View source for Honours of Scotland

{{Short description|Regalia worn by Scottish monarchs}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox crown jewels
 |name = Honours of Scotland
 |image = [[File:The Queen at the Scottish Parliament.jpg|255px]]
|caption = The [[Crown of Scotland]] at the Royal Opening of the [[Scottish Parliament]] in 2011
 |country  = [[Scotland]]
 |location  = Crown Room at [[Edinburgh Castle]]
 |number_of_objects  = 3 objects:
*1 crown (1540)
*1 sceptre (c. 1494)
*1 sword (1507)
 |stones = 
 |owner = Commissioners for the Keeping of the Regalia<ref>{{cite web|url=https://collections.historicenvironment.scot/collections/5/objects?query=CONTROLLING_INSTITUTION%3A%22Commissioners+for+the+Keeping+of+the+Regalia%22|title=Search results for controlling institution "Commissioners for the Keeping of the Regalia"|publisher=Historic Environment Scotland|access-date=31 August 2018}}</ref>
 |managers = [[Historic Environment Scotland]]
 |website = {{url|https://www.edinburghcastle.scot/see-and-do/highlights/honours-of-scotland|edinburghcastle.scot/honours}}
}}

The '''Honours of Scotland''' ({{Langx|sco|Honours o Scotland}},<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abdn.ac.uk/elphinstone/kist/display/591/|title=The Savin o Scotland's Honours (A Scottish Folk Tale) &#124; Elphinstone Kist &#124; Elphinstone Institute &#124; The University of Aberdeen|website=www.abdn.ac.uk}}</ref> {{langx|gd|Seudan a' Chrùin Albannaich}}),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thebettervacation.com/gd/taobh-a-staigh-caisteal-Dh%C3%B9n-%C3%88ideann/|title=Na tha taobh a-staigh Caisteal Dhùn Èideann - feumar rudan tarraingeach den Chaisteal fhaicinn|first=Pooja|last=Das|date=28 July 2022|access-date=19 December 2022|archive-date=11 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111120206/https://thebettervacation.com/gd/taobh-a-staigh-caisteal-Dh%C3%B9n-%C3%88ideann/|url-status=dead}}</ref> informally known as the '''Scottish Crown Jewels''', are the [[regalia]] that were worn by [[List of Scottish monarchs|Scottish monarchs]] at their [[Coronation_of_the_British_monarch#Scottish_coronations|coronation]]. Kept in the Crown Room in [[Edinburgh Castle]], they date from the 15th and 16th centuries, and are the oldest surviving set of [[crown jewels]] in the [[British Isles]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/honours-scotland|title=The Honours of Scotland|date=15 January 2016 |publisher=Royal family|access-date=28 July 2021}}</ref>

The Honours were used together for the coronation of Scottish monarchs from [[Mary, Queen of Scots]] in 1543 until [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] in 1651. From the [[Union of the Crowns]] in 1603 until the [[Treaty of Union|Union of 1707]], the Honours were present at sittings of the [[Parliament of Scotland]] to signify the presence of the monarch and their acceptance of the power of Parliament. From at least the [[16th century]] the monarch (or the [[Lord High Commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland|Lord High Commissioner]]) signified the granting of [[Royal Assent]] by their touching the final printed copy of an [[Act of Parliament]] with the Sceptre during a meeting of the Parliament. 

Following the Union of 1707, the Honours were locked away in a chest in Edinburgh Castle and the Crown Jewels of England continued to be used by British monarchs as the [[Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.edinburghcastle.scot/see-and-do/highlights/honours-of-scotland|title=The Honours of Scotland|publisher=Historic Environment Scotland|access-date=28 July 2021}}</ref> The Honours were rediscovered in 1818 and have been on public display at Edinburgh Castle ever since. The Honours have been used at state occasions including the [[Visit of King George IV to Scotland|visit of George IV]] in 1822, [[Elizabeth II]]'s first visit to Scotland as monarch in 1953, and a [[Presentation of the Honours of Scotland to Charles III|national service of thanksgiving]] for [[Charles III]] following his coronation in 2023. The Crown of Scotland is present at each Opening Ceremony of the [[Scottish Parliament]].

The Honours of Scotland consist of the [[Crown of Scotland]], the [[Sceptre]], and the [[Scottish Sword of State|Sword of State]]. The gold crown was made in Scotland and, in its present form, dates from 1540. The sword and sceptre were made in Italy as gifts to [[James IV of Scotland|James IV]] from the [[pope]]. The Honours also appear on the crest of the [[Royal Coat of Arms of Scotland]] and on the Scottish version of the [[Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom]], where the red lion of the [[King of Scots]] is depicted wearing the crown and holding the sword and sceptre. Coronation robes, a pair of spurs, a ring and [[consort crown]]s were also part of the Scottish regalia, none of which survives today. The gold [[ampulla]] of [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] that held anointing oil at his 1633 coronation now belongs to the [[National Museum of Scotland]].

The Crown Room in Edinburgh Castle also contains the [[Elizabeth Sword]], a silver-gilt wand, the 17th-century Stewart Jewels (which were added in 1830), and the Lorne Jewels, which were bequeathed to Scotland by [[Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll]], in 1939.

