View source for History of Pomerania

{{Short description|none}}
{{History of Pomerania}}
The '''history of Pomerania''' starts shortly before 1000 AD, with ongoing conquests by newly arrived [[Polans (western)|Polan]] rulers. Before that, the area was recorded nearly 2000 years ago as [[Germania]], and in modern times [[Pomerania]] has been split between [[Germany]] and [[Poland]]. Its name comes from the [[Old Polish language|Old Polish]] ''po more'', which means "(land) at the sea".<ref>[http://www.pommersches-landesmuseum.de/kulturreferat-fuer-pommern/aufgaben/aufgaben.html ''Der Name Pommern (po more) ist slawischer Herkunft und bedeutet so viel wie „Land am Meer“.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819090147/http://www.pommersches-landesmuseum.de/kulturreferat-fuer-pommern/aufgaben/aufgaben.html |date=2020-08-19 }} (Pommersches Landesmuseum, German)</ref>

Settlement in the area started by the end of the [[Vistula Glacial Stage]], about 13,000 years ago.<ref name=Hoops422/> Archeological traces have been found of various cultures during the [[Stone Age|Stone]] and [[Bronze Age]], of [[Vistula Veneti|Veneti]] and [[Germanic peoples]] during the [[Iron Age]] and, in the [[Middle Ages]], [[Slavs|Slavic tribes]] and [[Vikings]].<ref name=Hoops422>[[Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde|RGA]] 25 (2004), p.422</ref><ref name="uni-greifswald.de">From the First Humans to the Mesolithic Hunters in the Northern German Lowlands, Current Results and Trends - THOMAS TERBERGER. From: Across the western Baltic, edited by: Keld Møller Hansen & Kristoffer Buck Pedersen, 2006, {{ISBN|87-983097-5-7}}, Sydsjællands Museums Publikationer Vol. 1 {{cite web |url=http://www.uni-greifswald.de/~histor/~ufg/mitarbeiter/terberger/Terberger1_LoRes.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2008-10-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911072452/http://www.uni-greifswald.de/~histor/~ufg/mitarbeiter/terberger/Terberger1_LoRes.pdf |archive-date=2008-09-11 }}</ref><ref name=Piskorski18ff>Piskorski (1999), pp.18ff 6</ref><ref name=Wernicke16ff>Horst Wernicke, ''Greifswald, Geschichte der Stadt'', Helms, 2000, pp.16ff, {{ISBN|3-931185-56-7}}</ref><ref name="R. Whittle 1996, p.198">A. W. R. Whittle, Europe in the Neolithic: The Creation of New Worlds, Cambridge University Press, 1996, p.198, {{ISBN|0-521-44920-0}}</ref><ref name="Buchholz pp.22,23">Buchholz (1999), pp.22,23</ref><ref name="Herrmann, pp.237ff,244ff">Herrmann (1985), pp.237ff,244ff</ref> Starting in the 10th century, [[History of Poland during the Piast dynasty|Piast Poland]] on several occasions acquired parts of the region from the south-east, while the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and [[Denmark]] reached the region in augmenting their territory to the west and north.<ref name="Herrmann, pp.261,345ff">Herrmann (1985), pp.261,345ff</ref><ref name="Piskorski 1999 p.32">Piskorski (1999), p.32 :pagan reaction of 1005</ref><ref>Buchholz (1999), p.25: pestagan uprising that also ended the Polish suzerainty in 1005</ref><ref name="P. Vlasto, 1970, p.129">A. P. Vlasto, ''Entry of Slavs Christendom'', CUP Archive, 1970, p.129, {{ISBN|0-521-07459-2}}: abandoned 1004 - 1005 in face of violent opposition</ref><ref name="Berend">Nora Berend, ''Christianization and the Rise of Christian Monarchy: Scandinavia, Central Europe and Rus' C. 900-1200'', Cambridge University Press, 2007, p.293, {{ISBN|0-521-87616-8}}, {{ISBN|978-0-521-87616-2}}</ref><ref name="Warner">David Warner, ''Ottonian Germany: The Chronicon of Thietmar of Merseburg'', Manchester University Press, 2001, p.358, {{ISBN|0-7190-4926-1}}, {{ISBN|978-0-7190-4926-2}}</ref><ref name="Borgolte">Michael Borgolte, Benjamin Scheller, ''Polen und Deutschland vor 1000 Jahren: Die Berliner Tagung über den "Akt von Gnesen"'', Akademie Verlag, 2002, p.282, {{ISBN|3-05-003749-0}}, {{ISBN|978-3-05-003749-3}}</ref>

In the [[High Middle Ages]], the area [[Conversion of Pomerania|became Christian]] and was ruled by [[Pomeranian duchies and dukes|local dukes]] of the [[House of Pomerania]] and the [[Samborides]], at various times vassals of Denmark, the Holy Roman Empire and Poland.<ref name="Addison 2003, pp.57ff">Addison (2003), pp.57ff</ref><ref name=Piskorski35ff>Piskorski (1999), pp.35ff</ref><ref name="Realenzyklopedie p.40ff">Theologische Realenzyklopädie (1997), pp.40ff</ref> From the late 12th century, the Griffin [[Duchy of Pomerania]] stayed with the Holy Roman Empire and the [[Principality of Rügen]] with Denmark, while Denmark, [[Margraviate of Brandenburg|Brandenburg]], Poland and the [[Teutonic Knights]] struggled for control in Samboride [[Pomerelia]].<ref name="Realenzyklopedie p.40ff"/><ref>Buchholz (1999), p.34ff,87,103</ref><ref name=Piskorski43/> The Teutonic Knights succeeded in annexing Pomerelia to [[Monastic state of the Teutonic Knights|their monastic state]] in the early 14th century. Meanwhile, the [[Ostsiedlung]] started to turn Pomerania into a [[Germans|German]]-settled area; the remaining [[Wends]], who became known as [[Slovincians]] and [[Kashubians]], continued to settle within the rural East.<ref name=Piskorski77ff>Piskorski (1999), pp.77ff</ref><ref name="Buchholz 1999, pp.45ff">Buchholz (1999), pp.45ff</ref> In 1325, the line of the princes of Rügen died out, and the principality was inherited by the [[House of Pomerania]],<ref name="Buchholz pp.115,116"/> themselves involved in the [[Brandenburg-Pomeranian conflict]] about superiority in their [[Partitions of the Duchy of Pomerania|often internally divided duchy]]. In 1466, with the [[Teutonic Order]]'s defeat, Pomerelia became subject to the [[Polish Crown]] as a part of [[Royal Prussia]].<ref name="Buchholz p.186"/> While the Duchy of Pomerania adopted the [[Protestant Reformation]] in 1534,<ref name="Buchholz pp.205–212"/><ref name="Moulin Eckart 1976, pp.111,112">Richard du Moulin Eckart, ''Geschichte der deutschen Universitäten'', Georg Olms Verlag, 1976, pp.111,112, {{ISBN|3-487-06078-7}}</ref><ref name="Realenzyklopädie, p.43ff">Theologische Realenzyklopädie (1997), pp.43ff</ref> as part of the Empire by then termed the ''Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation'',<ref>{{cite book|title=Das Heilige Römische Reich Deutscher Nation: vom Ende des Mittelalters bis 1806|author=Barbara Stollberg-Rilinger|publisher=C.H.Beck|year= 2006|pages=10}}, {{cite book|title=Germany and the Holy Roman Empire| volume=1|author=Joachim Whaley|publisher=Oxford University Press|year= 2012|pages=51, 54}}</ref> [[Kashubia]] remained with the [[Roman Catholic Church]]. The [[Thirty Years' War|Thirty Years']] and [[Pomerania during the Early Modern Age|subsequent wars]] severely ravaged and depopulated most of Pomerania.<ref>Buchholz (1999), pp.263,332,341–343,352–354</ref> With the extinction of the [[House of Pomerania|Griffin house]] during the same period, the [[Treaty of Stettin (1653)|Duchy of Pomerania was divided]] between the [[Swedish Empire]] and [[Brandenburg-Prussia]] [[Peace of Westphalia|in 1648]].

[[Prussia]] [[Treaty of Stockholm (Great Northern War)|gained the southern parts]] of [[Swedish Pomerania]] in 1720.<ref name="Buchholz, pp.341-343">Buchholz (1999), pp.341-343</ref> It gained [[Congress of Vienna|the remainder of Swedish Pomerania in 1815]], when [[France|French]] occupation during the [[Napoleonic Wars]] was lifted.<ref name="=">Buchholz (1999), pp.363,364</ref> The former [[Province of Pomerania (1653-1815)|Brandenburg-Prussian Pomerania]] and the former Swedish parts were reorganized into the Prussian [[Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)|Province of Pomerania]],<ref name="Buchholz, p.366">Buchholz (1999), p.366</ref> while Pomerelia in the [[partitions of Poland]] was made part of the [[Province of West Prussia]]. With Prussia, both provinces joined the newly constituted [[German Empire]] in 1871. Following the empire's defeat in [[World War I]], Pomerelia became part of the [[Second Polish Republic]] ([[Polish Corridor]]) and the [[Free City of Danzig]] was created. Germany's Province of Pomerania was expanded in 1938 to include northern parts of the former Province of [[Posen–West Prussia]], and in 1939 [[Polish territories annexed by Nazi Germany|the annexed]] Polish territories became the part of [[Nazi Germany]] known as [[Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia]]. The [[Nazis]] deported the Pomeranian Jews [[Nisko plan|to a reservation near Lublin]]<ref name=Adelsberger138>Lucie Adelsberger, Arthur Joseph Slavin, Susan H. Ray, Deborah E. Lipstadt, ''Auschwitz: A Doctor's Story'', Northeastern University Press, 1995, {{ISBN|1-55553-233-0}}, p.138: February 12/13, 1940</ref><ref name=Trunk133>Isaiah Trunk, Jacob Robinson, ''Judenrat: The Jewish Councils in Eastern Europe Under Nazi Occupation'', U of Nebraska Press, 1996, {{ISBN|0-8032-9428-X}}, p.133: February 14, 1940; unheated wagons, elderly and sick suffered most, inhumane treatment</ref><ref name=Yahil138>{{citation|author1=Leni Yahil|author2=Ina Friedman|author3=Haya Galai|title=The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry, 1932-1945 | publisher=Oxford University Press US | year= 1991 | isbn=0-19-504523-8 | page=138 |quote= February 12/13, 1940, 1,300 Jews of all sexes and ages, extreme cruelty, no food allowed to be taken along, cold, some died during deportation, cold and snow during resettlement, 230 dead by March 12, Lublin reservation chosen in winter, 30,000 Germans resettled before to make room | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e_aRvKpLUf0C&pg=PA138}}</ref><ref name=Gilbert14>Martin Gilbert, Eilert Herms, Alexandra Riebe, ''Geistliche als Retter - auch eine Lehre aus dem Holocaust: Auch eine Lehre aus dem Holocaust'', Mohr Siebeck, 2003, {{ISBN|3-16-148229-8}}, pp.14 (English) and 15 (German): February 15, 1940, 1000 Jews deported</ref><ref name=Favez33>{{citation|author1=Jean-Claude Favez|author2=John Fletcher|author3=Beryl Fletcher | title=The Red Cross and the Holocaust | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=1999 |isbn=0-521-41587-X | page=33 |quote=February 12/13, 1,100 Jews deported, 300 died en route | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eG_yipcsovQC&pg=PA33}}</ref><ref name=Yad69>Yad Vashem Studies, Yad ṿa-shem, rashut ha-zikaron la-Shoʼah ṿela-gevurah, Yad Vashem Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority, 1996
Notizen: v.12, p.69: 1,200 deported, 250 died during deportation</ref><ref name=Stoltzfus130>Nathan Stoltzfus, ''Resistance of the Heart: Intermarriage and the Rosenstrasse Protest in Nazi Germany'', Rutgers University Press, 2001, {{ISBN|0-8135-2909-3}}, p.130: February 11/12 from Stettin, soon thereafter from Schneidemühl, total of 1,260 Jews deported, among the deportees were intermarried non-Jewish women who had refused to divorce, eager Nazi Gauleiter Schwede-Coburg was the first to have his Gau "judenfrei", Eichmann's "RSHA" (Reich Security Main Office) ensured this was an isolated local incident to worried Eppstein of the Central Organization of Jews in Germany ([[Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland]])</ref><ref name=Mendelsohn131>John Mendelsohn, ''Legalizing the Holocaust, the Later Phase, 1939-1943'', Garland Pub., 1982, {{ISBN|0-8240-4876-8}}, p.131: Stettin Jews' houses were sealed, belongings liquidated, funds to be held in blocked accounts</ref><ref name=Buchholz506>Buchholz (1999), p.506: Only very few [of the Pomeranian Jews] survived the Nazi era. p.510: Nearly all Jews from Stettin and all the province, about a thousand</ref><ref name="Nitecki13ff">Alicia Nitecki, Jack Terry, ''Jakub's World: A Boy's Story of Loss and Survival in the Holocaust'', SUNY Press, 2005, {{ISBN|0-7914-6407-5}}, pp.13ff: Stettin Jews to Belzyce in Lublin area, reservation purpose decline of Jews, terror command of [[Kurt Engels]], shocking insights in life circumstances</ref> and mass-murdered Jews, Poles and Kashubians in Pomerania, planning to eventually exterminate Jews and Poles and Germanise the Kashubians.

