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{{short description|Medieval German royal and imperial dynasty}}
{{other uses}}
{{Infobox noble house
| surname = Hohenstaufen
| type = 
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = 
| other_name = Staufer
| coat of arms = Or three leopards sable.svg
| image_size = 140px
| alt = 
| caption = [[Coat of arms of the Hohenstaufen family|Coat of arms]] ({{c.|1220}}){{efn|The earliest depictions of the Staufer arms show a single lion; for a short time augmented to two lions, and after 1196 three lions or [[Lion (heraldry)|leopards]]. The tincture ''or'' and ''sable'' is attested in 1220.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Albrecht Rieber|author2=Karl Reutter|title=Die Pfalzkapelle in Ulm|language=de|year=1974|page=204}}</ref> The seal of [[Henry (VII) of Germany]] (1216) shows three leopards (''[[passant guardant]]'').}}
| country = {{plainlist|
*[[Duchy of Swabia]]
*[[Holy Roman Empire]]
*[[Kingdom of Italy (medieval)|Kingdom of Italy]]
*[[Kingdom of Sicily]]
*[[Kingdom of Jerusalem]]}}
| estates = 
| parent house = <!--[[Sieghardinger]]?-->
| titles = *[[Duke of Swabia]]
*[[King of Italy]]
*[[Holy Roman Emperor]]
*[[List of Sardinian monarchs#Nominal_kings|King of Sardinia]]
*[[King of Sicily]]
*[[King of Jerusalem]]
*[[King of the Romans]]
*[[King of Burgundy]]
*[[Count of Burgundy]]
*[[Judge of Logudoro]]
| styles = 
| founded = 1079
| founder = [[Frederick of Büren]]
| final ruler = [[Conradin]]
| current head = 
| dissolution = 1318<ref name="Gregorovius 2010">[[Ferdinand Gregorovius|Gregorovius, Ferdinand]] (2010) [1897]. ''History of the [[Rome|City of Rome]] in the Middle Ages''. Vol. 5, Part 2, Cambridge University Press.</ref>
| deposition = 
| cadet branches = 
| notes = 
}}
The '''Hohenstaufen''' dynasty ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|oʊ|ə|n|ʃ|t|aʊ|f|ən}}, {{IPAc-en|USalso|-|s|t|aʊ|-}},<ref>{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|Hohenstaufen|access-date=18 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/hohenstaufen|title=Hohenstaufen|work=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|access-date=18 May 2019}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190518090400/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Hohenstaufen "Hohenstaufen"] (US) and {{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Hohenstaufen |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182030/https://www.lexico.com/definition/hohenstaufen |url-status=dead |archive-date=2020-03-22 |title=Hohenstaufen |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Hohenstaufen|access-date=18 May 2019}}</ref> {{IPA|de|ˌhoːənˈʃtaʊfn̩|lang}}), also known as the '''Staufer''', was a noble family of [[Germanic peoples|German]] origin that rose to rule the [[Duchy of Swabia]] from 1079, and to [[List of German monarchs|royal rule]] in the [[Holy Roman Empire]] during the [[Middle Ages]] from 1138 until 1254.<ref name=grin>{{cite book |url= https://www.grin.com/document/11046 |title= Die Staufer - Ursprung und Aufstieg eines Herrschergeschlechts |publisher= Grin |author=Thomas Oliver Schindler |date= 20 February 2003 |access-date= February 29, 2020}}</ref> The dynasty's most prominent rulers – [[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick I]] (1155), [[Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry VI]] (1191) and [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]] (1220) – ascended the [[Holy Roman Emperor|imperial throne]] and also reigned over [[Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)|Italy]] and [[Kingdom of Burgundy-Arles|Burgundy]]. The non-contemporary name of 'Hohenstaufen' is derived from the family's [[Hohenstaufen Castle]] on [[Hohenstaufen (mountain)|Hohenstaufen mountain]] at the northern fringes of the [[Swabian Jura]], near the town of [[Göppingen]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oe_JpPohuQgC&q=Hohenstaufen+Ancient+Rome&pg=PA300|title=A History of the Middle Ages, 300–1500|isbn=9781442210042|last1=Riddle|first1=John M.|date=13 March 2008|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers }}</ref> Under Hohenstaufen rule, the Holy Roman Empire reached its greatest territorial extent from 1155 to 1268.<ref>{{Citation|last=rev|first=Droysen/Andrée; Th Lindner|title=Deutsch: Mitteleuropa zur Zeit der StauferEnglish: Central Europe at the time of the Hohenstaufen|date=1886|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Droysens-26.jpg|access-date=2020-02-12}}</ref>

==Name==
[[File:Hohenstaufen Castle Ruins.jpg|thumb|The [[Hohenstaufen Castle]] ruin]]
The name Hohenstaufen was first used in the 14th century to distinguish the 'high' (''hohen'') [[conical hill]] named [[Hohenstaufen (mountain)|Staufen]] in the [[Swabian Jura]] (in the district of [[Göppingen (district)|Göppingen]]) from the village of the same name in the valley below. The new name was applied to the [[hill castle]] of [[Hohenstaufen Castle|Staufen]] by historians only in the 19th century to distinguish it from other castles of the same name. The name of the dynasty followed suit, but in recent decades, the trend in German [[historiography]] has been to prefer the name 'Staufer', which is closer to contemporary usage.<ref name=EF>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Enciclopedia fridericiana |title=Hohenstaufen, famiglia |author=Hansmartin Schwarzmaier |year=2005 |location=Rome |publisher=Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana |postscript=. Translated by Maria Paola Arena |url=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/famiglia-hohenstaufen_%28Federiciana%29/}}</ref><ref name=grin/>

The name 'Staufen' itself derives from ''Stauf'' ([[Old High German|OHG]] ''stouf'', akin to [[Early Modern English]] [[wiktionary:stoup|stoup]]), meaning '[[chalice]]'. This term was commonly applied to conical hills in Swabia during the Middle Ages.<ref name=EF/> It is a contemporary term for both the hill and the castle, although its spelling in the [[Medieval Latin|Latin]] documents of the time varies considerably: {{Lang|la-x-medieval|Sthouf, Stophe, Stophen, Stoyphe, Estufin}}, etc. The castle was built or at least acquired by Duke [[Frederick I of Swabia]] in the latter half of the 11th century.<ref name=Freed>John B. Freed, ''Frederick Barbarossa: The Prince and the Myth'' (Yale University Press, 2016), pp. 5–6.</ref><ref name="Keller1823">{{cite book|author=Adelbert von Keller|title=Ein Tag auf Hohenstaufen Oder die schwäbischen Pilger: Eine kleine dramatische Skizze für Familienkreise|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GJs6AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA55|year=1823|publisher=Schwan|pages=55–}}</ref>

