View source for History of skiing

{{Short description|Skiing from 7000 BC to today}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
[[File:Ski-kampioen Jan Boon demonstreert op Duinrell.ogv|thumb|250px|right|Video demonstration of a variety of ski techniques used in the 1940s]]

[[Skiing]], or traveling over snow on [[ski]]s, has a history of at least eight millennia. The earliest archaeological examples of skis were found in [[Karelia]] (a region in western Russia on the border with Finland) and date to 6000 BCE.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sood |first=Suemedha |title=Where did skiing come from? |work=BBC |date=December 22, 2010 |url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/blog/20101221-travelwise-where-did-skiing-come-from |access-date=March 4, 2017 |archive-date=January 13, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113015816/http://www.bbc.com/travel/blog/20101221-travelwise-where-did-skiing-come-from |url-status=dead}}</ref> Although skiing's origins were purely utilitarian, the modern sport evolved from beginnings in [[Scandinavia]]. In the mid-1800s skiing became a popular recreational activity and sport. In the 20th century it was practiced in snow-covered regions worldwide, providing a market for the development of [[ski resorts]] and their related communities.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Lund |first=Morten |title=A Short History of Alpine Skiing |journal=Skiing Heritage |date=Winter 1996 |volume=8 |issue=1 |url=http://skiinghistory.org/classic/history.html |access-date=October 2, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331184939/http://skiinghistory.org/classic/history.html |archive-date=March 31, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{TOC limit|2}}

==Etymology==
{{further|Ski}}
The word ''ski'' comes from the [[Old Norse]] word {{lang|non|skíð}} which means "cleft wood", "stick of wood" or "ski".<ref>{{cite book |last=Caprona |first=Yann de |date=2014 |title=Norsk etymologisk ordbok |location=Oslo |publisher=Kagge forlag |isbn=978-8-24891-054-1}}</ref> In Old Norse common phrases describing skiing were ''fara á skíðum'' (to travel, move fast on skis), ''renna'' (to move swiftly) and ''skríða á skíðum'' (to stride on skis).<ref>{{cite book |last=Grønvik |first=Ottar |date=2000 |title=O̧ndurdís og o̧ndurgoð: studier over den førkristne religion i Norden |location=Oslo |publisher=Det norske videnskaps-akademi |isbn=8290888325}}</ref> Modern [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] and [[Swedish language|Swedish]], however, do not form a verb from the noun.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sprakradet.no/Vi-og-vart/Publikasjoner/Spraaknytt/Arkivet/spraknytt-2013/Spraknytt-12013/Spraknytt-40-ar/ |title=Språknytt 40 år (1973–2013) |website=Språkrådet |language=no |access-date=2018-08-29}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite book |last=Bleken |first=Brynjulv |date=1973 |title=Riksmål og moderat bokmål: en sammenlignende oversikt |location=Oslo |publisher=Aschehoug |isbn=8203053025}}</ref> Other languages make a verb form out of the noun, such as ''to ski'' in [[English language|English]], {{lang|fr|skier}} in [[French language|French]], {{lang|es|esquiar}} in [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], {{lang|it|sciare}} in [[Italian language|Italian]], {{lang|nl|skiën}} in [[Dutch language|Dutch]], or {{lang|de|schilaufen}} (as above also {{lang|de|Ski laufen}} or {{lang|de|Ski fahren}}) in [[German language|German]].{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}
[[Finnish language|Finnish]] has its own ancient words for skis and skiing: "ski" is {{lang|fi|suksi}} and "skiing" is {{lang|fi|hiihtää}}. The [[Estonian language|Estonian]] ''suusk'' and ''suusatama'' are of the same Finno-Ugric origin.
The [[Sami people|Sami]] also have their own words for "skis" and "skiing": for example, the [[Lule Sami]] word for "ski" is {{lang|smj|sabek}} and skis are called {{lang|smj|sabega}}. The Sami use {{lang|smj|cuoigat}} for the verb "to ski".<ref name=Historical_dictionary_of_Skiing>{{cite book |last=Allen |first=E. John B. |title=Historical Dictionary of Skiing |publisher=Scarecrow Press |series=Historical Dictionaries of Sports |year=2011 |pages=1–14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XayJ60PDwaoC&q=History+of+unequal+length+skis&pg=PA4 |isbn=978-0810879775}}</ref>

==Early archaeological evidence==

[[File:Skidmuseet (02).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Kalvträskskidan]] at the ski exhibition in [[Umeå]] ]]

The oldest information about skiing is based on archaeological evidence. Two regions present the earliest evidence of skis and their use: northern Russia, where the oldest fragments of ski-like objects, dating from about 6300&ndash;5000 BCE were found about 1,200&nbsp;km northeast of [[Moscow]] at Lake Sindor,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Burov |first=Grigori |title=Mesolithic wood artefacts from the site of Vis I in the European North-east of the USSR |journal=The Mesolithic in Europe |year=1985 |pages=392–395}}</ref> and the Altaic region of modern China where 5000-year-old paintings suggest the aboriginal use of skis, though this is still highly debated. <ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last1=Tacon |first1=Paul SC |last2=Huisheng |first2=Tang |last3=Aubert |first3=Maxime |title=Naturalistic animals and hand stencils in the rock art of Xinjiang Uyghur autonomous region, Northwest China |journal=Rock Art Research: The Journal of the Australian Rock Art Research |date=March 2016 |volume=33 |issue=1 |url=https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=050400631479028;res=IELAPA |access-date=8 July 2018}}</ref>

===Rock carvings===

{{see also|Rock carvings at Alta|Onega petroglyphs}}

[[File:Belomorsk petroglyphs18.jpg|thumb|Skiers, [[Petroglyphs of Lake Onega and the White Sea|White Sea rock carvings]], before 2000 BCE]]

The earliest Scandinavian examples of skiing date to 3000 or 4000 [[BCE]] with primitive carvings. An image of a skier holding a single [[Ski pole|pole]] or an ax with both hands, is found in [[Norway]]. The Rødøy carving shows skis of equal length. A rock carving at Norway, from about 1000 or 500 BCE depicts a skier seemingly about to shoot with bow and arrow, with skis positioned in an angle (rather than parallel) to offer good support.<ref name="Weinstock">{{cite journal |url=https://thenorthernreview.ca/index.php/nr/article/view/160/154 |title=The Role of Skis and Skiing in the Settlement of Early Scandinavia |last=Weinstock |first=J. |date=2005 |journal=Northern Review |number=25/26 |page=180}}</ref> [[Rock drawings]] in Norway dated at 4000 BCE<ref>{{cite web|title=Bølamannen|url=http://www.steinkjer-kommune.net/eggevandring/egge/index.php?art_id=310 |website=Steinkjer Kunnskapsportal |access-date=25 September 2012}}</ref> depict a man on skis holding a stick. Near the [[White Sea]] in [[Russia]], rock carvings were discovered in 1926 and dated to 2000 or 2500 [[BCE]]. One of the [[Petroglyphs of Lake Onega and the White Sea|White Sea carvings]] depicts hunting of big game with hunters on equal length skis. The hunters apparently used their bow and spear as poles.<ref name="Weinstock" />

