View source for Household

{{Short description|Group sharing accommodation and meals}}
{{about|an economic, social, or socioeconomic grouping|the author|Geoffrey Household|the American band|Household (band)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Update|date=April 2022}}
{{Globalize|1=article|2=Western|date=April 2022}}
}}
[[File:Aime Pez Familienidylle 1839.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt= Painting of a man feeding a baby, two women and another child|''Familienidylle'' by Aimé Pez, 1839]]
A '''household''' consists of one or more [[persons]] who live in the same [[dwelling]]. It may be of a single [[family]] or another type of person group.<ref>{{cite book|last= Haviland|first=William A.|title=Anthropology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xM9SPwAACAAJ|year=2003|publisher=Wadsworth/Thomson Learning|isbn=978-0-534-61020-3}}</ref> The household is the basic unit of analysis in many social, [[microeconomic]] and government models, and is important to [[economics]] and [[inheritance]].<ref>{{cite book
 |last        = O'Sullivan
 |first       = Arthur
 |author-link  = Arthur O' Sullivan
 |author2     = Steven M. Sheffrin
 |title       = Economics: Principles in action
 |publisher   = Prentice-Hall
 |year        = 2003
 |location    = Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
 |page        = 29
 |url         = https://www.savvas.com/index.cfm?locator=PSZu4y&PMDbSiteId=2781&PMDbSolutionId=6724&PMDbSubSolutionId=&PMDbCategoryId=815&PMDbSubCategoryId=24843&PMDbSubjectAreaId=&PMDbProgramId=5657
 |isbn         = 978-0-13-063085-8
 |url-status     = live
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20161220014709/https://www.savvas.com/index.cfm?locator=PSZu4y&PMDbSiteId=2781&PMDbSolutionId=6724&PMDbSubSolutionId=&PMDbCategoryId=815&PMDbSubCategoryId=24843&PMDbSubjectAreaId=&PMDbProgramId=5657
 |archive-date = 2016-12-20
}}</ref>

Household models include families, [[blended families]], [[Roommate|shared housing]], [[group home]]s, [[boarding house]]s, [[house in multiple occupation|houses of multiple occupancy]] (UK), and [[single room occupancy]] (US). In [[feudalism|feudal]] societies, the [[royal household]] and [[medieval household]]s of the wealthy included [[Domestic worker|servants]] and other retainers.

==Government definitions==
For statistical purposes in the [[United Kingdom]], a household is defined as "one person or a group of people who have the accommodation as their only or main residence and for a group, either share at least one [[meal]] a day or share the living accommodation, that is, a [[living room]] or sitting room".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_social/FRS_Tech01-02.pdf|title=National Statistics|publisher=Statistics.gov.uk\access-date=2015-05-17|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626033347/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_social/FRS_Tech01-02.pdf|archive-date=2008-06-26}}</ref> The introduction of legislation to control houses of multiple occupations in the UK Housing Act (2004)<ref name="Housing Act 2004">{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2004/34/pdfs/ukpga_20040034_en.pdf|title=UK Housing Act 2004}} See section 258 on p.&nbsp;201.</ref> required a tighter definition of a single household. People can be considered a household if they are related: full- or half-blood, foster, step-parent/child, in-laws (and equivalent for unmarried couples), a married couple or unmarried but "living as&nbsp;..." (same- or different-sex couples).<ref name="www.getrentback.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.getrentback.org/guide%20hmo.html|title=Single Household: brief summary of HA 2004 definition|work=Flat Justice: Helping Tenants to Get Rent Back}}</ref>