==History==
===Early history===
[[File:1. In 1507, King James IV of Scotland receives the new Sword of State in the Holyrood Abbey. Alexander Stewart, Archbishop of Saint Andrews holds the scepter. The Honors, the Scottish Crown Jewels, Edinburgh Castle, Scotland.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[James IV of Scotland|James IV]] with his regalia in 1507. Tableau at Edinburgh Castle.]]
In the earliest known depiction of a Scottish king wearing his symbols of sovereignty, [[Edgar, King of Scotland|King Edgar]] (reigned 1097–1107) wears a crown and bears a sword and a sceptre on his Great Seal. His brother, [[Alexander I of Scotland|Alexander I]], is shown holding an [[globus cruciger|orb]] – a pictorial emblem of divine kingship that was not actually part of the Scottish regalia. By the reign of [[John Balliol]], the regalia consisted of a crown, sceptre, sword and ring.<ref>Burnett and Tabraham, p. 12.</ref> After the [[First War of Scottish Independence|English invasion]] in 1296, these regalia and [[Stone of Scone]], upon which monarchs of Scotland were invested and crowned, were captured by the English army and taken south to [[London]].<ref>Burnett and Tabraham, p. 13.</ref>

New regalia were made in the [[14th century]] for subsequent coronations, and though the Crown of Scotland may in its previous form date from this period, the other regalia were gradually replaced by the 16th century with the current set of Honours – consisting of the Crown of Scotland remodelled in 1540, and the Sceptre and Sword of State which were both made in Italy and given to James IV as papal gifts.<ref>Burnett and Tabraham, p. 15.</ref> A [[consort crown]] was made in 1539 for [[Mary of Guise]], wife of [[James V of Scotland|James V]], but it does not survive among the Honours.<ref name="Burnett and Tabraham, p. 25">Burnett and Tabraham, p. 25.</ref>

The Honours in their present form were first used together at the [[coronation of Mary, Queen of Scots]] in 1543.<ref>Whatley, p. 15.</ref> By the second half of the 16th century, they represented royal authority in the Scottish Parliament, and Acts of Parliament were given royal assent when the monarch (or their representatives) touched them with the Sceptre.<ref>Burnett and Tabraham, p. 31.</ref> The Honours were usually kept in Edinburgh Castle, where they remained during the [[Marian Civil War]]. [[Mungo Brady]] made substitutes for a Parliament at Stirling in 1571.<ref>Charles Thorpe McInnes, ''Accounts of the Treasurer'', vol. 12 (Edinburgh: HMSO, 1970), pp. vii–viii, 279.</ref> The Honours were found in a chest in a vault or "cave" when Edinburgh Castle surrendered in May 1573.<ref>[[Thomas Wright (antiquarian)|Thomas Wright]], [https://archive.org/details/queenelizabethhe01wrig/page/482/mode/2up ''Queen Elizabeth and her times'', 1 (London, 1838), p. 482]</ref><ref>[[John Duncan Mackie]], [https://archive.org/details/ScottishHistoricalReview18/page/n113/mode/2up "Queen Mary's Jewels", ''Scottish Historical Review'', 18:70 (January 1921), p. 91]</ref> [[Henry Echlin (soldier)|Henry Echlin]] of Pittadro negotiated the delivery of the Honours to [[Regent Morton]].<ref>Joseph Robertson, ''Inventaires de la Royne Descosse'' (Edinburgh: Bannatyne Club, 1863), p. cliii: William K. Boyd, ''Calendar of State Papers relating to Scotland, 1571-1574'', vol. 4 (Edinburgh, 1905), p. 585 no. 691.</ref> Morton brought the Honours to [[Stirling Castle]] for his Parliament on 15 July 1578, where they were held by the Earls of [[Archibald Douglas, 8th Earl of Angus|Angus]], [[Robert Stewart, 1st Earl of March|Lennox]], and [[John Erskine, Earl of Mar (1558–1634)|Mar]].<ref>Steven J. Reid, ''The Early Life of James VI: A Long Apprenticeship, 1566–1585'' (Edinburgh: John Donald, 2023), p. 100.</ref>

===17th and 18th centuries===
[[File:The Honours Saved From Cromwell, 1652.JPG|thumb|upright=1.2|Saving the Honours from [[Oliver Cromwell]]. Tableau at Edinburgh Castle.]]
From the [[Union of the Crowns]] in 1603 until the [[Treaty of Union|Union of 1707]], the Honours were taken to sittings of the [[Parliament of Scotland]] to signify the monarch's presence and their acceptance of the power of the Parliament. [[Spur]]s – emblems of knighthood and chivalry – were presented to Charles I at his Scottish coronation in 1633; the spurs and coronation robes also have been lost.<ref name="Burnett and Tabraham, p. 25"/> The Honours were last used at a [[Scottish coronation of Charles II|coronation in 1651]], when Charles II was crowned at [[Scone, Scotland|Scone]].<ref>Burnett and Tabraham, p. 5.</ref> As Oliver Cromwell had invaded Scotland the previous year, and Edinburgh Castle had surrendered to his army that December, the Honours could not be returned there. The English Crown Jewels had already been melted down and struck into coins by the [[Commonwealth of England|Commonwealth]].<ref>Keay, p. 43.</ref> With Cromwell's army fast advancing on Scone, in June 1651 the [[Privy Council of Scotland|Privy Council]] decided to place them at [[Dunnottar Castle]] in [[Kincardineshire]], the family seat of the [[William Keith, 7th Earl Marischal|Earl Marischal]], the custodian of the Honours.<ref name=Stevenson>Stevenson (2004).</ref><ref name=groome>Groome (1885), pp. 442–443.</ref>