5000-year-old wall paintings suggest skiing had also evolved separately in the [[Xinjiang]] region by the [[Tuvans|Tuvan people]]; however, this continues to be debated.<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{cite news |last=Krichko|first=Kade|title=China's Stone Age Skiers and History's Harsh Lessons |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=19 April 2017|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/19/sports/skiing/skiing-china-cave-paintings.html|access-date=9 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Larsen|first=Nils|title=Origin Story: Where did skiing begin?|website=International Skiing History Association|date=12 June 2017|url=https://www.skiinghistory.org/news/origin-story-where-did-skiing-begin|access-date=9 May 2020}}</ref>

===Ski samples===

The first primitive Scandinavian ski was found in a peat [[bog]] in Hoting in [[Jämtland County]] in [[Sweden]]; it dates back to 4500 or 2500 BCE. In 1938 a ski was found from [[Salla]], Finland that has been dated back to 3245 BCE. Noted examples are the [[Kalvträskskidan]] ski, found in [[Sweden]] and dated to 3300 BCE, and the [[Vefsn Municipality|Vefsn]] [[Nordland]] ski, found in [[Norway]] and dated to 3200 BCE.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://snl.no/ski/historikk |title=Ski |website=[[Store norske leksikon]] |access-date=May 25, 2013}}</ref> There are some 20 findings of ancient well-preserved skis found in drained bogs in Norway, indicating that skis have been widely used in Norway, particularly Northern Norway, since prehistoric times. Skis have also been uncovered in ancient graves.<ref name=Gotaas>{{cite book |last=Gotaas |first=Thor |date=2011 |title=Norge: skisportens vugge |location=Oslo |publisher=Font forlag |isbn=978-8-28169-091-2}}</ref>{{pn|date=April 2025}} In 2014, a ski complete with leather bindings emerged from a [[glacier]] in the [[Reinheimen National Park|Reinheimen]] mountains, Norway. The binding is at a small elevated area in the middle of the 172&nbsp;cm long and 14,5&nbsp;cm wide ski. According to the report the ski is some 1300 years old. Many organic artifacts have been well preserved for several thousand years by the stable glaciers of [[Oppland]] county and emerge when glaciers recede.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nrk.no/ho/varmere-klima-avslorer-fortida-1.11971057 |title=Fant 1300 år gammel ski i Reinheimen |last1=Nordrum |first1=Ivar Arne |last2=Bratterud |first2=Liv-Iren |name-list-style=amp |date=October 6, 2014 |website=NRK News |access-date=October 11, 2014}}</ref> A ski excavated in [[Greenland]] is dated to 1010.<ref>{{cite web |last=Olsen |first=Jan |title=Wiping the snow off Greenland's oldest ski|url=http://www.iol.co.za/scitech/technology/wiping-the-snow-off-greenland-s-oldest-ski-1.224227#.UGEBoaTyba4 |website=[[Independent Online]] |access-date=25 September 2012}}</ref> Based on findings in the Nordic countries and elsewhere, researchers have identified at least three main types of ski: arctic, southern and central Nordic. The arctic type was short and covered with fur, and used from northern Japan in the east to [[Ob river]] in the west. The Sami people probably brought this type to the Nordic region. The southern type had one short and one long ski, and was used in forest areas of Southern Scandinavia and the Baltic countries. The central Nordic type also had one short with fur (the ''andor'') and one long, and was used in large parts of Norway, Sweden and Finland.<ref name=Gotaas />

In 2021, a well-preserved ski at {{convert|187|cm}} length and up to {{convert|17|cm}} wide was found near a shrinking glacier at an elevation of {{convert|1000|m}} in [[Reinheimen National Park|Reinheimen]] (at a mountain plateau between [[Lesjaskogsvatnet]] (in [[Lesja Municipality]]) and [[Bismo]] (in [[Skjåk Municipality]]), Norway. It is estimated to be 1300 years old (that is, from around the year 700). A ski found in 2014 at the same location (some five meters from last find) is believed to belong to the same pair so that the two skis constitute the world's oldest complete set. The skis are made of birch and have leather bindings.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nrk.no/innlandet/1300-ar-gammel-ski-funnet-i-reinheimen-nasjonalpark-1.15676756 |title=Nå er 1300 år gammelt skipar komplett. Dette er verdenshistorie |last1=Malmo |first1=Marianne Duun |last2=Sørenes |first2=Arne |last3=Vollan |first3=Mette |date=5 October 2021 |website=NRK |access-date=15 October 2021}}</ref>

===Writings===

The earliest known texts that mention skiing were written by a [[Western Han dynasty|Western Han Dynasty]] era Chinese scholar estimated between 206 BCE and 225 BCE, and referred to people who had skied in the [[Altai Mountains]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origin Story: Where did skiing begin? |url=https://www.skiinghistory.org/news/origin-story-where-did-skiing-begin |website=International Skiing History Association |access-date=2023-03-01}}</ref> Another ancient text referring to skiing was made by the Byzantine scholar [[Procopius]] in the sixth century CE, who wrote of a people who skied that he called the “scrithiphinnoi,” or “sliding Sami".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chinese or Norwegian: the History of Skiing |url=http://ultimatehistoryproject.com/history-of-skiing.html |website=The Ultimate History Project |access-date=2023-03-01}}</ref>

==Travel and transportation==

[[File:Historiae de gentibus septentrionalibus (15611670976).jpg|thumb|upright|''A Description of the Northern Peoples'' by [[Olaus Magnus]], 1555]]

[[Norse mythology]] describes the god [[Ullr]] and the goddess [[Skaði]] hunting on skis. Ullr and Skaði have later been regarded as the god and goddess of skiing and hunting.<ref name=Saur/> Early historical evidence includes [[Procopius]]' (around CE 550) description of [[Sami people]] as ''skrithiphinoi'' (or ''skridfinns'') translated as "ski running samis" (Sami people were commonly referred to as ''[[Finn (ethnonym)|Finn]]'').<ref name=Saur/> Birkely argues that the Sami people have practiced skiing for more than 6000 years, evidenced by the very old Sami word ''čuoigat'' for skiing.<ref>{{cite book |title=I Norge har lapperne først indført skierne |last=Birkely |first=Hartvig |date=1994 |publisher=Idut |isbn=978-82-7601-011-4}}</ref> [[Paulus Diaconus]] mentioned what may have been Sami and described how they chased animals by a twisted piece of wood that they painstakingly shaped to resemble a bow.<ref name=Gotaas /> Early groups such as [[Sámi people|Sámi]], [[Evenki people|Evenks]],<ref>Nuttall, Mark (2005) [https://books.google.com/books?id=Swr9BTI_2FEC&pg=PA591 ''Encyclopedia of the Arctic''] Routledge p591</ref> [[Nenets]], [[Tuvans]], [[Nanai people|Nanais]], and [[Ainu people|Ainu]] are recorded as using skis in winter hunting and reindeer herding.<ref>Mote, Victor L (2018) [https://books.google.com/books?id=GvZKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT77 ''Siberia: Worlds Apart''] Routledge p77</ref> [[Egil Skallagrimsson]]'s 950 CE saga describes King [[Haakon the Good]]'s practice of sending his tax collectors out on skis.<ref>{{cite book |last=Vaage |first=Jakob |author-link=Jakob Vaage |title=Milepeler og merkedager gjennom 4000 ar |year=1955 |publisher=Norske Skiloperer Ostlandet Nord Oslo |location=Ranheim|pages=9}}</ref> The [[Gulating|Gulating law]] (1274) stated that "No moose shall be disturbed by skiers on private land."<ref name=Saur/>