Members of the family occasionally used the [[toponymic surname]] ''de Stauf'' or variants thereof. Only in the 13th century would the name come to be applied to the family as a whole. Around 1215, a chronicler referred to the "emperors of Stauf". In 1247, the Emperor Frederick II himself referred to his family as the ''domus Stoffensis'' (Staufer house), but this was an isolated instance. [[Otto of Freising]] (d. 1158) associated the Staufer with the town of [[Waiblingen]], and around 1230, [[Burchard of Ursberg]] referred to the Staufer as of the "royal lineage of the Waiblingens" (''regia stirps Waiblingensium''). The exact connection between the family and Waiblingen is not clear, but as a name for the family, it became very popular. The pro-imperial [[Ghibelline]] faction of the Italian civic rivalries of the 13th and 14th centuries derived its name from Waiblingen.<ref name=Freed/><ref name=grin/>

In Italian historiography, the Staufer are known as the ''Svevi'' (Swabians).<ref name=EF/>

==Origins==
The origin remains unclear, however, Staufer counts are mentioned in a document of emperor [[Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto III]] in 987 as descendants of counts of the region of ''Riesgau'' near [[Nördlingen]] in the [[Duchy of Swabia]], who were related to the [[Duchy of Bavaria|Bavarian]] ''[[Sieghardinger]]'' family. A local count Frederick (d. about 1075) is mentioned as progenitor in a pedigree drawn up by Abbot [[Wibald|Wibald of Stavelot]] at the behest of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa in 1153. He held the office of a Swabian [[count palatine]]; his son [[Frederick of Büren]] ({{Circa|1020}}–1053) married [[Hildegard of Egisheim]] (d. 1094/95), a niece of [[Pope Leo IX]]. Their son [[Frederick I, Duke of Swabia|Frederick I]] was appointed [[Duke of Swabia]] at Hohenstaufen Castle by the [[Salian dynasty|Salian]] king [[Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry IV of Germany]] in 1079.<ref name="Görich2011">{{cite book|author=Knut Görich|title=Friedrich Barbarossa: Eine Biographie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=35SwS1j6dowC|date=22 November 2011|publisher=C.H.Beck|isbn=978-3-406-62149-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/gnd139800247.html#ndbcontent |title=Sighardinger (Sieghardinger, Sigehardinger) |publisher=   Deutsche Biographie   |access-date=February 28, 2020 }}</ref><ref name=grin/>

At the same time, Duke Frederick I was engaged to the king's approximately seventeen-year-old daughter, [[Agnes of Waiblingen|Agnes]]. Nothing is known about Frederick's life before this event, but he proved to be an imperial ally throughout Henry's struggles against other Swabian lords, namely [[Rudolf of Rheinfelden]], Frederick's predecessor, and the [[House of Zähringen|Zähringen]] and [[House of Welf|Welf]] lords. Frederick's brother Otto was elevated to the [[bishop of Strasbourg|Strasbourg bishopric]] in 1082.<ref name=grin/><ref name="Muschka2012">{{cite book|author=Wilhelm Muschka|title=Agnes von Waiblingen - Stammmutter der Staufer und Babenberger-Herzöge: Eine mittelalterliche Biografie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ygN4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA74|date=22 May 2012|publisher=Tectum Wissenschaftsverlag|isbn=978-3-8288-5539-7|pages=74–}}</ref>

Upon Frederick's death, he was succeeded by his son, Duke [[Frederick II, Duke of Swabia|Frederick II]], in 1105. Frederick II remained a close ally of the Salians, he and his younger brother [[Conrad III of Germany|Conrad]] were named the king's representatives in Germany when the king was in Italy. Around 1120, Frederick II married Judith of Bavaria from the rival [[House of Welf]].<ref name="Görich2011"/><ref name="Stürner2019">{{cite book|author=Wolfgang Stürner|title=Die Staufer: Eine mittelalterliche Herrscherdynastie - Bd. 1: Aufstieg und Machtentfaltung (975 bis 1190)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R5y6DwAAQBAJ|date=30 October 2019|publisher=[[Kohlhammer Verlag]]|isbn=978-3-17-035365-7}}</ref>

==Ruling in Germany==

When the last male member of the Salian dynasty, Emperor [[Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry V]], died without heirs in 1125, a controversy arose about the succession. Duke [[Frederick II, Duke of Swabia|Frederick II]] and [[Conrad III of Germany|Conrad]], the two current male Staufers, by their mother Agnes, were grandsons of late Emperor Henry IV and nephews of Henry V. Frederick attempted to succeed to the throne of the [[Holy Roman Emperor]] (formally known as the [[King of the Romans]]) through a customary election, but lost to the [[Duchy of Saxony|Saxon]] duke [[Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor|Lothair of Supplinburg]]. A civil war between Frederick's dynasty and Lothair's ended with Frederick's submission in 1134. After Lothair's death in 1137, Frederick's brother Conrad was elected King as Conrad III.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hohenstaufen-dynasty|title=Hohenstaufen dynasty {{!}} German dynasty|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2020-02-12}}</ref>

Because the [[House of Welf|Welf duke]] [[Henry the Proud]], son-in-law and heir of Lothair and the most powerful prince in Germany, who had been passed over in the election, refused to acknowledge the new king, Conrad III deprived him of all his territories, giving the [[Duchy of Saxony]] to [[Albert the Bear]] and that of [[Duchy of Bavaria|Bavaria]] to [[Leopold&nbsp;IV, Margrave of Austria]]. In 1147, Conrad heard [[Bernard of Clairvaux]] preach the [[Second Crusade]] at [[Speyer]], and he agreed to join King [[Louis VII of France]] in a great [[Second Crusade|expedition]] to the [[Holy Land]] which failed.

Conrad's brother Duke Frederick II died in 1147, and was succeeded in Swabia by his son, Duke [[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick III]]. When King Conrad III died without adult heir in 1152, Frederick also succeeded him, taking both German royal and Imperial titles.<ref name=myt>{{cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/47760851 |title=Der Mythos der Staufer - eine schwäbische Königsdynastie wird erinnert und instrumentalisiert  |author=Klaus Graf |access-date=February 28, 2020 }}</ref>

===Frederick Barbarossa===
[[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick I]] (Reign 2 January 1155 – 10 June 1190), known as Frederick Barbarossa because of his red beard, struggled throughout his reign to restore the power and prestige of the German monarchy against the dukes, whose power had grown both before and after the [[Investiture Controversy]] under his Salian predecessors. As royal access to the resources of the church in Germany was much reduced, Frederick was forced to go to [[Kingdom of Italy (medieval)|Italy]] to find the finances needed to restore the king's power in Germany. He was soon crowned emperor in Italy, but decades of warfare on the peninsula yielded scant results. The [[Papal States|Papacy]] and the prosperous city-states of the [[Lombard League]] in northern Italy were traditional enemies, but the fear of Imperial domination caused them to join ranks to fight Frederick. Under the skilled leadership of [[Pope Alexander III]], the alliance suffered many defeats but ultimately was able to deny the emperor a complete victory in Italy. Frederick returned to Germany. He had vanquished one notable opponent, his Welf cousin, Duke [[Henry the Lion]] of Saxony and [[Duchy of Bavaria|Bavaria]] in 1180, but his hopes of restoring the power and prestige of the monarchy seemed unlikely to be met by the end of his life.<ref name="Görich2011"/>

