View source for Home

{{Short description|Residence for humans to live in}}
{{About|the concept of residence|the structure|House|other uses}}
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[[File:SearsHouse115.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Plans for a detached [[house]] showing the social functions for each [[room]]]]
{{Living spaces}}
A '''home''', or '''domicile''', is a [[space]] used as a permanent or semi-permanent residence for one or more [[human]] occupants, and sometimes various [[pet|companion animals]]. Homes provide sheltered spaces, for instance [[rooms]], where domestic activity can be performed such as sleeping, preparing food, eating and hygiene as well as providing spaces for work and leisure such as remote working, studying and playing.

Physical forms of homes can be static such as a [[house]] or an [[apartment]], mobile such as a [[houseboat]], [[Trailer (vehicle)|trailer]] or [[yurt]] or digital such as virtual space.<ref>{{cite web |title=Definition: Home |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/home |website=Dictionary |access-date=29 October 2020 |archive-date=28 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028105315/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/home |url-status=live}}</ref> The aspect of 'home' can be considered across scales; from the micro scale showcasing the most intimate spaces of the individual dwelling and direct surrounding area to the macro scale of the geographic area such as [[town]], [[village]], [[city]], [[country]] or [[planet]].

The concept of 'home' has been researched and theorized across disciplines – topics ranging from the idea of home, the interior, the psyche, liminal space, contested space to gender and politics.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Briganti and Mezei |first1=Chiara and Kathy |title=The Domestic Space Reader |date=2012 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |location=Canada |isbn=978-0-8020-9968-6}}</ref> The home as a concept expands beyond residence as contemporary lifestyles and technological advances redefine the way the global population lives and works. The concept and experience encompasses the likes of [[exile]], yearning, [[Belongingness|belonging]], homesickness and homelessness.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Domestic Space Reader |date=2012 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-0-8020-9664-7 |editor-last=Briganti |editor-first=Chiara |page=6 |jstor=10.3138/j.ctt2ttqbw |editor-last2=Mezei |editor-first2=Kathy}}</ref>

==History==
=== Prehistoric ===
[[File:Taino petroglyph in cave.jpg|thumb|[[Taíno]] [[petroglyph]]s in a cave in Puerto Rico]]
The earliest homes humans inhabited were likely naturally occurring features such as [[cave]]s. There is numerous evidence for early human species inhabiting caves from at least one million years ago, including ''[[Homo erectus]]'' in China at [[Zhoukoudian]], ''[[Homo rhodesiensis]]'' in South Africa at the Cave of Hearths ([[Makapansgat]]), ''[[Homo neanderthalensis]]'' and ''[[Homo heidelbergensis]]'' in Europe at [[Archaeological Site of Atapuerca]], ''[[Homo floresiensis]]'' in Indonesia, and the [[Denisovans]] in southern Siberia.