[[File:No-nb bldsa f3b030.jpg|thumb|[[Fridtjof Nansen]] and his crew pose for the photographer with some of their gear for the 1888 Greenland expedition. From left are: [[Ole Nilsen Ravna|Ravna]], [[Otto Sverdrup|Sverdrup]], Nansen, [[Kristian Kristiansen (explorer)|Kristiansen]], Dietrichson and [[Samuel Balto|Balto]] with Ravna and Balto in [[Sami people|Sami]] clothing. ]]

The saga of King [[Sverre of Norway]] reports how Sverre, around the year 1200, sent troops on ski to patrol the Aker area near Oslo. During Sverre's siege of [[Tønsberg Fortress]], soldiers boldly skied down the steep cliff. According to the saga, [[Haakon IV of Norway]] as a baby in 1206 was transported by soldiers on skis through the hills between [[Gudbrandsdalen]] and [[Østerdalen]] valleys, this event inspired modern-day [[Birkebeinerrennet]] ski marathon.<ref name="Saur" /> [[Ski warfare]], the use of ski-equipped troops in [[war]], is first recorded by the [[Denmark|Danish]] historian [[Saxo Grammaticus]] in the 13th century. The speed and distance that ski troops are able to cover are comparable to that of light [[cavalry]]. Swedish writer [[Olaus Magnus]]'s 1555 ''[[A Description of the Northern Peoples]]'' describes skiers and their climbing skins in [[Scricfinnia]] in what is now Norway.<ref>{{cite web |last=Magnus |first=Olaus |title=Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalibus |url=http://www.ub.uit.no/northernlights/eng/omagnus.htm |access-date=25 September 2012}}</ref> The garrison in [[Trondheim]] used skis at least from 1675, and the Danish-Norwegian army included specialized skiing battalions from 1747 &ndash; details of military ski exercises from 1767 are retained.<ref name=Bergsland>{{cite book |last=Bergsland |first=Einar |author-link=Einar Bergsland |date=1946 |title=På ski |location=Oslo |publisher=Aschehoug}}</ref> Skis were used in military exercises in 1747.<ref>{{cite book |title=SKI Magazine's Encyclopedia of Skiing |year=1979 |publisher=Harper & Row |location=New York |pages=5 |url=http://www.skipolehistory.com/1820.html}}</ref>

A 1593 inventory of the "choicest rarities" on display at the [[Leiden University]] included:<ref>{{cite book|title=A Catalogue of all the cheifest rarities in the publick theatre and anatomie-hall of the university of Leyden| date=1593 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5sA_AAAAcAAJ}}</ref> {{centered pull quote|A Pair of Stilts or Skates, with which the Norwegians, Laplanders, and Finlanders run down high snawy mountaines with almost an incaepible swift pace.}}

In 1799, French traveler Jacques de la Tocnaye visited Norway and wrote in his travel diary:<ref>{{cite book |last=de La Tocnaye |first=Jacques |title=Promenade d'un Français en Suède et en Norvège |year=1801 |publisher=P.F. Fauche et Cie |location=Brunswick}}</ref> {{centered pull quote|In winter, the mail is transported through [[Filefjell]] mountain pass by a man on a kind of snow skates moving very quickly without being obstructed by snowdrifts that would engulf both people and horses. People in this region move around like this. I've seen it repeatedly. It requires no more effort than what is needed to keep warm. The day will surely come when even those of other European nations are learning to take advantage of this convenient and cheap mode of transport.}}
Norwegian immigrants used skis ("Norwegian snowshoes") in the US Midwest from around 1836. Norwegian immigrant "[[Snowshoe Thompson]]" transported mail by skiing across the Sierra Nevada between California and Nevada from 1856.<ref name=Saur/> In 1888, Norwegian explorer [[Fridtjof Nansen]] and his team crossed the Greenland icecap on skis. Norwegian workers on the [[Buenos Aires and Pacific Railway|Buenos Aires - Valparaiso railway line]] introduced skiing in South America around 1890.<ref name=Saur/> In 1910, [[Roald Amundsen]] used skis on his [[Amundsen's South Pole expedition|South Pole Expedition]]. In 1902, the Norwegian [[Consul (representative)|consul]] in Kobe imported ski equipment and introduced skiing to the Japanese, motivated by the death of Japanese soldiers during snowstorms.<ref name=Saur/>

== Military skiing ==
{{Main|Ski warfare}}

In the [[World War I|First World War]], [[Austro-Hungarian Army|Austro-Hungarian troops]] on the Italian front used [[ski]]s and wore [[snow camouflage]] smocks and overtrousers over their [[combat uniform|uniforms]].<ref name="IWM Austro-Hungarian">{{cite web |url=http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/205355172 |publisher=Imperial War Museum |access-date=13 April 2017 |ref=Q 112613 |title=The Austro-Hungarian Army on the Italian Front, 1915–1918}}</ref>

In the [[World War II|Second World War]], the German armed forces published a manual for its ski troops in 1942.<ref name="Skitruppen 1942">German Ski Training and Tactics (Special Series, No.20), Military Intelligence Division, War Department — 31 January 1944; Vorläufige Richtlinien für Ausbildung und Kampf von Skitruppen. — Berlin: A. Seydel, 1942</ref> The 1942 Russian war documentary film ''[[Moscow Strikes Back]]'' shows a scene of a winter attack by Russian ski infantry supported by tanks.<ref>{{cite AV media |title=Moscow Strikes Back |title-link=Moscow Strikes Back |type=motion picture |year=1942 |last=Kopalin |first=Ilya |author-link=Ilya Kopalin |location=20:15<!--timing--> |publisher=[[Central Studio of Newsreels]]}}</ref>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=160 heights=160>
File:Austro-Hungarian ski patrol on Italian front in snow camouflage 1915-1918.jpg|First World War Austro-Hungarian ski patrol on Italian front in [[snow camouflage]], 1915–1918<ref name="IWM Austro-Hungarian"/> 
File:Italian troops on skis at [[La Thuile, Aosta Valley]], 2024
File:Ski patrol.jpg|Bulgarian alpine ski patrol, 1930s
File:Army-Wintertime-during-the-Finnish-Russian-War-1939-1940-142347257236.jpg|A Finnish soldier in a snow suit in the [[Winter War]], 1939–1940
File:The British Army in Norway April - June 1940 N160.jpg|British troops with skis in Norway, April 1940
File:SkiSoldier.png|Drawing of [[World War II|Second World War]] German ski soldier with double sling for rifle, 1942<ref name="Skitruppen 1942"/> 
File:German WW2 snowshoes, skis with cable bindings, ski poles.jpg|German [[snowshoe]]s, skis with [[cable binding]]s and [[ski pole]]s, Norway c. 1942<ref name="Skitruppen 1942"/>
File:551-PIR-maritime-alps-ski-patrol.jpg|Members of French 551st Parachute Infantry Regiment on patrol in the French Alps, 1944
File:Military Parade in Morocco (6).tif|Moroccan soldiers on parade with skis and snow camouflage, 1960
</gallery>