During Frederick's long stays in Italy, the German princes became stronger and began a successful colonization of Slavic lands. Offers of reduced taxes and manorial duties enticed many Germans to settle in the east in the course of the ''[[Ostsiedlung]]''. In 1163 Frederick waged a successful campaign against the [[Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)|Kingdom of Poland]] in order to re-install the [[Duchy of Silesia|Silesian]] dukes of the [[Silesian Piasts|Piast]] dynasty. With the German colonization, the Empire increased in size and came to include the [[Duchy of Pomerania]]. A quickening economic life in Germany increased the number of towns and [[Free imperial city|Imperial cities]], and gave them greater importance. It was also during this period that castles and courts replaced monasteries as centers of culture. Growing out of this courtly culture, [[Middle High German]] literature reached its peak in lyrical love poetry, the [[Minnesang]], and in narrative epic poems such as ''[[Tristan]]'', ''[[Parzival]]'', and the ''[[Nibelungenlied]]''.<ref name="Barber2004">{{cite book|author=Malcolm Barber|title=The Two Cities: Medieval Europe 1050–1320 - pp 198|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lcGEAgAAQBAJ|date=2 August 2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-68751-0}}</ref>

===Henry VI===
[[File:Friedrich-barbarossa-und-soehne-welfenchronik 1-1000x1540.jpg|thumb|upright|Emperor Frederick Barbarossa and his sons King Henry VI and Duke [[Frederick V, Duke of Swabia|Frederick V of Swabia]], ''[[Historia Welforum]]'', 1167/79, [[Weingarten Abbey]]]]

Frederick died in 1190 while on the [[Third Crusade]] and was succeeded by his son, [[Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry VI]]. Elected king even before his father's death, Henry went to [[Rome]] to be crowned emperor. He married [[Constance I of Sicily|Princess Constance of Sicily]], and deaths in his wife's family gave him claim of succession and possession of the [[Kingdom of Sicily]] in 1189 and 1194 respectively, a source of vast wealth. Henry failed to make royal and Imperial succession hereditary, but in 1196 he succeeded in gaining a pledge that his infant son [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick]] would receive the German crown. Faced with difficulties in Italy and confident that he would realize his wishes in Germany at a later date, Henry returned to the south, where it appeared he might unify the peninsula under the Hohenstaufen name. After a series of military victories, however, he fell ill and died of natural causes in Sicily in 1197. His underage son Frederick could only succeed him in Sicily and Malta, while in the Empire the struggle between the House of Staufen and the House of Welf erupted once again.<ref name="Matthew1992">{{cite book|author=Donald Matthew|title=The Norman Kingdom of Sicily - p. 290|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CQfub3l_ejkC|date=30 July 1992|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-26911-7}}</ref>

===Philip of Swabia===
Because the election of a three-year-old boy to be German king appeared likely to make orderly rule difficult, the boy's uncle, Duke [[Philip of Swabia]], brother of late Henry VI, was designated to serve in his place. Other factions however favoured a Welf candidate. In 1198, two rival kings were chosen: the Hohenstaufen Philip of Swabia and the son of the deprived Duke [[Henry the Lion]], the Welf [[Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto IV]]. A long civil war began; Philip was about to win when he was murdered by the Bavarian [[count palatine]] Otto VIII of [[Wittelsbach]] in 1208. [[Pope Innocent III]] initially had supported the Welfs, but when Otto, now sole elected monarch, moved to appropriate Sicily, Innocent changed sides and accepted young Frederick II and his ally, King [[Philip II of France]], who defeated Otto at the 1214 [[Battle of Bouvines]]. Frederick had returned to Germany in 1212 from Sicily, where he had grown up, and was elected king in 1215. When Otto died in 1218, Frederick became the undisputed ruler, and in 1220 was crowned [[Holy Roman Emperor]].

Philip changed the coat of arms from a black lion on a gold shield to three leopards,<ref>{{cite book |last=Stälin  |first=Paul Friedrich |title=Geschichte Württembergs Erster Band Erste Hälfte (bis 1268) |year=1882 |location=Gotha |pages=389–393  }}</ref> probably derived from the arms of his Welf rival [[Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto IV]].

==Ruling in Italy==
The conflict between the Staufer dynasty and the [[House of Welf|Welf]] had irrevocably weakened the Imperial authority and the [[Norman conquest of southern Italy#Conquest of Sicily, 1061–1091|Norman kingdom of Sicily]] became the base for Staufer rule.

===Frederick II===
[[Emperor Frederick II]] was the most brilliant and extraordinary of the Hohenstaufen<ref>{{cite journal|last=Köhler|first=Walther|author-link=:de:Walther Köhler|year=1903|title=Emperor Frederick II., The Hohenstaufe|journal=[[The American Journal of Theology]]|volume=7|issue=2|pages=225–248|doi=10.1086/478355 |jstor=3153729|doi-access=free}}</ref> but he spent little time in Germany. His main concerns lay in Italy and the Kingdom of Sicily, where he tried to rule as an absolute monarch supported by a sophisticated administrative apparatus. The institutions of Sicily and Italy seemed to be better political laboratories, more conducive to Frederick’s remarkable brand of innovation and absolutist tendencies. He founded the [[University of Naples]] in 1224 to train future state officials and reigned over Germany primarily through the allocation of royal prerogatives, leaving the sovereign authority and imperial estates to the ecclesiastical and secular princes. In 1232, Henry (VII), King of Germany and Frederick’s eldest son, was forced by the German princes to promulgate the ''[[Statutum in favorem principum]]'' ("statute in favor of princes"). Frederick II, embittered but aiming to promote cohesion in Germany in preparation for his campaigns in northern Italy, pragmatically agreed to Henry’s confirmation of the charter. It was a charter of liberties for the leading German princes at the expense of the lesser nobility and the entirety of the commoners. The princes gained whole power of jurisdiction, and the power to strike their own coins. The emperor lost his right to establish new cities, castles and mints over their territories. The ''Statutum'' was more a confirmation of political realities which had existed for generations in Germany than a wholesale denuding of royal power and it did not prevent imperial officials from enforcing Frederick’s prerogatives. The ''Statutum'' affirmed a division of labor between the emperor and the princes and laid much groundwork for the development of particularism and, perhaps even federalism in Germany. Even so, from 1232 the vassals of the emperor had a veto over imperial legislative decisions and any new law established by the emperor had to be approved by the princes. These provisions not withstanding, royal power in Germany remained strong under Frederick.