In southern Africa, early modern humans regularly used sea caves as shelter starting about 180,000 years ago, when they learned to exploit the sea for the first time.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=17943129 |year=2007 |last1=Marean |first1=C.W. |title=Early human use of marine resources and pigment in South Africa during the Middle Pleistocene |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5902752 |journal=Nature |volume=449 |issue=7164 |pages=905–908 |last2=Bar-Matthews |first2=M. |last3=Bernatchez |first3=J. |last4=Fisher |first4=E. |last5=Goldberg |first5=P. |last6=Herries |first6=A.I. |last7=Jacobs |first7=Z. |last8=Jerardino |first8=A. |last9=Karkanas |first9=P.|last10=Minichillo|first10=T. |last11=Nilssen |first11=P.J. |last12=Thompson |first12=E. |last13=Watts |first13=I. |last14=Williams |first14=H.M. |doi=10.1038/nature06204 |bibcode=2007Natur.449..905M |s2cid=4387442 |access-date=22 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922101726/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5902752_Early_human_use_of_marine_resources_and_pigment_in_South_Africa_during_the_Middle_Pleistocene |archive-date=22 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> The oldest known site is PP13B at [[Pinnacle Point]]. This may have allowed rapid expansion of humans out of Africa and colonization of areas of the world such as Australia by 60–50,000 years ago. Throughout southern Africa, Australia, and Europe, early modern humans used caves and rock shelters as sites for rock art, such as those at [[Giants Castle]]. Caves such as the [[yaodong]] in China were used for shelter; other caves were used for burials (such as [[rock-cut tombs]]), or as religious sites (such as [[:Category:Buddhist caves|Buddhist caves]]). Among the known sacred caves are China's Cave of a Thousand Buddhas<ref>{{cite book |last=Olsen |first=Brad |title=Sacred Places Around the World: 108 Destinations |year=2004 |publisher=CCC Publishing |isbn=978-1-888729-16-0 |page=16 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7FS40w2nrqQC&pg=PA16 |access-date=2 December 2020 |archive-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521053946/https://books.google.com/books?id=7FS40w2nrqQC&pg=PA16 |url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[sacred caves of Crete]]. As technology progressed, humans and other hominids began constructing their own dwellings. Buildings such as [[Hut (dwelling)|huts]] and [[longhouse]]s have been used for living since the late [[Neolithic]].<ref name="Skara Brae">{{cite web |url=http://www.orkneyjar.com/history/skarabrae/ |title=Skara Brae |publisher=Orkneyjar |access-date=8 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121209170724/http://www.orkneyjar.com/history/skarabrae/ |archive-date=9 December 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Ancient ===
By the Bronze Age (c. 3500–1200 BC), communities in [[Mesopotamia]] began constructing permanent dwellings of [[mudbrick]]; excavations at [[Uruk]] and [[Tell al-'Ubaid|Ubaid]] reveal single-room and multi-room houses organised around small courtyards, built with uniform bricks and bitumen mortar.<ref>{{cite web|title=Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/smes/hd_smes.htm|publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|access-date=2025-05-02}}</ref> These early urban homes often clustered along straight streets and shared common wells and ovens.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Algaze|first=Gilbert|title=Early Urbanization in Mesopotamia|journal=Journal of Archaeological Research|year=1993|volume=1|issue=1|pages=1–38|doi=10.1007/BF02292781|doi-broken-date=1 July 2025 }}</ref> In [[Ancient Egypt]], from the Old Kingdom (c. 2686–2181 BC) onwards, town layouts at [[Amarna, Egypt|Amarna]] and [[Deir el-Medina]] display mudbrick houses with flat roofs built in dense rows off narrow lanes; typical houses comprised a reception room, private chambers, and a small courtyard used for food preparation and work activities.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Cartwright |first1=Mark |title=Domestic Architecture in Ancient Egypt|encyclopedia=World History Encyclopedia |date=31 May 2018 |url=http://www.ancient.eu/article/1232/domestic-architecture-in-ancient-egypt/|access-date=2025-05-02}}</ref> The [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] (c. 2600–1900 BC) featured standardised fired-bricks and sophisticated urban planning in cities like [[Mohenjo-daro]] and [[Harappa]], where two-story houses included private wells, indoor bathrooms with drainage, and south-facing courtyards engineered for ventilation in the hot climate.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ancient Indus Valley Civilization|url=https://www.harappa.com/har/har02.html|publisher=Harappa.com|access-date=2025-05-02}}</ref>

On Bronze Age [[Crete]], the Minoan palace at [[Knossos]] incorporated residential quarters with light wells and lustral basins, reflecting an emphasis on light and ritual purity in domestic space.<ref>{{cite book|last=Manning|first=Sturt W.|title=A History of Ancient Greece: From Prehistoric to Hellenistic Times|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2010|pages=35–40}}</ref> Surrounding settlements adopted similar rectilinear house plans centered on storage magazines and communal courts. By the 1st century BC in [[Ancient Rome]], the affluent lived in [[Roman villa|domus]]—multiroom urban houses built around an atrium and peristyle garden—while the majority resided in multi-story apartment blocks called insulae, often cramped and prone to fire hazards.<ref>{{cite web|title=Housing in Ancient Rome|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/article/809/housing-in-ancient-rome/|publisher=World History Encyclopedia|access-date=2025-05-02}}</ref>

=== Post-classical ===
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century, domestic architecture in Europe reverted to simple timber-framed or wattle-and-daub huts, while the elite continued to inhabit stone manor houses with great halls and defensive features. By the 12th century, these manor houses commonly featured a central hall, private solar chambers, and adjoining service wings, reflecting both social hierarchy and the need for local defense.<ref>{{cite book|last=Striner|first=Richard|title=The Oxford Dictionary of Architecture|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2016|isbn=9780199665379|page=217}}</ref> In medieval towns, multi-storey timber-framed "hall houses" with jettied upper floors lined narrow streets, maximizing limited urban plots and providing shelter from street traffic.<ref>{{cite web|title=Medieval European Architecture|url=https://www.historytoday.com/archive/medieval-architecture|publisher=History Today|access-date=2025-05-02}}</ref>

Concurrently, in the Islamic world from the 8th century onwards, the inward-facing courtyard house became predominant. Private residences were organized around shaded central courts with water features, mashrabiya screens for ventilation and privacy, and richly decorated plasterwork and tile.<ref>{{cite web|title=Courtyard Houses in the Islamic World|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/1996.533|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|access-date=2025-05-02}}</ref> In East Asia, the Chinese siheyuan compound—standardized during the Yuan and Ming dynasties—offered multigenerational living around a north–south axis courtyard, with ancillary rooms for servants and extended family.

