View source for Horns Rev

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[[File:HornsRev Blavandshuk.jpg|thumb|The Danish Horns Rev 1 offshore wind farm with Horns Rev A substation platform (centre), seen from base of the Blåvandshuk lighthouse.]]

'''Horns Rev''' is a shallow sandy [[reef]] of glacial deposits in the eastern [[North Sea]], about {{cvt|15|km|mi}} off the westernmost point of [[Denmark]], [[Blåvandshuk|Blåvands Huk]].<ref name="geus">[http://www.geus.dk/publications/geo-nyt-geus/gi034_01.htm Horns Rev], GEUS News nr 4, 2003. Accessed March 2010.</ref> For many years Horns Rev was marked by a [[Lightship Museum, Esbjerg|lightship]], though that has now been replaced by light buoys.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Danmarks_geografi_og_historie/Danmarks_geografi/Indre_danske_farvande/Horns_Rev|title=Horns Rev|publisher=Den Store Danske|access-date=13 February 2014|language=da}}</ref>
The reef is the site of the [[Horns Rev Offshore Wind Farm]].<ref name="horn1">[http://www.hornsrev.dk/Engelsk/Projektet/uk-Projektet.htm Horns Rev Wind Farm] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129161045/http://www.hornsrev.dk/Engelsk/Projektet/uk-Projektet.htm |date=29 January 2010 }}, Horns Rev web site. Accessed 11 March 2010.</ref><ref name="modpower">[http://www.modernpowersystems.com/story.asp?storyCode=2017033 Horns Revolution] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714110540/http://www.modernpowersystems.com/story.asp?storyCode=2017033 |date=14 July 2011 }}, Modern Power Systems 5 October 2002. Accessed 11 March 2010.</ref>

== Horns Rev offshore wind farm ==
{{Main|Horns Rev Offshore Wind Farm}}
At Horns Rev the Danish Energy company Elsam (now [[Ørsted (company)|Ørsted]]) built the first offshore [[wind farm]] in the North Sea. 
When the first phase was inaugurated in 2002, Horns Rev wind farm was the first large scale offshore wind farm in the world at 160&nbsp;MW,<ref name="horn1" /><ref name="modpower"/> four times larger than the previous largest offshore wind farm in the world, the [[Middelgrunden wind farm|Middelgrunden]] at 40MW.<ref name="ghOW">Morgan, Colin. [http://www.ifremer.fr/dtmsi/colloques/seatech04/mp/proceedings_pdf/presentations/2.%20eolien_offshore_art/GARRADHASSAN.pdf Offshore Wind – State of the Art] page 24 ''[[Garrad Hassan]]'', 20 October 2004. Accessed 19 November 2010.</ref><ref name="mid">Larsen, Jens H. [http://www.middelgrunden.dk/middelgrunden/sites/default/files/public/file/Artikel_WORLD%20SUSTAINABLE%20ENERGY%20DAY%202001.pdf The World's largest off-shore windfarm, Middelgrunden 40MW] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531123634/http://www.middelgrunden.dk/middelgrunden/sites/default/files/public/file/Artikel_WORLD%20SUSTAINABLE%20ENERGY%20DAY%202001.pdf |date=31 May 2020 }} ''Copenhagen Environment and Energy Office (CEEO)'', 2001. Accessed 19 November 2010.</ref>

A total of 80&nbsp;[[Vestas]] V80-2.0&nbsp;MW units, capable of producing 160&nbsp;MW, were installed by the Danish offshore wind farms services provider [[A2SEA]] in 2002 with the last turbine coming into operation on 11&nbsp;December 2002. It receives a guaranteed price of 0.453 DKK/kWh for the first 42,000 hours, paid by electricity consumers.<ref name=psofut>"[http://www.ens.dk/sites/ens.dk/files/energistyrelsen/Nyheder/2014/pso-fremskrivning_2014_19052014.pdf Fremskrivning af PSO-udgifter]" page 4. ''[[Danish Energy Agency]]'', 19 May 2014. Accessed 17 January 2015.</ref> Since 2005, the wind farm has been owned and operated by [[Vattenfall]]. It cost DKK2bn.<ref>{{cite web|title=Horns Reef Wind Farm, Denmark|url=http://www.power-technology.com/projects/hornsreefwind/|publisher=power-technology.com|access-date=1 December 2011}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|reason=domain on WP:BLACKLIST|date=June 2016}} A [[radar]] has shown details of the wind patterns, improving local short-term forecasting.<ref>Pinson, Pierre. [http://pierrepinson.com/?page_id=354 Radar@Sea] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031081025/http://pierrepinson.com/?page_id=354 |date=31 October 2019 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.posspow.vindenergi.dtu.dk/ PossPOW: Possible Power of Offshore Wind power plants] ''www.posspow.vindenergi.dtu.dk, [[Technical University of Denmark]]''</ref>

Turbines are laid out as an oblique rectangle of 5&nbsp;km x 3.8&nbsp;km (8 horizontal and 10 vertical rows). The distance between turbines is 560 m in both directions.