By the 1240s the crown was almost as rich in fiscal resources, towns, castles, enfeoffed retinues, monasteries, ecclesiastical advocacies, manors, tolls, and all other rights, revenues, and jurisdictions as it had ever been at any time since the death of Henry VI. It is unlikely that a particularly "strong ruler" such as Frederick II would have even pragmatically agreed to legislation that was concessionary rather than cooperative, neither would the princes have insisted on such. Frederick II used the political loyalty and practical jurisdictions of the German aristocracy to support his kingly duty of imposing peace, order, and justice upon the German realm. This is shown clearly in the imperial [[Landfrieden|Landfried]] issued at Mainz in 1235, which explicitly enjoined the princes as loyal vassals to exercise their own jurisdictions in their own localities. The jurisdictional autarky of the German princes was favoured by the crown itself in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries in the interests of order and local peace. The inevitable result was the territorial particularism of churchmen, lay princes, and interstitial cities. However, Frederick II was a ruler of vast territories and "could not be everywhere at once". The transference of jurisdiction was a practical solution to secure the further support of the German princes.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Arnold|first1=Benjamin| title=Emperor Frederick II (1194–1250) and the political particularism of the German princes|date=2000|journal=Journal of Medieval History|volume=26|issue=3|pages=239–252|doi=10.1016/S0304-4181(00)00005-1 }}</ref>

[[File:Castel del Monte - Andria.jpg|thumb|left|Frederick's [[Castel del Monte (Apulia)|Castel del Monte]], in [[Andria, Italy|Andria]], Apulia, Italy]]

By the 1226 [[Golden Bull of Rimini]], Frederick had assigned the military order of the [[Teutonic Knights]] to complete the conquest and conversion of the [[Prussia (region)|Prussian]] lands. A reconciliation with the Welfs took place in 1235, whereby [[Otto I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg|Otto the Child]], grandson of the late Saxon duke Henry the Lion, was named [[Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg|Duke of Brunswick and Lüneburg]]. The power struggle with the popes continued and resulted in Frederick's [[excommunication]] in 1227. In 1239, [[Pope Gregory IX]] excommunicated Frederick again, and in 1245 he was condemned as a heretic by a church council. Although Frederick II was perhaps one of the most energetic, imaginative, and capable rulers of the entire Middle Ages, he seemed to be less concerned with drawing the disparate forces in Germany together. Frederick was pragmatic enough to realize that for all his ability and power, his time and focus could only be fully concentrated either north or south of the Alps, where the bulk of his resources lay.

[[File:Frederick II and eagle.jpg|thumb|upright|Frederick II with his falcon, from ''[[De arte venandi cum avibus]]'', c. 1240, [[Vatican Library]]]]

Frederick II’s most profound legal legacy remains the [[Constitutions of Melfi]] promulgated in 1231 in the Kingdom of Sicily. The sophistication of the Constitutions or the ''Liber Augustalis'' set Frederick as perhaps the supreme lawgiver of the Middle Ages.<ref>{{cite book|last= Van Cleve|first= T. C.|title=The Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen: Immuntator Mundi|publisher=Oxford|year=1972|isbn=0-198-22513-X |page=143}}</ref> The Constitutions drew upon decades of Siculo-Norman governmental tradition stretching back to his maternal grandfather, [[Roger II of Sicily]]. Almost every aspect in Frederick’s tightly-governed kingdom was regulated, from a rigorously centralized judiciary and bureaucracy, to commerce, coinage, financial policy, weights and measures, legal equality for all citizens, protections for women, and even provisions for the environment and public health. Per the Constitutions, Frederick II was ''[[lex animata]]'' and ruled as an absolute monarch. The Constitutions have been regarded as perhaps the "birth certificate" of the modern continental European state.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kantorowicz|author-link=Ernst Kantorowicz|first=Ernst|title=Frederick the Second, 1194–1250|year=1937|publisher=Frederick Ungar|location=New York|url=https://archive.org/details/fredericktheseco000027mbp/ |page=228}}</ref>

From 1240, Frederick II was determined to push through far-reaching reforms to establish the Sicilian kingdom and Imperial Italy as a unified state bound by a centralized administration. The new unified administration was taken over directly by the emperor and his highly trained Sicilian officials whose jurisdiction now ranged across all of Italy. For the rest of Frederick’s reign, there was a continuous movement toward the extension and perfection of this new unified administrative system, with the emperor himself as the driving force.{{sfn|Van Cleve|1972|p=446}} Despite his mighty efforts however, Frederick’s unified Italian state proved ephemeral after his death. The vicars and captains-general provided the prototype for the great signori who dominated Italy in later generations, each a petty sovereign in Frederick’s image—some even continued to claim the title of imperial vicar.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Masson |first=Georgina |title= Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, A Life |publisher=Octagon Books |year=1973 |page=302}}</ref>

[[File:Mitteleuropa zur Zeit der Staufer.svg|thumb|left|The [[Holy Roman Empire]] at its greatest extent under Emperor Frederick II]]

By the time of Frederick's death in 1250, the crown in Germany was still formidable and [[Conrad IV, King of Germany|Conrad IV]], Frederick’s eldest surviving legitimate son and heir, enjoyed a strong position. However after Conrad’s death in 1254, The [[Great Interregnum]] followed which saw several rival claimants elected as King of the Romans in Germany. None of these claimants were able to achieve any position of authority much less the power and imperial grandeur of the Hohenstaufen. The German princes vied for individual advantage and managed to strip many powers away from the diminished monarchy. Rather than establish sovereign states however, many nobles tended to look after their families. Their many male heirs created more and smaller estates, and from a largely free class of officials previously formed, many of these assumed or acquired hereditary rights to administrative and legal offices. These trends compounded political fragmentation within Germany. The period was ended in 1273 with the election of [[Rudolph I of Germany|Rudolph of Habsburg]], a [[Godparent|godson]] of Frederick.<ref name="Abulafia1992">{{cite book|author=David Abulafia|title=Frederick II: A Medieval Emperor|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sgufggLomo8C|year=1992|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-508040-7}}</ref>