The Renaissance (14th–17th centuries) brought classical ideals into domestic design. In Florence, the Palazzo Medici Riccardi (begun 1444) introduced rusticated façades, symmetrical floor plans, and internal loggias, while Venetian villas by Palladio emphasized proportion, harmony, and integration with landscaped gardens.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ackerman|first=James S.|title=The Architecture of Michelangelo|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1986|isbn=978-0-226-11143-8|page=45}}</ref> Advances in glassmaking allowed larger, clearer windows, and masonry chimneys gradually replaced central hearths, vastly improving light and air quality within homes.<ref>{{cite web|title=History of Windows|url=https://www.nfrc.org/history-of-windows|publisher=National Fenestration Rating Council|access-date=2025-05-02}}</ref> From the 14th to the 16th century, homelessness was perceived of as a "vagrancy problem" and legislative responses to the problem were predicated upon the threat it may pose to the state.<ref name=":5" />

=== Modern era ===
[[File:Worker home from 1911 in Helsinki.jpg|thumb|Industrialization brought mass migration to cities. This one-room worker home from [[Helsinki]] is typical to late 19th century and early 20th century, often housing large families.<ref>City of Helsinki (2022): Display captions in the Worker Housing Museum.</ref>]]
According to [[Kirsten Gram-Hanssen]], "It can be argued that historically and cross-culturally there is not always [a] strong relation between the concept of home and the physical building, and that this mode of thinking is rooted in [[Age of Enlightenment|the Enlightenment]] of the seventeenth century".<ref name=":0" /> Before, one's home was more public than private; traits such as privacy, intimacy and familiarity would proceed to achieve greater prominence, aligning the concept with the [[bourgeoisie]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kreiczer-Levy |first=Shelly |date=2014 |title=Intergenerational Relations and the Family Home |journal=The Law & Ethics of Human Rights |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=131–160 |doi=10.1515/lehr-2014-0004 |s2cid=146596570 |issn=2194-6531}}</ref> The connection between home and house was reinforced by a [[case law]] declaration from [[Edward Coke]]: "The house of everyman is to him as his castle and fortress, as well as his defense against injury and violence, as for his repose". Colloquially, this was adapted into the phrase "The Englishman's home is his castle" which popularised the notion of home as house.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Mallett |first=Shelley |date=2004 |title=Understanding Home: A Critical Review of the Literature |journal=The Sociological Review |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=62–89 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-954x.2004.00442.x |s2cid=141848481 |issn=0038-0261}}</ref>

A result of the longstanding association between home and women, 18th century English women, of upper-class status, were scorned for pursuing activities outside of the home, thus seen to be of undesirable character.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last=Lewis |first=Judith S. |date=2009 |title=When a House Is Not a Home: Elite English Women and the Eighteenth-Century Country House |journal=Journal of British Studies |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=336–363 |doi=10.1086/596124 |jstor=25483038 |issn=0021-9371}}</ref> The concept of home took on unprecedent prominence by the 18th century, reified by cultural practice.<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Harvey |first=Karen |date=2009 |title=Men Making Home: Masculinity and Domesticity in Eighteenth-Century Britain |journal=Gender & History |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=520–540 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0424.2009.01569.x |s2cid=145277189 |issn=0953-5233}}</ref>

The concept of a [[Home automation|smart home]] arose in the 19th century in turn with electricity having been introduced to homes in a limited capacity.<ref name=":0" /> The distinction between home and work formulated in the 20th century, with home acting as sanctuary.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Imrie |first=Rob |date=2004 |title=Disability, embodiment and the meaning of the home |journal=Housing Studies |volume=19 |issue=5 |pages=745–763 |doi=10.1080/0267303042000249189 |bibcode=2004HouSt..19..745I |s2cid=143978616 |issn=0267-3037}}</ref> Modern definitions portray home as a site of supreme comfort and familial intimacy, operating as a buffer to the greater world.<ref name=":10" />