After [[Nazi Germany]]'s defeat in [[World War II]], the German–Polish border was shifted west to the [[Oder–Neisse line]] and all of Pomerania was placed under [[Soviet Military Administration in Germany|Soviet military control]].<ref name="Buchholz, pp.512-515"/><ref name="Piskorski 1999, pp.373ff">Piskorski (1999), pp.373ff</ref> The area west of the line became part of [[East Germany]], the other areas part of the [[People's Republic of Poland]] even though it did not have a sizeable Polish population. The German population of the [[former eastern territories of Germany|areas east of the line]] was [[Expulsion of Germans from Poland after World War II|expelled]], and the area was resettled primarily with Poles (some of whom were themselves [[Polish population transfers (1944–1946)|expellees]] from [[Kresy|former eastern Poland]]), and some [[Ukrainians]] (who were resettled under [[Operation Vistula]]) and [[Jews]].<ref name="Piskorski 1999, pp.381ff">Piskorski (1999), pp.381ff</ref><ref name="cadmus.iue.it">Tomasz Kamusella in Prauser and Reeds (eds), ''The Expulsion of the German communities from Eastern Europe'', p.28, EUI HEC 2004/1 [http://cadmus.iue.it/dspace/bitstream/1814/2599/1/HEC04-01.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001022039/http://cadmus.iue.it/dspace/bitstream/1814/2599/1/HEC04-01.pdf|date=2009-10-01}}</ref><ref name="Philipp Ther 2001, p.114">Philipp Ther, Ana Siljak, ''Redrawing Nations: Ethnic Cleansing in East-Central Europe, 1944-1948'', 2001, p.114, {{ISBN|0-7425-1094-8}}, {{ISBN|978-0-7425-1094-4}}</ref><ref name="Gregor Thum 2006, pp.363">Gregor Thum, ''Die fremde Stadt. Breslau nach 1945'', 2006, pp.363, {{ISBN|3-570-55017-6}}, {{ISBN|978-3-570-55017-5}}</ref><ref name="Buchholz 1999, p.515">Buchholz (1999), p.515</ref><ref name="books.google.de">[https://books.google.com/books?id=Js8XWnqR6HMC&dq=vertreibung+polen&pg=PA142 Dierk Hoffmann, Michael Schwartz, ''Geglückte Integration?'', p142]</ref><ref name="Karl Cordell 2000, p.168">Karl Cordell, Andrzej Antoszewski, ''Poland and the European Union'', 2000, p.168, {{ISBN|0-415-23885-4}}</ref><ref name=Piskorski406>Piskorski (1999), p.406</ref><ref name="Selwyn Ilan Troen pp.283-284">Selwyn Ilan Troen, Benjamin Pinkus, Merkaz le-moreshet Ben-Guryon, ''Organizing Rescue: National Jewish Solidarity in the Modern Period'', pp.283-284, 1992, {{ISBN|0-7146-3413-1}}, {{ISBN|978-0-7146-3413-5}}</ref> Most of [[Western Pomerania]] (''Vorpommern'') today forms the eastern part of the state of [[Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania]] in Federal Republic of Germany, while the Polish part of the region is divided between [[West Pomeranian Voivodeship]] and [[Pomeranian Voivodeship]], with their capitals in Szczecin and [[Gdańsk]], respectively. During the late 1980s, the [[Solidarność]] and [[Die Wende]] movements overthrew the [[Communism|Communist regimes]] implemented during the post-war era.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} Since then, Pomerania has been [[democracy|democratically governed]].

== Prehistory and antiquity ==
{{main|Early history of Pomerania}}
[[File:LG Dolmen1.JPG|thumb|One of more than 1,000 [[Megaliths in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern|megalith sites in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern]] – the [[Lancken-Granitz dolmen]]]]

After the [[glaciers]] of the [[Vistula Glacial Stage]] retreated from [[Pomerania]] during the [[Allerød oscillation]],<ref name=Hoops422/> a warming period that falls within the [[Early Stone Age]], they left a [[tundra]]. First humans appeared hunting [[reindeer]] in the summer.<ref name=Piskorski1617>Piskorski (1999), pp.16,17</ref> A climate change in 8000 BC<ref name=Piskorski17>Piskorski (1999), p.17</ref> allowed hunters and foragers of the [[Maglemosian culture]],<ref name=Hoops422/> and from 6000 BC of the [[Ertebølle-Ellerbek culture]], to continuously inhabit the area.<ref name="Wernicke, p.16"/> These people became influenced by farmers of the [[Linear Pottery culture]] who settled in southern Pomerania.<ref name="Wernicke, p.16"/><ref name=Piskorski1819/> The hunters of the Ertebølle-Ellerbek culture became farmers of the [[Funnelbeaker culture]] in 3000 BC.<ref name="Wernicke, p.16"/><ref name=Piskorski19/> The [[Havelland culture]] dominated in the [[Uckermark]] from 2500 to 2000 BC.<ref name=Wernicke1617/> In 2400 BC, the [[Corded Ware culture]] reached Pomerania<ref name=Wernicke1617/><ref name=Piskorski1920/> and introduced the domestic [[horse]].<ref name=Piskorski1920/> Both Linear Pottery and Corded Ware culture have been associated with [[Proto-Indo-Europeans|Indo-Europeans]].<ref name=Piskorski1920/> Except for [[Western Pomerania]],<ref name=Wernicke1617/> the Funnelbeaker culture was replaced by the [[Globular Amphora culture]] a thousand years later.<ref name=Psikorski19>Piskorski (1999), p.19</ref>

During the [[Bronze Age]], [[Western Pomerania]] was part of the [[Nordic Bronze Age]] cultures, while east of the [[Oder]] the [[Lusatian culture]] dominated.<ref name=Piskorski2021/> Throughout the [[Iron Age]], the people of the western Pomeranian areas belonged to the [[Jastorf culture]],<ref name=Piskorski23/><ref name=Wernicke1819/> while the Lusatian culture of the East was succeeded by the [[Pomeranian culture]],<ref name=Piskorski23/> then in 150 BC by the [[Oxhöft culture|Oxhöft (Oksywie) culture]], and at the beginning of the first millennium by the [[Willenberg Culture|Willenberg (Wielbark) Culture]].<ref name=Piskorski23/>

While the [[Jastorf culture]] is usually associated with [[Germanic peoples]],<ref name=Wernicke19/> the ethnic category of the [[Lusatian culture]] and its successors is debated.<ref name=Piskorski21ff/> [[Vistula Veneti|Veneti]], Germanic peoples ([[Goths]], [[Rugians]], and [[Gepids]]) and possibly [[Slavs]] are assumed to have been the bearers of these cultures or parts thereof.<ref name=Piskorski21ff>Piskorski (1999), pp.21ff 6</ref>

Beginning in the 3rd century, many settlements were abandoned,<ref name=Hoops281/> marking the beginning of the [[Migration Period]] in Pomerania. It is assumed that [[Burgundians]], [[Goths]] and [[Gepids]] with parts of the [[Rugians]] left Pomerania during that stage, while some [[Vistula Veneti|Veneti]], [[Vidivarii]] and other, Germanic groups remained,<ref name=Hoops282>[[Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde|RGA]] 23 (2003), p.282</ref> and formed the [[Gustow group|Gustow]], [[Debczyn culture|Debczyn]] and late [[Willenberg culture|Willenberg]] cultures, which existed in Pomerania until the 6th century.<ref name=Hoops281>[[Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde|RGA]] 23 (2003), p.281</ref>

=== Timeline 10,000 BC&ndash;600 AD ===
[[Image:Gesichtsurnen.jpg|thumb|right|[[Pomeranian culture]] – [[Pomerelia]]n faced urns]]
*~10,000 BC ([[Early Stone Age]]): first humans hunt in Pomerania after the [[Last Glacial Period|Ice Age]] [[glaciers]] left ([[Hamburg culture]],<ref name="uni-greifswald.de"/> a subgroup of the [[Ahrensburg culture]])<ref name=Hoops422/>
*8000&ndash;3000 BC ([[Middle Stone Age]]): [[Maglemosian culture]],<ref name=Hoops422/> [[Ertebølle-Ellerbek culture]] (Lietzow subgroup)<ref name="Hoops422"/><ref name="R. Whittle 1996, p.198"/><ref name="Wernicke, p.16">Horst Wernicke, ''Greifswald, Geschichte der Stadt'', Helms, 2000, p.16, {{ISBN|3-931185-56-7}}</ref>
*3000&ndash;1900 BC ([[Late Stone Age]]): [[Linear Pottery culture]],<ref name="Wernicke, p.16"/><ref name=Piskorski1819>Piskorski (1999), pp.18,19 6</ref> [[Funnelbeaker culture]],<ref name="Wernicke, p.16"/><ref name=Piskorski19>Piskorski (1999), p.19 6</ref> [[Havelland culture]],<ref name=Wernicke1617>Horst Wernicke, ''Greifswald, Geschichte der Stadt'', Helms, 2000, pp.16,17, {{ISBN|3-931185-56-7}}</ref> [[Corded Ware culture]],<ref name=Wernicke1617/><ref name=Piskorski1920>Piskorski (1999), pp.19,20 6</ref> [[Globular Amphora culture]]<ref name=Wernicke1617/>
*1900&ndash;~550 BC ([[Bronze Age]]): [[Nordic Bronze Age]] ([[Western Pomerania]]),<ref>Horst Wernicke, ''Greifswald, Geschichte der Stadt'', Helms, 2000, p.18, {{ISBN|3-931185-56-7}}</ref> [[Lusatian Culture]] ([[Pomerelia|Eastern Pomerania]])<ref name=Piskorski2021>Piskorski (1999), pp.20,21 6</ref>
*~550 BC&ndash;~250 AD ([[Iron Age]]): [[Jastorf culture]] ([[Western Pomerania]], 550&ndash;50 BC),<ref name=Piskorski23>Piskorski (1999), p.23 6</ref><ref name=Wernicke1819>Horst Wernicke, ''Greifswald, Geschichte der Stadt'', Helms, 2000, pp.18,19, {{ISBN|3-931185-56-7}}</ref> [[Pomeranian culture]] (Pomerelia, 650&ndash;150 BC),<ref name=Piskorski23/> [[Oxhöft culture|Oxhöft (Oksywie) culture]] (Pomerelia, 150 BC&ndash;1 AD), [[Willenberg culture|Willenberg (Wielbark) culture]] (Pomerelia, 1&ndash;250 AD).<ref name=Piskorski23/> In part associated with [[Vistula Veneti|Veneti]] and Germanic peoples<ref name=Wernicke19>Horst Wernicke, ''Greifswald, Geschichte der Stadt'', Helms, 2000, p.19, {{ISBN|3-931185-56-7}}</ref> like [[Suebi]], [[Goths]], and [[Rugians]].
*since 200: [[Migration Period]]: great parts of the population move south, associated with [[Burgundians]], [[Goths]], [[Gepids]], and parts of the [[Rugians]]<ref name=Hoops282/>
*3rd&ndash;6th centuries: [[Gustow group]] in [[Western Pomerania]], [[Dębczyn culture|Dębczyn (Denzin) culture]] in most of [[Farther Pomerania]], late stage of the [[Willenberg culture|Willenberg (Wielbark) culture]] in Pomerelia and some areas west of it. Associated with [[Rugians|Rugian remains]] and other Germanic tribes, [[Vistula Veneti]], and [[Vidivarii]].<ref name="Hoops282"/>

== Early Middle Ages ==
[[File:West slavs 9th-10th c..png|thumb|Distribution of [[West Slavs|Slavic]] tribes between the 9th–10th centuries]]
[[File:Steinrelief Pfarrkirche Altenkirchen.jpg|thumb|upright|A priest of [[Svantevit]] depicted on a stone from [[Cape Arkona|Arkona]], now in the church of [[Altenkirchen]]]]
{{main|Pomerania during the Early Middle Ages}}