==Sport==

[[File:1874 CA Longboard Racing.png|thumb|Sierra Longboard Racing, 1874]]
[[File:No-nb bldsa k7a004.jpg|thumb|upright|Studio image of [[Fridtjov Nansen]] depicting Norwegian skiing at an 1881 exhibit in Germany]]
[[File:Gabinio.Ciabotta Del Pra Val Pellice-Ing. Kind, Prof.Valbusa-Ing.Benassati-Prime Esercitazioni 124B2.jpg|thumb|Skiers with single poles in the [[Piedmont|Italian Piedmont]], near [[Val Pellice]] in 1898. Among them [[Adolfo Kind]]]]
[[File:Gråkallbakken Trondheim Wilse 06293.jpg|thumb|Ski jumping in [[Trondheim]] 1907]]

The first recorded organized skiing exercises and races are from military uses of skis in Norwegian and Swedish infantries. For instance, details of military ski exercises in the Danish-Norwegian army from 1767 included downhill in rough terrain, target practice while skiing downhill, and 3&nbsp;km cross-country skiing with full military backpack.<ref name=Bergsland/> Slalom (Norwegian: ''slalåm'') is a word of Norwegian origin that has entered the international skiing vocabulary. In the 1800s, skiers in [[Telemark]] challenged each other on "wild slopes" (''ville låmir''), more gentle slopes had the adjective "sla". Some races were on "bumpy courses" (''kneikelåm'') and sometimes included "steep jumps" (''sprøytehopp'') for difficulty. These 19th-century races in Telemark ran along particularly difficult trails usually from a steep mountain, along timber slides, and ended with a sharp turn ("Telemark turn") on a field or icy lake.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bø |first=Olav |date=1993 |title=Skiing throughout history |location=Oslo |publisher=Samlaget |isbn=825-2-138853}}</ref>
* 1809: [[Olaf Rye]] was first known [[ski jumper]].
* 1843: First public skiing competition ("betting race") held in [[Tromsø]], Norway on March 19, 1843. Also the first skiing competition reported in a newspaper.<ref name=Saur>{{cite book |first=Lasse |last=Saur |title=Norske ski - til glede og besvær |series=22 |year=1999 |pages=136 |place=Alta |language=no |publisher=Høgskolen i Finnmark, Avdeling for fritids- og kulturfag |isbn=8279380426}}</ref>
* 1861: First ski clubs: ''Inderøens Skiløberforening'' founded in the [[Trøndelag]] region of Norway<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ystad |first1=Andreas |last2=Sakshaug |first2=Ingevald |title=Inderøyboka. Ei bygdebok for Inderøy, Røra og Sandvollan. |publisher=Inderøy kommune |date=1973 |location=Inderøy, Norway |language=no |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PPonAQAAMAAJ&q=Inderøens+Skiløberforening}}</ref> (possibly in 1862). ''Trysil Skytte- og Skiløberforning'' founded 20 May 1861 in [[Trysil Municipality]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Vaage |first=Jakob |author-link=Jakob Vaage |title=Skienes verden |publisher=Hjemmets forlag |date=1979 |location=Oslo |pages=269 |language=no |isbn=9788270061686}}</ref> The [[Onion Valley]] Snow Shoe Club formed January 1861 in [[Lost Sierra|California]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Onion Valley Snow Shoe Club |encyclopedia=Historical Dictionary of Skiing |date=2012 |last=Allen |first= E. John B. |publisher=Scarecrow Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YTW-Cpm2e1oC&q=Onion%20Valley%20Snow |page=172 |isbn=978-0-81087-977-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84038814/1861-01-30/ed-1/?sp=2&q=club |title=Snow Shoeing for a Belt |date=January 30, 1861 |journal=Daily National Democrat |volume=5 |number=135 |page=2 |location=Marysville, CA |via=Chronicling America}}</ref> [[Skiing in Australia|Skiing established in Australia]] at [[Kiandra, New South Wales|Kiandra]], which led to the founding of the [[Kiandra Snow Shoe Club]].<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://content.time.com/time/travel/article/0,31542,2090310,00.html |last=Neubauer |first=Ian Lloyd |title=The Long Run: Australia's Storied Ski Heaven |date=August 25, 2011 |magazine=TIME |access-date=2015-12-27}}</ref> Ski racing as an organised sport commenced in America.<ref>{{cite web|title=Longboards at Mammoth|url=http://www.thestormking.com/tahoe_nuggets/Nugget_170/nugget_170.html|publisher=Mic Mac Publishing|access-date=25 September 2012}}</ref>
* 1862: First public [[ski jumping]] competition held in [[Trysil Municipality]], Norway, January 22, 1862. Judges awarded points for style ("elegance and smoothness").<ref name=Saur/>
* 1863: First recorded female ski jumper at Trysil competition.<ref name=Saur/>
* 1864: From January 1864, "Trondheim Weapons Training Club" organized regular training and competition races (cross-country and jumping), in [[Trondheim]], Norway.<ref name=Saur/>
* 1872: The oldest ski club in [[North America]] still existing is the [[Nansen Ski Club]],<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.unionleader.com/article/20111107/NEWHAMPSHIRE03/111109924 | title= Union Leader - Nansen Ski Jump gets historical marker (seventh paragraph down) |access-date=December 9, 2011}}</ref> which was founded in 1872 by [[Norwegians|Norwegian]] immigrants of [[Berlin, New Hampshire]] under a different name.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.skinansen.com/history.html | title= History of the Nansen Ski Club | access-date= December 9, 2011 | url-status= dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110904022543/http://www.skinansen.com/history.html | archive-date= September 4, 2011}}</ref>
* 1878: On the occasion of the [[Exposition Universelle (1878)|Exposition Universelle]] in [[Paris]], the Norwegian pavilion presented a display of skis. This ancient means of locomotion drew the attention of visitors who bought many of them. [[Henry Duhamel]] experimented with a pair at [[Chamrousse]] in the [[Alps]].<ref name="Bivouak">{{cite web |url=http://www.bivouak.net/articles/Henri_Duhamel_49.php?id_article=49&id_sport=1 |title=Henri Duhamel |year=2013 |publisher=bivouak.net |access-date=20 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211214408/http://www.bivouak.net/articles/Henri_Duhamel_49.php?id_article=49&id_sport=1 |archive-date=11 December 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Chamrousse">{{cite web |url=http://pistehors.com/backcountry/wiki/Isere-Drome/Chamrousse-Ski-History |title=Chamrousse Ski History |year=2009 |publisher=PisteHors.com |access-date=20 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="FT">{{cite journal |url=http://www.francetoday.com/articles/2010/12/31/top_secret_slopes.html |title=Top Secret Slopes |last=Bolitho |first=Andrea |journal=France Today |date=January 2010 |access-date=20 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216184600/http://www.francetoday.com/articles/2010/12/31/top_secret_slopes.html |archive-date=16 December 2013}}</ref>