==Common types==
{{Further|List of house types}}The concept of home is one with multiple interpretations, influenced by one's history and identity.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Boccagni |first=Paolo |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1057/978-1-137-58802-9 |title=Migration and the Search for Home |date=2017 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-137-58801-2 |location= |page=xxiii |language=en |doi=10.1057/978-1-137-58802-9}}</ref> People of differing ages, genders, ethnicities and classes may have resultingly different meanings of home.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Soaita |first=Adriana Mihaela |date=2015 |title=The meaning of home in Romania: views from urban owner–occupiers |journal=Journal of Housing and the Built Environment |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=69–85 |doi=10.1007/s10901-014-9396-3 |jstor=43907312 |bibcode=2015JHTRW..30...69S |s2cid=52216934 |issn=1566-4910 |hdl=10023/7644 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Commonly, it is associated with various forms of abodes such as wagons, cars, boats or tents although it is equally considered to extend beyond the space, in mind and emotion.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=May |first=Jon |date=2000 |title=Of Nomads and Vagrants: Single Homelessness and Narratives of Home as Place |journal=Environment and Planning D: Society and Space |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=737–759 |doi=10.1068/d203t |bibcode=2000EnPlD..18..737M |s2cid=143737438 |issn=0263-7758}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Douglas |first=Mary |date=1991 |title=The Idea of a Home: A Kind of Space |journal=Social Research |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=287–307 |jstor=40970644 |issn=0037-783X}}</ref><ref name=":8" /> The space of a home need not be significant or fixed though the boundaries of home are often tied to the space.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last1=Ewart |first1=Ian |last2=Luck |first2=Rachael |date=2013 |title=Living ''From'' Home: Older People Looking beyond the House |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.2752/175174213X13500467495726 |journal=Home Cultures |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=25–42 |doi=10.2752/175174213x13500467495726 |s2cid=142644798 |issn=1740-6315}}</ref> There have been multiple theories regarding one's choice of home with the residential conditions of their childhood often reflected in their later choice of home.<ref name=":1" /> According to [[Paul Oliver]], the vast majority of abodes are [[Vernacular architecture|vernacular]], constructed in accordance with the residents' needs.<ref name="CoolenEditorial">{{Cite journal |last1=Coolen |first1=Henny |last2=Meesters |first2=Janine |date=2012 |title=Editorial special issue: house, home and dwelling |journal=Journal of Housing and the Built Environment |language=en |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1007/s10901-011-9247-4 |s2cid=52996532 |issn=1573-7772 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2012JHTRW..27....1C }}</ref>

=== House ===
{{main|House}}
[[File:8A, Bulevardul Aviatorilor , Bucharest (Romania).jpg|thumb|House at 8A, Bulevardul Aviatorilor, Bucharest, Romania]]

A house is a single-unit residential [[building]]. It may range in complexity from a rudimentary [[hut]] to a complex structure of [[wood]], [[masonry]], [[concrete]] or other material, outfitted with [[plumbing]], electrical, and [[heating, ventilation, and air conditioning]] systems.<ref name=schoenauer>Schoenauer, Norbert (2000). ''6,000 Years of Housing'' (rev. ed.) (New York: W.W. Norton & Company).</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/TTD-113.pdf |title=housing papers |publisher=clerk.house.gov |access-date=18 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117014041/http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/TTD-113.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2013 }}</ref>

The social unit that lives in a house is known as a [[household]]. Most commonly, a household is a [[family]] unit of some kind, although households may also be other [[Group (sociology)|social groups]], such as [[roommate]]s or, in a [[rooming house]], unconnected individuals. Some houses only have a dwelling space for one family or similar-sized group; larger houses called [[townhouse]]s or [[row house]]s may contain numerous family dwellings in the same structure. A house may be accompanied by outbuildings, such as a [[garage (residential)|garage]] for vehicles or a [[shed]] for gardening equipment and tools. A house may have a [[backyard]] or a [[front yard]] or both, which serve as additional areas where inhabitants can relax or eat. Houses may provide "certain activities, which gradually accumulate meaning until they become homes".<ref name=":8" />

[[Joseph Rykwert]] distinguished between home and house in their physicality; a house requires a building whereas a home does not.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rykwert |first=Joseph |date=1991 |title=House and Home |journal=Social Research |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=51–62 |jstor=40970630 |issn=0037-783X}}</ref> ''Home'' and ''house'' are often used interchangeably, although their connotations may differ: ''house'' being "emotionally neutral" and ''home'' evoking "personal, cognitive aspects".<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Dekkers |first=Wim |date=2011 |title=Dwelling, house and home: towards a home-led perspective on dementia care |journal=Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy |language=en |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=291–300 |doi=10.1007/s11019-011-9307-2 |issn=1386-7423 |pmc=3127020 |pmid=21221813}}</ref> By the mid-18th century, the definition of home had extended beyond a house.<ref name=":11" /> "Few English words are filled with the emotional meaning of the word home".<ref name=":10" />

=== Moveable structures ===
[[File:LakeUnionHouseboat.jpg|right|thumb|A houseboat on [[Lake Union]] in [[Seattle]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], US]]
[[File:Kazakh yurt.jpg|thumb|A traditional Kazakh yurt on a wagon]]