They were brought to Dunnottar, hidden in sacks of wool, and [[Sir George Ogilvy, 1st Baronet|Sir George Ogilvie of Barras]], lieutenant-governor of the castle, was given responsibility for its defence.<ref name=baigent>Baigent (2004)</ref><ref name=henderson>Henderson & Furgol (2004).</ref> In November 1651, Cromwell's troops called on Ogilvie to surrender, but he refused. During the subsequent blockade of the castle, the removal of the Honours of Scotland was planned by Elizabeth Douglas, wife of Sir George Ogilvie, and [[Christian Fletcher]], wife of James Granger, minister of Kinneff Parish Church. Two stories exist regarding the removal of the Honours. Fletcher stated in 1664 that over the course of three visits to the castle in February and March 1652, she carried away the crown, sceptre, sword and scabbard hidden amongst sacks of goods. Another account, given in the 18th century by a tutor to the [[Earl Marischal]], records that the honours were lowered from the castle onto the beach, where they were collected by Fletcher's servant and carried off in a [[Creel (basket)|creel]] of seaweed. Having smuggled the honours from the castle, Fletcher and her husband buried them under the floor of the Old Kirk at [[Kinneff]].<ref name=baigent/>

At the [[Restoration (Scotland)|Restoration]] of Charles II in 1660, the Honours were removed from Kinneff Old Kirk and returned to Edinburgh Castle. During the debates in the Scottish Parliament from October 1706 to January 1707 on the Treaty of Union, rumour spread that the Honours were to be taken to England and melted down (an obscene song from the post-union period suggested that they were to be melted down to be turned into a set of [[dildo|dildos]] for Queen [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Anne]]).<ref>Whatley, pp. 10-11.</ref> To allay fears over the fate of the Honours, on 14 January 1707 the Parliament amended Article 24 of the Treaty with a clause stating that ''"... the crown, scepter and sword of state... continue to be keeped as they are in that part of the united kingdome now called Scotland, and that they shall so remain in all tyme coming, notwithstanding of the union."''<ref>The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707, K.M. Brown et al eds (St Andrews, 2007-2022), 1706/10/247. Date accessed: 26 December 2022.</ref> With the [[adjournment]] of Parliament on 25 March 1707, the Honours no longer had any practical use. They were taken to the Crown Room in Edinburgh Castle, where they were safely locked away in a great oak [[Chest (furniture)|chest]], and the doorway of the Crown Room was walled up.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://britishheritage.com/history/scottish-crown-jewels-history-rome|title=Scottish Crown Jewels' history is an incredible one that starts in Rome|date=23 December 2022|publisher=British Heritage|access-date=26 December 2022}}</ref>

===19th century===
[[File:Rediscovering the lost 'Honours of Scotland'.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Rediscovering the Honours in 1818. Tableau at Edinburgh Castle.]]
On 28 October 1817, the [[George IV|Prince Regent]] issued a [[Royal warrant (document)|royal warrant]] authorising specified commissioners to break open the walled-up doorway of the Crown Room. The commissioners were: [[Charles Hope, Lord Granton|Lord Granton]] (the [[Lord President of the Court of Session]]), [[David Boyle, Lord Boyle|Lord Boyle]] (the [[Lord Justice Clerk]]), [[William Adam of Blair Adam|William Adam]] (the Lord Chief Commissioner of the Jury Court), [[John Hope (British Army officer, born 1765)|Major-General Sir John Hope]] (the [[Scottish Command|Commander-in-Chief, Scotland]]), [[Kincaid Mackenzie]] (the [[Lord Provost of Edinburgh]]), [[James Wedderburn (judge)|James Wedderburn]] ([[Solicitor General for Scotland|Solicitor General]]), the novelist and historian [[Walter Scott]] (in his capacity as [[Principal Clerk of Session and Justiciary|Clerk of Session]]), William Clerk (clerk of the Jury Court), [[Henry Jardine]] ([[King's and Lord Treasurer's Remembrancer|Deputy Remembrancer in Exchequer]]), and [[Thomas Thomson (advocate)|Thomas Thomson]] (Deputy [[Lord Clerk Register]]). The commissioners broke into the Crown Room on 4 February 1818. Half expecting to find the oak chest empty, they were relieved to open it and discover the crown, sceptre and sword, wrapped in linen, exactly as they had been left 111 years earlier.<ref name="BT4647">Burnett and Tabraham, p. 45–47.</ref>  The [[Royal Standard of the United Kingdom|Royal Standard]] was hoisted above Edinburgh Castle in celebration of the historic moment. Cheers of excitement rippled through the castle, and members of the public gathered outside to hear the news.<ref>Burnett and Tabraham, p. 4.</ref> On 26 May 1819, the Honours went on public display in the Crown Room.<ref name="BT4647"/> They were guarded by two veterans of the [[Battle of Waterloo]] dressed in a Jacobean-style Yeoman's outfit.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/007705338|title=Papers Relative to the Regalia of Scotland |page=51|first=William |last=Bell|year= 1829|access-date=28 September 2018}}</ref>