* 1879: first recorded use of the word [[slalom skiing|slalom]].<ref name="sondrenorheim.com">{{cite web |title=Skis – Bindings – Telemark Turn – Christiania Turn – Slalom |url=http://www.sondrenorheim.com/skisbindingsstyle.htm |publisher=Sondre Norheim - the Skiing Pioneer of Telemark |access-date=25 September 2012}}</ref>
* 1884: First pure cross-country competition held in [[Trondheim]] when [[ski jumping]] was dropped from the annual competition.<ref>{{cite book |last=Haarstad |first=Kjell |date=1993 |title=Skisportens oppkomst i Norge |location=Trondheim |publisher=Tapir |isbn=978-8-25191-157-3}}</ref>
* 1893: Franz Reisch made first descent on skis at [[Kitzbühel]]<ref name="Schneeschuh">{{cite journal |journal=Der Schneeschuh |title= Mit dem Ski auf das Kitzbichler Horn (1994 m) 1 November 1893 |series= 1st volume |year=1893 |location= Munich |url= https://skikitz.org/site/assets/files/2067/1893-11-01_der_schneeschuh_-_reisch_aufs_horn.pdf}}</ref>
* 1893: [[William Adolf Baillie Grohman]] started skiing in the Tyrol with his family using four pairs of skis sent from Norway as a present.<ref name="TheField">{{cite journal |ref=TheField |first=Olga |last=Watkins |title= The first Skis in the Tyrol |journal=[[The Field (magazine)|The Field]] |issue= November |year=1937 |pages= 1274–1276 |location= London}}</ref>
* 1893: [[Henrik Angell]] introduced skiing in Montenegro.
* November 1895: creation of the ''Ski Club des Alpes'' in [[Grenoble]] by the friends of Henry Duhamel, to whom he had distributed 14 pairs of skis acquired during his trip to Finland
* 1897: The Norwegian [[Starkad Ski Club]], a ski club and literary society, was founded, publishing a journal featuring reports, interviews, poems, plays, and drawings from the early days of skiing in Norway
* 1898: Canadian championships in ski jumping and ski-running won by [[Olaus Jeldness]]
* 1904: First ski race in Italy, at [[Bardonecchia]].<ref name=Bergsland/>
* 1905: foundation of the Czech national ski association <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.czech-ski.com/historie-lyzarstvi |title=Historie lyžařství |website=Svaz lyžařů České republiky |language=cs}}</ref>
* 1905: foundation of the [[U.S. Ski & Snowboard|U.S. national ski association]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ussa.org/about |title=About USSA |access-date=12 November 2012}}</ref>
* 1905/1906: The notion of "slalom" (Norwegian: "slalåm") was used for the first time at a race in Sonnenberg. Skiing between poles with flags called "Wertungsfahren" at Münchenkuggel.<ref name=Bergsland/>
* 1906: A slalom race was held in Oslo.<ref name="Bergsland1952">{{cite book |last=Bergsland |first=Einar |date=1952 |title=Skiing: A way of life in Norway |location=Oslo |publisher=Aschehoug}}</ref>
* 1907: First International Ski Competition, between Montgenevre (in France) and Claviere (in Italy).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Guide to Claviere and Montgenevre published by the Piemonte Regional Government Tourist Office |url=http://www.valsusainfo.it/montgenevre/mobile/index.html#p=4 |page=4 |website=Valsusainfo}}</ref>
* 1908: Sir Arnold Lunn founded the [[Alpine Ski Club]]
* 1908: The [[Kiandra Snow Shoe Club]] of Australia held an "international contest" of "ski running".<ref>{{cite news| title=Ski Running at Kiandra—An International Contest |newspaper=[[The Argus (Melbourne)|The Argus]] |location=Melbourne |page=8 |date=July 6, 1908 |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article10178153 |access-date=2016-01-01}}</ref>
* 1922: start of the [[Vasaloppet]].
* 1922: [[Arnold Lunn]] created modern slalom competitive skiing.<ref name="Bergsland1952" /><ref name="Hussey:9">{{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eFgEAAAAMBAJ&dq=invented+the+slalom&pg=PA9 |title=The Man Who Changed the Face of Alpine Skiing |last=Hussey |first=Elisabeth |name-list-style=amp |date=December 2005 |journal=Skiing Heritage |volume=17 |number=4 |page=9}}</ref>
* 1922: First team ski race event at a [[Varsity Trip]] between Oxford and Cambridge Universities.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Skiing – University Prospects |date=17 December 1929}}</ref>
* 1924: formation of the [[International Ski Federation]], also the first [[1924 Winter Olympics|Winter Olympics]].
* 1924: [[Kandahar Ski Club]] formed in [[Mürren]], [[Switzerland]]<ref name="Kandahar Story">{{cite book |last=Lunn |first=Sir Arnold |title=The Kandahar Story |year=1969 |publisher=George Allen & Unwin |location=London |isbn=0-04-796033-7 |page=101}}</ref>
* 1929: Norwegian instructors arrived in Sapporo and train Japanese in ski jumping.<ref name=Saur/>
* 1931: FIS international slalom contest.<ref name="Bergsland1952" />
* 1932: start of the [[Birkebeinerrennet]]
* 1936: Winter Olympics included downhill race.<ref name="Bergsland1952" />
* 1950: FIS officially included [[Giant slalom|Giant Slalom]] in its alpine events<ref name="Historical_dictionary_of_Skiing" />
* [[1952 Winter Olympics]]: Women's Nordic skiing included for first time
* 1957: Doug Pfeiffer created modern [[freestyle skiing]]<ref name="Historical_dictionary_of_Skiing" />
* 1959: The FIS officially required the wearing of helmets in all races<ref name="Historical_dictionary_of_Skiing" />
* 1960: Cable network [[CBS]] bought the rights to show the Olympic Winter Games, marking the first time [[Instant replay|instant-replay]] is utilized in the sport<ref name="Historical_dictionary_of_Skiing" />
* [[Paralympic cross-country skiing]] included at the [[1976 Winter Paralympics]].
* 1980: After the cross-country skiing event at the Olympic Winter Games was won by 0.01 seconds, the FIS was forced to change the precision of the timing in the events<ref name="Historical_dictionary_of_Skiing" />
* 1992: [[Mogul skiing]] and [[freestyle skiing]] added to the [[1992 Winter Olympics]].
* [[2002 Winter Olympics]]: Appearance of sprint and mass start cross-country events in Salt Lake City.
* 2009: campaign for the inclusion of women's ski jumping led to its inclusion in the [[2014 Winter Olympics]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Timeline |url=http://history.fis-ski.com/ |website=International Ski Federation |access-date=12 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121204193649/http://history.fis-ski.com/ |archive-date=4 December 2012}}</ref>