Home as constitutionally mobile and transient has been contended by anthropologists and sociologist.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Giorgi |first1=Sabina |last2=Fasulo |first2=Alessandra |date=2013 |title=Transformative Homes |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.2752/175174213X13589680718418 |journal=Home Cultures |language=en |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=111–133 |doi=10.2752/175174213x13589680718418 |hdl=11573/661762 |s2cid=143558011 |issn=1740-6315 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> A [[mobile home]] (also known as a house trailer, park home, trailer, or trailer home) is a [[prefabrication|prefabricated]] structure, built in a factory on a permanently attached chassis before being transported to site (either by being towed or on a trailer). Used as permanent homes, or for holiday or temporary accommodation, they are often left permanently or semi-permanently in one place, but can be moved, and may be required to move from time to time for legal reasons.

A [[houseboat]] is a [[boat]] that has been designed or modified to be used primarily as a home. Some houseboats are not motorized, because they are usually [[moored]], kept stationary at a fixed point and often tethered to land to provide utilities. However, many are capable of operation under their own power. Float house is a Canadian and American term for a house on a float (raft); a rough house may be called a shanty boat.<ref>{{cite book |author=Parry, M. H. |title=Aak to Zumbra: a dictionary of the world's watercraft |location=Newport News, VA |publisher=Mariners' Museum |year=2000 |pages=215–216 |isbn=0-917376-46-3}}</ref> In Western countries, houseboats tend to be either owned privately or rented out to holiday-goers, and on some canals in Europe, people dwell in houseboats all year round. Examples of this include, but are not limited to, Amsterdam, London, and Paris.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gabor |first1=M. |title=Houseboats from Floating Places to Humble Dwellings – a glowing tribute to a growing lifetsyle |year=1979 |publisher=Ballantine Books |location=Toronto}}</ref>

A traditional [[yurt]] or ger is a portable round tent covered with skins or [[felt]] and used as a dwelling by several distinct [[Nomad|nomadic groups]] in the [[Eurasian Steppe|steppes of Central Asia]]. The structure consists of an angled assembly or latticework of wood or [[bamboo]] for walls, a door frame, ribs (poles, rafters), and a wheel (crown, compression ring) possibly steam-bent. The roof structure is often self-supporting, but large yurts may have interior posts supporting the crown. The top of the wall of self-supporting yurts is prevented from spreading by means of a tension band which opposes the force of the roof ribs. Modern yurts may be permanently built on a wooden platform; they may use modern materials such as steam-bent wooden framing or metal framing, canvas or tarpaulin, plexiglass dome, wire rope, or [[radiant barrier|radiant insulation]].

== Management ==

=== Housing cooperative ===
{{Excerpt|Housing cooperative|paragraphs=1, 2|files=999LakeShoreDriveChicago.jpg|template=-Distinguish, Redirect, Short description}}

=== Repair ===
{{Excerpt|Home repair|files=FEMA - 42428 - Home Repair after Flood.jpg|template=-For, Other uses of, More citations needed, Short description}}

=== Housekeeping ===
{{Excerpt|Housekeeping|files=FEMA - 42428 - Home Repair after Flood.jpg|template=-Multiple issues, Other uses, See also, Short description}}

==Tenure==
{{Excerpt|Housing tenure|template=-Multiple issues, Short description}}

===Owner-occupancy===
{{Excerpt|Owner-occupancy|template=-Housing, Short description}}

=== Rental accommodation ===
{{Excerpt|Renting|paragraphs=2|files=MEZ 1911 10 01 20 object 594901 (2).png|template=-Housing, About, Redirect, Redirect2, Multiple issues, Short description}}

===Squatting===
{{Excerpt|Squatting|files=No Forvced Removals.jpg|template=-Housing, About, Libertarianism sidebar, Short description}}

===Homelessness===
{{Main|Homelessness}}
[[File:Street dwellers in San'ya district in Tokyo Japan.jpg|thumb|Homeless people in [[San'ya]] district, [[Tokyo]], Japan]]

The state of being without a home can occur in many ways,<ref name=":4" /> ranging from the upheavals of [[natural disaster]]s,<ref>{{cite news |last=Teves, Hranjski |first=Oliver, Hrvoje |date=7 December 2012 |title=Death toll from Philippine typhoon climbs past 500 |work=USA Today |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2012/12/07/death-toll-philippine-typhoon-500/1752981/ |url-status=live |access-date=8 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208024735/http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2012/12/07/death-toll-philippine-typhoon-500/1752981/ |archive-date=8 December 2012}}</ref> fraud, theft, [[arson]], or war-related destruction, to the more common voluntary sale, loss for one or more occupants on relationship breakdown, [[eminent domain|expropriation]] by government or legislated cause, repossession or [[foreclosure]] to pay secured debts, [[eviction]] by [[Landlord|landlords]], disposal by time-limited means – [[lease]], or absolute gift. Jurisdiction-dependent means of home loss include [[adverse possession]], unpaid [[property taxation]] and corruption such as in circumstances of a [[failed state]].