The main method of transport to the first wind park is an adapted [[Eurocopter EC-135]] helicopter when winds are less than 19&nbsp;m/s.<ref name=lektia>{{Cite web |url=http://ing.dk/artikel/horns-rev-laerte-vattenfall-lektien-173671 |title = Horns Rev lærte Vattenfall lektien |website=ing.dk |date = 24 January 2015}}</ref> Hoisting the workers to and from a small platform on each turbine allows access to the park regardless of sea conditions which would otherwise prevent sailing in the area for a large part of the year.

Vattenfall can change a gearbox in a day, and the farm has an availability of 96-97%. Two turbines are burnt out, and are uneconomic to replace with less than 10 years left.<ref name=lektia/>

In April 2012, most of the Danish [[Folketing]] (parliament) agreed to send out tenders in 2013 for a 400 MW wind farm at Horns Rev called Horns Rev 3, and a 600 MW at Kriegers Flak in the [[Baltic Sea]], both likely receiving 90 øre/kWh for the first 50,000 hours.<ref name=psofut/> This was expected to raise wind power in Denmark above the current 39% of annual electricity production,<ref name=en2014>Rasmussen, Jesper Nørskov. "[http://energinet.dk/DA/El/Nyheder/Sider/Vindmoeller-slog-rekord-i-2014.aspx Vindmøller slog rekord i 2014 ] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106223105/http://energinet.dk/DA/El/Nyheder/Sider/Vindmoeller-slog-rekord-i-2014.aspx |date=6 January 2015 }}" ''[[Energinet.dk]]'', 6 January 2015. Accessed 6 January 2015.</ref> which includes the 400 MW [[Anholt Offshore Wind Farm]].<ref name=dyr>Dyrskjøt, Mette. [http://borsen.dk/nyheder/politik/artikel/1/230943/to_gigantiske_havvindparker_kommer_i_udbud_i_2013.html "Two giant offshore wind park tenders in 2013"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425003945/http://borsen.dk/nyheder/politik/artikel/1/230943/to_gigantiske_havvindparker_kommer_i_udbud_i_2013.html |date=25 April 2012 }} ''[[Dagbladet Børsen]]'', 23 April 2012. Accessed 23 April 2012.</ref><ref name=renew>[http://renews.biz/story.php?page_id=70&news_id=1763 "Energinet kicks off 1GW offshore work"]{{dead link|date=April 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ''reNews'', 23 April 2012. Accessed 23 April 2012.</ref><ref>"[http://www.offshorewind.biz/2013/10/11/danish-officials-seek-experienced-bidders/ Danish Officials Seek Experienced Bidders]" ''OffshoreWind'', 11 October 2013. Accessed 12 October 2013.</ref><ref>"[http://www.ens.dk/sites/ens.dk/files/byggeri/draft_for_prequalification_criteria.pdf Draft for prequalification criteria for the tender of Horns Rev 3 offshore wind farm] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223231020/http://www.ens.dk/sites/ens.dk/files/byggeri/draft_for_prequalification_criteria.pdf |date=23 February 2015 }}" ''[[Danish Energy Agency]]'', 10 October 2013. Accessed 12 October 2013.</ref> Some of the area is an old minefield from World War Two.<ref name=wit4>Wittrup, Sanne. "[http://ing.dk/artikel/70-tyske-miner-kan-forsinke-kommende-havmoellepark-174284 70 tyske miner kan forsinke kommende havmøllepark ]" ''[[Ingeniøren]]'', 23 February 2015. Accessed 23 February 2015.</ref> Four bidders were qualified for the tender.<ref name=wit16feb>Wittrup, Sanne. "[http://ing.dk/artikel/raadgiver-om-milliarddyr-havmoellepark-horns-rev-3-er-en-godbid-174144 Horns Rev 3 er en godbid  ]"  ''[[Ingeniøren]]'', 16 February 2015. Accessed 12 March 2015.</ref>