===End of the Staufer dynasty ===
Conrad IV was succeeded as duke of Swabia by his only son, two-year-old [[Conradin]]. By this time, the office of duke of Swabia had been fully subsumed into the office of the king, and without royal authority had become meaningless. In 1261, attempts to elect young Conradin king were unsuccessful. He also had to defend Sicily against an invasion, sponsored by [[Pope Urban IV]] (Jacques Pantaléon) and [[Pope Clement IV]] (Guy Folques), by [[Charles of Anjou]], a brother of the [[Kingdom of France|French]] king. Charles had been promised by the popes the Kingdom of Sicily, where he would replace the relatives of Frederick II. Charles had defeated Conradin's uncle [[Manfred, King of Sicily]], in the [[Battle of Benevento]] on 26 February 1266. The king himself, refusing to flee, rushed into the midst of his enemies and was killed. Conradin's campaign to retake control ended with his defeat in 1268 at the [[Battle of Tagliacozzo]], after which he was handed over to Charles, who had him publicly [[executed]] at [[Naples]]. With Conradin, the direct line of the Dukes of Swabia finally ceased to exist, though most of the later emperors were descended from the Staufer dynasty indirectly.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.grin.com/document/180488 |title=SDie Hinrichtung Konradins von Hohenstaufen – Reaktionen der Zeitgenossen und Rezeption der Nachwelt  |publisher=   Grin  |author=Lukas Strehle |date=19 October 2011 |access-date=February 28, 2020 }}</ref><ref name="Benjamin2010">{{cite book|author=Sandra Benjamin|title=Sicily: Three Thousand Years of Human History - 7 - Hohenstaufens |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dOpFBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT292|date=20 April 2010|publisher=Steerforth Press|isbn=978-1-58642-181-6|pages=292–}}</ref>

The last member of the dynasty was Manfred's son, Henry [Enrico], who died in captivity at [[Castel dell'Ovo]] on 31 October 1318.{{efn|[[Manfred, King of Sicily|Manfred of Sicily]] was himself a son of [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]] born out of wedlock, who had been legitimised by the posterior marriage of his parents on his mother's deathbed. Therefore, his son, Henry [Enrico] (May 1262 – 31 October 1318), was the last Hohenstaufen who could have claimed full dynastic rights, albeit not being the last [[Patrilineality|agnatic]] descendant of the family. In fact, the last patrilineal descendant was Henry's first cousin once removed, Giovanna di Stevia (1280 – 1352), a daughter of [[Conrad of Antioch|Conrad]], and grand-daughter of [[Frederick of Antioch]], also an illegitimate son of Frederick II.}}<ref>Carrara, Mario. ''Gli Scaligeri'', Varese, Dell'Oglio, 1966.</ref><ref name="Gregorovius 2010">[[Ferdinand Gregorovius|Gregorovius, Ferdinand]] (2010) [1897]. ''History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages''. Vol. 5, Part 2, Cambridge University Press.</ref><ref>Matthew of Paris, Mon. Germ. Hist. Scriptores XXVIII pp. 360-361</ref><ref>Cronica Fratris Salimbene di Adam, Ordinis Minorem, MGH SS XXXII p. 349</ref>

During the political decentralization of the late Staufer period, the population had grown from an estimated 8 million in 1200 to about 14 million in 1300, and the number of towns increased tenfold. The most heavily urbanized areas of Germany were in the south and the west. Towns often developed a degree of independence, but many were subordinate to local rulers if not [[Imperial immediacy|immediate]] to the emperor. Colonization of the east also continued in the thirteenth century, most notably through the efforts of the Teutonic Knights. German merchants also began trading extensively on the [[Baltic region|Baltic]].

==Legacy==
[[File:Cheb-stauferstele.jpg|thumb|A Staufer stele in [[Cheb]], Czech Republic (2013)]]
The [[Kyffhäuser Monument]] was erected to commemorate Frederick I, and was inaugurated in 1896.

On October 29, 1968, the 700th anniversary of the death of Konradin, a society known as "Society for Staufer History" ([[:de:Gesellschaft für staufische Geschichte|de]]) was founded in [[Göppingen]].

The [[Castel del Monte, Apulia]] which was built during the 1240s by the Emperor Frederick II was designated as a [[World Heritage Site]] in 1996.

The German artist, [[Hans Kloss (artist)|Hans Kloss]], painted his ''[[:de:Staufer-Rundbild|Staufer-Rundbild]]'' depicting in great detail the history of the House of Hohenstaufen, in [[Lorch Monastery]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kloster-lorch.com/16.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121227125524/http://www.kloster-lorch.com/16.html |archive-date=27 December 2012 |title= Staufer-Rundbild |language=de|publisher=Kloster Lorch|location=Lorch|access-date=25 September 2014}}</ref>

From 2000 to 2018, the Committee of Staufer Friends ([[:de:Komitee der Stauferfreunde|de]]) has built thirty-eight Staufer steles ([[:de:Stauferstele|de]]) in Germany, France, Italy, Austria, Czech Republic and the Netherlands.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stauferstelen.net/|title=Was ist eine Stauferstele?|website=Stauferstelen|language=de}}</ref>

==Members of the Hohenstaufen family==
[[File:Staufen dynasty.JPG|thumb|right|Family tree of the Hohenstaufen emperors including their relation to succeeding dynasties]]
[[File:Henry 7 of Germany.jpg|thumb|Seal of [[Henry (VII) of Germany|Henry II of Swabia]] (dated 1216) shows him as a mounted knight with a shield and banner displaying ''three leopards'' (''three lions passant guardant'')as the [[Coat of arms of the Hohenstaufen family|Hohenstaufen coat of arms]]; the three lions (later shown just ''passant'') would later become known as the [[Coat of arms of Württemberg|Swabian coat of arms]].]]

===Holy Roman Emperors and Kings of the Romans===
*[[Conrad III of Germany|Conrad III]], king 1138–1152
*[[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick Barbarossa]], king 1152–1190, emperor after 1155
*[[Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry VI]], king 1190–1197, emperor after 1191
*[[Philip of Swabia]], king 1198–1208
*[[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]], king 1208–1250, emperor after 1220
*[[Henry (VII) of Germany|Henry (VII)]], king 1220–1235 (under his father Emperor Frederick II)
*[[Conrad IV of Germany|Conrad IV]], king 1237–1254 (until 1250 under his father Emperor Frederick II)
The first ruling Hohenstaufen, Conrad III, like the last one, Conrad IV, was never crowned emperor. After a 20-year period (Great [[interregnum]] 1254–1273), the first [[Habsburg]] was elected king.

===Kings of Italy===
''Note: The following kings are already listed above as German Kings''
*[[Conrad III of Germany|Conrad III]] 1128–1135
*[[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick I]] 1154–1190 
*[[Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry VI]] 1191–1197

===Kings of Sicily===
[[Image:King Manfred of Sicily Arms.svg|thumb|upright|Arms of the Hohenstaufen Sicily]]
''Note: Some of the following kings are already listed above as German Kings''
*[[Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry VI]] 1194–1197
*[[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick]] 1198–1250
**[[Henry (VII) of Germany|Henry (VII)]] 1212–1217 (nominal king under his father)
*[[Conrad IV of Germany|Conrad]] 1250–1254
*[[Conradin]] 1254–1258/1268
*[[Manfred of Sicily|Manfred]] 1258–1266
*[[Constance of Sicily, Queen of Aragon|Constance II]] (Queen) 1282–1285