The [[United States Census]] definition also hinges on "separate living quarters": "those in which the occupants live and eat separately from any other persons in the building."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/meta/long_HSD310212.htm |title=Households |publisher=Quickfacts.census.gov |date=2015-03-24 |access-date=2015-05-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427051753/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/meta/long_HSD310212.htm |archive-date=2015-04-27 }}</ref> According to the U.S. census, a householder is the "person (or one of the people) in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented (maintained)"; if no person qualifies, any adult resident of a housing unit is considered a householder. The U.S. government formerly used "head of the household" and "head of the family", but those terms were replaced with "householder" in 1980.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/cps/cpsdef.html |title=U.S. Census: Current Population Survey – Definitions and Explanations |publisher=Census.gov |access-date=2012-03-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322222020/http://www.census.gov/population/www/cps/cpsdef.html |archive-date=2012-03-22 }}</ref> In the census definition of a household, it
{{blockquote|... includes all the persons who occupy a housing unit. A housing unit is a house, an apartment, a mobile home, a group of rooms, or a single room that is occupied (or if vacant, is intended for occupancy) as separate living quarters. Separate living quarters are those in which the occupants live and eat separately from any other persons in the building and which have direct access from the outside of the building or through a common hall. The occupants may be a single family, one person living alone, two or more families living together, or any other group of related or unrelated persons who share living arrangements. (People not living in households are classified as living in group quarters.)<ref>{{cite web | title=Households, Persons Per Household, and Households with Individuals Under 18 Years, 2000 | website=Census.gov | date=2011-05-29 | url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/meta/long_71061.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110529012504/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/meta/long_71061.htm | archive-date=2011-05-29 | url-status=dead | access-date=2019-08-28}}</ref>}}

On July 15, 1998, [[Statistics Canada]] said: "A household is generally defined as being composed of a person or group of persons who co-reside in, or occupy, a dwelling."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/concepts/definitions/house-menage-eng.htm |title=Statistical unit – Household |publisher=Statcan.gc.ca |date=2012-02-23 |access-date=2012-03-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714062241/http://www.statcan.gc.ca/concepts/definitions/house-menage-eng.htm |archive-date=2011-07-14 }}</ref>

=={{anchor|Economic theories}}Economic definition==
{{unreferenced section|date=March 2019}}
Although a one-income-stream economic theory simplifies modeling, it does not necessarily reflect reality. Many, if not most, households have several income-earning members. Most economic models do not equate households and traditional families, and there is not always a one-to-one relationship between households and families.

=={{anchor|Social}}Social definitions==
In [[social work]], a household is defined similarly: a residential group in which [[Homemaking|housework]] is divided and performed by householders. [[Carer|Care]] may be delivered by one householder to another, depending upon their respective needs, abilities, and (perhaps) [[Disability|disabilities]]. Household composition may affect life and health expectations and outcomes for its members.<ref>{{cite book | last = Muriuki | first = Andrew Mburu | title = The role of household environment on health outcomes for female adolescents in Kenya | publisher = University of Missouri-Columbia | date = 2007 | oclc = 183405613 }} [https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/1811/32043/2/20_3muriuki_paper.pdf Pdf.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102230450/https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/1811/32043/2/20_3muriuki_paper.pdf |date=2017-01-02 }}</ref><ref name="usyd">{{cite book |last= Dhungel |first= Basundhara |title= A study of Nepalese families' paid and unpaid work after migration to Australia |publisher= University of Sydney |date= 14 May 2001 |oclc= 271516251 }} [http://ses.library.usyd.edu.au/bitstream/2123/375/2/adt-NU20010514.11220001front.pdf Pdf.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512142939/http://ses.library.usyd.edu.au/bitstream/2123/375/2/adt-NU20010514.11220001front.pdf |date=2013-05-12 }}</ref> Eligibility for [[Home care|community services]] and [[welfare spending|welfare]] benefits may depend upon household composition.<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Pierson | first1 = John | last2 = Thomas | first2 = Martin | title = Collins dictionary of social work | publisher = HarperCollins | location = Glasgow, UK | year = 2002 | isbn = 978-0-00-714396-2 }}</ref>