George IV was crowned king in 1821 and [[Visit of King George IV to Scotland|his visit to Scotland]] the following year was the first by a monarch since 1651. On 12 August 1822, the Honours were escorted in procession to the [[Palace of Holyroodhouse]]. There was a carnival atmosphere, with people lining the streets and observing from windows. Three days later, the king arrived at the palace and symbolically touched the regalia. Before leaving the country a week later, he took part in a return procession to the Castle, where the Honours would remain until the 20th century.<ref>Burnett and Tabraham, p. 48.</ref>

===20th century and later===
In 1911 the sword was carried before [[George V]] at the official opening of the Thistle Chapel in [[St Giles' Cathedral]], Edinburgh – the first time any of the regalia had left Edinburgh Castle since 1822.<ref name="bt51">Burnett and Tabraham, p. 51.</ref> During the [[Second World War]], the Honours were hidden at the Castle owing to fears they might be lost if the UK fell to Germany. The crown and Stewart Jewels were buried under the floor of a water closet, while the sceptre, sword and wand were hidden inside a wall. The only officials who knew of the hiding places were [[George VI]], the [[Scottish Secretary of State]], the [[King's Remembrancer]], and the [[Governor General of Canada]].<ref>Burnett and Tabraham, p. 50.</ref> On 24 June 1953 they were presented to the newly crowned [[Elizabeth II]] at a [[national service of thanksgiving]] in St Giles' Cathedral.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movingimage.nls.uk/film/1113|title=Scotland salutes the Queen Honours of Scotland|publisher=Moving Image|access-date=6 August 2018}}</ref> Keen to avoid the service being interpreted as a Scottish coronation, [[Sir Winston Churchill]], then Prime Minister, advised the Queen to dress with relative informality.<ref>Douglas S. Mack in McCracken-Flesher, "Can the Scottish subaltern speak?", p. 146.</ref>

From 1971 until 1987 the sword was used at the installation of Knights of the [[Order of the Thistle]], Scotland's highest Order of Chivalry.<ref name="bt51"/> When the [[Stone of Scone]] was returned to Scotland in 1996 it was placed in the Crown Room alongside the Honours.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.visitscotland.com/about/uniquely-scottish/honours-scotland-stone-destiny/|title=Honours of Scotland and Stone of Destiny|publisher=Visit Scotland|access-date=6 August 2018}}</ref> During renovations in the 1990s, the Honours were temporarily stored at an anonymous bank in Edinburgh.<ref name="thetimes">{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/scotland/article/scottish-crown-jewels-will-be-removed-for-edinburgh-castle-revamp-lssw8djfl|url-access=subscription|title=Scottish crown jewels will be removed for Edinburgh Castle revamp|author=Kenny Farquharson|date=3 February 2018|website=[[The Times]]}}</ref> The Crown of Scotland was present in  May 1999 at the first sitting of the [[Devolution|devolved]] [[Scottish Parliament]]. It was carried on a cushion, the official reason being that it was too fragile for the Queen to wear.<ref>Robert Crawford in McCracken-Flesher, "The Crown", p. 246.</ref>

In 2018 plans were announced to renovate the "past its sell-by date" Honours exhibition and improve accessibility.<ref name="thetimes"/>

The Crown of Scotland was placed on Elizabeth II's coffin at a service in St Giles' Cathedral on 12 September 2022 and remained there whilst she lay in rest.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenational.scot/news/21324080.crown-scotland-placed-queens-coffin-st-giles-cathedral/|title=What is the Crown of Scotland, and why is it placed on the Queen's coffin at St Giles' Cathedral?|newspaper=The National|date=12 September 2022|access-date= 12 September 2022}}</ref> Her successor [[Charles III]] was [[Presentation of the Honours of Scotland to Charles III|presented]] with the Honours on 5 July 2023 at a national service of thanksgiving in the same cathedral.<ref>{{cite news |title=King's visit to Scotland to mark coronation confirmed for July |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-65854216 |website=BBC |date=9 June 2023 |access-date=11 June 2023}}</ref>

