed overnight guests on an impromptu basis, and the reciprocal nature of the lifestyle permitted greater freedom of movement. People generally cooperated to meet each other's needs in ways that became less common after the early 1970s.<ref>{{harvnb|Yablonsky|1968|p=201}}</ref> This way of life is still seen among [[Rainbow Family]] groups, [[new age travellers]] and New Zealand's [[housetrucker]]s.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Sharkey |first1=Mr. |last2=Fay |first2=Chris |title=Gypsy Faire |website=Mrsharkey.com |url=http://www.mrsharkey.com/busbarn/misctruk/gypsytrk.htm |access-date=2007-10-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071113204525/http://www.mrsharkey.com/busbarn/misctruk/gypsytrk.htm |archive-date=November 13, 2007 }}</ref>

[[File:Gypsy Van Interior.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Hippie Truck interior]]

A derivative of this free-flow style of travel were the hippie trucks and buses, hand-crafted mobile houses built on a truck or bus chassis to facilitate a nomadic lifestyle, as documented in the 1974 book ''Roll Your Own''.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.mrsharkey.com/busbarn/rollown/rollown.htm |title=Book Review - Roll Your Own |website=MrSharkey.com |access-date=2012-11-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102043642/http://www.mrsharkey.com/busbarn/rollown/rollown.htm |archive-date=November 2, 2012 }}</ref> Some of these mobile houses were quite elaborate, with beds, toilets, showers and cooking facilities.

On the West Coast, a unique lifestyle developed around the [[Renaissance Faire]]s that Phyllis and Ron Patterson first organized in 1963. During the summer and fall months, entire families traveled together in their trucks and buses, parked at Renaissance Pleasure Faire sites in Southern and Northern California, worked their crafts during the week, and donned Elizabethan costume for weekend performances, and attended booths where handmade goods were sold to the public. The sheer number of young people living at the time made for unprecedented travel opportunities to special happenings. The peak experience of this type was the [[Woodstock Festival]] near [[Bethel, New York]], from August 15 to 18, 1969, which drew between 400,000 and 500,000 people.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/18/newsid_2760000/2760911.stm BBC - On This Day] - 1969: Woodstock music festival ends. "An estimated 400,000 youngsters turned up..." Retrieved December 21, 2013.</ref><ref>"...nearly 500,000 revellers came together for three days and three nights and showed the world what a generation was made of..." ''Woodstock 1969 -  The First Festival''. Landy, Elliott. Ravette Publishing Ltd, 2009. {{ISBN|978-1841613093}}.</ref>

====Hippie trail====
{{Main|Hippie trail}}
One travel experience, undertaken by hundreds of thousands of hippies between 1969 and 1971, was the [[Hippie trail]] overland route to India. Carrying little or no luggage, and with small amounts of cash, almost all followed the same route, hitch-hiking across Europe to [[Athens]] and on to [[Istanbul]], then by train through central Turkey via [[Erzurum]], continuing by bus into Iran, via [[Tabriz]] and [[Tehran]] to [[Mashhad]], across the Afghan border into [[Herat]], through southern Afghanistan via [[Kandahar]] to [[Kabul]], over the [[Khyber Pass]] into Pakistan, via [[Rawalpindi]] and [[Lahore]] to the Indian frontier. Once in India, hippies went to many different destinations, but gathered in large numbers on the beaches of [[Goa]] and [[Kovalam]] in [[Trivandrum]] ([[Kerala]]),<ref name="Sherwood">{{citation|url=http://travel.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/travel/09goa.html|title=A New Generation of Pilgrims Hits India's Hippie Trail |last=Sherwood|first=Seth|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2008-09-11 | date=April 9, 2006}}</ref> or crossed the border into Nepal to spend months in [[Kathmandu]]. In Kathmandu, most of the hippies hung out in the tranquil surroundings of a place called Freak Street<ref name="Independent">{{citation|url=http://www.ioltravel.co.za/article/view/3549557|title=Have a high time on hippy trail in Katmandu|date=January 30, 2001|newspaper=Independent Online|access-date=2008-09-11 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071011064213/http://www.ioltravel.co.za/article/view/3549557 |archive-date = October 11, 2007}}</ref> ([[Nepal Bhasa]]: Jhoo Chhen), which still exists near Kathmandu Durbar Square.

===Spirituality and religion===
{{See also|New Age|Jesus movement|Zen boom}}
Many hippies rejected mainstream organized religion in favor of a more personal spiritual experience.  Buddhism and Hinduism often resonated with hippies, as they were seen as less rule-bound, and less likely to be associated with existing baggage.<ref name="hare">{{citation |url=https://www.dissentmagazine.org/online_articles/in-defense-of-hippies |date=October 23, 2011 |title=In Defense of Hippies |first=Danny |last=Goldberg |work=Dissent Magazine Online }}</ref> Some hippies embraced [[neo-paganism]], especially [[Wicca]]. Others were involved with the occult, with people like [[Timothy Leary]] citing [[Aleister Crowley]] as influences. By the 1960s, western interest in Hindu spirituality and [[yoga]] reached its peak, giving rise to a great number of [[Hindu revivalism|Neo-Hindu]] schools specifically advocated to a western public.<ref>Bryant 2009, p. xviii.</ref>

In his 1991 book, "Hippies and American Values", [[Timothy Miller]] described the hippie ethos as essentially a "religious movement" whose goal was to transcend the limitations of mainstream religious institutions. "Like many dissenting religions, the hippies were enormously hostile to the religious institutions of the dominant culture, and they tried to find new and adequate ways to do the tasks the dominant religions failed to perform."<ref>{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e7F31yYxOMAC&q=hippie+as+a+religious+movements&pg=PA16 |title=Timothy Miller. ''Hippies and American Values''. Univ Tennessee Press; 1st edition|page=16 |access-date=2014-02-03|isbn=9780870496943 |year=1991 |last1=Miller|first1=Timothy|publisher=Univ. of Tennessee Press }}</ref> In his seminal, contemporaneous work, "The Hippie Trip", author Lewis Yablonsky notes that those who were most respected in hippie settings were the spiritual leaders, the so-called "high priests" who emerged during that era.<ref>{{harvnb|Yablonsky|1968|p=298}}</ref>
[[File:TimothyLeary-LectureTour-SUNYAB-1969.jpg|thumb|[[Timothy Leary]], family and band on a lecture tour at State University of New York at Buffalo in 1969]]

One such hippie "high priest" was San Francisco State University Professor [[Stephen Gaskin]].  Beginning in 1966, Gaskin's "Monday Night Class" eventually outgrew the lecture hall, and attracted 1,500 hippie followers in an open discussion of spiritual values, drawing from Christian, Buddhist, and Hindu teachings.  In 1970 Gaskin founded a Tennessee community called [[The Farm (Tennessee)|The Farm]], and even late in life he still listed his religion as "Hippie."<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.thefarm.org/lifestyle/miller.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990210081737/http://www.thefarm.org/lifestyle/miller.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=1999-02-10 |title=Communal Religions |website=Thefarm.org |date=October 6, 1966 |access-date=2012-11-21 }}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=http://www.tokeofthetown.com/2010/12/new_book_tells_inside_story_of_biggest_hippie_comm.php |title=New Book Tells Inside Story Of Biggest Hippie Commune In U.S. - Toke of the Town - cannabis news, views, rumor and humor |publisher=Toke of the Town |date=December 23, 2010 |access-date=2012-11-21}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|isbn=9781570671814|title=Monday Night Class|author=Stephen Gaskin  |year=2005|publisher=Book Publishing Company }}</ref>