In [[sociology]], household work strategy (a term coined by [[Ray Pahl]] in his 1984 book, ''Divisions of Labour'')<ref>{{cite web | title = Tributes paid to Professor Ray Pahl | url = http://www.essex.ac.uk/news/event.aspx?e_id=3111 | publisher = University of Essex | date = 8 June 2011 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160107223802/http://www.essex.ac.uk/news/event.aspx?e_id=3111 | archive-date = 7 January 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Pahl | first = Ray | title = Divisions of labour | publisher = Blackwell | location = Oxford New York | year = 1984 | isbn = 978-0-631-13274-5 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/divisionsoflabou0000pahl }}</ref> is the [[division of labour]] among members of a household. Household work strategies vary over the life cycle as household members age, or with the economic environment; they may be imposed by one person, or be decided collectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O88-householdworkstrategy.html |title=household work strategy – Dictionary definition of household work strategy &#124; Encyclopedia.com: FREE online dictionary |website=encyclopedia.com |access-date=2012-03-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911062800/http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O88-householdworkstrategy.html |archive-date=2011-09-11 }}</ref>

[[Feminism]] examines how [[gender role]]s affect the division of labour in households. In ''[[The Second Shift]]'' and ''The Time Bind'', sociologist [[Arlie Russell Hochschild]] presents evidence that in two-career couples men and women spend about equal amounts of time working; however, women spend more time on housework.<ref name="Hochschild1">{{Cite book| last1 = Russell Hochschild | first1 = Arlie | last2 = Machung | first2 = Anne | author-link1 = Arlie Russell Hochschild | title = The second shift: working families and the revolution at home Painting hyderabad 9640395262 7396356333| publisher = Penguin Books | location = New York | year = 2003 | title-link = The Second Shift }} {{ISBN|9780142002926}}</ref><ref name="Hochschild2">{{cite book | last = Russell Hochschild | first = Arlie | author-link = Arlie Russell Hochschild | title = The time bind: when work becomes home and home becomes work | publisher = Henry Holt & Co. | location = New York | year = 2001 | title-link = Time bind }} {{ISBN|9780805066432}}</ref> [[Cathy Young]] (another feminist writer) says that in some cases, women may prevent the equal participation of men in housework and parenting.<ref>{{Cite web | last = Young | first = Cathy | author-link = Cathy Young | title = The Mama Lion at the Gate | url = http://www.salon.com/2000/06/12/gatekeeping/ | date = 12 June 2000 | access-date = 2008-07-08 | work = [[Salon (website)|Salon]] | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120211015447/http://www.salon.com/2000/06/12/gatekeeping/ | archive-date = 11 February 2012 }}</ref>

=={{anchor|Household models}}Models==
{{unreferenced section|date=March 2019}}
Household models in the [[English-speaking world]] include traditional and blended families, shared housing, and [[group home]]s for people with support needs. Other models which may meet definitions of a household include [[boarding house]]s, [[House in multiple occupation|houses in multiple occupation]] (UK), and [[single room occupancy]] (US).

==History==
{{unreferenced section|date=March 2019}}
In [[feudalism|feudal]] or [[aristocracy|aristocratic]] societies, a household may include servants or retainers who derive their income from the household's principal income.