==Recreation==

[[File:Seks unge kvinner fra Kristiania skiforening, 1890-årene (8592417676) (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Women members of the Christiana (Oslo) [[Association for the Promotion of Skiing|ski club]], ca. 1890]]

* 1820: A newspaper in Oslo, Norway carries an advertisement for the sale of skis<ref name="Historical_dictionary_of_Skiing" />
* 1849: First public "ski tour" organized in [[Trondheim]], Norway.<ref name="Saur" />
* 1868: Mountain resorts became commercially viable when city-dwellers could reach them in winter by train.<ref>{{cite web |last=Masia|first=Seth |title=Ski Trains: A History |url=http://skiinghistory.org/history/ski-trains-history/ |website=International Skiing History Association |access-date=25 September 2012}}</ref>
* 1895: The first yearly "ski book" releases in Norway<ref name="Historical_dictionary_of_Skiing" />
* 1901: First skiing in the [[Pyrénées]] on January 29 at [[La Llagonne]] ([[Pyrénées-Orientales]], [[France]]).<ref>{{66 PHPC}}</ref>
* 1904: The first English book written about skiing, titled ''Ski-running''<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/skirunning00rich/page/106/mode/2up |last=Richardson |first=E.C. |author-link=Ernest Cushing Richardson |date=1904 |title=Ski-running |location=London |publisher=Horace Cox |oclc=1157212706}}</ref>
* 1908: Ski vacations are being advertised and sold in England<ref name="Historical_dictionary_of_Skiing" />
* 1910: First rope tow.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.skiingthebackcountry.com/ski-articles/Early_Skiing_History |title=The Progression of an Obsession: Ski History 4,000 B.C.-1930 |date=2009-02-20 |website=Skiing the back country.com |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304220057/http://www.skiingthebackcountry.com/ski-articles/Early_Skiing_History |archive-date=2016-03-04}}</ref>
* 1923: Museum of skiing opens in Norway<ref name="Historical_dictionary_of_Skiing" />
* 1936: The first [[chair lift]] is introduced at [[Sun Valley, Idaho]]
* 1939: the Sno-Surf is patented in the USA. Made of solid white oak, it has an adjustable strap for the left foot, a rubber mat to hold the right foot, a rope with a loop used to control speed and steer, and a guide stick used to steer. The first commercially successful precursor to the [[snowboard]], the [[snurfer]], was introduced in 1965.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Beginnings of Snowboarding|url=http://www.skimuseum.net/images/upload/PageContent/1328812064.pdf |website=Colorado Ski & Snowboard Museum|access-date=12 November 2012}}</ref>
* 1952: The first major commercial snow-making machinery installed at [[Grossinger's Catskill Resort Hotel]] in New York state, USA.<ref>{{cite web |last=Leich |first=Jeff |title=Chronology of Snowmaking |url=http://newenglandskimuseum.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/snowmaking_timeline.pdf |website=New England Ski Museum |access-date=12 November 2012}}</ref>
* 1970s: [[Telemark skiing]] undergoes a revival possibly inspired by [[Stein Eriksen]] and his book ''Come Ski With Me''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alpenglow.org/ski-history/notes/book/kleppen-1986.html |title=Halvor Kleppen – Telemark Skiing, Norway's Gift to the World |date=2003 |website=Alpenglow Ski History}}</ref>

==Evolution of equipment==

===Skis===
{{Main article|Ski#History}}

Asymmetrical skis were used at least in northern Finland and Sweden up until the 1930s.<ref name=Historical_dictionary_of_Skiing/> On one leg, the skier wore a long straight non-arching ski for sliding, and on the other a shorter ski for kicking. The bottom of the short ski was either plain or covered with animal [[Ski skins|skin]] to aid this use, while the long ski supporting the weight of the skier was treated with animal fat in a similar manner to modern [[ski wax]]ing. An early record of this type of skis survives in the works of [[Olaus Magnus]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Magnus |first=Olaus |author-link=Olaus Magnus |date=1555 |title=[[Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalibus]] |location=Rome |at=First Book, Chapter IIII, Pages 13-14 |quote=Modus celerimus currendi i lignis planis pedibus affixis.}}</ref> He associates them to [[Sami people]] and gives [[Sami languages|Sami]] names of 'savek' and 'golos' for the plain and skinned short ski. Finnish names for these are ''lyly and kalhu'' for long and short ski.

The seal hunters at the [[Gulf of Bothnia]] had developed a special long ski to sneak into shooting distance to the seals' breathing holes, though the ski was useful in moving in the packed ice in general and was made especially long, 3–4 meters, to protect against cracks in the ice. This is called skredstång in Swedish.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.vbm.se/assets/files/Pdf/Vbn_history_69f/1971_2.pdf |title=Jaktredskap och jaktmetoder |last=Gustafsson |first=Peter |date=1971 |journal=Västerbotten |number=2 |page=78 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328015138/http://www.vbm.se/assets/files/pdf/vbn_history_69f/1971_2.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-28}}</ref>

Around 1850, artisans in Telemark, Norway, invent the cambered ski. This ski arches up in the middle, under the binding, which distributes the skier's weight more evenly across the length of the ski. Earlier plank-style skis had to be thick enough not to bow downward and sink in the snow under the skier's weight.<ref name="Evolution of Ski Shape">{{cite web|last=Masia|first=Seth|title=Evolution of Ski Shape|url=http://skiinghistory.org/history/evolution-ski-shape/ |website=International Skiing History Association |access-date=15 November 2012}}</ref> Norheim's ski was also the first with a [[sidecut]] that narrowed the ski underfoot while the tip and tail remained wider. This enabled the ski to flex and turn more easily.<ref name="Evolution of Ski Shape" />

In 1950, [[Howard Head]] introduced the [[Head Standard]], constructed by sandwiching aluminum alloy around a [[plywood]] core. The design included steel edges (invented in 1928 in [[Austria]],<ref name="Evolution of Ski Shape"/>) and the exterior surfaces were made of [[phenol formaldehyde resin]] which could hold wax. This hugely successful ski was unique at the time in having been designed for the recreational market, rather than for racing.<ref name=fry>{{cite book |last=Fry |first=John |title=The story of modern skiing |year=2006 |publisher=University Press of New England |location=Hanover |isbn=978-1-58465-489-6}}</ref>
1962: a [[fibreglass]] ski, [[Kneissl]]'s White Star, was used by [[Karl Schranz]] to win two gold medals at the [[FIS Alpine World Ski Championships]].<ref name=fry/> By the late '60s, fibreglass had mostly replaced aluminum.