==Honours==
===Crown===
{{main|Crown of Scotland}}
[[File:The Queen at the Scottish Parliament - crop.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.2|Close-up of the crown in 2011.]]
A crown must have been made during the reign of [[Robert the Bruce]] or his son, [[David II of Scotland|David II]], as David was [[anointed]] and crowned, as were all the subsequent [[House of Stewart|Stewart]] kings, and it was probably this new crown that was remodelled into the current crown.<ref>Macnamee, Colm, ''Robert Bruce: Our Most Valiant Prince, King and Lord'' (Birlinn: Edinburgh, 2018), p.271.</ref> It can be seen in its pre-1540 form in a portrait of James IV in the ''[[Hours of James IV of Scotland|Book of Hours]]'' that was created for his marriage to [[Margaret Tudor]] in 1503.<ref name="bt2427">Burnett and Tabraham, pp. 24–27.</ref> Arches were added to the crown by [[Adam Leys]] for James V in 1532, making it an [[imperial crown]], symbolising the king's status as an emperor of his own domain, subservient to no one but God. Arches first appeared as pictorial emblems on coins under [[James III of Scotland|James III]], who in 1469 claimed "ful jurisdictione and free impire within his realm".<ref>Andrea Thomas in Goodare and MacDonald, "Crown Imperial: Coronation Ritual and Regalia in the Reign of James V", p. 66.</ref>

{{ external media<!-- Do not move to external links. Per template documentation: "This template is normally placed in the main body of the article, in the same place that you would normally have placed the image...if it had been available on Wikimedia Commons." -->| float=right| width=269px|video1=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8VE9xOiONsA Cleaning the Scottish Crown Jewels] on YouTube&nbsp;(2:00)}}
In 1540, the circlet was melted down and recast by the Edinburgh goldsmith [[John Mosman (goldsmith)|John Mosman]], with the addition of 22 gemstones to the original 20 and an extra {{convert|41|oz|kg|order=flip}} of Scottish gold. James V first wore it to his wife's coronation in the same year at [[Holyrood Abbey]]. It weighs {{convert|3|lb|10|oz|kg|order=flip}}, and the circlet is decorated with alternating [[Fleur-de-lis|fleurs-de-lis]] and [[Cross fleury|crosses fleury]]. Four gold half-arches, preserved from the original crown, are surmounted by a gold ''[[monde]]'' – enamelled blue with stars representing the night sky. On top of the ''monde'' is a cross decorated with black enamel, pearls and a large [[amethyst]]. Originally, a purple velvet bonnet was manufactured by [[Thomas Arthur (tailor)|Thomas Arthur]] of Edinburgh. This was changed to a red bonnet by [[James VII of Scotland|James VII]], and the present bonnet dates from 1993. Four gold ornaments with a large pearl in the centre are attached to the bonnet between the crown's arches.<ref name="bt2427"/>

===Sceptre===
[[File:Шотландия. Шотландские кор.регалии.Regalia of Scotland 1860е 6229 e1LfW.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|{{unbulleted list|Far left: The Scabbard|Left: The Sword of State|Centre: The Crown and Stewart Jewels|Right: The Wand|Far right: The Sceptre}}]]
The [[Sceptre]], a symbolic ornamental rod held by the Scottish monarchs at their coronation, was a gift from [[Pope Alexander VI]] to James IV in 1494.<ref>Andrea Thomas, 'Coronation Ritual and Regalia', [[Julian Goodare]] & Alasdair A. MacDonald, ''Sixteenth-Century Scotland'' (Brill, 2008), p. 55.</ref><ref>[https://www.historicenvironment.scot/archives-and-research/archives-and-collections/properties-in-care-collections/object/sceptre-pre-1494-medieval-edinburgh-castle-13021 Sceptre: Historic Environment Scotland Collections]</ref> This papal gift replaced a native-made sceptre which dated from the 14th century at the earliest, and which has been lost.<ref>Chris Tabraham, ''The Honours of Scotland: The Story of the Scottish Crown Jewels and the Stone of Destiny'' (Edinburgh, 2019), p. 26.</ref> The [[silver-gilt]] sceptre was made in Italy, was remodelled and lengthened for James V in 1536 by the Edinburgh goldsmith Adam Leys, and is {{convert|86|cm|ft|abbr=on|0}} long.<ref name="auto3">Chris Tabraham, ''The Honours of Scotland: The Story of the Scottish Crown Jewels and the Stone of Destiny'' (Edinburgh, 2019), p. 40.</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=https://www.historicenvironment.scot/archives-and-research/archives-and-collections/properties-in-care-collections/object/sceptre-pre-1494-medieval-edinburgh-castle-13021|title=Sceptre|publisher=Historic Environment Scotland|access-date=7 January 2023}}</ref> The Sceptre consists of a handle attached to the bottom of a hexagonal rod, which is topped by a [[finial]].<ref name="auto3"/> The rod is engraved with [[grotesque (architecture)|grotesques]], urns, leaves, thistles and fleurs-de-lis. The finial features stylised dolphins (symbols of the Church), and three figures under canopies: the [[Mary (mother of Jesus)|Virgin Mary]] wearing a crown and holding the infant Jesus in her right arm and an orb in her left hand; [[Saint James the Great]] holding a book and a staff; and [[Saint Andrew]] holding a book and a [[saltire]].<ref>Chris Tabraham, ''The Honours of Scotland: The Story of the Scottish Crown Jewels and the Stone of Destiny'' (Edinburgh, 2019), pp. 40-43.</ref><ref name="auto1"/> The finial is topped by a globe of polished rock crystal, surmounted with a golden globe topped by a large pearl.<ref>Chris Tabraham, ''The Honours of Scotland: The Story of the Scottish Crown Jewels and the Stone of Destiny'' (Edinburgh, 2019), p. 43.</ref><ref name="auto1"/>