The southward movement of [[Germanic peoples|Germanic tribes]] and [[Vistula Veneti|Veneti]] during the [[Migration Period]] had left Pomerania largely depopulated by the 7th century.<ref name=Piskorski26>Piskorski (1999), p.26</ref> Between 650 and 850 AD, [[West Slavs|West Slavic tribes]] settled in Pomerania.<ref name=Harck15/><ref name=Piskorski29ff>Piskorski (1999), pp.29ff {{ISBN|83-906184-8-6}} {{OCLC|43087092}}</ref> These tribes were collectively known as "[[Pomeranians (Slavic tribe)|Pomeranians]]" between the [[Oder]] and [[Vistula]] rivers, or as "[[Veleti]]" (later "Liuticians") west of the [[Oder]]. A distinct tribe, the [[Rani (Slavic tribe)|Rani]], was based on the island of [[Rügen]] and the adjacent mainland.<ref name="Buchholz pp.22,23"/><ref name=Piskorski30>Piskorski (1999), p.30</ref> In the 8th and 9th centuries, [[Slavs|Slavic]]-[[Norsemen|Scandinavian]] emporia were set up along the coastline as powerful centres of craft and trade.<ref name=Harck15ff>Harck&Lübke (2001), pp.15ff</ref>

In 936, the [[Holy Roman Empire]] set up the [[Billung march|Billung]] and [[Northern march]]es in [[Western Pomerania]], divided by the [[Peene]]. The Liutician federation, in an uprising of 983, managed to regain independence, but broke apart in the course of the 11th century because of internal conflicts.<ref name="Herrmann, pp.261,345ff"/><ref name=Harck27>Harck&Lübke (2001), p.27</ref> Meanwhile, Polish [[Piasts]] managed to acquire parts of eastern Pomerania during the late 960s, where the [[Diocese of Kołobrzeg]] was installed in 1000 AD. The Pomeranians regained independence during the Pomeranian uprising of 1005.<ref name="Piskorski 1999 p.32"/><ref name="P. Vlasto, 1970, p.129"/><ref name="Berend"/>{{Failed verification|date=May 2011}}<ref name="Warner"/><ref name="Borgolte"/><ref name="Buchholz 1999 p.25">Buchholz (1999), p.25 : pagan uprising that also ended the Polish suzerainty in 1005</ref><ref>[[Jürgen Petersohn]], ''Der südliche Ostseeraum im kirchlich-politischen Kräftespiel des Reichs, Polens und Dänemarks vom 10. bis 13. Jahrhundert: Mission, Kirchenorganisation, Kultpolitik'', Böhlau, 1979, p.43, {{ISBN|3-412-04577-2}}. 1005/13</ref><ref>Oskar Eggert, ''Geschichte Pommerns'', Pommerscher Buchversand, 1974: 1005-1009</ref><ref>Roderich Schmidt, ''Das historische Pommern: Personen, Orte, Ereignisse'', Böhlau, 2007, p.101, {{ISBN|3-412-27805-X}}. 1005/13</ref><ref name="Wille">Michael Müller-Wille, ''Rom und Byzanz im Norden: Mission und Glaubenswechsel im Ostseeraum während des 8.-14. Jahrhunderts: internationale Fachkonferenz der deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft in Verbindung mit der Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, Mainz: Kiel, 18.-25. 9. 1994'', 1997, p.105, {{ISBN|3-515-07498-8}}, {{ISBN|978-3-515-07498-8}}</ref>

During the first half of the 11th century, the Liuticians participated in the [[Holy Roman Empire]]'s wars against [[Piast Poland]].<ref name=Herrmann356ff>Herrmann (1985), pp.356ff</ref> The alliance broke off when Poland was defeated,<ref name=Herrmann364>Herrmann (1985), p.359</ref> and the Liutician federation broke apart in 1057 during a civil war.<ref name=Herrmann365>Herrmann (1985), p.365</ref> The Liutician capital was destroyed by the Germans in 1068/69,<ref name=Herrmann366>Herrmann (1985), p.366</ref> making way for the subsequent eastward expansion of their western neighbour, the [[Obodrites|Obodrite state]]. In 1093, the Luticians,<ref name=Herrmann379>Herrmann (1985), p.379</ref> Pomeranians<ref name=Herrmann379/> and [[Rani (Slavic tribe)|Rani]]<ref name=Herrmann379/> had to pay tribute to [[Henry (Obotrite prince)|Obodrite prince Henry]].<ref name=Herrmann367>Herrmann (1985), p.367</ref>

=== Timeline 600–1100 ===
[[File:Polska 960 - 992.svg|thumb|Pomerania as part of Poland under the Duke [[Mieszko I]], 960–992]]
[[File:WalMenz.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Stone ship]]s at the site of an early medieval Scandinavian settlement, [[Altes Lager Menzlin]], near [[Anklam]]]]
*~650&ndash;~850: [[Slavic peoples]] appear and differentiate into several tribes grouped as [[Polabian Slavs|Polabian]] [[Veleti]] (later ''Liuticians'', ''Lutizians'') in the West and [[Pomeranians (Slavic tribe)|Pomeranians]] in the East,<ref name="Buchholz pp.22,23"/><ref name=Harck15>Harck&Lübke (2001), p.15</ref><ref>Piskorski (1999), pp.26ff</ref> resettling the regions left by the Germanic tribes
*since 800: various [[Viking Age|Scandinavian settlements and tradeposts]], including [[Ralswiek]], [[Altes Lager Menzlin]], and [[Wolin (town)|Wollin]] (then "[[Vineta]]" or "[[Jomsborg]]" of the [[Jomsvikings]]).<ref name="Herrmann, pp.237ff,244ff"/>
*918: western parts incorporated into [[Northern March]] and [[March of the Billungs]] ([[Duchy of Saxony]], [[Holy Roman Empire]])<ref name="Herrmann, pp.261,345ff"/>
*955: [[Battle of Recknitz]] ("Raxa"): Germans and [[Rani (Slavic tribe)|Rani]] suppress an [[Obodrites|Obodrite]] revolt in the [[Billung march]]<ref>Leyser, Karl. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/561761 "Henry I and the Beginnings of the Saxon Empire."] ''The English Historical Review'', Vol. 83, No. 326. (January, 1968), pp 1&ndash;32.</ref>
*In the 980s, a stronghold in [[Gdańsk]] was built, probably by the Polish ruler [[Mieszko I]], who thereby connected the future Polish state ruled by the Piast dynasty with the trade routes of the Baltic Sea.
*983: uprising in the marches, Lutici regain independence after forming the [[Lutici federation]]<ref name="Herrmann, pp.261,345ff"/>
*[[Mieszko I of Poland]] launches several campaigns since the 960s, acquiring [[Kołobrzeg]]<ref name=Piskorski32>Piskorski (1999), p.32</ref>
*1000: [[Congress of Gniezno]] constitutes [[Reinbern]]'s [[Bishopric of Kołobrzeg]]<ref>Michael Borgolte, Benjamin Scheller, ''Polen und Deutschland vor 1000 Jahren: Die Berliner Tagung über den "Akt von Gnesen"'', Akademie Verlag, 2002, {{ISBN|3-05-003749-0}}, {{ISBN|978-3-05-003749-3}}</ref>
*1005: Pomerania regains independence{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}, bishopric dissolved<ref name="Piskorski 1999 p.32"/>{{qn|date=February 2017}}<ref name="P. Vlasto, 1970, p.129"/>{{qn|date=February 2017}}<ref name="Warner"/>{{qn|date=February 2017}}<ref name="Borgolte"/>{{qn|date=February 2017}}<ref name="Buchholz 1999 p.25"/>{{qn|date=February 2017}}
*1046: A [[Zemuzil, Duke of Pomerania|Siemomysł]], called to [[Merseburg]] by [[Henry III (HRR)|king Henry III]] to conclude a peace settlement, is the first documented duke of Pomerania, though the extent and location of his realm is unknown.<ref name="Buchholz pp.22,23"/><ref name=Piskorski33>Piskorski (1999), p.33</ref>
*1056/57: The Lutici alliance breaks apart in a civil war,<ref name="Herrmann, pp.261,345ff"/> subsequent [[Obodrite]] eastward expansion.<ref name=Herrmann365>Herrmann (1985), p.365</ref>
*1067/68 and 1069: Saxon expeditions raid and destroy [[Rethra]], the main [[Veleti|Liutician]] stronghold and temple.<ref name=Herrmann366>Herrmann (1985), p.366</ref>
*1093: Lutici,<ref name=Herrmann379>Herrmann (1985), p.379</ref> Pomeranians<ref name=Herrmann379/> and [[Rani (Slavic tribe)|Rani]]<ref name=Herrmann379/> have to pay tribute to [[Henry (Obotrite prince)|Obodrite prince Henry]].<ref name=Herrmann367>Herrmann (1985), p.367</ref>

== High Middle Ages ==
[[File:Kamien Pomorski - katedra zewnatrz 02.JPG|thumb|Cathedral, [[Kamień Pomorski|Kammin]] (Cammin, Kamien Pomorski), see of the [[Bishopric of Cammin|Roman Catholic Diocese of Kammin]], set up in 1140 in [[Wolin (town)|Wollin]] (Wolin)]]
{{main|Pomerania during the High Middle Ages}}

In the early 12th century, [[Obodrites|Obodrite]], Polish, [[Duchy of Saxony|Saxon]], and [[Denmark|Danish]] conquests resulted in vassalage and [[Christianization]] of the formerly pagan and independent Pomeranian tribes.<ref name="Addison 2003, pp.57ff"/><ref name="Realenzyklopedie p.40">Theologische Realenzyklopädie (1997), p.40</ref><ref name="Buchholz p.25"/><ref name="Herrmann, pp.384ff">Herrmann (1985), pp.384ff</ref> Local dynasties ruled the [[Principality of Rügen]] (House of Wizlaw), the [[Duchy of Pomerania]] ([[House of Pomerania]]), the [[Lands of Schlawe and Stolp]] (Ratiboride branch of the House of Pomerania), and the duchies in [[Pomerelia]] ([[Samborides]]).<ref name="Realenzyklopedie p.40"/> Monasteries were founded at Grobe, Kolbatz, Gramzow, and Belbuck which supported Pomerania's Christianization and advanced German settlements.<ref>{{cite book|author=Charles Higounet|title=Die deutsche Ostsiedlung im Mittelalter|pages=145|language=de}}</ref>

The [[List of Pomeranian duchies and dukes|dukes of Pomerania]] expanded their realm into [[Circipania]] and [[Uckermark]] to the Southwest, and competed with the [[Margraviate of Brandenburg]] for territory and formal overlordship over their duchies. Pomerania-Demmin lost most of her territory and was integrated into Pomerania-Stettin in the mid-13th century. When the Ratiborides died out in 1223, competition arose for the Lands of Schlawe and Stolp,<ref name="Buchholz p.87">Buchholz (1999), p.87</ref> which changed hands numerous times.