[[Vattenfall]] won the tender in February 2015, at a price of 77 øre/kWh, well below the 105 øre at Anholt.<ref name=wit5>Wittrup, Sanne. "[http://ing.dk/artikel/saa-er-det-afgjort-svenske-vattenfall-skal-bygge-danmarks-naeste-havmoellepark-174419 Svenske Vattenfall skal bygge Danmarks næste havmøllepark ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226223508/http://ing.dk/artikel/saa-er-det-afgjort-svenske-vattenfall-skal-bygge-danmarks-naeste-havmoellepark-174419 |date=26 February 2015 }}" ''[[Ingeniøren]]'', 26 February 2015. Accessed 26 February 2015.</ref> Vattenfall states that they bid unaggressively against strong competition without sacrificing [[Profit margin|margins]].<ref>Nielsen, Michael Korsgaard. "[http://www.business.dk/oekonomi/vattenfall-vi-har-ikke-presset-indtjeningen Vattenfall: Vi har ikke presset indtjeningen]" ''[[Berlingske]]'', 12 March 2015.</ref> The price reduction contributes to a smaller [[Public service obligation|"green subsidy" (PSO)]] over the next years.<ref name=ing2015-03-27>Wittrup, Sanne. "[http://ing.dk/artikel/regnefejl-billig-vind-og-sene-kystmoeller-saenker-prisen-paa-groen-omstilling-175113 Regnefejl, billig vind og sene kystmøller sænker prisen på grøn omstilling ]"  ''[[Ingeniøren]]'', 27 March 2015. Accessed 27 March 2015.</ref><ref>[http://www.ens.dk/sites/ens.dk/files/energistyrelsen/Nyheder/2015/pso-fremskrivning_marts_2015.pdf PSO prediction] www.ens.dk</ref> A total of 49 Vestas V164-8.3 MW units, capable of producing 406.7 MW, will be installed.<ref name="Horns Rev 3">"[https://corporate.vattenfall.com/about-energy/renewable-energy-sources/wind_power/wind-power-at-vattenfall/horns-rev-3-offshore-wind-farm/ Horns Rev 3 offshore wind farm] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022222554/https://corporate.vattenfall.com/about-energy/renewable-energy-sources/wind_power/wind-power-at-vattenfall/horns-rev-3-offshore-wind-farm/ |date=22 October 2016 }}" ''[[Vattenfall]]'', 27 June 2016. Accessed 29 October 2016.</ref> Three transformers were installed in July 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.4coffshore.com/windfarms/transformer-units-sent-to-horns-rev-3-nid4077.html |title = Transformer units sent to Horns Rev 3 |website=www.4coffshore.com}}</ref>

Findings released from an eight-year study about offshore wind farms in Denmark show that the projects "operate in harmony with the surrounding environment".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ens.dk/en/supply/renewable-energy/wind-power/offshore-wind-power/environmental-impacts |title=Environmental Impacts &#124; Energistyrelsen |access-date=2015-10-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060706/http://www.ens.dk/en/supply/renewable-energy/wind-power/offshore-wind-power/environmental-impacts |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> The 2006&nbsp;report confirms that both the Horns Rev and [[Nysted Wind Farm|Nysted]] offshore wind farms will double in size in the coming years.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070926231120/http://www.renewableenergyaccess.com/rea/news/story?id=46749 Denmark to Increase Wind Power to 50% by 2025, Mostly Offshore]}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Denmark|Weather|Renewable energy}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927235319/http://www.hornsrev.dk/Engelsk/nyheder/nyh_dec_02/uk-dec_02.htm Horns Rev Newsletter]
* [http://www.lorc.dk/Knowledge/Offshore-renewables-map/Offshore-site-datasheet/Horns-Rev-1-Offshore-Wind-Farm/000010 LORC – Horns Rev 1 Datasheet]
* [http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/6/2/696 Wind Farm Wake: The Horns Rev Photo Case (2012)], [http://www.dewi.de/dewi/fileadmin/pdf/publications/Magazin_37/07.pdf Meteorological Explanation of Wake Clouds at Horns Rev Wind Farm (2010)]
* Official videos: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0s_XzxWeiFk A wind power station in open sea], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nqbpgnzxNJQ Laying cables], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fgorq6kL15M Helicopter transfer], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=23foEDcJ8hU Helicopter rescue exercise]

{{Vattenfall}}
{{Wind power}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Offshore wind farms in the North Sea]]
[[Category:Wind farms in Denmark]]
[[Category:Vattenfall]]
[[Category:Ørsted (company) wind farms]]
[[Category:Sandbanks of the North Sea]]