===Sword of State===
{{main|Scottish Sword of State}}
The [[Scottish Sword of State|Sword of State]] was a gift from [[Pope Julius II]] presented to [[James IV of Scotland|James IV]] along with a blessed hat in 1507 as papal recognition of James's defence of [[Christendom]] (see [[blessed sword and hat]]).<ref>Andrea Thomas, 'Coronation Ritual and Regalia', Julian Goodare & Alasdair A. MacDonald, ''Sixteenth-Century Scotland'' (Brill, 2008), p. 57.</ref> The sword, which measures {{convert|137.8|cm|ft|abbr=on|0}} in length, was made by Domenico da Sutri and replaced a native-made Sword of Honour that had been made in 1502 to complement the Sceptre, and which has been lost.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.historicenvironment.scot/archives-and-research/archives-and-collections/properties-in-care-collections/object/the-sword-of-state-domenico-da-sutri-pre-1507-16th-century-edinburgh-castle-13020|title=Sword of State|publisher=Historic Environment Scotland|access-date=7 January 2023}}</ref><ref>Chris Tabraham, 'The Honours of Scotland: The Story of the Scottish Crown Jewels and the Stone of Destiny', (2019), p. 30.</ref> The steel blade, measuring {{convert|99|cm|ft}} in length, is etched on either side with the figures of [[Saint Peter]] and [[Paul of Tarsus|Saint Paul]], and the words: JULIUS II PONT MAX (Julius II Supreme Pontiff) in inlaid gold lettering.<ref name="auto2">Chris Tabraham, 'The Honours of Scotland: The Story of the Scottish Crown Jewels and the Stone of Destiny', (2019), p. 34.</ref><ref name="auto"/> 

The {{convert|38.7|cm|ft|adj=mid|-long}} silver-gilt handle is decorated with oak leaves and acorns, with two stylised oak leaves which overlap the scabbard, and a [[crossguard]] in the form of dolphins.<ref name="auto2"/> The Sword of State's wooden scabbard is bound in crimson velvet with silver-gilt [[Repoussé and chasing|repoussé]] work and hung from a {{convert|1.5|m|ft|abbr=on|0}} long sword belt that is made from woven silk and thread-of-gold and has a silver-gilt buckle.<ref>Chris Tabraham, 'The Honours of Scotland: The Story of the Scottish Crown Jewels and the Stone of Destiny', (2019), p. 38.</ref>

==Other jewels in the Crown Room==

===Elizabeth Sword===
{{more|Elizabeth Sword}}
In 2023 the Sword of State was considered too fragile to be presented along with the other Honours of Scotland to King Charles III at the national service of thanksgiving and dedication at St Giles Cathedral on 5 July. A new ceremonial sword, named the [[Elizabeth Sword]] after the late monarch, was made by Scottish artisans for the purpose, at a cost of £22,000.<ref name="BBC News 2023 z160">{{cite web | title=King Charles to receive new sword at Scottish ceremony | website=BBC News | date=30 June 2023 | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-66053986}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.scot/news/the-elizabeth-sword/|title=The Elizabeth Sword|date=30 June 2023 |publisher=Scottish Government|access-date=3 August 2023}}</ref>

===Wand===
Alongside the crown, sceptre and sword, Walter Scott found a silver-gilt wand. It measures {{convert|1|m|ft}} in length and is topped with a faceted crystal monde surmounted by a cross. The wand has a wooden core and the unknown maker's initials F.G. The object's intended role – if it had one at all  – has been forgotten, and its presence among the regalia is still a mystery. Walter Scott thought it may have been carried before the [[Lord High Treasurer of Scotland]]. Although the Treasurer did have a mace it was a different shape.<ref>Burnett and Tabraham, p. 52.</ref>

===Stewart Jewels===<!-- Not Stuart. -->
Four objects taken into exile by [[James VII and II|James VII]] after the [[Glorious Revolution]] in 1688 are also displayed: a locket, a Great George and collar, and a ruby ring. The Stewart Jewels were passed down in the Stuart family. They all returned to Britain 119 years later and were given to Edinburgh Castle on permanent loan by [[William IV]] in 1830.<ref>Burnett and Tabraham, pp. 52–54.</ref>

The St Andrew Jewel of the Order of the Thistle is a gold and silver locket suspended from a ribbon that contains an oval piece of [[chalcedony]] into which is carved a [[Cameo (carving)|cameo]] figure of Saint Andrew. The cameo is bordered with 12 diamonds. Inscribed on the back is the Order's Latin motto: [[Nemo me impune lacessit|NEMO ME IMPUNE LACESSIT]] (no one attacks me with impunity). Inside is a miniature portrait of [[Princess Louise of Stolberg-Gedern]], wife of [[Charles Edward Stuart]], the grandson of James VII. The object is variously of English, French, Italian and Dutch origin, was altered several times, and measures {{convert|6.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} by {{convert|4|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref>Piacenti and Boardman, pp. 237–238.</ref>