[[Timothy Leary]] was an American [[psychologist]] and writer, known for his advocacy of [[psychedelic drugs]]. On September 19, 1966, Leary founded the [[League for Spiritual Discovery]], a religion declaring LSD as its holy sacrament, in part as an unsuccessful attempt to maintain legal status for the use of LSD and other psychedelics for the religion's adherents based on a "freedom of religion" argument. ''[[The Psychedelic Experience]]'' was the inspiration for [[John Lennon]]'s song "[[Tomorrow Never Knows]]" in [[the Beatles]]' album ''[[Revolver (The Beatles album)|Revolver]]''.<ref name="Sante">{{citation| last = Sante| first = Luc| title = The Nutty Professor| series = 'Timothy Leary: A Biography,' by Robert Greenfield| work=[[The New York Times Book Review]]| date = June 26, 2006| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/25/books/review/25sante.html?pagewanted=all| access-date = 2008-07-12}}</ref> Leary published a pamphlet in 1967 called ''Start Your Own Religion'' to encourage just that<ref>Start Your Own Religion. Leary, Timothy. Millbrook, New York: Kriya Press. 1967. (The original 1967 version was privately published; it is not to be confused with a compilation of Leary's writings compiled, edited, and published posthumously under the same title.)</ref> and was invited to attend the January 14, 1967 [[Human Be-In]], a gathering of 20,000 to 30,000 hippies in San Francisco's [[Golden Gate Park]]. In speaking to the group, he coined the famous phrase "[[Turn on, tune in, drop out]]".<ref>{{citation|url=https://archive.org/details/timothylearybiog00gree |url-access=registration |title=Timothy Leary: A Biography|first=Robert|last= Greenfield|page=[https://archive.org/details/timothylearybiog00gree/page/64 64] |access-date=2013-10-11|isbn=9780151005000|year=2006|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt }}</ref>

The English magician [[Aleister Crowley]] became an influential icon to the new alternative spiritual movements of the decade as well as for rock musicians. The Beatles included him as one of [[List of images on the cover of Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band|the many figures]] on the cover sleeve of their 1967 album ''[[Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band]]'', while [[Jimmy Page]], the guitarist of [[the Yardbirds]] and co-founder of 1970s rock band [[Led Zeppelin]], was fascinated by Crowley, and owned some of his clothing, manuscripts and ritual objects, and during the 1970s bought [[Boleskine House]], which appears in the band's 1976 film ''[[The Song Remains the Same (film)|The Song Remains the Same]]''. On the back cover of [[the Doors]] 1970 compilation album ''[[13 (The Doors album)|13]]'', Jim Morrison and the other members of the Doors are shown posing with a bust of Aleister Crowley. [[Timothy Leary]] also openly acknowledged Crowley's inspiration.<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2gY3dSqs68A| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/2gY3dSqs68A| archive-date=2021-10-30|title=Timothy Leary: I carried on Aleister Crowley's work|last=chellow2|date=1 May 2008|publisher=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

After the hippie era, the Dudeist [[philosophy]] and lifestyle developed.  Inspired by "the Dude", the neo-hippie protagonist of the [[Coen Brothers]]' 1998 film ''[[The Big Lebowski]]'', Dudeism's stated primary objective is to promote a modern form of Chinese [[Taoism]], outlined in ''[[Tao Te Ching]]'' by [[Laozi]] (6th century BC), blended with concepts by the Ancient Greek philosopher [[Epicurus]] (341–270 BC), and presented in a style as personified by the character of Jeffrey "the Dude" Lebowski, a fictional hippie character portrayed by [[Jeff Bridges]] in the film.<ref>{{citation|last=Ehrlich|first=Richard|title=The man who founded a religion based on 'The Big Lebowski'|url=http://www.cnngo.com/bangkok/life/doctrine-chiang-mais-church-latter-day-dude-explained-206793|work=[[CNN]]|publisher=Turner Broadcasting Systems Inc.|access-date=March 22, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405065606/http://www.cnngo.com/bangkok/life/doctrine-chiang-mais-church-latter-day-dude-explained-206793|archive-date=April 5, 2012|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Dudeism has sometimes been regarded as a [[mock religion]],<ref>{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uPtuaV7IAt0C&q=dudeism+mock+religion&pg=PT78|title=Cult Cinema by Ernest Mathlijs, Jamie Sexton |page=78|isbn=9781444396430 |last1=Mathijs |first1=Ernest |last2=Sexton |first2=Jamie |date=2012-03-30 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons }}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://www.adweek.com/performance-marketing/big-lebowski-bungalow-jeff-bridges-abide-guide-oliver-benjamin-dwayne-eutsey/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810001531/http://www.mediabistro.com/fishbowlla/big-lebowski-bungalow-jeff-bridges-abide-guide-oliver-benjamin-dwayne-eutsey_b34556|url-status=live|archive-date=2011-08-10|title=Behold The Big Lebowski Bungalow, Bible|website=www.mediabistro.com}}</ref> though its founder and many adherents regard it seriously.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.dontpaniconline.com/magazine/radar/big-lebowski-spawns-religion|title=Big Lebowski Spawns Religion|website=Dontpaniconline.com|access-date=2015-12-12|archive-date=2014-10-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008160143/http://www.dontpaniconline.com/magazine/radar/big-lebowski-spawns-religion|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://www.welovecult.com/2011/featured/dudely-lama-dudeism-interview/ |title=The Dudely Lama Discusses Dudeism |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110155253/http://www.welovecult.com/2011/featured/dudely-lama-dudeism-interview/ |archive-date=November 10, 2013 |work=We Love Cult |access-date=September 19, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Cathleen Falsani Interview|url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/2009/10/09/october-9-2009-cathleen-falsani-interview/4520/|work=[[Religion and Ethics Newsweekly]]|publisher=[[PBS]]|access-date=September 19, 2012|date=2009-10-09}}</ref>

===Politics===
{{See also|Flower power|Make love, not war}}
{{Quote_box
 | width = 30%
 | align = right
 | quote = "The hippies were heirs to a long line of bohemians that includes [[William Blake]], [[Walt Whitman]], [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]], [[Henry David Thoreau]], [[Hermann Hesse]], [[Arthur Rimbaud]], [[Oscar Wilde]], [[Aldous Huxley]], utopian movements like the [[Rosicrucians]] and the [[Theosophists]], and most directly the [[Beatniks]]. Hippies emerged from a society that had produced birth-control pills, a counterproductive war in Vietnam, the liberation and idealism of the [[civil rights movement]], feminism, homosexual rights, FM radio, mass-produced [[LSD]], a strong economy, and a huge number of [[Baby-boom generation|baby-boom teenagers]]. These elements allowed the hippies to have a mainstream impact that dwarfed that of the [[Beat Generation|Beats]] and earlier [[avant-garde]] cultures."
|source= [https://web.archive.org/web/20111129151747/http://dissentmagazine.org/online.php?id=552 "In Defense of Hippies"] by Danny Goldberg<ref name="hare" />}}

For the historian of the [[anarchist]] movement [[Ronald Creagh]], the hippie movement could be considered as the last spectacular resurgence of [[utopian socialism]].<ref name="wikiwix.com">{{citation |url=http://endehors.net/news/communes-communautes-milieux-libres%26title%3Dpr%C3%A9sentation%20en%20ligne |title=Ronald Creagh. ''Laboratoires de l'utopie. Les communautés libertaires aux États-Unis''. Paris. Payot. 1983. pg. 11 |website=Wikiwix.com |access-date=2014-02-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071503/http://endehors.net/news/communes-communautes-milieux-libres%26title%3Dpr%C3%A9sentation%20en%20ligne |archive-date=2016-03-04 }}</ref> For Creagh, a characteristic of this is the desire for the transformation of society not through political revolution, or through reformist action pushed forward by the state, but through the creation of a counter-society of a [[Libertarian socialism|socialist]] character in the midst of the current system, which will be made up of ideal communities of a more or less [[Libertarianism|libertarian]] social form.<ref name="wikiwix.com"/>