Throughout the High Middle Ages, a large influx of German settlers and the introduction of German law, custom, and [[Low German]] language turned the area west of the Oder into a German one ([[Ostsiedlung]]). The [[Wends]], who [[Pomerania during the Early Middle Ages|during the Early Middle Ages]] had belonged to the [[Slavs|Slavic]] [[Rani (Slavic tribe)|Rani]], [[Liuticians|Lutician]] and [[Pomeranians (Slavic tribe)|Pomeranian]] tribes, were assimilated by the [[Pomeranians (German people)|German Pomeranians]]. To the east of the Oder this development occurred later; in the area from Stettin eastward, the number of German settlers in the 12th century was still insignificant.{{cn|date=September 2022}} The [[Kashubians]] descendants of Slavic Pomeranians, dominated many rural areas in Pomerelia.{{cn|date=September 2022}}

The [[conversion of Pomerania]] to [[Christianity]] was achieved primarily by the missionary efforts of [[Absalon]] and [[Otto von Bamberg]], by the foundation of numerous monasteries, and by the assimilatory power of the Christian settlers. [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Cammin|A Pomeranian diocese]] was set up in [[Wolin (town)|Wolin]], the see was later moved to [[Kamien Pomorski|Cammin]].<ref>W. von Sommerfeld: Geschichte der Germanisierung des Herzogtums Pommern oder Slavien bis zum Ablauf des 13. Jahrhunderts, Leipzig 1896 (printed on demand by Elibron, {{ISBN|1-4212-3832-2}}, in German, [https://books.google.com/books?id=v4qHOzPwQAAC&pg=PR1 limited preview]).</ref>

=== Timeline 1100–1300 ===
[[File:Monument of Swietopelk II the Great in Szeroka Street in Gdańsk.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Monument of [[Swietopelk II, Duke of Pomerania|Swietopelk II]] the Great in Szeroka Street in [[Gdańsk]]]]
[[File:Stralsunder Rathaus mit Schaufassade, dahinter die Nikolaikirche-2630.jpg|thumb|[[Stralsund]], one of several [[Hanseatic League|Hanseatic cities]] in Pomerania. [[Brick Gothic]] was the typical medieval architecture that can be seen throughout the region.]]
*1100: Unsuccessful siege of the [[Obodrite]] capital [[Liubice]] by the [[Rani (Slavic tribe)|Rani]]<ref name=Herrmann268>Herrmann (1985), p.268</ref>
*1102&ndash;1121/2: [[Bolesław III Wrymouth]] conquers Pomerania east of the [[Oder]] and the burghs of [[Szczecin]] (Stettin) and [[Wolin (town)|Wolin]] (Wollin, Jumne);<ref name=Piskorski35>Piskorski (1999), p.35</ref> first known dukes of the [[House of Pomerania]] (West) and [[Samborides]] (East)<ref name="Realenzyklopedie p.40ff"/>
*1120s: [[Wartislaw I]] of the House of Pomerania expands his duchy westward and incorporates [[Veleti|Liutician territory]] including the [[County of Gützkow]], [[Wolgast]], [[Circipania]] and [[Uckermark]]<ref name=Piskorski4041>Piskorski (1999), pp.40,41</ref>
*1123&ndash;1125: [[Obodrite]] prince [[Henry (Obodrite prince)|Henry]] subdues the [[Rani (Slavic tribe)|Rani]]<ref name=Herrmann379>Herrmann (1985), p.379</ref> Wartislaw accepted the superiority of the [[Holy Roman Emperor]] and, with the exception of the newly won territories, also the superiority of the Polish duke.<ref name=Inachim17>Inachin (2008), p.17</ref>
*1124/28: [[Otto of Bamberg]]'s mission results in the [[Conversion of Pomerania]] to [[Christianity]]<ref name="Addison 2003, pp.57ff"/><ref name="Buchholz p.25">Buchholz (1999), p.25</ref><ref>Addison (2003), pp.59ff</ref><ref name="Palmer, P.107ff">William Palmer, ''A Compendioius Ecclesiastical History from the Earliest Period to the Present Time'', Kessinger Publishing, 2005, pp.107ff, {{ISBN|1-4179-8323-X}}</ref><ref name="Herrmann, pp.402ff">Herrmann (1985), pp.402ff</ref><ref>Piskorski (1999), pp.36ff</ref>
*1128: [[Rani (Slavic tribe)|Rani]] forces assault and destroy [[Obodrite]] [[Liubice]]<ref name=Herrmann268/><ref name=Herrmann381>Herrmann (1985), p.381</ref>
*1135: Boleslaw accepts the superiority of [[Holy Roman Emperor]] Lothair, who in turn grants him Pomerania as a fief, including the Oder area and the [[principality of Rügen]] which had not been subjugated yet.<ref name=Piskorski43>Piskorski (1999), p.43 {{ISBN|83-906184-8-6}} {{OCLC|43087092}}</ref>
*since 1138: Boleslaw dies, the [[Duchy of Pomerania|Griffin duchy]] regains independence from the [[Piasts]]<ref name=Inachim17/><ref name="Herrmann, pp.386">Herrmann (1985), pp.386</ref>{{qn|date=February 2017}}
*1140: [[Diocese of Cammin]] set up, centred at [[Wollin (town)|Wolin]] and subordinate directly to the [[Holy See]]<ref name="Realenzyklopedie p.40ff"/>
*1147: [[Wendish Crusade]] mounted by dukes and bishops of the [[Holy Roman Empire]], Danish and Polish participation<ref name="Piskorski43"/>
*1155: Partition of the [[Duchy of Pomerania]] into Pomerania-Demmin and Pomerania-Stettin<ref>Piskorski (1999), pp.41,42</ref>
*1164: [[Battle of Verchen]], House of Pomerania becomes vassals of [[Henry the Lion]]'s [[Duchy of Saxony]]<ref name="Buchholz pp.30,34">Buchholz (1999), pp.30,34</ref><ref>Piskorski (1999), pp.43,44</ref>
*1168: [[Siege of Arkona|Danish expedition]] led by Roskilde archbishop [[Absalon]] takes the [[Principality of Rügen]], resulting in [[Conversion of Pomerania|the conversion]] of the [[Rani (Slavic tribe)|Rani]] who became Danish vassals<ref name="Realenzyklopedie p.40ff"/><ref name=Piskorski43/><ref name="Buchholz p.34"/>
*~1170: first [[Ostsiedlung|German settlements]]<ref name=Piskorski77>Piskorski (1999), p.77</ref>
*1170s and early 1180s: various encounters between Pomeranians and Danes. Danes raid [[Circipania]] and [[Wolin]].
*1181: House of Pomerania becomes vassal of [[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor|Barbarossa]]'s [[Holy Roman Empire]]<ref name="Buchholz p.34">Buchholz (1999), p.34</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.genemaas.net/Pommern.htm |title=Pommern History<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2007-05-24 |archive-date=2022-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703021528/http://www.genemaas.net/Pommern.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=Piskorski44>Piskorski (1999), p.44</ref>
*1184: Pomeranian navy repelled and destroyed by the Danes in the [[Bay of Greifswald]]<ref name=Piskorski44>Piskorski (1999), p.44</ref>
*1186: All Pomerania under Danish control, [[Holy Roman Empire]] temporarily renounces her claims<ref name=Piskorski44/><ref name="Buchholz pp.34,35">Buchholz (1999), pp.34,35</ref>
*since 1220: [[Ostsiedlung]]. Existing towns adopt [[German town law]] based on [[Lübeck law]], [[Magdeburg law]] or [[Kulm law]]), new ones are established with these laws, woods and swamps are cleared and settled, existing villages are expanded and reorganized, new villages are founded.<ref name="Buchholz 1999, pp.45ff"/>
*1227: Denmark is defeated in the [[Battle of Bornhöved (1227)|Battle of Bornhöved]], Danish unable to keep Pomerania thereafter<ref name=Piskorski44/><ref name="Buchholz pp.34,35"/>
*1231: Upon coming of age, the Margraves of [[Brandenburg]] Johann I and Otto III receive Pomerania from the Roman-German Emperor Frederick II at [[Ravenna]].
*1236: [[Treaty of Kremmen]]: Pomerania-Demmin loses most of her territory to the [[Margraviate of Brandenburg]]
*1250: [[Treaty of Landin]]: Pomerania-Stettin able to incorporate remainder of Pomerania-Stettin, but loses [[Uckermark]]
*since 1250: southern parts of Pomerania lost to [[Brandenburg]] and become northern [[Neumark]]<ref name="Buchholz p.89">Buchholz (1999), p.89</ref>
*1223&ndash;1283: [[House of Pomerania]], [[Margraviate of Brandenburg|the margraves of Brandenburg]], [[Principality of Rügen|the princes of Rügen]] and the Pomerelian [[Samborides]] compete for the [[Lands of Schlawe and Stolp]] after the [[Ratiborides]] branch of the [[House of Pomerania]] became extinct<ref name="Buchholz p.87">Buchholz (1999), p.87</ref>
*1283&ndash;1294: [[Lands of Schlawe and Stolp]] part of Pomerelia<ref name="Buchholz p.87"/>
*1295: [[Duchy of Pomerania]] partitioned in Pomerania-Wolgast and Pomerania-Stettin<ref name="Buchholz pp.104-105">Buchholz (1999), pp.104-105</ref>

== Late Middle Ages ==
[[File:Map of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (pink) and the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland (red) in 1386 - 1434.png|thumb|The [[Pomerania-Stolp|Duchy of Pomerania-Stolp]] between 1368–1478 was a [[Feudalism|feudal]] territory under the [[Crown of the Kingdom of Poland]].]]
[[Image:Szczecin Zamek Ksiazat Pomorskich (od pln-wsch).jpg|thumb|[[Ducal Castle, Szczecin|Pomeranian Dukes' Castle]] in [[Szczecin]]. While this is a reconstruction of the [[Pomerania during the Late Middle Ages|late medieval]] castle, a [[burgh]] had been on this site already in the [[Pomerania during the Early Middle Ages|Early Middle Ages]].]]

[[Image:Bistum Cammin 1400.PNG|thumb|300px|The [[Duchy of Pomerania]] (yellow) in 1400 within the [[Holy Roman Empire]] (P.-Stettin and P.-Wolgast are indicated); purple: [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kammin|Diocese of Cammin (BM. Cammin)]] and the [[Monastic state of the Teutonic Knights|Teutonic Order state]]; orange: [[Margraviate of Brandenburg]]; pink: duchies of [[Mecklenburg]]]]
{{main|Pomerania during the Late Middle Ages}}

The towns of the [[Hanseatic League]] were acting as quasi autonomous political and military entities.<ref name="Calhoun, pp.157,158">Craig J. Calhoun, Joseph Gerteis, James Moody, Steven Pfaff, Indermohan Virk, ''Contemporary Sociological Theory'', Blackwell Publishing, 2002, pp.157,158
{{ISBN|0-631-21350-3}}, {{ISBN|978-0-631-21350-5}}</ref><ref name="Buchholz pp.128-154,178-180">Buchholz (1999), pp.128-154,178-180</ref> The [[Duchy of Pomerania]] gained the [[Principality of Rügen]] after two wars with [[Mecklenburg]],<ref name="Buchholz pp.115,116">Buchholz (1999), pp. 115,116</ref> the [[Lands of Schlawe and Stolp]]<ref name="Buchholz p.106">Buchholz (1999), pp. 106</ref> and the [[Lauenburg and Bütow Land]].<ref name="Buchholz p.186">Buchholz (1999), p. 186</ref> [[Pomerelia]] was integrated into the [[Monastic state of the Teutonic Knights]] after the [[Teutonic takeover of Danzig]] in 1308, and became a part of [[Royal Prussia]] in 1466.

The Duchy of Pomerania was internally fragmented into Pomerania-Wolgast, -Stettin, -Barth, and -Stolp.<ref name="Boockmann, pp.131,132">Hartmut Boockmann, ''Die Anfänge der ständischen Vertretungen in Preussen und seinen Nachbarländern'', Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 1992, pp.131,132, {{ISBN|3-486-55840-4}}</ref><ref name="Buchholz pp.143,146,147">Buchholz (1999), pp.143,146,147</ref> The dukes were in continuous warfare with the [[Margraviate of Brandenburg]] due to [[Uckermark]] and [[Neumark]] border disputes and disputes over formal overlordship of Pomerania.<ref name="Buchholz pp.160-166, 180ff">Buchholz (1999), pp. 160-166,180ff</ref>

In 1478, the duchy was reunited under the rule of [[Bogislaw X, Duke of Pomerania|Bogislaw X]], when most of the other dukes had died of the [[Plague (disease)|plague]].<ref name="ADB_Bogislaw_X">[http://mdz10.bib-bvb.de/~db/bsb00008361/images/index.html?id=00008361&fip=217.184.132.98&no=&seite=51 ''Bogislaw X'' in Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie]{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Buchholz p.189">Buchholz (1999), p.189</ref>