[[Personal insolvency]], development or sustaining of [[mental disorder|mental illness]] or severe physical incapacity without affordable [[care work|domestic care]] commonly lead to a change of home. The underlying character of a home may be debased by [[Structural integrity and failure|structural defects]], natural [[subsidence]], [[property maintenance|neglect]] or [[soil contamination]]. [[Refugee]]s are people who have fled their homes due to violence or [[persecution]]. They may seek temporary housing in a shelter, or claim [[right of asylum|asylum]] in another country in an attempt to relocate permanently. A dysfunctional home life commonly precipitates one's homelessness.<ref name=":4" />

The dichotomy between home and homelessness is to the extent that the concept of home, scholars have said, is dependent on homelessness: "in a sense, without homelessness, we would not be concerned with what home means".<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Wardhaugh |first=Julia |date=1999 |title=The Unaccommodated Woman: Home, Homelessness and Identity |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1111/1467-954X.00164 |journal=The Sociological Review |language=en |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=91–109 |doi=10.1111/1467-954X.00164 |s2cid=143034264 |issn=0038-0261|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Anthropogenic significance ==
[[File:Welcome home our heroes MET DP873465.jpg|thumb|A celebratory poster for soldiers and marines returning home]]
The connection between humans and dwelling is profound, such that, the likes of [[Gaston Bachelard]] and [[Martin Heidegger]] consider it an "essential characteristic" of humanity.<ref name=":7" /> A home is generally a place that is close to the heart of the owner, and can become a prized possession. It has been argued that psychologically "The strongest sense of home commonly coincides geographically with a dwelling. Usually, the sense of home attenuates as one moves away from that point, but it does not do so in a fixed or regular way."<ref>{{cite journal |author=Terkenli, T.S. |year=1995 |title=Home as a Region |journal=Geographical Review |volume=85 |issue=3 |pages=324–334 |doi=10.2307/215276 |jstor=215276|bibcode=1995GeoRv..85..324T }}</ref> A person's conception of home can be dependent on congealing conditions, such as culture, geography or emotion; the sense of being at home may be contingent upon the presence of multiple emotions, such as joy, sorrow, nostalgia and pride.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tucker |first=Aviezer |date=1994 |title=In Search of Home |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-5930.1994.tb00107.x |journal=Journal of Applied Philosophy |language=en |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=181–187 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-5930.1994.tb00107.x |issn=0264-3758|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heller |first=Anges |date=1995 |title=Where Are we at Home? |journal=Thesis Eleven |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.1177/072551369504100102 |s2cid=143640713 |issn=0725-5136 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Further psychological interperation contends that homes serve the purpose of satisfying identity-based desires and expression and that it functions as a "symbol of the self", bound to the events of one's life.<ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Després |first=Carole |date=1991 |title=The Meaning of Home: Literature Review and Directions for Future Research and Theoretical Development |journal=Journal of Architectural and Planning Research |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=96–115 |jstor=43029026 |issn=0738-0895}}</ref> [[Emmanuel Levinas]] wrote of home as where, upon seclusion from the greater world, a sense of self can be regained.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Burcher |first1=Paul |last2=Gabriel |first2=Jazmine |date=2016 |title=There Is No Place Like Home: Why Women are Choosing Home Birth in the Era of 'Homelike' Hospitals. |journal=International Journal of Feminist Approaches to Bioethics |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=149–165 |doi=10.3138/ijfab.9.1.149 |jstor=90011862 |s2cid=74202738 |issn=1937-4585}}</ref>