The [[Peace symbols|peace symbol]] was developed in the UK as a logo for the [[Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament]], and was embraced by U.S. anti-war protesters during the 1960s. Hippies were often [[pacifism|pacifists]], and participated in [[nonviolent]] political demonstrations, such as [[Civil Rights Movement]], the [[protest|marches on Washington, D.C.]], and [[Opposition to the Vietnam War|anti–Vietnam War]] demonstrations, including [[draft-card burning]]s and the [[1968 Democratic National Convention protest activity|1968 Democratic National Convention protests]].<ref name="Tribune">{{citation|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/topic/politics/elections/1968-democratic-convention-EVHST000046.topic|title=1968 Democratic Convention|newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]]|access-date=2008-09-08}}</ref> The degree of political involvement varied widely among hippies, from those who were active in peace demonstrations, to the more anti-authority street theater and demonstrations of the [[Youth International Party|Yippies]], the most politically active hippie sub-group.<ref>{{Citation|last=Shannon |first=Phil |date=June 18, 1997 |title=Yippies, politics and the state |series=Cultural Dissent  |publisher=[[Green Left Weekly]] |issue=278 |url=http://www.greenleft.org.au/1997/278/16698 |access-date=2008-12-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126015333/http://www.greenleft.org.au/1997/278/16698 |archive-date=January 26, 2009 }}</ref> [[Bobby Seale]] discussed the differences between Yippies and hippies with [[Jerry Rubin]], who told him that Yippies were the political wing of the hippie movement, as hippies have not "necessarily become political yet". Regarding the political activity of hippies, Rubin said, "They mostly prefer to be stoned, but most of them want peace, and they want an end to this stuff."<ref name="Seale_1991_350">{{harvnb|Seale|1991|p=350}}.</ref>

In addition to nonviolent political demonstrations, hippie opposition to the Vietnam War included organizing political action groups to oppose the war, refusal to serve in the military and conducting "[[teach-in]]s" on college campuses that covered Vietnamese history and the larger political context of the war.<ref name="Junker">{{Citation|last1=Junker|first1=Detlef |last2=Gassert |first2=Philipp|title=The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War, 1945-1990|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2004|page=424|isbn=0-521-83420-1}}</ref>

Scott McKenzie's 1967 rendition of John Phillips' song "[[San Francisco (Be Sure to Wear Flowers in Your Hair)]]", which helped to inspire the hippie Summer of Love, became a homecoming song for all Vietnam veterans arriving in San Francisco from 1967 onward. McKenzie has dedicated every American performance of "San Francisco" to Vietnam veterans, and he sang in 2002 at the 20th anniversary of the dedication of the [[Vietnam Veterans Memorial]].<ref>{{Citation|url=https://www.vvmf.org/about-vvmf/FAQs/|title=Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund Frequently Asked Questions|website=www.vvmf.org| access-date=27 January 2022}}</ref> Hippie political expression often took the form of "dropping out" of society to implement the changes they sought.
[[File:Sharing a joint.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Tahquitz Canyon]], Palm Springs, California, 1969, sharing a joint]]

Politically motivated movements aided by hippies include the [[back to the land movement]] of the 1960s, [[cooperative|cooperative business enterprises]], [[alternative energy]], the [[Freedom of the press|free press]] movement, and [[organic farming]].<ref name="Morford" /><ref name="Turner_2006_3239">{{harvnb|Turner|2006|pp=32–39}}.</ref>

The San Francisco group known as [[Diggers (theater)|the Diggers]] articulated an influential radical criticism of contemporary mass consumer society, and so they opened [[free stores]] which simply gave away their stock, provided free food, distributed free drugs, gave away money, organized free music concerts, and performed works of political art.<ref name="Lytle_2006_213215"/> The Diggers took their name from the original [[Diggers|English Diggers]] (1649–50) led by [[Gerrard Winstanley]],<ref name="Digger Archives">{{citation |url=http://www.diggers.org/overview.htm |title= Overview: who were (are) the Diggers? |access-date=2007-06-17 | work=The Digger Archives}}</ref> and they sought to create a mini-society [[Criticism of capitalism|free of money and capitalism]].<ref name="American Experience doc">{{citation
 |author       = [[Gail Dolgin]]; Vicente Franco
 |date         = 2007
 |title        = American Experience: The Summer of Love
 |url          = https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/love/index.html
 |publisher    = PBS
 |access-date  = 2007-04-23
 |archive-date = 2017-03-25
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20170325104758/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/love/index.html
 |url-status   = dead
}}</ref>

Such activism was ideally carried through [[anti-authoritarian]] and [[non-violent]] means; thus it was observed that "The way of the hippie is antithetical to all repressive hierarchical power structures since they are adverse to the hippie goals of peace, love and freedom... Hippies don't impose their beliefs on others. Instead, hippies seek to change the world through reason and by living what they believe."<ref name="Stonepolitics">{{harvnb|Stone|1999|loc=[http://www.hipplanet.com/books/atoz/sex.htm "The Way of the Hippy"]}}</ref>

The political ideals of hippies influenced other movements, such as [[anarcho-punk]], [[rave culture]], [[green politics]], [[stoner culture]] and the [[New Age]] movement. Arguments can be made that being "[[woke]]" is only the latest natural offshoot of hipness, since both seek heightened "awareness" of one's surroundings (social, political, sexual etc.). For example, John Leland elaborates on the origins of coded language from African American slaves as a type of aware hipness and documents connections to downtrodden Jews and other minorities in American society in ''Hip: The History''.<ref name="Leland">{{Citation|title=Hip:The History |last1=Leland |first1=John|year=2004|publisher=Ecco |location=New York. |isbn=978-0-06-052817-1}}</ref>
[[Penny Rimbaud]] of the English anarcho-punk band [[Crass]] said in interviews, and in an essay called ''The Last of the Hippies'', that Crass was formed in memory of his friend [[Wally Hope]].<ref>{{Citation |title=The Last Of The Hippies - An Hysterical Romance |last=Rimbaud |first=Penny |author-link=Penny Rimbaud |year=1982 |publisher=Crass |url=http://www.spunk.org/texts/places/britain/sp001297.txt}}</ref> Crass had its roots in [[Dial House, Essex|Dial House]], which was established in 1967 as a commune.<ref>''Shibboleth: My Revolting Life'', Rimbaud, Penny, AK Press, 1999. {{ISBN|978-1873176405}}.</ref> Some [[punk subculture|punks]] were often critical of Crass for their involvement in the hippie movement. Like Crass, [[Jello Biafra]] was influenced by the hippie movement, and cited the yippies as a key influence on his political activism and thinking, though he also wrote songs critical of hippies.<ref>{{citation | url=http://www.progressive.org/mag_intvbiafra | title=Jello Biafra Interview | publisher=The Progressive| access-date=February 1, 2002 | last=Vander Molen | first=Jodi}}</ref><ref>{{citation | url=http://blog.al.com/mcolurso/2007/06/jello_biafra_can_ruffle_feathe.html | title=Jello Biafra can ruffle feathers | work=The Birmingham News | access-date=June 29, 2007 | last=Colurso | first=Mary| date=2007-06-29 }}</ref>

===Drugs===
{{Cannabis sidebar}}
{{see also|Spiritual use of cannabis|History of LSD|Turn on, tune in, drop out}}
Following in the footsteps of the Beats, many hippies used [[Cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] (marijuana), considering it pleasurable and benign. They used drugs such as marijuana, [[Lysergic acid diethylamide|LSD]], [[psilocybin mushroom]]s, or magic mushrooms, and mescaline ([[peyote]]) to gain spiritual awakening.