=== Timeline 1300&ndash;1500 ===
[[File:EMAU - Rubenowplatz 2.jpg|thumb|University of Greifswald, founded in 1456]]
*1294&ndash;1308: [[Margraviate of Brandenburg]] and Poland compete for Pomerelia after the [[Samborides]] died out.<ref name="Buchholz p.103">Buchholz (1999), p.103</ref>
*1308: [[Teutonic take-over of Danzig]] (Gdańsk)
*1309: [[Treaty of Soldin (1309)|Treaty of Soldin]] (Myślibórz) – The [[Monastic state of the Teutonic Knights]] purchases the [[Margraviate of Brandenburg]]'s disputed claim to Pomerelia after conquering the territory.
*1317&ndash;47: [[Duchy of Pomerania]] takes the [[Lands of Schlawe and Stolp]] as a Brandenburgian fief; in 1317, local [[Swenzones]] dynasty continues to rule; full incorporation into Pomerania-Wolgast in 1347.<ref name="Buchholz p.105">Buchholz (1999), p.105</ref>
*1325&ndash;1356: [[Rügen War of Succession]] with [[Mecklenburg]]. [[Pomerania-Wolgast]] incorporates the [[Principality of Rügen]].<ref name="Buchholz pp.115,116"/>
*1361&ndash;1368: two wars of the [[Hanseatic League]] with Denmark result in the [[Treaty of Stralsund (1370)]], the high-water mark of Hanseatic power.<ref name=MedScan>Phillip Pulsiano, Kirsten Wolf, ''Medieval Scandinavia: An Encyclopedia'', Taylor & Francis, 1993, p.265, {{ISBN|0-8240-4787-7}}</ref><ref name=EncWH>Peter N. Stearns, William Leonard Langer, ''The Encyclopedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern, Chronologically Arranged'', Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2001, p.265, {{ISBN|0-395-65237-5}}</ref><ref name=Atlas>Angus MacKay, David Ditchburn, ''Atlas of Medieval Europe'', Routledge, 1997, p.171, {{ISBN|0-415-01923-0}}</ref>
*1368/72: Pomerania-Wolgast partitioned into P.-Wolgast and P.-Stolp<ref name="Buchholz pp.143,146,147"/><ref name=Bookmann132133>[[Hartmut Boockmann]], ''Die Anfänge der ständischen Vertretungen in Preussen und seinen Nachbarländern'', Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 1992, pp.132,133, {{ISBN|3-486-55840-4}}</ref><ref>Piskorski (1999), p.97</ref>
*1376&ndash;1394: Pomerania-Wolgast partitioned into P.-Wolgast and P.-Barth<ref name="Buchholz pp.143,146,147"/><ref name=Bookmann132133/>
*1397: [[Eric of Pomerania]]-Stolp becomes king of the [[Kalmar Union]].<ref name="Buchholz p.154-158">Buchholz (1999), p.154-158</ref>
*1410: Gdańsk (Danzig) sides with Poland during the Polish war against the Teutonic Order.<ref>Edmund Cieślak Historia Gdańska, t. I, Wydawnictwo Morskie, Gdańsk 1978, page 479</ref>
*1425: Pomerania-Wolgast again partitioned into P.-Wolgast and P.-Barth.<ref name="Buchholz p.154">Buchholz (1999), p.154</ref>
*1448: First [[Peace of Prenzlau]] ends a war between Pomerania-Stettin and Brandenburg.
*1455: [[Lauenburg and Bütow Land]] granted to the [[House of Griffin|House of Pomerania]].<ref name="Buchholz p.186"/>
*1456: [[University of Greifswald]] founded.<ref>Richard du Moulin Eckart, ''Geschichte der deutschen Universitäten'', Georg Olms Verlag, 1976, p.109, {{ISBN|3-487-06078-7}}</ref>
*1464: death of [[Otto III, Duke of Pomerania|Otto III]] of Pomerania-Stettin, causes war for succession between Pomerania-Wolgast and Brandenburg.<ref>Heitz (1995), pp.193,194</ref>
*1466: [[Treaty of Soldin (1466)|Treaty of Soldin]]: [[Duchy of Pomerania]] becomes a nominal fief of the [[Electorate of Brandenburg]]. Implementation failed, war flares up again.<ref>Heitz (1995), p.195</ref>
*1466: [[Second Peace of Thorn (1466)|Second Peace of Thorn]]: the [[Teutonic Order]] cedes Pomerelia to the [[Polish Crown]] as part of what is later called [[Royal Prussia]], [[Lauenburg and Bütow Land]] confirmed to the [[Duchy of Pomerania]].<ref name="Buchholz p.186"/>
*1472/9: Second [[Peace of Prenzlau]] ends a war between Pomerania-Stettin and Brandenburg.<ref name="ADB_Bogislaw_X"/><ref name="Buchholz p.190">Buchholz (1999), p.190</ref>
*1478: [[Bogislaw X]] becomes sole ruler of the [[Duchy of Pomerania]] since all other male Griffins deceased, most of a [[Plague (disease)|plague]] epidemic.<ref name="ADB_Bogislaw_X"/><ref name="Buchholz pp.181ff">Buchholz (1999), pp.181ff</ref>
*1493: [[Treaty of Pyritz]] ends the armed [[Brandenburg-Pomeranian conflict]]s.

== Early Modern Age ==
[[File:Belagerung ruegen.jpg|thumb|left|Invasion of the [[Swedish Pomerania|Swedish]] [[Rügen]] by [[Brandenburg-Prussia]], 1678]]
[[File:K0nigl+BherzoglPreussen en.png|thumb|{{legend|#ff9f19|[[Pomerelia]] as a part of [[Royal Prussia]], 16th century}} {{legend|#cfd7b9|[[Duchy of Pomerania]]}}]][[Image:Pomerania 1653.PNG|thumb|right|The former [[Duchy of Pomerania]] (center) partitioned between the [[Swedish Empire]] and [[Brandenburg]] after the Treaty of Stettin in 1653. [[Swedish Pomerania]] ([[Western Pomerania|West Pomerania]]) is indicated in blue; Brandenburg, including [[Brandenburgian Pomerania]] ([[Farther Pomerania|East Pomerania]]) is shown in orange.]]
{{main|Pomerania during the Early Modern Age}}

Throughout this time, [[Pomerelia]] was within [[Royal Prussia]], a part of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] with considerable autonomy. In the late 18th century, it became a part of [[Prussia]].

The [[Duchy of Pomerania]] was fragmented into Pomerania-Stettin ([[Farther Pomerania]]) and Pomerania-Wolgast ([[Western Pomerania]]) in 1532,<ref name="Realenzyklopedie p.40ff"/><ref name="Buchholz pp.205-220">Buchholz (1999), pp.205-220</ref> underwent [[Protestant Reformation]] in 1534,<ref name="Moulin Eckart 1976, pp.111,112"/><ref name="Realenzyklopädie, p.43ff"/><ref name="Buchholz pp.205–212">Buchholz (1999), pp.205-212</ref> and was even further fragmented in 1569,<ref name="Buchholz pp.207">Buchholz (1999), pp.207</ref> while all parts stayed part of the Empire's [[Upper Saxon Circle]]. In 1627, the [[Thirty Years' War]] reached the duchy.<ref name="Buchholz, p.233">Buchholz (1999), p.233</ref> Since the [[Treaty of Stettin (1630)]], it was under Swedish control.<ref name="Buchholz, p.233"/><ref name="Buchholz, pp.235,236">Buchholz (1999), pp.235,236</ref> In the midst of the war, the last duke [[Bogislaw XIV, Duke of Pomerania|Bogislaw XIV]] died without an issue. Garrison, plunder, numerous battles, famine and diseases left two thirds of the population dead and most of the country ravaged.<ref name="Buchholz, p.263">Buchholz (1999), p.263</ref><ref name="Buchholz, p.332">Buchholz (1999), p.332</ref> In the [[Peace of Westphalia]] of 1648, the [[Swedish Empire]] and [[Brandenburg-Prussia]] agreed on a partition of the duchy, which came into effect after the [[Treaty of Stettin (1653)]]. [[Western Pomerania]] became [[Swedish Pomerania]], a [[Dominions of Sweden|Swedish dominion]], while Farther Pomerania became a [[Province of Pomerania (1653-1815)|Brandenburg-Prussian province]]. Swedish Pomerania stayed part of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the Swedish king became [[Prince of the Holy Roman Empire]].

A series of wars affected Pomerania in the following centuries. As a consequence, most of the formerly free peasants became [[serfdom|serfs]] of the nobles.<ref name="Buchholz, pp.264ff">Buchholz (1999), p.264ff</ref> Brandenburg-Prussia was able to integrate southern Swedish Pomerania into her Pomeranian province during the [[Great Northern War]], which was confirmed in the [[Treaty of Stockholm (Great Northern War)|Treaty of Stockholm]] in 1720.<ref name="Buchholz, pp.341-343"/> In the 18th century, Prussia rebuild and colonised [[Province of Pomerania (1653-1815)|her war-torn Pomeranian province]].<ref name="Buchholz, pp.332,347,354">Buchholz (1999), pp.332,347,354</ref>

=== Timeline 1500&ndash;1806 ===

[[Image:Gustavus Adolphus at the Battle at Breitenfeld.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Gustavus II Adolphus]] started the [[Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War]] from Pomerania, parts of which [[Swedish Pomerania|would remain Swedish until 1815]]. This and subsequent wars severely ravaged the region, two thirds of the population died during the Thirty Years' War.<ref>Buchholz (1999), pp.263,332</ref>]]

*1520s: [[Protestant Reformation]]<ref name="Realenzyklopädie, p.43ff"/><ref name="Buchholz pp.205–212"/>
*1529: [[Treaty of Grimnitz]] settles the [[Brandenburg-Pomeranian conflict]] between the houses of [[House of Pomerania|Pomerania]] and [[House of Hohenzollern|Hohenzollern]].
*1532: [[Partition of the Duchy of Pomerania]] into P.-Wolgast ([[Western Pomerania]]) and P.-Stettin ([[Farther Pomerania]])<ref name="Realenzyklopedie p.40ff"/><ref name="Buchholz pp.205–212"/>
*1534: [[Protestantism]] officially adopted in the [[Duchy of Pomerania]] by the [[Landtag]].<ref name="Moulin Eckart 1976, pp.111,112"/><ref name="Realenzyklopädie, p.43ff"/><ref name="Buchholz pp.205–212"/>
*1569: Pomerania-Barth split off Pomerania-Wolgast, Pomerania-Rügenwalde split off Pomerania-Stettin.<ref name="Buchholz pp.207">Buchholz (1999), pp.207</ref>
*1627: [[Thirty Years' War]] reaches Pomerania, [[Duchy of Pomerania]] surrendered to the [[Holy Roman Empire|imperial army]] in the [[Capitulation of Franzburg]].<ref name="Buchholz, p.233">Buchholz (1999), p.233</ref>
*1628: [[Battle of Stralsund (1628)]], [[Battle of Wolgast]]
*1630: [[Treaty of Stettin (1630)]]: [[Duchy of Pomerania]] allied to and occupied by the [[Swedish Empire]].<ref name="Buchholz, p.233"/>
*1635&ndash;1644: [[Holy Roman Empire|Imperial troops]] several times occupy Pomerania.<ref>Buchholz (1999), pp.235,236,263</ref>
*1637: last [[Duke of Pomerania]] deceased, districts of [[Lauenburg and Butow Land]] (Lębork and Bytow) had returned to Polish rule.
*1644: [[Battle of Colberger Heide]]
[[File:HRR_1648.png|thumb|left|Pomerania as part of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] after the [[Peace of Westphalia]]]]
*1648: [[Peace of Westphalia]] &ndash; partition of the [[Duchy of Pomerania]]: [[Western Pomerania]] becomes Swedish Pomerania, Farther Pomerania granted to [[Brandenburg-Prussia]]. Two thirds of the population dead, most of the duchy ravaged.
*1653: [[Treaty of Stettin (1653)]]: Swedes withdraw from Farther Pomerania, Brandenburg sets up [[Province of Pomerania (1653&ndash;1815)|Province of Pomerania]] there.
*1656&ndash;1660: [[Second Northern War]] &ndash; all of Pomerania affected by campaigns of Sweden, Brandenburg and Poland.<ref>Buchholz (1999), pp.273ff,317ff</ref>
*1656: [[Treaty of Labiau]] &ndash; Sweden allies with Prussia.
*1657: [[Treaty of Wehlau]], confirmed by subsequent [[Treaty of Bromberg]] &ndash; Prussian rights in Pomerania assured by the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]].
*1658: Sweden and Prussia break their alliance and battle each other in Swedish Pomerania.<ref name="Buchholz, p.318">Buchholz (1999), p.318</ref>
*1660: [[Peace of Oliva]] restores the conditions before the war to Pomerania.
*1675&ndash;1679: [[Scanian War]] between Sweden, Prussia and Denmark affects Swedish Pomerania and the Prussian [[Province of Pomerania (1653-1815)|province of Pomerania]].<ref name="Buchholz, pp.318,319">Buchholz (1999), pp.318,319</ref> [[Battle of Stralsund (1678)]].
*1679: [[Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679)|Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye]] restores pre-war conditions in Pomerania.
*1700&ndash;1721: [[Great Northern War]] between Prussia, Sweden and Denmark;<ref name="Buchholz, pp.341-343"/> [[Great Northern War plague outbreak|plague in Pomerania]]
*1715: [[Battle of Stralsund (1715)]]; Denmark and Prussia conquer Swedish Pomerania.<ref name="Buchholz, pp.341-343"/>
*1720: [[Treaty of Frederiksborg]] and [[Treaty of Stockholm (Great Northern War)|Treaty of Stockholm]] &ndash; Southern Swedish Pomerania becomes part of the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] and is incorporated into the [[Province of Pomerania (1653–1815)|Province of Pomerania]].<ref name="Buchholz, pp.341-343"/>
*1757&ndash;1762: [[Seven Years' War]] reaches the Swedish and [[Province of Pomerania (1653&ndash;1815)|Prussian Pomerania]], Swedish, Russian and Prussian forces ravage the duchy.<ref>Buchholz (1999), pp.352–354</ref> [[Siege of Kolberg (Seven Years' War)|Kolberg was the subject of sieges in 1759, 1760 and 1761]].
*1772&ndash;1793: [[Partitions of Poland]] &ndash; Pomerelia is annexed into [[Prussia]]'s province of [[West Prussia]], plans to Germanize the province and discrimination of Polish population.{{Citation needed||date=November 2020}}

== Modern Age ==
[[Image:Sea Towers Skwer.jpg|thumb|left|[[Gdynia]], a major port city constructed in 1921 as [[Second Polish Republic|Poland's]] harbour within the [[Polish Corridor]]]]
[[Image:Provinz Pommern 1905.png|thumb|Map of the Prussian province Pomerania ''(Pommern)'' in 1905]]
[[File:Prussian Settlement Commission.JPG|thumb|right|Acquisitions of land from ethnic Poles for settling ethnic German commoners by the Prussian Settlement Commission in the [[Province of Posen|provinces of Posen]] and [[Province of West Prussia|West Prussia]] (outside Prussian Pomerania)]]
[[Image:Westpreußen und DanzigerBucht.png|thumb|Map of West Prussia and the [[Gdańsk Bay]] in 1896]]
{{main|History of Pomerania (1806&ndash;1933)}}

From the [[Napoleonic Wars]] to [[World War I]], Pomerania was administered by the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] as the [[Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)|Province of Pomerania]] ([[Western Pomerania|Western]] and [[Farther Pomerania]]) and [[West Prussia]] ([[Pomerelia]]).