There exist many connotations regarding the concept of a home, including of security, identity, ritual and socialisation, varied definitions and residents may associate their home with meanings, emotions, experiences and relationships.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Gram-Hanssen |first1=Kirsten |last2=Darby |first2=Sarah J. |date=2018 |title="Home is where the smart is"? Evaluating smart home research and approaches against the concept of home |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214629617303213 |journal=Energy Research & Social Science |language=en |volume=37 |pages=94–101 |doi=10.1016/j.erss.2017.09.037 |bibcode=2018ERSS...37...94G |s2cid=115664299 |issn=2214-6296}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Gram-Hanssen |first1=Kirsten |last2=Bech-Danielsen |first2=Claus |date=2011 |title=Creating a new home. Somali, Iraqi and Turkish immigrants and their homes in Danish social housing |journal=Journal of Housing and the Built Environment |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=89–103 |doi=10.1007/s10901-011-9244-7 |s2cid=153491629 |issn=1566-4910}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Blunt |first1=Alison |last2=Varley |first2=Ann |date=2004 |title=Geographies of home |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1191/1474474004eu289xx |journal=Cultural Geographies |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=3–6 |doi=10.1191/1474474004eu289xx |bibcode=2004CuGeo..11....3B |s2cid=145718750 |issn=1474-4740|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Home has been described as an "[[essentially contested concept]]".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meers |first=Jed |date=2021 |title='Home' as an essentially contested concept and why this matters |journal=Housing Studies |volume=38 |issue=4 |language=en |pages=597–614 |doi=10.1080/02673037.2021.1893281 |s2cid=233665944 |issn=0267-3037 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Common connotations of home are espoused by both those with or without a home.<ref name=":5" /> It is the sociality and action of homes which some scholars have said conditions a house in to a home, which is, according to Gram-Hanssen, "a [[phenomenon]] made by its residents".<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gram-Hanssen |first1=Kirsten |last2=Bech-Danielsen |first2=Claus |date=2004 |title=House, home and identity from a consumption perspective |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14036090410025816 |journal=Housing, Theory and Society |language=en |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=17–26 |doi=10.1080/14036090410025816 |bibcode=2004HTSoc..21...17G |s2cid=154629854 |issn=1403-6096|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Dysfunctional sociality may negate the sense of a residence being a home whereas the physical contents may endow the sense; alienated from home one may feel "metaphorically homeless".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sixsmith |first=Judith |date=1986 |title=The Meaning of Home: An Exploratory Study of Environmental Experience |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0272494486800020 |journal=Journal of Environmental Psychology |language=en |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=281–298 |doi=10.1016/S0272-4944(86)80002-0|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Öhlén |first1=Joakim |last2=Ekman |first2=Inger |last3=Zingmark |first3=Karin |last4=Bolmsjö |first4=Ingrid |last5=Benzein |first5=Eva |date=2014 |title=Conceptual development of "at-homeness" despite illness and disease: A review |journal=International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being |volume=9 |issue=1 |article-number=23677 |doi=10.3402/qhw.v9.23677 |pmc=4036382 |pmid=28556696}}</ref>{{efn|Alienation based sense of homelessness can extend to nations and communities; [[Bell hooks|Bell Hooks]] wrote of an African-American sense of homeless in the [[Southern United States|American South]].<ref name=":4" />}} Romantic or nostalgic notions are typical in the conceptions of "ideal homes", at once a cultural and individual concept.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wright |first=Gwendolyn |date=1991 |title=Prescribing the Model Home |journal=Social Research |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=213–225 |jstor=40970641 |issn=0037-783X}}</ref> An ideal working-class home in [[Postwar Britain (1945–1979)|Postwar Britain]] was one of comfort and cleanliness, plentiful with food and compassion.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Langhamer |first=Claire |date=2005 |title=The Meanings of Home in Postwar Britain |journal=Journal of Contemporary History |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=341–362 |doi=10.1177/0022009405051556 |jstor=30036327 |s2cid=145429727 |issn=0022-0094}}</ref>

In modern America, an owned house has greater cachet as a home than other residences; debate exists as to if a rooming house can provide a home.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mifflin |first1=Erin |last2=Wilton |first2=Robert |date=2005 |title=No Place like Home: Rooming Houses in Contemporary Urban Context |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1068/a36119 |journal=Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space |language=en |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=403–421 |doi=10.1068/a36119 |bibcode=2005EnPlA..37..403M |s2cid=143568957 |issn=0308-518X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Some housing scholars have contended that a conflation of house and home is the result of popular media and capitalist interest.<ref name=":2" /> Differing cultures may perceive the concept of a home differently, ascribing less value to the privacy of a residence or the residence itself – although housing issues have been seen as of great concern to immigrants.<ref name=":1" />{{efn|The word for home may not be present in all cultures and languages.<ref name="CoolenEditorial" />}} The home can render to men and women in significant differences: men conditioned to experience great control and little labour and vice versa for women; homelessness too can be subject to differences per gender.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" /> Sociologist Shelley Mallett preposed the idea of home as abstractions: space, feeling, [[Praxis (process)|praxis]] or "a way of being in the world".<ref name=":1" /> Abstract notions of home are present in the proverb "A house is not a home".<ref name=":4" />
[[File:Dream Home Wiki Loves Africa 2022 By Green Wilfred Somoni.webm|left|thumb|A video showing a child in [[Port Harcourt|Port Harcourt, Nigeria]] aspiring for a future home]]