On the [[East Coast of the United States]], [[Harvard University]] professors [[Timothy Leary]],<ref>{{Citation |url=https://www.biography.com/scientist/timothy-leary |title=Timothy Leary |website=Biography |date=20 May 2021 |language=en-us | access-date=27 January 2022}}</ref> [[Ralph Metzner]] and [[Ram Dass|Richard Alpert]] (Ram Dass) advocated psychotropic drugs for [[psychotherapy]], self-exploration, [[Religion and drugs|religious]] and [[Entheogen|spiritual]] use. Regarding LSD, Leary said, "Expand your consciousness and find ecstasy and revelation within."<ref name="Time-Life Books_1998_139">{{harvnb|Stolley|1998|pp=139}}.</ref>

On the [[West Coast of the United States]], [[Ken Kesey]] was an important figure in promoting the recreational use of psychotropic drugs, especially LSD, also known as "acid." By holding what he called "[[Acid Tests]]", and touring the country with his band of [[Merry Pranksters]], Kesey became a magnet for media attention that drew many young people to the fledgling movement. The [[Grateful Dead]] (originally billed as the Warlocks) played some of their first shows at the Acid Tests, often as high on LSD as their audiences. Kesey and the Pranksters had a "vision of turning on the world."<ref name="Time-Life Books_1998_139" /> Harder drugs, such as [[cocaine]], [[amphetamines]] and heroin, were also sometimes used in hippie settings; however, these drugs were often disdained, even among those who used them, because they were recognized as harmful and addictive.<ref>{{harvnb|Yablonsky|1968|pp=243, 257}}</ref>

==Legacy==
{{see also|List of books and publications related to the hippie subculture|List of films related to the hippie subculture}}

===Culture===
{{Quote_box
 | width = 30%
 | align = left
 | quote = Newcomers to the Internet are often startled to discover themselves not so much in some soulless colony of technocrats as in a kind of cultural Brigadoon - a flowering remnant of the '60s, when hippie communalism and libertarian politics formed the roots of the modern cyberrevolution...
|source= [[Stewart Brand]], "We Owe It All To The Hippies" (1995).<ref name="Brand_Time"/>
}}
{{Quote box
| quote = "The '60s were a leap in human consciousness. Mahatma Gandhi, Malcolm X, Martin Luther King, Che Guevara, they led a revolution of conscience. The Beatles, the Doors, Jimi Hendrix created revolution and evolution themes. The music was like Dalí, with many colors and revolutionary ways. The youth of today must go there to find themselves."
| source =— [[Carlos Santana]]<ref>[http://puntodigital.com/carlos-santana-im-immortal/224228/ Carlos Santana: I'm Immortal] interview by ''Punto Digital'', October 13, 2010</ref>
 | width = 30%
 | align = left
}}

The legacy of the hippie movement continues to permeate Western society.<ref>{{citation| url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/festivals/article1994608.ece | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514205745/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/festivals/article1994608.ece | url-status=dead | archive-date=May 14, 2011 | work=The Times | location=London | title=We're all hippies now | first=Evie | last=Prichard | date=June 28, 2007 | access-date=2010-05-04}}</ref> In general, unmarried couples of all ages feel free to travel and live together without societal disapproval.<ref name="Morford" /><ref>{{citation
 |url          = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/mary_ann_sieghart/article1837763.ece
 |title        = Hey man, we're all kind of hippies now. Far out
 |author       = Mary Ann Sieghart
 |newspaper    = The Times
 |date         = May 25, 2007
 |access-date   = 2007-05-25
 |location     = London
}}{{dead link|date=December 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Frankness regarding [[sexual matters]] has become more common, and the rights of [[Homosexuality|homosexual]], [[bisexual]] and [[transgender]] people, as well as people who choose not to categorize themselves at all, have expanded.<ref name=imdb>
{{citation |author=Kitchell, Mark (Director and Writer) |date=January 1990 |title=Berkeley in the Sixties |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0099121/ |medium=Documentary |publisher=Liberation |access-date=2009-05-10}}
</ref> Religious and cultural diversity has gained greater acceptance.<ref>{{Citation
     | first = George
     | last = Barnia
     | title = The Index of Leading Spiritual Indicators
     | publisher = Word Publishing
     | location = Dallas TX
     | year = 1996
     | url = http://www.religioustolerance.org/newage.htm
     | access-date = 2009-05-11
     | archive-date = 2011-01-04
     | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110104203727/http://www.religioustolerance.org/newage.htm
     | url-status = usurped
     }}</ref>

Co-operative business enterprises and creative community living arrangements are more accepted than before.<ref>{{citation|author=Hip Inc. |url=http://www.hipplanet.com/books/atoz/atoz.htm |title=Hippies From A to Z by Skip Stone |website=Hipplanet.com |access-date=2012-11-21}}</ref> Some of the little hippie [[health food]] stores of the 1960s and 1970s are now large-scale, profitable businesses, due to greater interest in natural foods, herbal remedies, vitamins and other nutritional supplements.<ref>{{Citation
  | last = Baer
  | first = Hans A.
  | title = Toward An Integrative Medicine: Merging Alternative Therapies With Biomedicine
  | publisher = Rowman Altamira
  | year = 2004| pages = 2–3
  | isbn = 0-7591-0302-X
}}</ref>
It has been suggested that 1960s and 1970s counterculture embraced certain types of "[[groovy]]" science and technology. Examples include [[surfboard]] design, [[renewable energy]], [[aquaculture]] and client-centered approaches to [[midwifery]], [[childbirth]], and [[women's health]].<ref name="Distillations">{{citation|last1=  Eardley-Pryor |first1=Roger  |title=Love, Peace, and Technoscience |magazine=Distillations |date=2017|volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=38–41 |url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/love-peace-and-technoscience }}</ref><ref name="Kaiser">{{citation|last1=Kaiser|first1=David|last2=McCray|first2=W. Patrick|title=Groovy Science: Knowledge, Innovation, and American Counterculture|date=2016|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|isbn=978-0-226-37291-4}}</ref>
Authors [[Stewart Brand]] and [[John Markoff]] argue that the development and popularization of personal computers and the [[Internet]] find one of their primary roots in the anti-authoritarian ethos promoted by hippie culture.<ref name="Brand_Time">{{Citation
  | last = Brand
  | first = Stewart
  | author-link = Stewart Brand
  | title = We Owe It All to the Hippies
  | magazine = [[Time (magazine)|Time]]
  | volume = 145
  | issue = 12
  | date = Spring 1995
  | url = http://members.aye.net/~hippie/hippie/special_.htm
  | access-date = 2007-11-25
  | archive-date = 2011-05-01
  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110501145441/http://members.aye.net/~hippie/hippie/special_.htm
  | url-status = dead
  }}</ref><ref name="Dormouse">{{Citation
  | last = Markoff
  | first = John
  | author-link = John Markoff
  | title = What the Dormouse Said: How the 60s Counterculture Shaped the Personal Computer Industry
  | publisher = Penguin
  | year = 2005
  | isbn = 0-670-03382-0
  | url-access = registration
  | url = https://archive.org/details/whatdormousesaid00mark
  }}</ref>