The Province of Pomerania was created from the [[Province of Pomerania (1653&ndash;1815)]] (Farther Pomerania and [[Altvorpommern|southern Vorpommern]]) and [[Swedish Pomerania]] ([[Neuvorpommern|northern Vorpommern]]), and the districts of [[Schivelbein]] and [[Dramburg]], formerly belonging to the [[Neumark]].<ref name="Buchholz, p.366">Buchholz (1999), p.366</ref> While in the [[Kingdom of Prussia]], the province was heavily influenced by the reforms of [[Karl August von Hardenberg]]<ref>Buchholz (1999), pp.393ff</ref> and [[Otto von Bismarck]].<ref name="Buchholz, pp.420ff">Buchholz (1999), pp.420ff</ref> The [[Industrial Revolution]] had an impact primarily on the [[Stettin]] area and the infrastructure, while most of the province retained a rural and agricultural character.<ref name="Buchholz 1999, pp.412,413,464ff">Buchholz (1999), pp.412,413,464ff</ref> Since 1850, the [[net migration rate]] was negative, [[Pomeranians (German people)|Pomeranians]] emigrated primarily to [[Berlin]], the West German industrial regions and overseas.<ref>Buchholz (1999), pp.400ff</ref> Also, more than 100,000 Kashubian Poles emigrated from Pomerania between 1855 and 1900, for economic and social reasons, in what is called the [[Kashubian diaspora]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bambenek.org/kashubia/the-kashubian-emigration/|title=The Kashubian Emigration – Bambenek.org|website=bambenek.org|language=en-US|access-date=2017-07-24}}</ref> In areas where ethnically Polish population lived along with ethnic Germans a virtual apartheid existed (in Prussian Pomerania this was mostly the [[Lauenburg and Bütow Land]]), with bans on Kashubian or Polish language and religious discrimination, besides attempts to colonize areas of prevailingly ethnically Polish population with ethnic Germans<ref>A history of modern Germany, 1800-2000 Martin Kitchen Wiley-Blackwel 2006, page 130)</ref> the [[Prussian Settlement Commission]], established in 1886 and restricted to act in Posen and West Prussia provinces only, parcelled acquired noble [[latifundium|latifundia]] into 21,727 homesteads of an average of 13 to 15 hectares, introducing 154,000 ethnic German colonists before World War I, which were all outside of Prussian Pomerania, but are also located in areas today denominated as Pomerania in Polish geography.<ref>Andrzej Chwalba - ''Historia Polski 1795-1918'' page 461</ref> This was surpassed after 1892 by efforts of new private initiatives by [[Poles in Germany#History|minority of ethnically Polish Germans]], but a majority in wide parts of Posen and West Prussia province, who founded the Prussian banks ''Bank Ziemski'', ''Bank Społek Zarobkowych'' (cooperative central clearing bank) and land acquisition cooperatives (spółki ziemskie)<ref>[https://www.poznan.pl/mim/s8a/czy-wiesz-ze,doc,576/rozwoj-polskiej-bankowosci-w-poznaniu-rozpoczal-sie-w-2-polowie-xix-wieku,30958.html "Rozwój polskiej bankowości w Poznaniu rozpoczął się w 2. połowie XIX wieku"], on: [https://www.poznan.pl/ ''POZnan*''], retrieved on 5 August 2021.</ref> which collected private funds and succeeded to buy more latifundia from defaulted owners and settle more ethnically Polish Germans as farmers on the parcelled land than their governmentally funded counter-party. A big success of the Prussian activists for the Polish nation.

After the [[First World War]], under the terms of the [[Treaty of Versailles]], the [[Pomeranian Voivodeship (1919–1939)|Pomeranian Voivodeship]] of the [[Second Polish Republic]] was established from the bulk of [[West Prussia]]. Poland became a democracy and introduced the [[women's right to vote]] in 1918.<ref>Poland became a democracy and introduced women's right to vote God's Playground: A History of Poland, By Norman Davies, Columbia University Press, 1982, p. 302</ref>

The German minority in the newly created Polish Republic moved to Germany in large numbers, mostly of their own free will and due to their economic situation.<ref name="Blanke, pp.32ff">Richard Blanke, Orphans of Versailles, p32ff, 1993</ref> For use as a harbor within the [[Polish Corridor]], Poland built a large Baltic port at the site of the former village [[Gdynia]]. Also under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, the [[Danzig]] (Gdańsk) area became the [[Free City of Danzig]], a city-state under [[League of Nations]] protection.

After the [[Kaiser]]'s abdication, democracy and the women's right to vote were introduced to the [[Weimar Republic]] and through it to the [[Free State of Prussia]] and the Province of Pomerania of which it was a part.<ref name="Buchholz, pp.472ff">Buchholz (1999), pp.472ff</ref> The economic situation worsened due to the consequences of World War I and the worldwide [[recession]].<ref name="Buchholz, pp.443ff,481ff">Buchholz (1999), pp.443ff,481ff</ref> As in the Kingdom of Prussia before, Pomerania was a stronghold of the nationalistic and anti-Semitic<ref name="Nicholls">Adolf Hitler: a biographical companion David Nicholls page 178 November 1, 2000 ''The main nationalist party the German National People's Party DNVP was divided between reactionary conservative monarchists, who wished to turn the clock back to the pre-1918 Kaisereich, and more radical volkisch and anti-semitic elements. It also inherited the support of old Pan-German League, whose nationalism rested on belief in the inherent superiority of the German people''</ref> [[German National People's Party]].<ref name="Buchholz, pp.377ff,439ff,491ff">Buchholz (1999), pp.377ff,439ff,491ff</ref> Between 1920 and 1932, the government of the state of Prussia was led by the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democrats]], with [[Otto Braun]] Prussian minister-president almost continuously during this time.

=== Timeline 1806&ndash;1933 ===
[[Image:Ruegen 038.jpg|thumb|[[Narrow gauge railway]]s like "[[Rügensche Kleinbahn]]", operating since 1895, were built in all of Pomerania during the late 19th century.<ref>Buchholz (1999), p.464</ref>]]
[[Image:Binz Kurhaus.JPG|thumb|Since the late 19th century, the Pomeranian coast is a tourist resort. In [[Binz]], tourism started in the 1860s.]]
*1806&ndash;1813: [[Napoleonic Wars]] in Pomerania<ref name="pp.363,364">Buchholz (1999), pp.363,364</ref>
*1806: [[Gustavia, Rügen|Gustavia]] constructed.<ref>Asmus</ref>
*1806/7: French forces take [[Province of Pomerania (1653&ndash;1815)|Province of Pomerania]] except for [[Kołobrzeg|Kolberg]].<ref name="pp.363,364"/>
*1807: [[Battle of Stralsund (1807)|Battle of Stralsund]] and [[Siege of Kolberg (1807)|Siege of Kolberg]]
*1807: [[Peace of Tilsit]], Prussia surrenders.<ref name="pp.363,364"/>
*1808: French troops withdraw from the [[Province of Pomerania (1653–1815)|Province of Pomerania]].<ref name="pp.363,364"/>
*1809: [[Ferdinand von Schill]] killed in the [[Battle of Stralsund (1809)]]
*1812: French forces invade Swedish Pomerania and again occupy the Prussian [[Province of Pomerania (1653–1815)|Province of Pomerania]].<ref name="pp.363,364"/>
*1812: [[Convention of Tauroggen]], Pomeranian corps led by [[Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg]] turns against France.<ref name="pp.363,364"/>
*1813: Mobilization in the Prussian parts of Pomerania against France, [[Russian Empire|Russian forces]] occupy the Prussian [[Province of Pomerania (1653-1815)|Province of Pomerania]], French forces withdraw.<ref name="pp.363,364"/>
*1815: [[Congress of Vienna]]: [[Prussia]] gains Swedish Pomerania.
*1815: reorganization of the [[Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)|Province of Pomerania]]: Swedish Pomerania and the [[Dramburg]] and [[Schivelbein]] counties merged into the [[Province of Pomerania (1653&ndash;1815)|former province]], administrative reforms implemented.<ref name="Buchholz, p.366">Buchholz (1999), p.366</ref>
*1815: With the [[Kingdom of Prussia]], the [[Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)|Province of Pomerania]] and [[West Prussia]] join the [[German Confederation]] (1815&ndash;1866).
*1829&ndash;1878: [[West Prussia]] merged with [[East Prussia]] into [[Province of Prussia]].
*since 1840: introduction of a [[railway]] system<ref name="Buchholz 1999, pp.412,413,464ff"/>
*1839: [[Marcin Dunin]], archbishop of Poznań and Gniezno, primate of Poland, is imprisoned by Prussian authorities in Kołobrzeg.<ref>Na stolicy prymasowskiej w Gnieźnie i w Poznaniu: szkice o prymasach Polski w okresie niewoli narodowej i w II Rzeczypospolitej : praca zbiorowa Feliks Lenort Księgarnia Św. Wojciecha, 1984, pages 139-146</ref>
*1846: 100 [[Kashubians]] led by [[Florian Ceynowa]] fail in an attempt to take the [[Prussia]]n garrison [[Preußisch Stargard]] (Starograd Gdański) as part of anti-Prussian uprising.<ref>Ireneus Lakowski, ''Das Behinderten-Bildungswesen im Preussischen Osten: Ost-West-Gefälle, Germanisierung und das Wirken des Pädagogen Joseph Radomski'', LIT Verlag Berlin-Hamburg-Münster, 2001, pp.25ff, {{ISBN|3-8258-5261-X}}</ref>
*1848: Poles stage an uprising in southern Pomerelia, engage in fights [[Tuchola Forest]] against Prussian soldiers.
*1862: [[Oder]] and [[Świna|Swine]] deepened, heavy industry settled in [[Szczecin|Stettin]].<ref>Buchholz (1999), pp.413ff,447ff</ref>
*1867: with the [[Kingdom of Prussia]], the [[Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)|Province of Pomerania]] and Pomerelia within the [[Province of Prussia]] join the [[North German Confederation]] (1867–1871).
*since 1870: considerable [[tourism]] at the [[Baltic Sea|Baltic coast]], former fishing villages are turned into seaside resorts<ref>Buchholz (1999), p.465</ref>
*1871: with the Kingdom of Prussia, the Province of Pomerania (and Pomerelia within the Province of Prussia) join the [[German Empire]] (1871&ndash;1918).
*1872, 1875, 1891: administrative reforms<ref>Buchholz (1999), pp.420ff,453</ref>
*1878: [[West Prussia]] reestablished.
*1918: [[German Revolution of 1918–1919|November Revolution]] after [[World War I]], "soldiers' and workers' councils" take over most Pomeranian towns.<ref name="Buchholz, p.471">Buchholz (1999), p.471</ref>
*1919: [[Treaty of Versailles]]: West Prussia dissolved, Pomerelia becomes part of the [[Second Polish Republic]] as part of [[Pomeranian Voivodeship (1919–1939)|Pomeranian Voivodeship]], [[Danzig]] (Gdańsk) made [[Free City of Danzig]].
*1919: Counter-revolution, [[Freikorps]] active in German Pomerania.<ref name="Buchholz, p.472">Buchholz (1999), p.472</ref>
*1920: new democratic constitution of the [[Free State of Prussia]] now within the [[Weimar Republic]]<ref>Buchholz (1999), pp.443ff,472ff</ref>
*1920: Pomeranian [[Freikorps]] participate in the [[Kapp Putsch]].<ref name="Buchholz, p.472"/>
*since 1920: Poles construct [[Gdynia]] as their port city in Pomerelia (then the Pomeranian Voivodeship) and connect it to [[Upper Silesia]]n industry by the [[Polish Coal Trunk-Line]].
*1920s: economic [[recession]] in the German parts of Pomerania<ref name="Buchholz, pp.443ff,481ff"/>
*1932: [[Regierungsbezirk]] [[Stralsund]] merged into [[Regierungsbezirk]] [[Stettin]].