The Collar and the Great George of the [[Order of the Garter]] consist of an enamelled gold figure of [[Saint George]], the patron saint of England, slaying a dragon made for Charles II in 1661 suspended from a gold collar made in 1685. The George is set with 122 diamonds and measures {{convert|7.2|cm|in|abbr=on}} by {{convert|6.4|cm|in|abbr=on}}. The saint's cloak and a large suspension loop are both missing. The collar is {{convert|1.57|m|ft}} long and has 26 alternating knots and enamelled badges, each with a [[tudor rose]] in the centre.<ref>Piacenti and Boardman, pp. 218–221.</ref>

The Ruby Ring was probably used at the English coronations of Charles&nbsp;I and Charles&nbsp;II, and certainly that of James. It has a large ruby etched with a [[St&nbsp;George's Cross]] and bordered by 26 diamonds applied in the 19th century.<ref>Piacenti and Boardman, pp. 199–200.</ref>

===Lorne Jewels===
[[Queen Victoria]]'s fourth daughter, [[Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll]], died in 1939 and bequeathed a necklace, locket, and pendant to the nation of Scotland. The London-made jewellery was a wedding gift to Louise from her husband the [[John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll|Marquess of Lorne]] (later the [[Duke of Argyll]]) in 1871. The necklace contains 190 diamonds connected by 13 pearls enclosed with diamonds; it suspends the locket, consisting of a large pearl surrounded by 30 diamonds; from which hangs the pear-shaped pendant, set with diamonds, emeralds and sapphires, having a relief depiction of the Galley of Lorne and the motto of  Dukes of Argyll: NE OBLIVISCARIS, meaning "do not forget".<ref>Burnett and Tabraham, p. 55.</ref>

==Ampulla of Charles I==
{{ external media<!-- Do not move to external links. Per template documentation: "This template is normally placed in the main body of the article, in the same place that you would normally have placed the image...if it had been available on Wikimedia Commons." -->| float=right| width=269px|video1=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pKEtGnRbRUM Coronation Ampulla of Charles I] on YouTube&nbsp;(2:35)}}

A gold [[ampulla]] was crafted to hold the oil with which Charles I was anointed king at his Scottish coronation in 1633. The pear-shaped vessel is {{convert|5|in|cm|abbr=on|order=flip}} tall and weighs {{convert|3.5|ozt|g|order=flip}}. Never used again, it was discovered in the possession of [[Grant-Suttie baronets|Sir George Grant-Suttie, 7th Baronet]], in 1907 by the [[Scottish Church Society]]. In 1948 it was acquired by the [[National Museum of Scotland]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nms.ac.uk/explore-our-collections/stories/scottish-history-and-archaeology/the-jacobite-challenge/the-jacobite-challenge/coronation-ampulla/|title=coronation ampulla|publisher=National Museum of Scotland|access-date=28 July 2021}}</ref> The ampulla bears the following Latin inscription to commemorate its use at Charles I's coronation:<ref>Twining, p. 276.</ref>

:''Avrea Sacri olei''
:''Receptaculum quo Carolvs eius nominus primus Scotiae''
:''Anglie Fran; et hib; Rex.''
:''Edinburg; in Ecclesia''
:''S: Crucis unctus fuit''
:''lunii xviii''
:''1633.''

("The golden vessel of sacred oil, in which Charles, of his name the first, of Scotland, England, France, and Ireland King, was anointed in the Church of the Holy Cross, on the 18th of June, 1633.")

==Commissioners for the Keeping of the Regalia==
Under the terms of a [[Warrant (law)|royal warrant]] of 1818,<ref>{{Cite Hansard |jurisdiction=United Kingdom |house=House of Commons |title=Scottish Regalia |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1981/mar/26/scottish-regalia#column_395w |date=26 March 1981 |column=395W |volume=1 }}</ref> the [[Keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland]] (the [[First Minister of Scotland]]), the Lord Clerk Register, the [[Lord Advocate]], and the Lord Justice Clerk are ''ex-officio'' Commissioners for the Keeping of the Regalia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/stone-of-destiny-to-stay-in-edinburgh-castle-symbol-will-not-be-returned-to-ancient-resting-place-at-scone-1.2168|title=Stone of Destiny to stay in Edinburgh Castle|website=The Herald|date=14 December 2006|access-date=1 September 2018}}</ref> Since 1996, the commissioners have also been empowered by another royal warrant for the safekeeping of the Stone of Scone and for the arrangement of its return to [[Westminster Abbey]] for the next [[coronation of the British monarch|British coronation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blog.edinburghcastle.scot/20-lesser-known-facts-about-the-stone-of-destiny-20-facts-for-20-years/|title=20 lesser known facts about the Stone of Destiny|date=30 November 2016 |publisher=Edinburgh Castle|access-date=1 September 2018}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Kincardineshire#Coat of arms|Coat of arms of Kincardineshire]]
*[[Great H of Scotland]]
*[[Jewels of Mary, Queen of Scots]]
*[[Scottish State Coach]]