Distinct appearance and clothing was one of the immediate legacies of hippies worldwide.<ref name="Pendergast">Pendergast, Sara. (2004) ''Fashion, Costume, and Culture''. Volume 5. Modern World Part II: 1946-2003. Thomson Gale. {{ISBN|0-7876-5417-5}}</ref><ref name="Connikie">Connikie, Yvonne. (1990). ''Fashions of a Decade: The 1960s''. Facts on File. {{ISBN|0-8160-2469-3}}</ref> During the 1960s and 1970s, mustaches, beards and long hair became more commonplace and colorful, while multi-ethnic clothing dominated the fashion world. Since that time, a wide range of personal appearance options and clothing styles, including nudity, have become more widely acceptable, all of which was uncommon before the hippie era.<ref name="Connikie"/><ref>Pendergast, Sara. (2004) ''Fashion, Costume, and Culture''. Volume 5. Modern World Part II: 1946–2003. Thomson Gale. {{ISBN|0-7876-5417-5}}</ref> Hippies also inspired the decline in popularity of the [[necktie]] and other business clothing, which had been unavoidable for men during the 1950s and early 1960s. Additionally, hippie fashion itself has been commonplace in the years since the 1960s in clothing and accessories, particularly the [[peace symbol]].<ref>[http://www.chron.com/life/article/Peace-sign-makes-a-statement-in-the-fashion-world-1773516.php Sewing, Joy]; ''[[Houston Chronicle]]''; January 24, 2008; "Peace sign makes a statement in the fashion world". Retrieved June 10, 2012.</ref> [[Astrology]], including everything from serious study to whimsical amusement regarding personal traits, was integral to hippie culture.<ref>The musical ''[[Hair (musical)|Hair]]'' and a multitude of well-known contemporary song lyrics such as "The Age of Aquarius"</ref> The generation of the 1970s became influenced by the hippie and the 1960s countercultural legacy. As such in [[New York City]] musicians and audiences from the female, homosexual, Black, and Latino communities adopted several traits from the hippies and [[psychedelia]]. They included overpowering sound, free-form dancing, multi-colored, pulsating lighting, colorful costumes, and [[hallucinogens]].<ref name="Partylikeits1975">[http://www.villagevoice.com/2001-07-10/news/disco-double-take/2 Disco Double Take: New York Parties Like It's 1975] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130151059/http://www.villagevoice.com/2001-07-10/news/disco-double-take/2 |date=2015-01-30 }}. [[Village Voice]].com. ''Retrieved on August 9, 2009''.</ref><ref name="Cambridge">(1998) "The Cambridge History of American Music", {{ISBN|978-0-521-45429-2}}, {{ISBN|978-0-521-45429-2}}, p.372: "Initially, disco musicians and audiences alike belonged to marginalized communities: women, gay, black, and Latinos"</ref><ref name="Traces">(2002) "Traces of the Spirit: The Religious Dimensions of Popular Music", {{ISBN|978-0-8147-9809-6}}, {{ISBN|978-0-8147-9809-6}}, p.117: "New York City was the primary center of disco, and the original audience was primarily gay African Americans and Latinos."</ref> 1960s [[Psychedelic soul]] groups like [[the Chambers Brothers]] and especially [[Sly and the Family Stone]] influenced George Clinton, [[P-funk]] and [[the Temptations]].<ref>[https://www.allmusic.com/style/psychedelic-soul-ma0000005025 Psychedelic soul] AllMusic Retirved 17 January 2022</ref> In addition, the perceived positivity, lack of irony, and earnestness of the hippies informed proto-disco music like [[M.F.S.B.]]'s album ''[[Love Is the Message (MFSB album)|Love Is the Message]]''.<ref name=Partylikeits1975/><ref>"But the pre-Saturday Night Fever dance underground was actually sweetly earnest and irony-free in its hippie-dippie positivity, as evinced by anthems like M.F.S.B.'s 'Love Is the Message'." —''Village Voice'', July 10, 2001.</ref> Disco music supported the '70s LGBT movement.

The hippie legacy in literature includes the lasting popularity of books reflecting the hippie experience, such as ''[[The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test]]''.<ref>{{Citation
  | last = Bryan
  | first = C. d. b.
  | title = 'The Pump House Gang' and 'The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test'
  | work = [[The New York Times]]
  | date = August 18, 1968
  | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1968/08/18/books/wolfe-acid.html
  | access-date =2007-08-21
}}</ref> In 1995, ''[[The Sekhmet Hypothesis]]'' attempted to link both hippie and rave culture together in relation to transactional analysis, suggesting that rave culture was a social archetype based on the mood of friendly strength, compared to the gentle hippie archetype, based on friendly weakness.<ref>''The Sekhmet Hypothesis'', Iain Spence, 1995, Bast's Blend. {{ISBN|0952536501}}</ref> The later electronic dance genres known as [[goa trance]] and [[psychedelic trance]] and its related events and culture have important hippie legacies and neo hippie elements. The popular DJ of the genre [[Goa Gil]], like other hippies from the 1960s, left the US and Western Europe to travel on the [[hippie trail]] and later developed psychedelic parties and music in the Indian state of [[Goa]], in which the goa and psytrance genres were born and exported around the world in the 1990s and 2000s.<ref>{{citation|quote=In 1969, Gilbert Levy left the Haigh Ashbury district of San Francisco and took the overland trail through Afghanistan and Pakistan, first to Bombay and then to Goa...Throughout the 1970s, Gil organized legendary parties at Anjuna- moonlight jams of non-stop music, dancing and chemical experimentation that lasted from Christmas Eve to New Year´s Day for a tribe of fellow overland travellers who called themselves the Goa Freaks...In the 90s, Gil started to use snippets from industrial music, etno techno, acid house and psychedelic rock to help create Goa Trance, dance music with a heavy spiritual accent...For Goa Gil, Goa Trance is a logical continuation of what hippies were doing back in the 60s and 70s. "The Psychedelic Revolution never really stopped" he said, "it just had to go halfway round the world to the end of a dirt road on a deserted beach, and there it was allowed to evolve and mutate, without government or media pressures.|title=Time Out: Mumbai and Goa|publisher=Time Out Guides|location=London|year=2011|page=184}}</ref>

===Music===
In music, the [[folk rock]] and [[psychedelic rock]] popular among hippies evolved into genres such as [[acid rock]], [[World music|world beat]] and [[heavy metal music]]. [[Psychedelic trance]] (also known as psytrance) is a type of [[electronic music]] influenced by 1960s psychedelic rock. The tradition of hippie music festivals began in the United States in 1965 with Ken Kesey's [[Acid Tests]], where the [[Grateful Dead]] played tripping on [[LSD]] and initiated psychedelic jamming. For the next several decades, many hippies and neo-hippies became part of the [[Deadhead]] community, attending music and art festivals held around the country. The Grateful Dead toured continuously, with few interruptions between 1965 and 1995. [[Phish]] and their fans (called ''Phish Heads'') operated in the same manner, with the band touring continuously between 1983 and 2004. Many contemporary bands performing at hippie festivals and their derivatives are called [[jam band]]s, since they play songs that contain long instrumentals similar to the original hippie bands of the 1960s.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070124191643/http://www.jambands.com/jamband.html JamBands.com] - What is a Jam Band? Retrieved from Internet Archive December 23, 2013.</ref>

With the demise of Grateful Dead and Phish, nomadic touring hippies attend a growing series of summer festivals, the largest of which is called the [[Bonnaroo Music Festival|Bonnaroo Music & Arts Festival]], which premiered in 2002. The [[Oregon Country Fair]] is a three-day festival featuring handmade crafts, educational displays and costumed entertainment. The annual [[Starwood Festival]], founded in 1981, is a seven-day event indicative of the spiritual quest of hippies through an exploration of non-mainstream religions and world-views, and has offered performances and classes by a variety of hippie and counter-culture icons.<ref>{{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VP5UmbX3ECwC&q=starwood+festival+1981&pg=PA163|title=Her Hidden Children: The Rise of Wicca and Paganism in America|last=Clifton|first=Chas|date=2006|page=163|publisher=Rowman Altamira|isbn=9780759102026|language=en}}</ref>

The [[Burning Man]] festival began in 1986 at a San Francisco beach party and is now held in the [[Black Rock Desert]] northeast of [[Reno, Nevada]]. Although few participants would accept the ''hippie'' label, Burning Man is a contemporary expression of alternative community in the same spirit as early hippie events. The gathering becomes a temporary city (36,500 occupants in 2005, 50,000+ in 2011), with elaborate encampments, displays, and many [[art cars]]. Other events that enjoy a large attendance include the [[Rainbow Family Gatherings]], the [[Gathering of the Vibes]], Community Peace Festivals, and the [[Woodstock Festival]]s.