=={{anchor|Historical statistics on housing}}Housing statistics==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right"
|+Dwellings with bathrooms<ref name="bookshop.europa.eu">{{cite web|url=http://bookshop.europa.eu/en/a-social-portrait-of-europe-pbCA5789241/|title=A social portrait of Europe – Population and social conditions – EU Bookshop|publisher=bookshop.europa.eu|access-date=2014-09-25|date=1992-02-18}}</ref>
! valign="top" | Country
! valign="top" | 1960
! valign="top" | 1970
! valign="top" | 1980
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Belgium]]
| 23.6%
| 49.1%
| 73.9%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Denmark]]
| 39.4%
| 73.1%
| 85.4%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[France]]
| 28.0%
| 48.9%
| 85.2%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Germany]]
| 51.9%
| 71.5%
| 92.3%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Greece]]
| 10.4%
| -
| 69.3%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Ireland]]
| 33.0%
| 55.3%
| 82.0%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Italy]]
| 10.7%
| 64.5%
| 86.4%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Luxembourg]]
| 45.7%
| 69.4%
| 86.2%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Netherlands]]
| 30.3%
| 75.5%
| 95.9%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Portugal]]
| 18.6%
| -
| 58%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Spain]]
| 24.0%
| 77.8%
| 85.3%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[United Kingdom]]
| 78.3%
| 90.9%
| 98.0%
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right"
|+Indoor WC, bath/shower and hot running water (1988)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.coe.int/t/e/social_cohesion/hdse/2_hdse_reports/2_thematic_reports/Report%20on%20Housing.asp |title=Report on Housing |publisher=Coe.int |access-date=2012-03-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508195708/http://www.coe.int/t/e/social_cohesion/hdse/2_hdse_reports/2_thematic_reports/Report%20on%20Housing.asp |archive-date=2012-05-08 }}</ref>
|-
! Country !! Indoor WC !! Bath/shower !! Hot running water
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Belgium || 94% || 92% || 87%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Denmark || 97% || 94% || N/A
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| France || 94% || 93% || 95%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Germany || 99% || 97% || 98%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Greece || 85% || 85% || 84%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Ireland]] || 94% || 92% || 91%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Italy]] || 99% || 95% || 93%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Luxembourg]] || 99% || 97% || 97%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Netherlands]] || N/A || 99% || 100%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Portugal]] || 80% || N/A || N/A
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Spain]] || 97% || 96% || N/A
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| UK || 99% || 100% || N/A
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right"
|+1981–82 censuses<ref name="bookshop.europa.eu" />
! valign="top" | Country
! valign="top" | Bath/shower
! valign="top" | Indoor WC
! valign="top" | Central heating
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Belgium
| 73.9%
| 79.0%
| -
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Denmark
| 85.1%
| 95.8%
| 54.6%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| France
| 85.2%
| 85.4%
| 67.6%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Germany
| 92.3%
| 96.0%
| 70.0%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Greece
| 69.3%
| 70.9%
| -
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Ireland
| 82.0%
| 84.5%
| 39.2%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Italy
| 86.4%
| 87.7%
| 56.5%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Luxembourg
| 86.2%
| 97.3%
| 73.9%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Netherlands
| 95.9%
| -
| 66.1%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Portugal
| 58.0%
| 58.7%
| -
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Spain
| 85.3%
| -
| 22.5%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| United Kingdom
| 98.0%
| 97.3%
| -
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right; display: inline-table;"