===Dukes of Swabia===
''Note: Some of the following dukes are already listed above as German Kings''
* [[Frederick I, Duke of Swabia]] (''Friedrich'') (r. 1079–1105)
* [[Frederick II, Duke of Swabia]] (r. 1105–1147)
* [[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor]] (Frederick III of Swabia)(r. 1147–1152) ''King in 1152 and [[Holy Roman Emperor]] in 1155''
* [[Frederick IV, Duke of Swabia]] (r. 1152–1167)
* [[Frederick V, Duke of Swabia]] (r. 1167–1170)
* [[Frederick VI, Duke of Swabia]] (r. 1170–1191)
* [[Conrad II, Duke of Swabia]] (r. 1191–1196)
* [[Philip of Swabia]] (r. 1196–1208) ''King in 1198''
* [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor]] (r. 1212–1216) ''King in 1212 and [[Holy Roman Emperor]] in 1220''
* [[Henry (VII) of Germany]] (r. 1216–1235), ''King 1220–1235''
* [[Conrad IV of Germany|Conrad IV]] (r. 1235–1254) ''King in 1237''
* [[Conradin|Conrad V (Conradin)]] (r. 1254–1268)

==Family tree of the House of Hohenstaufen==
<br/>
{{chart top|Simplified Hohenstaufen Dynasty family tree}}
{{Tree chart/start|align=center}}
{{tree chart| | | | | Fre |Fre=[[Frederick of Büren]]}}
{{tree chart| | | | | |!| }}
{{tree chart| | | | | Fr1 |~| Agn |Fr1=[[Frederick I, Duke of Swabia|Frederick I]]<br>duke of Swabia|Agn=[[Agnes of Waiblingen]]<br>[[Salian dynasty|SALIAN]]}}
{{tree chart| | | | | |)|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| }}
{{tree chart| | | | | Fr2 |~| spo | | | | | | Co3 |~| wfe |spo=1.[[Judith of Bavaria, Duchess of Swabia|Judith of Bavaria]]<br>2.Agnes of Saarbrücken|Fr2=[[Frederick II, Duke of Swabia|Frederick II]]<br>duke of Swabia|Co3=[[File:Heraldic Royal Crown of the King of the Romans (1486-c.1700).svg|30px]]<br>[[Conrad III of Germany|Conrad III]]<br>'''king of Germany'''|wfe=1.[[Gertrude of Comburg]]<br>2.[[Gertrude of Sulzbach]]}}
{{tree chart| | | | | |)|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | |)|-|-|-|.| }}
{{tree chart| use |~| FR1 | | Con |~| sps | | HBe | | Fr4 |use=1.[[Adelaide of Vohburg]]<br>2.[[Beatrice I, Countess of Burgundy]]|FR1=[[File:Heraldic Royal Crown of the King of the Romans (1486-c.1700).svg|30px]]<br>[[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick I]] Barbarossa<br>'''king of Germany''',<br>III as duke of Swabia|Con=[[Conrad, Count Palatine of the Rhine|Conrad]]<br>count palatine of the Rhine|HBe=[[File:Heraldic Royal Crown of the King of the Romans (1486-c.1700).svg|30px]]<br>[[Henry Berengar]]<br>co-king of Germany|Fr4=[[Frederick IV, Duke of Swabia|Frederick IV]]<br>duke of Swabia<br><small>⚭ [[Gertrude of Bavaria]]</small>|sps=1.(daughter of<br>Gottfried I of Sponheim)<br>2.Irmengard of Henneberg}}
{{tree chart| |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| }}
{{tree chart| Fr5 | | He6 | | Fr6 | | Ott | | Co2 | | Phi |Fr5=[[Frederick V, Duke of Swabia|Frederick V]]<br>duke of Swabia|He6=[[File:Heraldic Royal Crown of the King of the Romans (1486-c.1700).svg|30px]]<br>[[Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry VI]]<br>'''king of Germany'''<br><small>⚭ [[Constance I of Sicily|Constance, Queen of Sicily]]</small>|Fr6=[[Frederick VI, Duke of Swabia|Frederick VI]]<br>duke of Swabia|Ott=[[Otto I, Count of Burgundy|Otto I]]<br>count of Burgundy<br><small>⚭ [[Margaret, Countess of Blois]]</small>|Co2=[[Conrad II, Duke of Swabia|Conrad II]]<br>duke of Swabia<br><small>⚭ [[Berengaria of Castile]]</small>|Phi=[[File:Heraldic Royal Crown of the King of the Romans (1486-c.1700).svg|30px]]<br>[[Philip of Swabia|Philip]]<br>'''king of Germany''',<br>duke of Swabia<br><small>⚭ [[Irene Angelina]]</small>}}
{{tree chart| | | | | |!| }}
{{tree chart| | | | | FR2 |~| wif |FR2=[[File:Heraldic Royal Crown of the King of the Romans (1486-c.1700).svg|30px]]<br>[[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]]<br>'''king of Germany''',<br>I as king of Sicily,<br>VII as duke of Swabia|wif=1.[[Constance of Aragon, Holy Roman Empress|Constance of Aragon]]<br>2.[[Isabella II of Jerusalem]]<br>3.[[Isabella of England]]<br>4.[[Bianca Lancia]]}}
{{tree chart| |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| }}
{{tree chart| Hen | | Co4 | | Ann | | Man |~| wfe |Hen=[[File:Heraldic Royal Crown of the King of the Romans (1486-c.1700).svg|30px]]<br>[[Henry (VII) of Germany|Henry]]<br>'''king of Germany''',<br>II duke of Swabia,<br>III King of Sicily, Italy,<br><small>⚭ [[Margaret of Austria, Queen of Bohemia|Margaret of Austria]]</small>|Co4=[[File:Heraldic Royal Crown of the King of the Romans (1486-c.1700).svg|30px]]<br>[[Conrad IV of Germany|Conrad IV]]<br>'''king of Germany''',<br>I as king of Sicily,<br>III as duke of Swabia<br><small>⚭ [[Elisabeth of Bavaria, Queen of Germany|Elisabeth of Bavaria]]</small>|Ann=[[Anna of Hohenstaufen|(Constance) Anna]]<br><small>⚭ [[John III Doukas Vatatzes]]<br>Roman Emperor</small>|Man=[[Manfred, King of Sicily|Manfred]]<br>king of Sicily|wfe=1.[[Beatrice of Savoy, Marchioness of Saluzzo|Beatrice of Savoy]]<br>2.[[Helena Angelina Doukaina|Helena]]<br>Angelina Doukaina<br>of Epirus}}
{{tree chart| | | | | |!| | | | | | | |!| }}
{{tree chart| | | | | Co5 | | | | | | Con |Co5=[[Conradin]]<br>II as king of Sicily,<br>IV as duke of Swabia|Con=[[Constance of Sicily, Queen of Aragon|Constance]]<br><small>⚭ [[Peter III of Aragon]]</small>}}
{{tree chart/end}}
{{chart bottom}}
<br/>
{{chart top|width=100%|collapsed=yes|Detailed Hohenstaufen Dynasty family tree}}
{|
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|