===United Kingdom===
{{Further|New Age travellers|Second Summer of Love}}
In the UK, there are many [[new age travellers]] who are known as hippies to outsiders, but prefer to call themselves the [[Peace Convoy]]. They started the [[Stonehenge Free Festival]] in 1974, but [[English Heritage]] later banned the festival in 1985, resulting in the [[Battle of the Beanfield]]. With Stonehenge banned as a festival site, new age travellers gather at the annual [[Glastonbury Festival]]. Today{{when|date=August 2022}}, hippies in the UK can be found in parts of [[South West England]], such as [[Bristol]] (particularly the neighborhoods of [[Montpelier, Bristol|Montpelier]], [[Stokes Croft]], [[St Werburghs]], [[Bishopston, Bristol|Bishopston]], [[Easton, Bristol|Easton]] and [[Totterdown]]), [[Glastonbury]] in [[Somerset]], [[Totnes]] in [[Devon]], and [[Stroud]] in [[Gloucestershire]], as well as in [[Hebden Bridge]] in [[West Yorkshire]], and in areas of [[London]] and [[Cornwall]]. In the summer, many hippies and those of similar subcultures gather at numerous outdoor festivals in the countryside.

In New Zealand, between 1976 and 1981, tens of thousands of hippies gathered from around the world on large farms around [[Waihi]] and [[Waikino]] for music and alternatives festivals. Named ''[[Nambassa]]'', the festivals focused on peace, love, and a balanced lifestyle. The events featured practical [[workshops]] and displays advocating [[alternative lifestyles]], [[self sufficiency]], clean and [[sustainable energy]] and [[sustainable living]].<ref>Nambassa: A New Direction, edited by Colin Broadley and Judith Jones, A. H. & A. W. Reed, 1979. {{ISBN|0-589-01216-9}}</ref>

In the UK and Europe, the years 1987 until 1989 were marked by a large-scale revival of many characteristics of the hippie movement. This later movement, composed mostly of people aged 18 to 25, adopted much of the original hippie philosophy of love, peace and freedom. The summer of 1988 became known as the [[Second Summer of Love]]. Although the music favored by this movement was modern [[electronic music]], especially [[house music]] and [[acid house]], one could often hear songs from the original hippie era in the ''chill out rooms'' at [[rave]]s. Also, there was a trend towards psychedelic indie rock in the form of [[shoegaze]], [[dream pop]], [[Madchester]] and [[Neo-psychedelia|neo-psychedelic]] bands like [[Jesus And Mary Chain]], [[the Sundays]], [[Spacemen 3]], [[Loop (band)|Loop]], [[Stone Roses]], [[Happy Mondays]], [[Inspiral Carpets]] and [[Ride (band)|Ride]]. This was effectively a parallel soundtrack to the rave scene that was rooted as much in 1960s psychedelic rock as it was in [[post-punk]], though Madchester was more directly influenced by acid house, funk and northern soul. Many ravers were originally soul boys and [[football casuals]], and [[football hooliganism]] declined after the Second Summer of Love. In the UK, many of the well-known figures of this movement first lived communally in [[Stroud Green, London|Stroud Green]], an area of north London located in [[Finsbury Park]]. 

===Media===
Popular films depicting the hippie ethos and lifestyle include ''[[Woodstock (film)|Woodstock]]'', ''[[Easy Rider]]'', ''[[Hair (film)|Hair]]'', ''[[The Doors (film)|The Doors]]'', ''[[Across the Universe (film)|Across the Universe]]'', ''[[Taking Woodstock]]'', and ''[[Crumb (film)|Crumb]]''.

In 2002, photojournalist John Bassett McCleary published a 650-page, 6,000-entry unabridged [[slang dictionary]] devoted to the language of the hippies titled ''The Hippie Dictionary: A Cultural Encyclopedia of the 1960s and 1970s''. The book was revised and expanded to 700 pages in 2004.<ref>McCleary, John Bassett. ''The Hippie Dictionary: A Cultural Encyclopedia of the 1960s and 1970s'', Ten Speed Press, 2004. {{ISBN|1580085474}}</ref><ref>{{Citation
  | last = Gates
  | first = David
  | title = Me Talk Hippie
  | newspaper = [[Newsweek]]
  | date = July 12, 2004
  | url = http://www.newsweek.com/id/54372
  | access-date = 2008-01-27
}}</ref> McCleary believes that the hippie counterculture added a significant number of words to the English language by borrowing from the lexicon of the [[Beat Generation]], through the hippies' shortening of beatnik words and then popularizing their usage.<ref>{{Citation|last=Merritt |first=Byron |title=A Groovy Interview with Author John McCleary |publisher=Fiction Writers of the Monterey Peninsula |date=August 2004 |url=http://www.fwomp.com/int-johnmccleary.htm |access-date=2008-01-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012103550/http://www.fwomp.com/int-johnmccleary.htm |archive-date=October 12, 2007 }}</ref> <!-- Please give sourced examples of Hippie vocabulary here. Words like "grok", etc. -->

<gallery widths="200px" heights="130px">
File:Ken Westerfield 1977.jpg|As a hippie, [[Ken Westerfield]] helped to popularize the alternative sport of [[Frisbee]] in the 1960s–1970s, that has become today's [[Flying disc games|disc sports]]
File:1981 People Pix.jpg|Hippies at the [[Nambassa]] 1981 Festival in New Zealand
File:Goa Gil LHS.jpg|[[Goa Gil]], original 1960s hippie who later became a pioneering electronic dance music DJ and party organizer, here appearing in the 2001 film ''[[Last Hippie Standing]]''
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|Society|1960s}}
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Afghan coat]]
* [[Anti-globalization movement]]
* [[Baby boomers]]
* [[Black Bear Ranch]]
* [[Blue Movie]]
* [[Cannabis culture]]
* [[Food Not Bombs]]
* [[Freak scene]]
* [[Generation gap]]
* [[Indomania]]
* [[Jesus freak]]
* [[List of alternative lifestyle communities]]
* [[List of historic rock festivals]]
* [[List of New Age topics]]
* [[Rastafari]]
* [[Simple living]]
{{div col end}}

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  | last = Stevens
  | first = Jay
  | author-link = Jay Stevens
  | title = Storming Heaven: LSD and the American Dream
  | publisher = Grove Press
  | year = 1998
  | isbn = 0-8021-3587-0
}}.
*{{Citation
  | last = Stolley
  | first = Richard B.
  | title = Turbulent Years: The 60s (Our American Century)
  | publisher = Time-Life Books
  | year = 1998
  | isbn = 0-7835-5503-2
  | url = https://archive.org/details/turbulentyears6000time
  }}.
*{{Citation
   | title = Hippies From A to Z
   | last = Stone
   | first = Skip
   | publisher = Hip Inc.
   | access-date = 2017-08-13
   | date = 1999 | url = http://www.hipplanet.com/books/atoz/atoz.htm
}}.
*{{Citation
  | last = Tamony
  | first = Peter
  | author-link = Peter Tamony
  | title = Tripping out from San Francisco
  | journal = American Speech
  | volume = 56
  | issue = 2
  | pages = 98–103
  | date  = Summer 1981
  | doi = 10.2307/455009
  | pmid = 11623430
  | jstor = 455009
  | publisher = Duke University Press
  }}.
*{{Citation
  | contribution = Assimilation of the Counterculture
  | editor-last = Tompkins
  | editor-first = Vincent
  | title = American Decades
  | volume = 8: 1970–1979
  | publisher = [[Thomson Gale]]
  | place = Detroit
  | year = 2001a
}}.
*{{Citation
  | contribution = Hippies
  | editor-last = Tompkins
  | editor-first = Vincent
  | title = American Decades
  | volume = 7: 1960–1969
  | publisher = [[Thomson Gale]]
  | place = Detroit
  | year = 2001b
}}.
*{{Citation
  | first = Fred | last = Turner
  | author-link = Fred Turner (academic)
  | title = From Counterculture to Cyberculture: Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the Rise of Digital Utopianism
  | publisher = University Of Chicago Press
  | year = 2006
  | isbn = 0-226-81741-5
}}.
*{{Citation
  | last = Yablonsky
  | first = Lewis
  | title = The Hippie Trip
  | publisher = Pegasus
  | year = 1968
  | isbn = 0-595-00116-5
}}.