==References==
{{reflist|25em}}

==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
*{{cite book|first1=Charles J.|last1=Burnett|first2=Christopher J.|last2=Tabraham|title=The Honours of Scotland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=flrav9RVg9MC|year=1993|publisher=Historic Scotland|isbn=978-0-7480-0626-7}}
*{{cite book|editor1-first=Julian|editor1-last=Goodare|editor2-first=Alasdair A.|editor2-last=MacDonald|title=Sixteenth-Century Scotland: Essays in Honour of Michael Lynch|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CEOwCQAAQBAJ|year=2008|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-474-3373-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Groome |first=Francis H |author-link=Francis Hindes Groome |url=http://www.electricscotland.com/history/gazetteer/vol2page442.htm |title=Ordnance Gazetteer of Scotland: A Survey of Scottish Topography, Statistical, Biographical and Historical |publisher=Thomas C. Jack |location=Edinburgh |volume=II |year=1885 }}
* {{cite book|last1=Keay|first1=Anna|last2=Murphy|first2=Claire|title=The Crown Jewels: Official Guidebook|url=https://archive.org/details/crownjewels00herm|url-access=registration|year=2002|publisher=Historic Royal Palaces|isbn=978-1-873-99320-0}}
*{{cite book|editor-last=McCracken-Flesher|editor-first=Caroline|title=Culture, Nation, and the New Scottish Parliament|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YInDkqRVQOwC|year=2007|publisher=Bucknell University Press|isbn=978-0-8387-5547-1}}
*{{cite book|last1=Piacenti|first1=Kirsten Aschengreen|last2=Boardman|first2=John|title=Ancient and Modern Gems and Jewels in the Collection of Her Majesty The Queen|url=https://d9y2r2msyxru0.cloudfront.net/sites/default/files/file-downloads/Royal%20Collection%20Trust%20-%20Gems%20and%20Jewels.pdf|year=2008|publisher=Royal Collection Trust|isbn=978-1-902163-47-5|access-date=31 August 2018|archive-date=26 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126071036/https://d9y2r2msyxru0.cloudfront.net/sites/default/files/file-downloads/Royal%20Collection%20Trust%20-%20Gems%20and%20Jewels.pdf|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |first=David |last=Stevenson |title=Keith, William, sixth Earl Marischal (1614–1671) |encyclopedia=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2004 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/15278 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/15278 |url-access=subscription }} {{ODNBsub}}
* {{cite book|last=Twining|first=Edward Francis|title=European Regalia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kx_WAAAAMAAJ|year=1967|publisher=Batsford|isbn=9787410002039}}
*{{cite book|first=Christopher A.|last=Whatley|title=Scots and the Union: Then and Now|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LU-rBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA27|year=2014|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-8028-3}}
*[http://www.edinburghcastle.gov.uk/discover/highlights/crown-jewels Crown Jewels] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108133426/http://www.edinburghcastle.gov.uk/discover/highlights/crown-jewels |date=8 November 2016 }} at the Edinburgh Castle website
*[https://www.royal.uk/honours-scotland The Honours of Scotland] at the Royal Family website
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|author=Chris Tabraham|title=The Honours of Scotland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h1gfvwEACAAJ|year=2019|publisher=Historic Environment Scotland|isbn=978-1-84917-275-2}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
*[https://www.edinburghcastle.scot/see-and-do/highlights/honours-of-scotland Honours of Scotland] – Edinburgh Castle website
*[https://www.royal.uk/honours-scotland The Honours of Scotland] – Royal Household website
*[https://www.historicenvironment.scot/archives-and-research/archives-and-collections/properties-in-care-collections/object/the-crown-of-scotland-john-mosman-b1496-d1569-1540-16th-century-edinburgh-castle-13019 The Crown of Scotland] – Historic Environment Scotland
*[https://www.historicenvironment.scot/archives-and-research/archives-and-collections/properties-in-care-collections/object/the-sword-of-state-domenico-da-sutri-pre-1507-16th-century-edinburgh-castle-13020 The Sword of State] – Historic Environment Scotland
*[https://www.historicenvironment.scot/archives-and-research/archives-and-collections/properties-in-care-collections/object/sceptre-pre-1494-medieval-edinburgh-castle-13021 Sceptre] – Historic Environment Scotland
*[https://www.thenational.scot/news/23950109.scottish-crown-jewels-back-edinburgh-castle-conservation-work/ "Scottish crown jewels back at Edinburgh Castle after conservation work@, ''The National'', 27 November 2023]

{{Crown jewels by country}}

[[Category:Scottish monarchy]]
[[Category:Crown jewels]]
[[Category:Culture of Scotland]]
[[Category:Edinburgh Castle]]
[[Category:National symbols of Scotland]]
[[Category:Material culture of royal courts]]
[[Category:Stone of Scone]]
[[Category:Coronations of Scottish monarchs|Honours of Scotland]]