The colors denotes the '''monarchs''' from the Houses of:

{{color box|#FDEE00}} - Hohenstaufen (1138–1208; 1215–1254)

{{color box|#C0C0C0}} - [[Supplinburger dynasty|Süpplinburg]] (1125–1137)

{{color box|#84DE02}} - [[House of Welf|Welf]] (1208–1215)

|}
 
{{tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:112%|summary=Detailed Hohenstaufen Dynasty family tree}}
{{tree chart|border=1|Lo10 |y|Ri10 | |Hy10 | | | | | | | | | |Fr10 |y|Ag10 |~|Le10 | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | Lo10=[[Lothair II, Holy Roman Emperor|Lothair II]]<br /><small>King of Germany<br />1075–1137<br />'''r.1125–1137'''<br />[[Holy Roman Emperor|HRE]]<br />r.'''1133–1137'''</small>| boxstyle_Lo10=background-color:#C0C0C0| Ri10=[[Richenza of Northeim|Richenza]]<br /><small>of Northeim<br />c.1087/1089–<br />1141</small>| Hy10=[[Henry IX, Duke of Bavaria|Henry IX]]<br /><small>Duke of Bavaria<br />1075–1126<br />'''r.1120–1126'''</small>| Ad10=Adelheid<br /><small>1070–1079</small>| Hr10=Henry<br /><small>1071–1071</small>| Fr10=[[Frederick I, Duke of Swabia|Frederick I]]<br /><small>Duke of Swabia<br />1050–1105<br />'''r.1079–1105'''</small>| Ag10=[[Agnes of Waiblingen|Agnes]]<br /><small>of Germany<br />1072–1143</small>| Le10=[[Leopold III, Margrave of Austria|Leopold III]]<br /><small>[[Margrave|Mgve]] of Austria<br />1073–1136<br />'''r.1095–1136'''</small>| Co10=[[Conrad II of Italy|Conrad II]]<br /><small>King of Germany<br />1074–1101<br />'''r.1087–1098'''</small>| He10=[[Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry V]]<br /><small>King of Germany<br />1086–1125<br />'''r.1099–1125'''<br />[[Holy Roman Emperor|HRE]]<br />r.'''1111–1125''' </small>| boxstyle_He10=background-color:#adf| Mt10=[[Empress Matilda|Matilda]]<br /><small>of England<br />1102–1167</small>}}
{{tree chart|border=1| |,|-|'| |,|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | |,|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | }}
{{tree chart|border=1|Ge11 |y|He11 | | | | | | | | | |Ju11 |y|Fr11 |y|Ag11 | |Gc11 |~|Co11 |y|Gs11 | | | | | | Ge11=[[Gertrude of Süpplingenburg|Gertrude]]<br /><small>1115–1143</small>| He11=[[Henry X, Duke of Bavaria|Henry X<br /><small>the Proud</small>]]<br /><small>Duke of<br> Bavaria<br />c.1108–1139</small>| Ju11=[[Judith of Bavaria, Duchess of Swabia|Judith]]<br /><small>of Bavaria<br />1103–1131</small>| Fr11=[[Frederick II, Duke of Swabia|Frederick II]]<br /><small>Duke of Swabia<br />1090–1147<br />'''r.1105–1147'''</small>| Ag11=Agnes <br /><small>of Saarbrücken<br />d. c.1147</small>| Gc11=[[Gertrude of Comburg|Gertrude]]<br /><small>of Comburg<br />d.1130/1131</small>| Co11=[[Conrad III of Germany|Conrad III]]<br /><small>King of Germany<br />1093–1152<br />'''r.1138–1152'''</small>| boxstyle_Co11=background-color:#FDEE00| Gs11=[[Gertrude of Sulzbach|Gertrude]]<br /><small>of Sulzbach<br />c.1110–1146</small>}}
{{tree chart|border=1| |,|-|'| | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|.| |`|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| |`|-|v|-|-|-|.| | }}
{{tree chart|border=1|He12 |y|Ma12 | |Mt12 |~|Be12 | |Ad12 |~|Fr12 |y|Bt12 | |Co12 | |Ju12 | |Hb12 | |Fs12 | | He12=[[Henry the Lion|Henry<br /><small>the Lion</small>]]<br /><small>Duke of <br />Bavaria<br />1129–1195</small>| Ma12=[[Matilda of England, Duchess of Saxony|Matilda]]<br /><small>of England<br />1156–1189</small>| Mt12=[[Matthias I, Duke of Lorraine|Matthias I]]<br /><small>Duke of <br>Lorraine<br />1119–1176<br />'''r.1138–1176'''</small>| Be12=Bertha<br /><small>1123–1195</small>| Ad12=[[Adelaide of Vohburg|Adelaide]]<br /><small>of Vohburg<br />1135–1190</small>| Fr12=[[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick I<br /><small>Barbarossa</small>]]<br /><small>King of Germany<br />1122–1190<br />'''r.1152–1190'''<br />[[Holy Roman Emperor|HRE]]<br />r.'''1155–1190'''</small>| boxstyle_Fr12=background-color:#FDEE00| Bt12=[[Beatrice I, Countess of Burgundy|Beatrice I]]<br /><small>Css. of Burgundy<br />1143–1184<br />'''r.1148–1184'''</small>| Co12=[[Conrad, Count Palatine of the Rhine|Conrad]]<br /><small>Count Palatine<br />of the Rhine<br />1135–1195<br />'''r.1156–1195'''</small>| Ju12=[[Judith of Hohenstaufen|Judith]]<br /><small>of <br />Hohenstaufen<br />≈1133–1191</small>| Hb12=[[Henry Berengar|Henry<br /><small>Berengar</small>]]<br /><small>King of Germany<br />1136–1150<br />'''r.1147–1150'''</small>>| boxstyle_Hb12=background-color:#FDEE00| Fs12=[[Frederick IV, Duke of Swabia|Frederick IV]]<br /><small>Duke of Swabia<br />1145–1167<br />'''r.1152–1167'''</small>}}
{{tree chart|border=1| |,|-|'| | | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|+|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | }}
{{tree chart|border=1| |!| | |Ir13 |y|Ph13 | |Ba13 |~|Wi13 | |Fr13 |!|Fd13 | |Jo13 |~|Ob13 |~|Bt13 | |Co13 | | Ir13=[[Irene Angelina|Irene<br />Angelina]]<br /><small>c.1181–1208</small>| Ph13=[[Philip of Swabia|Philip<br /><small>of Swabia</small>]]<br /><small>King of Germany<br />1177–1208<br />'''r.1198–1208'''</small>| boxstyle_Ph13=background-color:#FDEE00| Ba13=Beatrice<br /><small>1162–1174</small>| Wi13=[[William II of Sicily|William II<br /><small>the Good</small>]]<br /><small>King of Sicily<br />1155–1189<br />'''r.1166–1189'''</small>| Fr13=[[Frederick V, Duke of Swabia|Frederick V]]<br /><small>Duke of Swabia<br />1164–1170<br />'''r.1167–1170'''</small>| Fd13=[[Frederick VI, Duke of Swabia|Frederick VI]]<br /><small>Duke of Swabia<br />1167–1191<br />'''r.1170–1191'''</small>| Jo13=[[Joan I, Countess of Burgundy|Joan I]]<br /><small>Css. of Burgundy<br />1191–1205<br />'''r.1200–1205'''</small>| Ob13=[[Otto I, Count of Burgundy|Otto I]]<br /><small>Ct of Burgundy<br />btw.1167/1171<br />–1200<br />'''r.1190–1200'''</small>| Bt13=[[Beatrice II, Countess of Burgundy|Beatrice II]]<br /><small>Css. of Burgundy<br />1193–1231<br />'''r.1205–1231'''</small>| Co13=[[Conrad II, Duke of Swabia|Conrad II]]<br /><small>Duke of Swabia<br />1173–1196<br />'''r.1191–1196'''</small>}}