==Further reading==
{{too much further reading|date=October 2024}}
*{{Citation|ref=none
  | last = Binkley
  | first = Sam
  | year = 2002
  | chapter-url = http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g1epc/is_tov/ai_2419100587
  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070422150629/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g1epc/is_tov/ai_2419100587
  | url-status = dead
  | archive-date = 2007-04-22
  | chapter = Hippies
  | title = St. James Encyclopedia of Pop Culture
  | via = FindArticles.com
}}.
*{{Citation
  | ref = none
  | last = Brand
  | first = Stewart
  | issue = Spring
  | year = 1995
  | chapter-url = http://www.hippiemuseum.org/webhippies.html
  | chapter = We Owe it All to the Hippies
  | title = ''Time''
  | access-date = 2006-09-24
  | archive-date = 2011-01-06
  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110106034640/http://www.hippiemuseum.org/webhippies.html
  | url-status = dead
  }}.
*{{citation |last1=Buckley |first1=William F. Jr. |last2=Yablonsky |first2=Lewis |last3=Sanders |first3=Ed |last4=Kerouac |first4=Jack <!-- |last5=Steibel |first5=Warren |last6=Dietrick |first6=Garth -->
 |title=113 The Hippies 
|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BYgv7ur8ipg 
| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/BYgv7ur8ipg| archive-date=2021-10-30|website=[[Firing Line (TV program)|Firing Line]] 
|via=[[YouTube]] <!--  https://www.openculture.com/2012/05/william_f_buckley_meets_possibly_drunk_jack_keroauc.html  https://librarysearch.uncsa.edu/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991000262829706631&context=L&vid=01UNCSA_INST:UNCSA&lang=en&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&tab=Everything&query=sub,exact,Hippies -->
|publisher=[[Hoover Institution]] on War, Revolution, and Peace, Video Library. 
|access-date=23 October 2021 |date=September 3, 1968
}}{{cbignore}}.
*{{Citation|ref=none
  | last = Gaskin
  | first = Stephen
  | year = 1970
  | title = Monday Night Class
  | publisher = The Book Farm
  | isbn = 1-57067-181-8
}}.
*{{Citation|ref=none
  | last = Kent
  | first = Stephen A.
  | author-link = Stephen A. Kent
  | year = 2001
  | title = From slogans to mantras: social protest and religious conversion in the late Vietnam war era
  | publisher = Syracuse University Press
  | isbn = 0-8156-2923-0
}}.
*{{Citation
  | ref = none
  | last = Mankin
  | first = Bill
  | year = 2012
  | url = http://likethedew.com/2012/03/04/we-can-all-join-in-how-rock-festivals-helped-change-america/
  | title = We Can All Join In: How Rock Festivals Helped Change America
  | publisher = Like the Dew
  | access-date = 2012-03-16
  | archive-date = 2013-12-19
  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131219032259/http://likethedew.com/2012/03/04/we-can-all-join-in-how-rock-festivals-helped-change-america/
  | url-status = dead
  }}.
*{{Citation|ref=none
  | last = Lemke-Santangelo
  | first = Gretchen
  | title = Daughters of Aquarius: Women of the Sixties Counterculture
  | year = 2009
  | publisher = University Press of Kansas
  | isbn = 978-0700616336
}}.
*{{Citation
 | ref = none
 | last = MacLean
 | first = Rory
 | author-link = Rory MacLean
 | year = 2008
 | title = Magic Bus: On the Hippie Trail from Istanbul to India
 | place = New York
 | publisher = Ig Publishing
 | url = http://www.magicbus.info
 | isbn = 978-0-14-101595-8
 | access-date = 2021-03-30
 | archive-date = 2009-05-08
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090508120157/http://www.magicbus.info/
 | url-status = usurped
 }}.
*{{Citation|ref=none
  | last = Markoff
  | first = John
  | author-link = John Markoff
  | title = What the Dormouse Said: How the Sixties Counterculture Shaped the Personal Computer Industry
  | publisher = Penguin Books
  | year = 2006
  | isbn = 0-14-303676-9
| title-link = What the Dormouse Said
 }}.
*{{Citation|ref=none
  | last = Mecchi
  | first = Irene
  | year = 1991
  | title = The Best of Herb Caen, 1960–75
  | publisher = Chronicle Books
  | isbn = 0-8118-0020-2
  | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780811800204
  }}.
*{{Citation|ref=none
  | last = Stone
  | first = Skip
  | title = Hippies From A to Z: Their Sex, Drugs, Music and Impact on Society From the Sixties to the Present
  | publisher = Hip Inc.
  | year = 1999
  | isbn = 1-930258-01-1
  | url = http://www.hipplanet.com/books/atoz/atoz.htm
}}.
*{{Citation|ref=none
  | last = Young
  | first = Shawn David
  | year = 2005
  | title = Hippies, Jesus Freaks, and Music
  | location = Ann Arbor
  | publisher = Xanedu/Copley Original Works
  | isbn = 1-59399-201-7
}}.
*{{Citation|ref=none
 |last1        = Altman
 |first1       = Robert (Curator)
 |author1-link = Robert Altman (photographer)
 |title        = Summer of Love 30th Anniversary Celebration
 |contribution = The Summer of Love – Gallery
 |publisher    = The Council for the Summer of Love
 |year         = 1997
 |url          = http://www.summeroflove.org/gallery.html
 |access-date   = 2008-01-21
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20080125093145/http://www.summeroflove.org/gallery.html
 |archive-date = 2008-01-25
 |url-status     = dead
}}.
*{{Citation|ref=none
  | last = Bissonnette
  | first = Anne (Curator)
  | title = Revolutionizing Fashion: The Politics of Style
  | date = April 12 – September 17, 2000
  | publisher = Kent State University Museum
  | url = http://dept.kent.edu/museum/exhibit/70s/jeans.html
  | access-date = 2008-01-21
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080118183053/http://dept.kent.edu/museum/exhibit/70s/jeans.html |archive-date = January 18, 2008}}.
*{{Citation|ref=none
 | last = Brode
 | first = Douglas
 | year = 2004
 | title = From Walt to Woodstock: How Disney Created the Counterculture
 | publisher = University of Texas Press
 | isbn = 0-292-70273-6
}}.
*{{Citation|ref=none
  | author = Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
  | author1-link = Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
  | title = Hippie Society: The Youth Rebellion
  | series = Life and Society
  | year = 2006
  | publisher = CBC Digital Archives
  | url = http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-69-580/life_society/hippies/
  | access-date = 2008-01-21
}}.
*{{Citation|ref=none
 | last = Charters
 | first = Ann
 | author-link = Ann Charters
 | year = 2003
 | title = The Portable Sixties reader
 | place = New York
 | publisher = [[Penguin Books]]
 | isbn = 0-14-200194-5
 | url-access = registration
 | url = https://archive.org/details/portablesixtiesr0000unse
 }}.
*{{Citation|ref=none|last=Curl |first=John |year=2007 |title=Memories of DROP CITY: The First Hippie Commune of the 1960s and the Summer of Love, A Memoir |place=New York |publisher=iuniverse |url=http://www.red-coral.net/DropCityIndex.html |isbn=978-0595423439 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413150607/http://red-coral.net/DropCityIndex.html |archive-date=April 13, 2009 }}.
*{{Citation|ref=none
  | last = Howard
  | first = John Robert
  | title = The Flowering of the Hippie Movement
  | journal = [[Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science]]
  | volume = 382
  | issue = Protest in the Sixties
  | pages = 43–55
  | date = March 1969
  | doi = 10.1177/000271626938200106
  | s2cid = 146605321
}}.
*{{Citation
  | ref = none
  | last = Laughead
  | first = George
  | title = WWW-VL: History: 1960s
  | year = 1998
  | publisher = [[European University Institute]]
  | url = http://vlib.iue.it/history/USA/ERAS/20TH/1960s.html
  | access-date = 2008-01-21
  | archive-date = 2008-01-10
  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080110082119/http://vlib.iue.it/history/USA/ERAS/20TH/1960s.html
  | url-status = dead
  }}.
*{{Citation|ref=none
  | last = Lemke-Santangelo
  | first = Gretchen
  | title = Daughters of Aquarius: Women of the Sixties Counterculture
  | year = 2009
  | publisher = University Press of Kansas
  | isbn = 978-0700616336
}}.
*{{Citation|ref=none
  | last1 = Lund
  | first1 = Jens
  | last2 = Denisoff
  | first2 = R. Serge
  | title = The Folk Music Revival and the Counter Culture: Contributions and Contradictions
  | journal = The Journal of American Folklore
  | volume = 84
  | issue = 334
  | pages = 394–405
  | date = Oct–Dec 1971
  | doi = 10.2307/539633
  | publisher = American Folklore Society
  | jstor = 539633
}}.
*{{Citation|ref=none
 | last  = MacFarlane
 | first = Scott
 | year  = 2007
 | title = The Hippie Narrative: A Literary Perspective on the Counterculture
 | publisher = McFarland & Company, Inc.
 | isbn = 978-0-7864-2915-8
}}.
*{{Citation|ref=none
 | last  = Neville
 | first = Richard
 | author1-link = Richard Neville (writer)
 | year  = 1995
 | title = Hippie, Hippie, Shake: The Dreams, the Trips, the Trials, the Love-ins, the Screw ups—the Sixties.
 | publisher = William Heinemann Australia
 | isbn = 0-85561-523-0
}}.
*{{Citation|ref=none
 | last  = Neville
 | first = Richard
 | author1-link = Richard Neville (writer)
 | year  = 1996
 | title = Out of My Mind: From Flower Power to the Third Millennium—the Seventies, the Eighties and the Nineties
 | publisher = Penguin
 | isbn = 0-14-026270-9
}}.
*{{Citation|ref=none
 | last = Partridge
 | first = William L.
 | year = 1973
 | title = The Hippie Ghetto: The Natural History of a Subculture
 | place = New York
 | publisher = Holt, Rinehart and Winston
 | isbn = 0-03-091081-1
}}.
*{{Citation|ref=none
 | last = Pirsig
 | first = Robert M.
 | author-link = Robert M. Pirsig
 | orig-year = 1991
 | year = 2006
 | title = Lila: An Inquiry into Morals
 | publisher = [[Bantam Books]]
 | isbn = 0-553-07873-9
| title-link = Lila: An Inquiry into Morals
 }}.
*{{Citation
  | ref = none
  | author = Rainbow Family
  | author1-link = Rainbow Family
  | title = Rainbow Family of the Living Light
  | year = 2004
  | publisher = Circle of Light Community Network
  | url = http://welcomehere.org/
  | access-date = 2008-01-21
  | url-status = usurped
  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080719124620/http://www.welcomehere.org/
  | archive-date = 2008-07-19
  }}. See also:
*{{Citation|ref=none|last=Riser |first=George (Curator) |title=The Psychedelic '60s: Literary Tradition and Social Change |year=1998 |publisher=Special Collections Department. [[University of Virginia]] Library |url=http://www.lib.virginia.edu/small/exhibits/sixties/index.html |access-date=2008-01-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111043853/http://www.lib.virginia.edu/small/exhibits/sixties/index.html |archive-date=January 11, 2008 }}.
*{{Citation|ref=none
 | last = Staller
 | first = Karen M.
 | year = 2006
 | title = Runaways: How the Sixties Counterculture Shaped Today's Practices and Policies
 | publisher = Columbia University Press
 | isbn = 0-231-12410-4
}}.
*{{Citation|ref=none
 |last        = Stone
 |first       = Skip
 |year        = 2000
 |title       = The Way of the Hippy
 |publisher   = Hip Inc.
 |url         = http://www.hippy.com/hippyway.htm
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20090705073738/http://www.hippy.com/hippyway.htm
 |archive-date = 2009-07-05
}}.
*{{Citation|ref=none
 | last = Thompson
 | first = Hunter S.
 | author-link = Hunter S. Thompson
 | title = Fear and Loathing in America: The Brutal Odyssey of an Outlaw Journalist 1968–1976
 | year = 2000| publisher = Simon & Schuster
 | chapter = Owl Farm – Winter of '68
 | isbn = 0-684-87315-X
 | title-link = Fear and Loathing in America: The Brutal Odyssey of an Outlaw Journalist 1968–1976
 }}
*{{Citation|ref=none
  | last  = Walpole
  | first = Andy
  | title = Harold Hill: A People's History
  | contribution = Hippies, Freaks and the Summer of Love
  | year  = 2004
  | publisher = haroldhill.org
  | url = http://www.haroldhill.org/chapter-four/page-five-hippies-freaks-and-the-summer-of-love.htm
  | archive-url = https://archive.today/20070712233741/http://www.haroldhill.org/chapter-four/page-five-hippies-freaks-and-the-summer-of-love.htm
  | url-status = dead
  | archive-date = 2007-07-12
  | access-date = 2008-01-21
}}.
*{{Citation|ref=none
 | last = Wolfe
 | first = Tom
 | author-link = Tom Wolfe
 | year = 1968
 | title = The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test
 | place = New York
 | publisher = Farrar, Straus & Giroux
| title-link = The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test
 }}.