|+Average usable floor space, 1976<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book|editor-last=Wynn|editor-first=Martin|title=Housing in Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EZoOAAAAQAAJ|year=1984|publisher=Croom Helm|isbn=978-0-312-39351-9}} {{page needed|date=August 2019}}</ref>
! Country !! Area
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Austria]] || {{convert|86|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Belgium || {{convert|97|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Bulgaria]] || {{convert|63|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Canada]] || {{convert|89|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Czechoslovakia]] || {{convert|69|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Denmark || {{convert|122|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Finland]] || {{convert|71|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| France || {{convert|82|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[East Germany]] || {{convert|60|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[West Germany]] || {{convert|95|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Greece || {{convert|80|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Hungary]] || {{convert|65|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Ireland || {{convert|88|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Luxembourg || {{convert|107|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Netherlands || {{convert|71|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Norway]] || {{convert|89|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Poland]] || {{convert|58|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Portugal]] || {{convert|104|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Romania]] || {{convert|54|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Soviet Union]] || {{convert|49|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Spain || {{convert|82|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Sweden]] || {{convert|109|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Switzerland]] || {{convert|98|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| United Kingdom || {{convert|70|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[United States]] || {{convert|120|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Yugoslavia]] || {{convert|65|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right; display: inline-table;"
|+Average usable floor space, 1994<ref>European Commission; {{cite book|last1=Oxley|first1=Michael|last2=Smith|first2=Jacqueline|title=Housing Policy and Rented Housing in Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NbnaeunvrP0C&pg=PA77|year=1996|publisher=E & F Spon|isbn=978-0-419-20720-7|page=77}}</ref>
! Country !! Area
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Austria || {{convert|85.3|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Belgium || {{convert|86.3|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Denmark || {{convert|107|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Finland || {{convert|74.8|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| France || {{convert|85.4|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| East Germany || {{convert|64.4|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| West Germany || {{convert|86.7|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Greece || {{convert|79.6|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Ireland || {{convert|88|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Italy || {{convert|92.3|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Luxembourg || {{convert|107|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Netherlands || {{convert|98.6|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Spain || {{convert|86.6|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Sweden || {{convert|92|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| United Kingdom || {{convert|79.7|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right; display: inline-table;"
|+Floor space, 1992–1993<ref>{{cite book|last=Ōmae|first=Ken'ichi|title=The End of the Nation State: The Rise of Regional Economies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nJMxSo05yuwC|year=1995|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=0-02-923341-0|page=49}}</ref>
! Country !! Year !! Area