In 1975, the [[torsion box]] ski construction design is patented.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bjertaes |first=Gunnar |title=Patent number: 4005875 Ski construction of the torsion box type |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US4005875 |publisher=US Patent Office|access-date=15 November 2012}}</ref> The patent is referenced by Kästle, Salomon, [[Rottefella]], and [[Madshus]], but in fact, torsion box skis became common beginning in 1962 with the introduction of the Dynamic VR7 and VR17 race skis.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Lund|first=Morten|title=Eight Classics: These Skis made history |magazine=Ski |date=January 1975|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7-HCBlUw6EMC&q=dynamic+michal+torsion+box&pg=PT3}}</ref> In 1993, [[Elan (company)|Elan]] introduced the [[Elan SCX]]. These introduced a new ski geometry, common today, with a much wider tip and tail than waist. When tipped onto their edges, they bend into a curved shape and carve a turn. Other companies quickly followed suit, and it was realized in retrospect that "It turns out that everything we thought we knew for forty years was wrong."<ref name="Evolution of Ski Shape"/> The modern [[Twin-tip ski]] was introduced by [[Line Skis|Line]] in 1995.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://lineskis.com/innovation |title=Skiing the wrong way since '95 |website=Line Skis |access-date=2013-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007000859/http://lineskis.com/innovation |archive-date=2013-10-07 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Bindings ===
{{Main article|Ski binding#History}}
[[File:Old ski binding.jpg|thumb|Old ski binding]]
In the early days of skiing the binding was also similar to those of a contemporary snowshoe, generally consisting of a leather strap fastened over the toe of the boot. In the 1800s, skiing evolved into a sport and the toe strap was replaced by a metal clip under the toe. This provided a much greater grip on the boot, allowing the ski to be pushed sideways. The heel strap also changed over time; in order to allow a greater range of motion, a spring was added to allow the strap to lengthen when the boot was rotated up off the ski.

This buckled strap was later replaced by a metal cable.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lert |first1=Wolfgang |title=A Binding Revolution |journal=Skiing Heritage Journal |date=March 2002 |page=26}}</ref> The cable binding remained in use, and even increased in popularity, throughout this period as cross-country skiing developed into a major sport of its own. Change eventually came through the evolution of the [[Rottefella]] binding, first introduced in 1927. The original Rottefella eliminated the heel strap, which held the boot forward in the binding, by drilling small holes in the sole of the boot which fit into pins in the toe piece. This was standardized as the 3-pin system, which was widespread by the 1970s.<ref name=rot>{{cite web |url=http://www.rottefella.no/en/Our-history/ |title=About Us |website=Rottefella |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906104003/http://www.rottefella.no/en/Our-history/ |archive-date=2015-09-06}}</ref> It has now generally been replaced by the NNN system.

The introduction of [[ski lift]]s in 1908 led to the evolution of alpine skiing as a sport. In the past, skiers would have to ski or walk up the hills they intended to ski down. With the lift, the skiers could leave their skis on and would be skiing downhill all the time. The need to unclip the heel for cross-country use was eliminated, at least at resorts with lifts. As lifts became more common, especially with the introduction of the chairlift in 1936, the ski world split into cross-country and downhill, a split that remains to this day.

In 1937, [[Hjalmar Hvam]] broke his leg skiing, and while recuperating from surgery, invented the Saf-Ski toe binding.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Masia |first1=Seth |title=Release! History of Safety Bindings |url=https://skiinghistory.org/history/release-history-safety-bindings |website=International Skiing History Association |access-date=13 October 2014}}</ref>

=== Boots ===
{{Main article|Ski boot#History}}

[[File:SMOM_Bass_boot.JPG|thumb|right|A typical "universal" ski boot of the leather era. This example, by G. H. Bass, includes an indentation around the heel where the cable binding would fit, and a metal plate at the toe for a Saf-Ski release binding. The leather strap is a "long thong", used by downhill skiers to offer some level of lateral control.]]

Ski boots were [[leather]] winter boots, held to the ski with leather straps. As skiing became more specialized, so too did ski boots, leading to the splitting of designs between those for [[alpine skiing]] and [[cross-country skiing (sport)|cross-country skiing]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.skiinghistory.org/news/short-colorful-history-ski-boots |title=A Short, Colorful History of Ski Boots |last=Masia |first=Seth |website=International Skiing History Association}}</ref>

Modern skiing developed as an all-around sport with uphill, downhill, and cross-country portions. The introduction of the [[cable binding]] started a parallel evolution of binding and boot.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wlgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA25 |title=A Binding Revolution |last=Lert |first=Wolfgang |date=March 2002 |journal=Ski Heritage Journal |pages=25–26}}</ref> Boots with the sole extended rearward to produce a flange for the cable to firmly latch became common, as did designs with semi-circular indentations on the heel for the same purpose.

With the introduction of ski lifts, the need for skiing to get to the top of the hill was eliminated, and a much stiffer design was preferred, providing better control over the ski when sliding downhill.

===Glide and grip===
{{main article|Ski wax#History}}
Johannes Scheffer in ''Argentoratensis Lapponiæ'' ("History of Lapland") in 1673 probably gave the first recorded instruction for ski wax application<ref>{{Cite thesis |type=Licentiate |title=Investigation of the most essential factors influencing ski glide |url=http://epubl.ltu.se/1402-1757/2006/03/LTU-LIC-0603-SE.pdf |last=Kuzmin |first=Leonid |year=2006 |publisher=Luleå University of Technology |access-date=2012-10-20 |archive-date=8 February 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060208030005/http://epubl.ltu.se/1402-1757/2006/03/LTU-LIC-0603-SE.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> He advised skiers to use pine tar pitch and rosin. Ski waxing was also documented in 1761.<ref>{{cite book |author=Oberleutnant Hals |title=Om Skismøring |publisher=Skienes Verden |location=Vaage |pages=254}}</ref>

1934 saw limited production of solid [[aluminum]] skis in [[France]]. Wax does not stick to aluminum, so the base under the foot included grips to prevent backsliding, a precursor of modern fish scale waxless skis.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Masia |first=Seth |title=The Wonderful Waxless Ski |journal=Skiing Heritage |date=September 2003 |volume=15 |issue=3}}</ref> In 1970 waxless [[Nordic skiing|Nordic]] skis were made with fishscale bases.<ref name=fry/> Klister, a sticky material, which provides grip on snow of all temperatures that has become coarse-grained as a result of multiple freeze-thaw cycles or wind packing, was invented and patented in 1913 by [[:no:Peter Østbye (skiprodusent)|Peter Østbye]].<ref name=waxing>{{cite magazine |last=Woodward |first=Bob |title=Ski wax made (somewhat) simple—Confused by the wax rainbow? Maybe you've gone too far |magazine=Backpacker |page=14 |publisher=Active Interest Media, Inc. |date=January 1985 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=698DAAAAMBAJ&q=klister+wax&pg=PA14 |access-date=2016-01-16}}</ref> Recent advancements in wax have been the use of [[surfactants]], introduced in 1974 by [[Hertel Wax]], and [[fluorocarbons]], introduced in 1986, to increase water and dirt repellency and increase glide.<ref name=gripandglide>{{cite web |last1=Masia |first1=Seth |title=Grip and Glide: A Short History of Ski Wax |url=https://www.skiinghistory.org/history/grip-and-glide-short-history-ski-wax |website=International Skiing History Association |access-date=11 October 2014}}</ref> Many companies, including [[Swix]], Toko, Holmenkol, Briko, and Maplus are dedicated to ski wax production and have developed a range of products to cover various conditions.