== Nazi era ==
{{main|History of Pomerania (1933-1945)}}
[[Image:KL Stutthof 01.jpg|thumb|left|[[Stutthof concentration camp]], former [[Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia]], site of the deaths of 85,000 people]]
[[File:Trzeszczyn pomnik.jpg|thumb|Memorial to the victims of [[Nazi camps]] in a town named [[Police, West Pomeranian Voivodeship|Police]] (at that time German: ''Pölitz'') situated in [[Trzeszczyn]], [[Wkrzańska Heath]]]]

In 1933, the [[Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)|Province of Pomerania]], like all of Germany, [[Enabling act of 1933|came under control of]] the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi regime]]. During the following years, the [[Nazis]] led by [[Gauleiter]] [[Franz Schwede-Coburg]] manifested their power by [[Gleichschaltung]] and repression of their opponents.<ref name="Buchholz, pp.500ff,509ff">Buchholz (1999), pp.500ff,509ff {{ISBN|3-88680-272-8}}</ref> [[Pomerelia]] then formed the [[Polish Corridor]] of the [[Second Polish Republic]]. Concerning Pomerania, Nazi diplomacy aimed at incorporation of the [[Free City of Danzig]] and a transit route through the corridor, which was rejected by the Polish government.<ref name="Fest, pp.575-577">Joachim C. Fest, ''Hitler'', Harcourt Trade, 2002, pp.575-577, {{ISBN|0-15-602754-2}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=qnnlUEDZZIAC&dq=hitler+rapprochment+poland&pg=PA576]{{Dead link|date=August 2024|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

In 1939, the German [[Wehrmacht]] [[Invasion of Poland|invaded Poland]]. Inhabitants of the region from all ethnic backgrounds were subject to numerous atrocities by Nazi Germany forces, of which the most affected were Polish and Jewish civilians.<ref>Max Kerner, Verband der Historiker und Historikerinnen Deutschlands, ''Eine Welt, eine Geschichte?: 43. Deutscher Historikertag in Aachen, 26. Bis 29. September 2000: Berichtsband'', Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 2000, p.226, {{ISBN|3-486-56614-8}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=S8nsdMcJq4cC&dq=selbstschutz+danzig&pg=PA62]</ref><ref>Bernhard Chiari, Jerzy Kochanowski, Germany Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt, ''Die polnische Heimatarmee: Geschichte und Mythos der Armia Krajowa seit dem zweiten Weltkrieg'', Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 2003, pp.59,60, {{ISBN|3-486-56715-2}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=8vC2HudUgX0C&dq=selbstschutz+danzig&pg=PA60]</ref><ref>Detlef Brandes, ''Der Weg zur Vertreibung 1938-1945: Pläne und Entscheidungen zum"transfer" der Deutschen aus der Tschechoslowakei und aus Polen'', Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 2005, p.62, {{ISBN|3-486-56731-4}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=S8nsdMcJq4cC&dq=selbstschutz+danzig&pg=PA62]</ref> Pomerelia was made part of [[Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia]]. The Nazis set up [[concentration camps]], ethnically cleansed Poles and Jews, and systematically exterminated Poles, Roma and the Jews. In Pomerania Albert Forster was directly responsible for extermination of non-Germans in [[Danzig-West Prussia]]. He personally believed in the need to engage in genocide of Poles and stated that "We have to exterminate this nation, starting from the cradle",<ref>Eugenia Bozena Klodecka-Kaczynska, Michal Ziólkowski (1 Jan 2003), ''Bylem numerem: swiadectwa z Auschwitz'', page 14. Wydawn. Sióstr Loretanek.</ref><ref>[[Barbara Bojarska]] (1989), ''Piasnica, miejsce martyrologii i pamieci: z badan nad zbrodniami hilerowskimi na Pomorzu''. Page 20. "Szczególny niepokój wywolala wsród mieszkanców jego wyrazna zapowiedz akcji zaglady Polaków, streszczajaca sie chocby w tym jednym zdaniu: Musimy ten naród wytepic od kolyski poczawszy."</ref><ref>Dieter Schenk (2002), ''Albert Forster: gdanski namiestnik Hitlera : zbrodnie hitlerowskie w Gdansku i Prusach Zachodnich'', POLNORD - Gdansk, page 388.</ref>{{Verify source|date=March 2019}} and declared that Poles and Jews were not human.<ref>Danuta Drywa (2001), ''Zaglada Zydów w obozie koncentracyjnym Stutthof Muzeum Stutthof w Sztutowie.'' "Polityke eksterminacyjna na Pomorzu Gdanskim mial bezposrednio realizowac gauleiter Okregu Gdansk-Prusy Albert Forster."</ref><ref>Dieter Schenk (2002), ''Albert Forster: gdanski namiestnik Hitlera'', page 221. "...postawe Forstera, który nie poczuwal sie do jakiejkolwiek winy, zwlaszcza w przypadkach, gdy chodzilo - w jego mniemaniu - o „podludzi" w rodzaju prostytutek, Polaków i Zydów, o których zazwyczaj mówiono ''element''".</ref>

Around 70 camps were set up for Polish populations in Pomerania where they were subjected to murder, torture and in case of women and girls, rape before executions.<ref>Maria Wardzynska: ''Byl rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczenstwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion.'' Warszawa: Instytut Pamieci Narodowej, 2009. {{ISBN|978-83-7629-063-8}} page 17</ref><ref>[[Barbara Bojarska]]: ''Eksterminacja inteligencji polskiej na Pomorzu Gdanskim'', page 67.</ref>{{Verify source|date=March 2019}} Between 10 and 15 September Forster organised a meeting of top Nazi officials in his region and ordered the immediate removal of all "dangerous" Poles, all Jews and Polish clergy<ref name="Dieter Schenk 2002. page 212-213">Dieter Schenk (2002): ''Albert Forster. Gdanski namiestnik Hitlera.'' Gdansk: Wydawnictwo Oskar. {{ISBN|83-86181-83-4}}, pages 212-213.</ref> In some cases Forster ordered executions himself.<ref name="Dieter Schenk 2002. page 215">Dieter Schenk (2002): ''Albert Forster. Gdanski namiestnik Hitlera.'' Gdansk: Wydawnictwo Oskar. {{ISBN|83-86181-83-4}}, page 215.</ref> On 19 October he reprimanded Nazi officials in the city of Grudziadz for not "spilling enough Polish blood".<ref>[[Barbara Bojarska]]: ''Eksterminacja inteligencji polskiej na Pomorzu Gdanskim'', page 66.</ref>
 		 	
=== Timeline 1933&ndash;1945 ===
[[Image:Kolobrzeg1945.JPG|thumb|[[World War II]] [[Battle of Kolberg (1945)|devastated Kolberg (Kolobrzeg)]], like most of Pomerania.]]
*1933/1934: [[Enabling Act of 1933]] established [[Nazi]] rule in the German [[Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)|Province of Pomerania]]. [[Gleichschaltung]] of the Province of Pomerania's administration, institutions and society. Repressions and internment of opponents. Establishment of an [[Sturmabteilung|SA]]-led "wild" [[concentration camp]] in [[Stettin]].<ref name="Buchholz, pp.500ff,509ff"/>
*1934: Nazi party headquarters cleansed the Pomeranian Nazi movement of inner-party opponents and exchanged many of the staff.<ref name="Buchholz, pp.500ff,509ff"/>
*1938: [[Grenzmark Posen-West Prussia]] and two [[Brandenburg]]ian counties merged into the German [[Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)|Province of Pomerania]].
*1938: several counties from [[Mazovia]] and [[Greater Poland]] were joined to the Polish [[Pomeranian Voivodship]], and her capital was moved from [[Toruń]] (Thorn) to [[Bydgoszcz]] (Bromberg).
*1938: [[Reichskristallnacht]]: synagogues destroyed, all male [[Stettin]] [[Jews]] deported to [[Oranienburg concentration camp]] for several weeks<ref name="Buchholz, p.510">Buchholz (1999), p.510</ref>
*1939: [[Nazi Germany]] [[Invasion of Poland|invades Poland]] and annexes Pomerelia and the [[Free City of Danzig]], which were made part of the Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia.
*since 1939: atrocities by German [[Selbstschutz]] units and mass murder of the Polish, Kashubian and Jewish population of Danzig-West Prussia at [[Stutthof concentration camp]] and in the [[Mass murders in Piaśnica]] as part of the [[Intelligenzaktion in Pomerania]]
*1940: deportation of all Jews from German Pomerania, including non-Jewish spouses living in [[Anti-miscegenation laws#Nazi Germany|mixed marriages]], who had resisted pressure to divorce, to a reservation near [[Lublin]] in annexed Poland, where later they were murdered at the extermination camps of [[Bełżec extermination camp|Belzec]], [[Majdanek]] and [[Sobibor]], prepared according to the [[Nisko Plan]]; [[Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)|Province of Pomerania]] declared [[judenfrei]].<ref name=Adelsberger138/><ref name=Trunk133/><ref name=Yahil138/><ref name=Gilbert14/><ref name=Favez33/><ref name=Yad69/><ref name=Stoltzfus130/><ref name=Mendelsohn131/><ref name=Buchholz506/><ref name=Nitecki13ff/>
*1945: [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] capture following the [[Red Army]]'s [[East Pomeranian Offensive]] and the northern theater of the [[Battle of Berlin]], all of Pomerania [[Soviet Military Administration in Germany|under Soviet military control]].<ref name="Buchholz, pp.512-515">Buchholz (1999), pp.512-515</ref> [[Mass suicide in Demmin|Mass suicides]], [[Flight and expulsion of Germans from Poland during and after World War II|evacuations, flight, expulsion]].<ref>{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oGmTs2SceAgC&q=pomerania |title="Cleansing" Poland of Germans: the Province of Pomerania 1945-1949| first=Stanislaw| last=Jankowiak |year=2001|page=87|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780742510944}} in Philipp Ther: ''Redrawing Nations: Ethnic Cleansing in East-Central Europe, 1944-1948''</ref>

== Communist era and recent history ==
{{main|History of Pomerania (1945–present)}}
[[File:Pomeraniamap.png|thumb|Historical [[Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)|Province of Pomerania]] (yellow) superimposed on modern Germany (red) and Poland (blue)]]
[[File:Port lotniczy Szczecin-Goleniów.jpg|thumb|[["Solidarity" Szczecin–Goleniów Airport]]]]
[[File:Szczecin CD Przelomy (4).jpg|thumb|Centrum Dialogu „Przełomy”, a part of the [[National Museum, Szczecin|National Museum in Szczecin]]]]
[[File:Nowe Warpno Plac Zwycięstwa.JPG|thumb|[[Nowe Warpno]] - a popular destination for regional tourism near the border between Poland and Germany, close to [[Altwarp]]]]

In 1945, Pomerania was taken by the [[Red Army]] and [[Polish Armed Forces in the East]] during the [[East Pomeranian Offensive]] and the [[Battle of Berlin]].<ref>Buchholz (1999), pp.511-515</ref> After the [[Oder-Neisse line|post-war border changes]], the [[Flight and expulsion of Germans from Poland during and after World War II|German population that had not yet fled was expelled]] from what in Poland was propagated<ref name="Cordell_1999">Tomasz Kamusella and Terry Sullivan in Karl Cordell, ''Ethnicity and Democratisation in the New Europe'', 1999, p.169: "[the term "recovered territories" was] christened so by the Polish communist-cum-nationalist propaganda", {{ISBN|0-415-17312-4}}, {{ISBN|978-0-415-17312-4}}</ref> to be [[Recovered Territories|recovered territory]].<ref name="Geoffrey Hosking 1997, p.153">Geoffrey Hosking, George Schopflin, ''Myths and Nationhood'', 1997, p.153, {{ISBN|0-415-91974-6}}, {{ISBN|978-0-415-91974-6}}</ref><ref>Joanna B. Michlic, ''Poland's Threatening Other: The Image of the Jew from 1880 to the Present'', 2006, pp.207-208, {{ISBN|0-8032-3240-3}}, {{ISBN|978-0-8032-3240-2}}</ref><ref>Norman Davies, ''God's Playground: A History of Poland in Two Volumes'', 2005, pp.381ff, {{ISBN|0-19-925340-4}}, {{ISBN|978-0-19-925340-1}}</ref><ref>Jan Kubik, ''The Power of Symbols Against the Symbols of Power: The Rise of Solidarity and the Fall of State Socialism in Poland'', 1994, pp.64-65, {{ISBN|0-271-01084-3}}, {{ISBN|978-0-271-01084-7}}</ref> The area east of the [[Oder]] and the [[Szczecin]] (former Stettin) area was resettled primarily with Poles, who themselves were expelled from [[Kresy|Eastern Poland]] that was re-attached to the USSR. Most of the German cultural heritage of the region was destroyed.<ref>Dan Diner, Raphael Gross, Yfaat Weiss, ''Jüdische Geschichte als allgemeine Geschichte'', p.164</ref><ref>Gregor Thum, ''Die fremde Stadt. Breslau nach 1945'', 2006, p.344, {{ISBN|3-570-55017-6}}, {{ISBN|978-3-570-55017-5}}</ref> Most of [[Western Pomerania]] stayed with Germany and was merged into [[Mecklenburg]].