Since it can be said that humans are generally creatures of [[Habituation|habit]], the state of a person's home has been known to physiologically influence their [[behavior]], [[emotion]]s, and overall [[mental health]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Boutruche, Samuel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sb9qa2gKeREC&pg=PA35 |title=Raising Young Refugees' Voices in Europe and Beyond |author2=Bourgeois, Stéphanie |author3=Lyamouri-Bajja, Nadine |publisher=[[Council of Europe]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-92-871-6308-0 |page=35 |access-date=19 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610085424/https://books.google.com/books?id=sb9qa2gKeREC&pg=PA35 |archive-date=10 June 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><!--Source does mention WP, but separately provides independent evidence--> [[Marianne Gullestad]] wrote of the home as the center of and as an attempt to amalgamate everyday life; one's conduct there, she said, can reflect greater culture or social values, such as [[gender role]]s insinuating the home to be the domain of women.<ref name=":1" />{{efn|Research showcases that "women's attachment to home is more pronounced than men's and increases with the length of time spent at home".<ref name=":3" />}} To be [[Homesickness|homesick]] is to desire [[Belongingness|belonging]], said [[Zygmunt Bauman]].<ref name=":5" /> Places like homes can trigger self-reflection, thoughts about who someone is or used to be or who they might become.<ref>{{cite web |last=Haywood |first=Trudy |date=27 July 2017 |title=Homesickness – Settling in to University |url=https://warwick.ac.uk/services/counselling/informationpages/homesickness/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104132357/https://warwick.ac.uk/services/counselling/informationpages/homesickness/ |archive-date=4 January 2018 |website=Warwick}}</ref> These types of reflections also occur in places where there is a collective historical identity, such as [[Battle of Gettysburg|Gettysburg]] or [[Ground Zero]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Burton-Christie, Douglas |year=2009 |title=Place-Making as Contemplative Practice |url=http://www.anglicantheologicalreview.org/read/article/1006/ |url-status=live |journal=[[Anglican Theological Review]] |volume=91 |issue=3 |pages=347–371 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502003346/http://www.anglicantheologicalreview.org/read/article/1006/ |archive-date=2 May 2014 |access-date=30 April 2014}}</ref> The time spent with one's home is a considerable element in establishing one's attachment.<ref name=":1" /> Those without significant time spent of their life in a residence often struggle to consider home as a feature of residences.<ref name=":5" /> The perception of one's home can extend beyond the residence itself, to their neighbourhood, family, workplace or nation and one may feel as though they have multiple homes; to have felt at home beyond residence can be a significant element in one's appraisal of their life, a time in which notions of home, it has been observed, are more profound.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lewin |first=Fereshteh Ahmadi |date=2001 |title=The Meaning of Home among Elderly Immigrants: Directions for Future Research and Theoretical Development |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02673030120049715 |journal=Housing Studies |language=en |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=353–370 |doi=10.1080/02673030120049715 |bibcode=2001HouSt..16..353L |s2cid=143282245 |issn=0267-3037|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ahmed |first=Sara |date=1999 |title=Home and away: Narratives of migration and estrangement |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/136787799900200303 |journal=International Journal of Cultural Studies |language=en |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=329–347 |doi=10.1177/136787799900200303 |s2cid=146220746 |issn=1367-8779|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |title=The meaning of home for ageing women: An evolutionary concept analysis |last1=Barry |first1=Arro |last2=Heale |first2=Roberta |last3=Pilon |first3=Roger |last4=Lavoie |first4=Anne Marise |date=2017 |journal=Health & Social Care in the Community |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=337–344 |doi=10.1111/hsc.12470 |pmid=28675920 |s2cid=4730207 |issn=0966-0410 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The connection between home and family is pertinent, to the extent that some scholars consider the terms to be synonymous.<ref name=":2" />

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[:Category:Human habitats|Human habitats (Category)]]
* [[Ancestral home]]
* [[ARCHIVE Global]]
* [[Home automation]]
* [[Home network]]
* [[Home improvement]]
* [[Home repair]]
* [[Homemaking]]
* [[Housing]]
* [[List of countries by home ownership rate]]
* [[List of human habitation forms]]
* [[Show house]]
* [[United Nations Human Settlements Programme]]
{{Div col end}}
{{Portal bar|Housing}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage|Returning home}}
* {{wiktionary-inline}}
* {{wikiquote-inline}}
* {{Commons category-inline}}

{{Huts}}
{{Room}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Home| ]]
[[Category:Human habitats]]