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Australia || 1993 || {{convert|191|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| United States || 1992 || {{convert|153.2|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[South Korea]] || 1993 || {{convert|119.3|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| United Kingdom || 1992 || {{convert|95|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Germany]] || 1993 || {{convert|90.8|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Japan || 1993 || {{convert|88.6|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right;"
|+Households without an indoor WC, 1980<ref>{{cite book|last=Simon|first=Julian|title=The State of Humanity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DrgN0AvFGL0C&pg=PA244|year=1996|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-1-55786-585-4|page=244}}</ref>
! Country !! %
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Belgium || 19%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| France || 17%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| West Germany || 7%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Greece || 29%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Ireland || 22%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Italy || 11%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Japan]] || 54%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Norway || 17%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Portugal]] || 43%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Spain || 12%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| United Kingdom || 6%
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right; display: inline-table;"
|+Households without a bath or shower
! Country !! %
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Belgium || 24%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| France || 17%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| West Germany || 11%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Italy || 11%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Japan || 17%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Norway || 18%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Spain || 39%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| United Kingdom || 4%
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right"
|+Households with an indoor WC<ref name=Crouch>{{cite book|last=Couch|first=Chris|title=Housing Conditions in Britain and Germany|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d9-wAAAAIAAJ|year=1985|publisher=Anglo-German Foundation for the Study of Industrial Society|isbn=978-0-905492-42-1}} {{page needed|date=August 2019}}</ref>
! valign="top" | Country
! valign="top" | 1960–61
! valign="top" | 1970–71
! valign="top" | 1978–79
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Britain
| 87%
| 88%
| 95%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Germany
| 64%
| 85%
| 92.5%
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right"
|+Households with a bath or shower<ref name="Crouch" />
! valign="top" | Country
! valign="top" | 1960–61
! valign="top" | 1970–71
! valign="top" | 1978–79
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Britain
| 72%
| 91%
| 94.3%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Germany
| 51%
| 82%
| 89.1%
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right; display: inline-table;"
|+ Principal residences in France lacking amenities:<ref name="ReferenceA" />
|-
! Year
! Running water
! WC
! Bath or shower
! Central heating
|-
| 1962
| 21.6%
| 59.5%
| 71.1%
| 80.7%
|-
| 1968
| 9.2%
| 45.2%
| 52.5%
| 65.1%
|-
| 1975
| 2.8%
| 26.2%
| 29.8%
| 46.9%
|-
| 1978
| 1.3%
| 20.9%
| 22.9%
| 39.7%
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right"
|+Households with central heating{{citation needed|date=March 2019}}
! Country !! 1970 !! 1978
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Great Britain || 34% || 53%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Germany || 44% || 64%
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right"
|+US dwellings with bathroom amenities, 1970<ref>{{cite book|last=Lansley|first=Stewart|title=Housing and Public Policy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9zwOAAAAQAAJ|date=1979|publisher=Croom Helm|isbn=978-0-7099-0052-8}}</ref>
! Amenity !! %
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Bath/shower || 95%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Flush toilet || 96%
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right"
|+East German amenities<ref name="ReferenceA" />
! valign="top" | Amenity
! valign="top" | 1961
! valign="top" | 1971
! valign="top" | 1979
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Running water
| 66%
| 82.2%
| 89%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| WC