With the consolidation of [[Communism]] in [[East Germany]] and Poland, Pomerania was part of the [[Eastern Bloc]]. In the 1980s, the [[Solidarność]] movement in [[Gdańsk]] (Danzig) and the [[Die Wende|Wende]] movement in [[East Germany]] forced the Communists out of power and led to the establishment of [[democracy]] in both the Polish and German part of Pomerania.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}

=== Timeline 1945&ndash;present ===
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Refugee trek eastern Germany 1945.jpg|thumb|160px|The [[Oder-Neisse line]] divides Pomerania west of [[Szczecin]] (Stettin). All [[Pomeranians (German people)|German Pomeranians]] east of this line [[Flight and expulsion of Germans from Poland during and after World War II|were expelled from what then became Communist Poland]]]] -->

*1945: The [[Oder-Neisse line]] becomes the border between Poland and Germany
*5{{nbsp}}July 1945: In addition, Stettin/Szczecin and the mouth of the Oder River were assigned to Poland by the Soviet Union
*1945&ndash;1949: Soviet military officials east of the [[Oder-Neisse line]] subsequently hand over administration to Polish officials, [[Farther Pomerania]] and the [[Stettin]] area reorganized in the Polish [[Szczecin Voivodeship (1946–1975)|Szczecin Voivodeship]]<ref name="Piskorski 1999, pp.373ff"/>
*1945&ndash;1950: [[Flight and expulsion of Germans from Poland during and after World War II|expulsion of nearly all Germans east of the line]]<ref name="Piskorski 1999, pp.381ff"/><ref name="cadmus.iue.it"/><ref name="Philipp Ther 2001, p.114"/><ref name="Gregor Thum 2006, pp.363"/><ref name="Buchholz 1999, p.515"/>
*Since 1945: [[Farther Pomerania]] and other ethnically cleansed areas dubbed [[Recovered Territories]] and resettled primarily with Poles from Central Poland, but also with Poles from [[Kresy|former eastern Poland]], displaced Poles returning from [[forced labour]] in [[Nazi Germany]], Ukrainians displaced by [[Operation Vistula]], and Jews<ref name="books.google.de"/><ref name="Karl Cordell 2000, p.168"/><ref name=Piskorski406>Piskorski (1999), p.406</ref><ref name="Selwyn Ilan Troen pp.283-284"/>
*since 1945: population in [[Vorpommern]] nearly doubles due to influx of expellees.<ref>Buchholz (1999), pp.515ff</ref>
*1945/46: land reform in German Pomerania ([[Junker#Bodenreform|Bodenreform]])
*1950: [[Koszalin Voivodeship (1950–1975)|Koszalin Voivodeship]] split off [[Szczecin Voivodeship (1946–1975)|Szczecin Voivodeship]].
*1946&ndash;1952: [[Western Pomerania]] (Vorpommern) without the Stettin/Szczecin area and Wollin/Wolin was fused with [[Mecklenburg]] to form the [[East Germany|East German]] state of [[Mecklenburg-Vorpommern]], later [[Mecklenburg]].<ref name="Buchholz, p.519"/>
*since 1948: Poland adopts Soviet style economy.
*since 1949: East Germany adopts Soviet style economy.
*since 1950: [[Western Pomerania]]n peasants forced to join [[Landwirtschaftliche Produktionsgenossenschaft|socialist LPG units]]<ref>[http://www.buergerimstaat.de/1_2_99/laender10.htm Heinrich-Christian Kuhn, ''Mecklenburg-Vorpommern'' in ''Der Bürger im Staat, "Die Bundesländer", Heft 1/2'', 1999]</ref><ref>Beatrice Vierneisel, ''Fremde im Land: Aspekte zur kulturellen Integration von Umsiedlern in Mecklenburg und Vorpommern 1945 bis 1953'', 2006, p.13, {{ISBN|3-8309-1762-7}}, {{ISBN|978-3-8309-1762-5}}</ref><ref name="Buchholz, p.521">Buchholz (1999), p.521</ref>
*1952: German Pomerania partitioned between [[Administrative divisions of East Germany|newly created administrative units]] ("[[Bezirk]]") [[Bezirk Rostock|Rostock]], [[Bezirk Neubrandenburg|Neubrandenburg]], and [[Bezirk Frankfurt|Frankfurt]].<ref name="Buchholz, p.519">Buchholz (1999), p.519</ref>
*1970: [[Polish 1970 protests]]
*1975: administrative reform of the [[Szczecin Voivodeship (1975–1998)|Szczecin Voivodeship]]
*1980: [[Solidarność]] movement emerges in Gdańsk and Szczecin, Communist rule in Poland starts to collapse.
*1986: new port built in [[Sassnitz]]-Neu Mukran for the railway ferry between East Germany and the Soviet Union
*1989: [[Die Wende]] movement results in a collapse of Communist rule in [[East Germany]].{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}
*1990: [[Western Pomerania]] becomes part of the newly re-established state of [[Mecklenburg-Vorpommern]] prior to [[German reunification]].
*1990: systematical decline of shipbuilding in Polish Pomerania
*1995: [[Pomerania euroregion]] established
*1999: [[Koszalin Voivodeship (1975–1998)|Koszalin Voivodeship]] and [[Szczecin Voivodeship (1975–1998)|Szczecin Voivodeship]] with some parts of neighboring voivodeships [[Słupsk Voivodeship]], [[Piła Voivodeship]], and [[Gorzów Voivodeship]] merged into [[West Pomeranian Voivodeship]].{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}
*2007: the whole Pomerania in [[Schengen Area]].
*2011: new administrative division of [[Mecklenburg-Vorpommern]]

== See also ==
* [[History of Denmark]]
* [[History of Germany]]
* [[History of Poland]]
* [[History of Sweden]]

==Sources==

===References===
{{reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |title=''Medieval Missionary: A Study of the Conversion of Northern Europe Ad 500 to 1300'' |last= Addison |first= James Thayer |year=2003 |publisher=[[Kessinger Publishing]] |isbn=0-7661-7567-7}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.ruegen.de/gustavia.html|title=Gustavia - Ein schwedisches Hafen- und Stadtprojekt für Mönchgut|last=Asmus|first=Ivo|publisher=rügen.de|language=de, sv|access-date=20 December 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618152137/http://www.ruegen.de/gustavia.html|archive-date=18 June 2010}}
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Beck |editor1-first= Heinrich | editor2-last=Geuenich |editor2-first= Dieter | editor3-last=Steuer |editor3-first= Heiko |title= [[Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde|Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde Band 23]]|publisher= Walter de Gruyter|year=2003|isbn= 3-11-017535-5}}
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Beck |editor1-first= Heinrich | editor2-last=Geuenich |editor2-first= Dieter | editor3-last=Steuer |editor3-first= Heiko |title= [[Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde|Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde Band 25]]|publisher= Walter de Gruyter|year=2004|isbn= 3-11-017733-1}}
*{{cite book |editor1-last= Buchholz |editor1-first= Werner |title= Pommern |year=2002 |publisher= Siedler |language=de|isbn= 3-88680-780-0}}
*{{cite book |last1=Harck|first1=Ole|author2-link=Christian Lübke|last2=Lübke|first2=Christian|title= Zwischen Reric und Bornhöved: Die Beziehungen zwischen den Dänen und ihren slawischen Nachbarn vom 9. Bis ins 13. Jahrhundert: Beiträge einer internationalen Konferenz, Leipzig, 4.-6. Dezember 1997 |year=2001 |publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag |language=de|isbn= 3-515-07671-9}}
*{{cite book|title=Geschichte in Daten. Mecklenburg-Vorpommern|first1=Gerhard|last1=Heitz|first2=Henning|last2=Rischer|publisher=Koehler&Amelang|location=Münster-Berlin|year=1995|isbn=3-7338-0195-4|language=de}}
*{{cite book |last1= Herrmann |first1= Joachim |title= Die Slawen in Deutschland |year=1985 |publisher= Akademie-Verlag |location=Berlin |language=de|isbn= 3-515-07671-9}}
*{{cite book |title=Die Geschichte Pommerns |last=Inachin |first=Kyra|author-link=Kyra T. Inachin|year=2008 |publisher=Hinstorff |location=Rostock |isbn=978-3-356-01044-2}}
*{{cite book |last1= Krause|first1= Gerhard |last2= Balz|first2= Horst Robert |editor-first= Gerhard |editor-last= Müller|editor-link= Gerhard Müller (Lutheran theologian) |publisher= [[De Gruyter]] |title= [[Theologische Realenzyklopädie]]|year=1997|isbn= 3-11-015435-8}}
*{{cite book |last1=Piskorski|first1=Jan Maria|title= Pommern im Wandel der Zeiten |year=1999 |publisher=Zamek Ksiazat Pomorskich |language=de|isbn= 83-906184-8-6|oclc=43087092}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==

<!--- This is a collection of sources used for earlier versions of this article. Since they were not attributed to certain paragraphs, it was not possible to move them accordingly when the article was split. -->

'''English:'''
* Boehlke, LeRoy, ''Pomerania – Its People and Its History'', Pommerscher Verein Freistadt, Germantown, WI, U.S.A., 1983.

'''German and Polish:'''
*[[Jan Maria Piskorski]] et al. ([[Werner Buchholz (German historian)|Werner Buchholz]], [[Jörg Hackmann]], [[Alina Hutnikiewicz]], [[Norbert Kersken]], [[Hans-Werner Rautenberg]], [[Wlodzimierz Stepinski]], [[Zygmunt Szultka]], [[Bogdan Wachowiak]], [[Edward Wlodarczyk]]), ''Pommern im Wandel der Zeiten'', Zamek Ksiazat Pomorskich, 1999, {{ISBN|83-910291-0-7}}. This book is a co-edition of several German and Polish experts on Pomeranian history and covers the history of Pomerania, except for [[Pomerelia]], from the earliest appearance of humans in the area until the end of the second millennium. It is also available in a Polish version (''Pomorze poprzez wieki'').

'''Polish:'''
* Gerard Labuda (ed.), ''Historia Pomorza, vol. I (to 1466)'', parts 1–2, Poznań 1969
* Gerard Labuda (ed.), ''Historia Pomorza, vol. II (1466&ndash;1815)'', parts 1–2, Poznań 1976
* Gerard Labuda (ed.), ''Historia Pomorza, vol. III (1815&ndash;1850)'', parts 1–3, Poznań
* Gerard Labuda (ed.), ''Historia Pomorza, vol. IV (1850&ndash;1918)'', part 1, Toruń 2003
* B. Śliwiński, "Poczet książąt gdańskich", Gdańsk 1997

'''German:'''
* [[Werner Buchholz (German historian)|Werner Buchholz]] et al., ''Pommern'', Siedler, 1999/2002, {{ISBN|3-88680-780-0}}, 576 pages; this book is part of the ''Deutsche Geschichte im Osten Europas'' series and covers the history of the [[Duchy of Pomerania]] and [[Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)|Province of Pomerania]] from the 12th century to 1945, and [[Western Pomerania]] after 1945.
* Oskar Eggert, ''Geschichte Pommerns'', Hamburg 1974, {{oclc|2187161}}; this book treats the history of Pomerania from pre-historic times up to about 1500.

{{Pomeranian history}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:History Of Pomerania}}
[[Category:History of Pomerania| ]]
[[Category:Kashubians]]
[[Category:Jomsvikings|Pomerania]]
[[Category:History of Pomerania by period]]
[[Category:Pomerania]]