===Poles===
{{main article|Ski pole#History}}
Early skiers used one long pole or spear. The first depiction of a skier with two [[ski pole]]s dates to 1741.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hergstrom |first=P. |title=Beschreibung von dem unter schwedischer Krone gehörigen Lappland |year=1748 |publisher=von Rother |location=Leipzig}}</ref> In 1959 Ed Scott introduced the large-diameter, tapered shaft, lightweight aluminum ski pole.<ref name=fry/>

Early adaptations of the ski pole featured wood or metal baskets above the tip. These designs were deemed too heavy, and following the conclusion of [[World War II]], it became much more common to make the baskets out of some plastic material, a practice which has continued until today.<ref name="Historical_dictionary_of_Skiing" />

In order to better adapt to different styles of skiing, modern skiers use a slightly different pole for each type of skiing. In racing, the poles are typically a much lighter weight, featuring a curve and durable design. [[Cross-country skiing|Cross country]] and [[freestyle skiing]] utilize much longer, straight poles, so as to make it easier for the skier to reach the ground while traversing the mountain. This is particularly important in the uphill portions of the courses featured in cross country skiing.<ref name="Historical_dictionary_of_Skiing" />

=== Goggles ===
The invention of the modern [[Goggles|ski goggle]] came in the 1960's with the creation of the double-lens ski goggle. Created by Bob Smith, an orthodontist from California,<ref>[https://www.skiinghistory.org/lives/bob-smith Bob Smith] skiinghistory.org</ref> these goggles allowed for air flow behind the lens in order to limit fogging and improve the skier's vision.<ref name="fry" /> Although uncommon, injuries to the user's eyes were still occurring due to the use of fragile materials in the lenses of many goggles. It wasn't until the [[ASTM International|ASTM]] passed regulations for the materials with which ski goggles could be made from that this issue was addressed. This specification stated that goggles "...required the lenses to be made either of tempered glass or one of the available lens plastics, [[CR-39]] or [[polycarbonate]]."<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |title=Skiing trauma and safety: seventh international symposium: the Seventh International Symposium on Ski Trauma and Skiing Safety was presented at Chamonix, France, on 11-15 May 1987 |date=1989 |publisher=ASTM |isbn=978-0-8031-1197-4 |editor-last=Johnson |editor-first=Robert J. |series=ASTM STP |location=Philadelphia, PA |editor-last2=American Society for Testing and Materials}}</ref> The strength of these materials was deemed to be shatter-resistant enough for use in ski goggles, though polycarbonate is the best choice of these three. Despite these findings and analysis, in 1984, shortly after the passing of these regulations, it was found that "the mix of lens materials was approximately 78% glass, 11% plastic, and 11% polycarbonate."<ref name=":2" />

Many modern iterations of ski goggles feature technology which allows the skier to quickly swap the type of lens in their goggles, without needing to bring multiple pairs along with them. The lens of these goggles is typically held in place using magnets or a switch system,<ref>{{Cite patent |number=CN206080839U |title=一种滑雪眼镜快速更换镜片的结构 |gdate=2017-04-12 |invent1=梁传庆 |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/CN206080839U/en?q=(replaceable+lens+ski+goggles)&oq=replaceable+lens+ski+goggles}}</ref> and the replacement of these lens can allow the user to swap the amount of tint through which they look to adapt to different lighting situations.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Anderson |first1=A. |last2=Dempsey |first2=P. |name-list-style=amp |date=2015-12-01 |title=Sports Tech:Self-adapting ski goggles |url=https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/journals/10.1049/et.2016.1227 |journal=Engineering & Technology |language=en |volume=10 |issue=12 |pages=84–85 |doi=10.1049/et.2016.1227 |issn=1750-9637|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:Ullr.jpg|11th-century depiction of a hunter on skis from the [[Böksta Runestone]]
File:Nordiska taflor - no-nb digibok 2014031428009-131.jpg|Norwegians skiing with a single pole, 1870.
File:Goldi hunter on skis on ice, holding long spear LCCN2004708051.tif|Asian [[Nanai people|Nanai]] hunter on asymmetrical skis, 1895
File:Kiandra carnival 1900 Charles Kerry.jpeg|[[Kiandra]] "Snow Shoe" (Skiing) Carnival, [[New South Wales, Australia]], in 1900.
File:Lappar i snöstorm av John Bauer.jpg|Depiction of Samis skiing, by [[John Bauer (illustrator)|John Bauer]] ca. 1905.
File:Theodor von Lerch in Japan.jpg|[[Austrians|Austrian]] soldier teaching skiing to the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] in 1911.
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Holmenkollen Ski Museum]]
* [[Kongsberg Skiing Museum]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last=Achard |first=Michel |date=2011 |title=La Connaissance du Ski en France Avant 1890: approche bibliographique, 16e-19e siècle |language=fr |location=Le Bassat |publisher=Achard |isbn=978-2-95041-124-2}} 
*{{cite book |last=Allen |first=E. John B. |date=2007 |title=The Culture and Sport of Skiing: From Antiquity to World War II |location=Amherst, MA |publisher=University of Massachusetts Press |isbn=978-1-55849-600-2}}
*{{cite book |last=Allen |first=E. John B. |title=Historical Dictionary of Skiing |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YTW-Cpm2e1oC&pg=PR7 |year=2011 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-6802-1}}
* {{cite journal |last=Dresbeck |first=LeRoy J. |title=The ski: its history and historiography |journal=Technology and Culture |date=October 1967 |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=467–79 + fig. 1–3 |issn=0040-165X |doi=10.2307/3102114 |jstor=3102114 |s2cid=112924273}}
*{{cite book |last=Dudley |first=Charles M. |date=1935 |title=60 Centuries of Skiing |location=Brattleboro, VT |publisher=Stephen Daye Press}}
*{{cite book |last=Engen |first=Alan |date=1998 |title=For the Love of Skiing: A Visual History |publisher=Gibbs Smith, Publisher |isbn=0879058676}}
*{{cite book |last=Flower |first=Raymond |date=1976 |title=The history of skiing and other winter sports |location=Toronto; New York |publisher=Methuen Inc. |isbn=0-458-92780-5}}
*{{cite book |last=Huntford |first=Roland |date=2008 |title=Two Planks and a Passion: The Dramatic History of Skiing |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-1-44113-401-1}}
*{{cite web |url=http://skiinghistory.org/history/short-history-alpine-skiing-telemark-today |title=A Short History of Alpine Skiing |last=Lund |first=Morten |date=1996 |website=International Skiing History Association}}
*{{cite journal|author=Lund, Allen, Fry, Masia |title=Skiing History |journal=Skiing History |url=http://skiinghistory.org/about|year=1993<!----present---->|publisher=International Skiing History Association|issn=1082-2895|display-authors=etal}}
*{{cite book |last=Lunn |first=Arnold |date=1927 |title=A History of Skiing |location= London |publisher=Oxford University Press}}
*{{cite book |last=Weinstock |first=John M. |date=2003 |title=Skis and Skiing from the Stone Age to the birth of the sport |location=Lewiston, NY |publisher=E. Mellen |isbn=978-0-77346-787-3}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline|History of skiing}}

{{Skiing}}
{{History of sports}}

[[Category:History of skiing| ]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]