| 33%
| 41.8%
| 50%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Bath/shower
| 22.4%
| 38.7%
| 50%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Central heating
| 2.5%
| 10.6%
| 22%
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right"
|+ Amenities in European dwellings, 1970–71<ref name="google">{{cite book|last=Howenstine|first=Emanuel Jay|title=Housing Vouchers: A Comparative International Analysis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WZCx9PraId4C&pg=PA46|year=1985|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-1-4128-5049-0|page=46}}</ref>
|-
! Country
! Running water
! WC
! Bath/shower
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Austria
| 84.2%
| 69.8%
| 52.9%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Belgium
| 88.0%
| 50.4%
| 47.8%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Czechoslovakia
| 75.3%
| 49.0%
| 58.6%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Denmark
| 98.7%
| 90.3%
| 76.5%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Finland
| 72.0%
| 61.4%
| -
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Greece
| 64.9%
| 41.2%
| 35.6%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Hungary
| 36.1%
| 27.2%
| 31.7%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Ireland
| 78.2%
| 69.2%
| 55.4%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Italy
| 86.1%
| 79.0%
| 64.5%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Netherlands
| -
| 80.8%
| 81.4%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Norway
| 97.5%
| 69.0%
| 66.1%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Portugal
| 47.8%
| 33.7%
| 32.6%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Spain
| 70.9%
| 70.9%
| 46.4%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Sweden
| 97.4%
| 90.1%
| 78.3%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Switzerland
| -
| 93.3%
| 80.9%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| United Kingdom
| -
| 86.3%
| 90.7%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Yugoslavia]]
| 33.6%
| 26.2%
| 24.6%
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right"
|+ British households lacking amenities<ref name=Stafford>{{cite book|last=Stafford|first=D. C.|title=The Economics of Housing Policy|url=https://archive.org/details/economicsofhousi0000staf|url-access=registration|year=1978|publisher=Croom Helm|isbn=978-0-85664-159-6}} {{page needed|date=August 2019}}</ref>
|-
! Year
! Bath
! Indoor/outdoor WC
! Hot running water
! Indoor WC
|-
| 1951
| 37.6%
| 7.7%
| -
| -{{contradictory inline|date=March 2019|reason=If 7.7% have an indoor or outdoor WC, this should be more than zero.}}
|-
| 1961
| 22.4%
| 6.5%
| 21.8%
| -{{contradictory inline|date=March 2019}}
|-
| 1966
| 15.4%
| 1.7%
| 12.5%
| 18.3%
|-
| 1971
| 9.1%
| 1.1%
| 6.5%
| 11.5%
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right"
|+ British households sharing amenities<ref name="Stafford" />
|-
! Year
! Bath
! Indoor/outdoor WC
! Hot running water
! Indoor WC
|-
| 1951
| 7.5%
| 14.9%
| -
| -{{contradictory inline|date=March 2019}}
|-
| 1961
| 4.4%
| 6.7%
| 1.8%
| -
|-
| 1966
| 4.1%
| 6.4%
| 2.0%
| 4.4%
|-
| 1971
| 3.2%
| 4.1%
| 1.9%
| 3.1%
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Households with durable goods, 1964–1971<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite book|last=Karn|first=Valerie Ann|title=Housing standards and costs: a comparison of British standards and costs with those in the U.S.A., Canada, and Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mYlPAAAAMAAJ|year=1973|publisher=University of Birmingham|isbn=978-0-7044-0053-5}} {{page needed|date=August 2019}}</ref>
!Country
!Year
!Washing machine
!Refrigerator
!Television
!Telephone
|-
|[[Northern Ireland]]
|1971
|45.4%
|40.1%
|87.5%
|27.0%
|-
|[[Scotland]]
|1971
|65.0%
|53.2%
|92.1%
|36.1%
|-
|United Kingdom
|1964
|53.0%
|34.0%
|80.0%
|2.2%
|-
|United Kingdom
|1971
|64.3%
|68.8%
|91.4%
|37.8%
|-
|United States
|1965
|87.4%
|99.5%
|97.1%
|85.0%
|-
|United States
|1970
|92.1%
|99.85
|98.7%
|92.0%
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+EEC manual workers with durable goods, 1963–1964<ref name="ReferenceB" />
!Country
!Washing machine
!Refrigerator
!Television
!Telephone
|-
|Belgium
|74.7%
|24.9%
|47.6%
|8.2%
|-
|France
|39.6%
|47.0%
|34.4%
|1.4%
|-
|West Germany
|66.2%
|62.1%
|51.3%
|1.8%
|-
|Italy
|13.6%
|50.2%
|47.9%
|20.0%
|-
|Luxembourg
|82.3%
|64.7%
|27.9%
|23.0%
|-
|Netherlands
|80.4%
|25.5%
|58.0%
|9.4%