{{tree chart|border=1| |!| | | |,|-|+|-|.| | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | | }}
{{tree chart|border=1|Ot13 |~|Be13 |!|Ku14 |~|We13 | |Re13 | |He13 |y|Ko13 | |Wl13 | |Ag13 | |Gi13 | | | | | | Ot13=[[Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto IV]]<br /><small>King of Germany<br />1175–1218<br />'''r.1198–1209'''<br />[[Holy Roman Emperor|HRE]]<br />r.'''1209–1215'''</small>| boxstyle_Ot13=background-color:#84DE02| Be13=[[Beatrice of Swabia|Beatrice]]<br /><small>of Swabia<br />1198–1212</small>| Ku14=[[Kunigunde of Hohenstaufen|Kunigunde]]<br /><small>of Swabia<br />1202–1248</small>| We13=[[Wenceslaus I of Bohemia|Wenceslaus<br />I]]<br /><small>King of Bohemia<br />≈1205–1253<br />'''1230–1253'''</small>| Re13=Renaud<br /><small>1173</small>| He13=[[Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry VI]]<br /><small>King of Germany<br />1165–1197<br>'''r.1169–1197'''<br />[[Holy Roman Emperor|HRE]]<br />r.'''1191–1197'''</small>| boxstyle_He13=background-color:#FDEE00| Ko13=[[Constance I of Sicily|Constance]]<br /><small>Queen of Sicily<br />1154–1198<br />'''r.1194–1198'''</small>| Wl13=William<br /><small>1176</small>| Ag13=Agnes<br /><small>1181–1184</small>| Gi13=Gisela<br /><small>1168–1184</small>}}
{{tree chart|border=1| | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|'| |F|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|7| | | | | | | | | | }}
{{tree chart|border=1|Hr13 |~|Ma13 | |El13 |~|Fe13 | |Co14 |y|Fr14 |~|~|A|~|y|Is14 | | |L|~|y|Iz14 | | | | | | Hr13=[[Henry II, Duke of Brabant|Henry II]]<br /><small>Duke of<br> Brabant<br />1207–1248<br />'''r.1235–1248'''</small>| Ma13=[[Maria of Swabia|Maria]]<br /><small>of Swabia<br />1201–1235</small>| El13=[[Elisabeth of Swabia|Elisabeth]]<br /><small>of Swabia<br />1205–1235</small>| Fe13=[[Ferdinand III of Castile|Ferdinand III]]<br /><small>King of Castile<br />1199/1201–1252</small>| Co14=[[Constance of Aragon, Holy Roman Empress|Constance]]<br /><small>of Aragon<br />1179–1222</small>| Fr14=[[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]]<br /><small>King of Germany<br />1194–1250<br />'''r.1212–1250'''<br />[[Holy Roman Emperor|HRE]]<br />r.'''1220–1250'''</small>| boxstyle_Fr14=background-color:#FDEE00| Is14=[[Isabella II of Jerusalem|Isabella II]]<br /><small>Queen of<br />Jerusalem<br />'''1212–1228'''</small>| Iz14=[[Isabella of England|Isabella]]<br /><small>of England<br />1214–1241</small>}}
{{tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|'| | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | }}
{{tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | |Ma15 |~|He15 | |El15 |y|Co15 | |Mg15 | |Ho15 | |Ms15 |y|Al15 | | Ma15=[[Margaret of Austria, Queen of Bohemia|Margaret]]<br /><small>of Austria<br />c.1204–1266</small>| He15=[[Henry (VII) of Germany|Henry (VII)]]<br /><small>King of Germany<br />1211–1242<br />'''r.1220–1235'''</small>| El15=[[Elisabeth of Bavaria, Queen of Germany|Elisabeth]]<br /><small>of Bavaria<br />c.1227–1273</small>| Co15=[[Conrad IV of Germany|Conrad IV]]<small><br>(of Sicily)<br />King of Germany<br />1228–1254<br />'''r.1237–1254'''</small>| boxstyle_Co15=background-color:#FDEE00| Mg15=Margareta<br /><small>1226–1227</small>| Ho15=Henry<br />Otto<br /><small>1238–1253</small>| Ms15=[[Margaret of Sicily|Margaret]]<br /><small>of Sicily<br />1241–1270</small>| Al15=[[Albert II, Margrave of Meissen|Albert II]]<br /><small>[[Margrave|Mgve.]] <br>of Meissen<br />1240–1314<br />'''r.1288–1314'''</small>}}
{{tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|'| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |`|-|.| | }}
{{tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Co16 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Fr17 | | Co16=[[Conradin]]<br /><small>K. of Jerusalem<br />1252–1268<br />'''r.1254–1268'''</small>| Fr17=[[Frederick I, Margrave of Meissen|Frederick I]]<br /><small>[[Margrave|Mgve]] of<br> Meissen<br />1257–1323<br />'''r.1292–1323'''</small>}}

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'''Notes:'''<br/>
''For further detailed dynastic relationships, see also [[:Family tree of the German monarchs]]''.

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==See also==
* [[Dukes of Swabia family tree]]
* [[Guelphs and Ghibellines]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

* {{Country study}}

== External links ==
* {{commons category-inline|Hohenstaufen Dynasty}}

{{Royal houses of Italy}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hohenstaufen, House Of}}
[[Category:Hohenstaufen family| ]]
[[Category:1070s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire]]
[[Category:1079 establishments in Europe]]
[[Category:1260s disestablishments in the Holy Roman Empire]]
[[Category:1268 disestablishments in Europe]]
[[Category:Kings in Germany]]
[[Category:Holy Roman Emperors]]
[[Category:Italian noble families]]
[[Category:Noble families of the Holy Roman Empire]]
[[Category:Salian dynasty]]
[[Category:Sicilian royal houses]]