==External links==
{{Sister project links|auto=yes|commonscat=yes}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070504194628/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/love/ ''Summer of Love''] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228115505/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/love/ |date=2017-02-28 }}). A film; part of [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]]'s ''[[American Experience]]'' series. Includes the [https://web.archive.org/web/20070626155838/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/love/program/love_01_wm_hi.html film available to watch online] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305073603/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/love/program/love_01_wm_hi.html |date=2016-03-05 }}) and other information on the San Francisco event known as the [[Summer of Love]] as well as other material related to the hippie subculture.
* [http://archives.cbc.ca/society/youth/topics/580/ ''Hippie Society: The Youth Rebellion'']. A Canadian program by the [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]] public network on the hippie rebellion including videos to watch.
* [https://tie-dye-store.com/blogs/blog/seventies-origin-tie-dye-part-i ''70's Origin''] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214222928/https://tie-dye-store.com/blogs/blog/seventies-origin-tie-dye-part-i |date=2021-02-14 }}). Seventies Origin History.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140308020415/http://www.sixtiespix.com/ Sixtiespix]. An archive with photographs of hippie culture.
* [http://www.hippiemovies.com/ Hippie Movies & TV Shows]. 1960s and early 1970s hippie and youth culture on film and TV.
* [https://www.quoteshunter.com/quotes/hippie-quotes Hippie Quotes] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024032959/https://www.quoteshunter.com/quotes/hippie-quotes |date=2020-10-24 }}). Hippie Quotes from all times.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160102023421/http://www.ukhippy.com/ UKHippy]. UK Based Hippy & New Age Traveller website; online since 2005 with historical links to the original UK hippy community.

{{Hippies}}
{{Simple living}}
{{Rock festival}}
{{Sexual revolution}}
{{Youth Empowerment}}
{{Drug use}}
{{Anti-war}}
{{Counterculture of the 1960s}}
{{German Youth Movement}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hippie movement| ]]
[[Category:1960s fashion]]
[[Category:1960s in music]]
[[Category:1970s fashion]]
[[Category:1970s in music]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Culture of California]]
[[Category:Cannabis culture]]
[[Category:Counterculture of the 1960s]]
[[Category:Counterculture of the 1970s]]
[[Category:Free love advocates]]
[[Category:Lifestyles]]
[[Category:Music and fashion]]
[[Category:Sexual revolution]]
[[Category:Socioeconomic stereotypes]]
[[Category:Subcultures in the United States]]