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+EEC white-collar workers with durable goods, 1963–1964<ref name="ReferenceB" />
!Country
!Washing machine
!Refrigerator
!Television
!Telephone
|-
|Belgium
|68.5%
|57.3%
|48.3%
|40.0%
|-
|France
|48.2%
|71.3%
|43.3%
|15.2%
|-
|West Germany
|62.2%
|79.1%
|51.8%
|19.6%
|-
|Italy
|38.3%
|81.9%
|79.3%
|57.9%
|-
|Luxembourg
|82.3%
|79.2%
|25.2%
|67.3%
|-
|Netherlands
|73.9%
|51.6%
|56.2%
|57.4%
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Dwellings with amenities, 1960–71<ref name="ReferenceB" />
!Country
!Year
!Running water
!Indoor running water
!Toilet
!Flush toilet
!Bath/shower
|-
| rowspan="2" |Austria
|1961
|100.0%
|63.6%
| -
| -
|29.6%
|-
|1970
| -
|85.3%
|69.7%
| -
|54.5%
|-
|Belgium
|1961
|76.9%
| -
|99.9%
|47.6%
|24.3%
|-
|Bulgaria
|1965
|28.5%
|28.2%
|100.0%
|11.8%
|8.7%
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Canada]]
|1961
|89.1%
| -
| -
|85.2%
|80.3%
|-
|1967
| -
|95.2%
|93.5%
|92.5%
|89.8%
|-
|1971
| -
| -
| -
|95.4%
|93.4%
|-
|Czechoslovakia
|1961
|60.5%
|49.1%
| -
|39.5%
|33.3%
|-
| rowspan="2" |Denmark
|1960
| -
|92.9%
|100.0%
|83.6%
|48.3%
|-
|1965
|96.7%
|96.7%
|100.0%
|90.9%
|63.4%
|-
| rowspan="2" |England and [[Wales]]
|1961
| -
|98.7%
|93.4%
| -
|78.7%
|-
|1966
| -
| -
| -
|98.2%
|85.1%
|-
|[[Finland]]
|1960
|47.1%
|47.1%
| -
|35.4%
|14.6%
|-
| rowspan="2" |France
|1962
| -
|77.5%
|43.1%
|39.3%
|28.0%
|-
|1968
|92.8%
|91.5%
|56.2%
|53.2%
|48.9%
|-
|East Germany
|1961
| -
|65.7%
|33.7%
| -
|22.1%
|-
| rowspan="2" |West Germany
|1965
| -
|98.2%
| -
|83.3%
|64.3%
|-
|1968
|99.0%
| -
| -
|86.5%
|66.8%
|-
| rowspan="3" |Hungary
|1960
| -
| -
|100.0%
|22.5%
| -
|-
|1963
|32.5%
|25.9%
| -
| -
|18.5%
|-
|1970
|58.6%
|36.4%
|100.0%
|32.7%
|32.2%
|-
|Ireland
|1961
|57.2%
|51.0%
|64.9%
|53.5%
|33.2%
|-
|Italy
|1961
|71.6%
|62.3%
|89.5%
| -
|28.9%
|-
|Luxembourg
|1960
|98.8%
| -
|100.0%
|81.6%
|45.7%
|-
|Netherlands
|1956
|89.6%
| -
|99.9%
|67.5%
|26.8%
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[New Zealand]]
|1960
| -
|90.0%
| -
| -
| -
|-
|1961
|99.6%
|87.8%
| -
|88.5%
| -
|-
|1966
|99.7%
|90.3%
| -
|94.0%
|98.1%
|-
|Norway
|1960
|94.0%
|92.8%
|100.0%
|57.9%
|45.2%
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Poland]]
|1960
|39.1%
|29.9%
|26.9%
|18.9%
|13.9%
|-
|1966
| -
|46.8%
| -
|33.3%
| -
|-
|[[Romania]]
|1966
|48.4%
|12.3%
|100.0%
|12.2%
|9.6%
|-
| rowspan="2" |Scotland
|1961
| -
|94.0%
| -
|92.8%
|69.9%
|-
|1966
| -
| -
| -
|95.7%
|77.4%
|-
| rowspan="2" |Sweden
|1960
| -
|90.0%
| -
|76.2%
|61.0%
|-
|1965
|95.2%
|94.3%
|99.7%
|85.3%
|72.9%
|-
|Switzerland
|1960
| -
|96.1%
|99.7%
| -
|68.8%
|-
|United States
|1960
|94.0%
|92.9%
| -
|89.7%
|88.1%
|-
|Yugoslavia (urban)
|1961
| -
|42.4%
|34.5%
| -
|22.5%
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+European households with at least one car, 1978<ref name="google2">{{cite book|last=Dawson|first=John|title=Commercial Distribution in Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t2gKBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA62|year=2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-59886-2|page=62}}</ref>
!Country
!%
|-
|Belgium
|69.9%
|-
|Denmark
|57.0%
|-
|France
|66.9%
|-
|West Germany
|62.6%
|-
|Ireland
|65.1%
|-
|Italy
|69.1%
|-
|Netherlands
|67.2%
|-
|United Kingdom
|54.4%
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Housing tenure, 1980–1990<ref>{{cite book|last=Hill|first=Michael James|title=Social Policy: A Comparative Analysis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pB1HAAAAMAAJ|year=1996|publisher=Prentice-Hall/Harvester Wheatsheaf|isbn=978-0-13-353905-9}} {{page needed|date=August 2019}}</ref>
!Country
!Year
!Public rental
!Private rental
!Owner-occupied
|-
|Australia
|1988
|5%
|25%
|70%
|-
|Belgium
|1986
|6%
|30%
|62%
|-
|Denmark
|1990
|21%
|21%
|58%
|-
|France
|1990
|17%
|30%
|53%
|-
|Germany
|1990
|25%
|38%
|37%
|-
|Ireland
|1990
|14%
|9%
|78%
|-
|Italy
|1990
|5%
|24%
|64%
|-
|Netherlands
|1988
|43%
|13%
|44%
|-
|Spain
|1989
|1%
|11%
|88%
|-
|United Kingdom
|1990
|27%
|7%
|66%
|-
|United States
|1980
|2%
|32%
|66%
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+[[European Economic Community|EEC]] households with a garden, 1963–64<ref>{{cite book|last=Sampson|first=Anthony|title=The new Europeans: a guide to the workings, institutions and character of contemporary Western Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HUZJAAAAYAAJ|year=1971|publisher=Panther|isbn=9780586034347}} {{page needed|date=August 2019}}</ref>
!Country
!%
|-
|Belgium
|58%
|-
|France
|47%
|-
|Italy
|17%
|-
|Netherlands
|21%
|-
|Germany
|45%
|-
|Luxembourg
|81%
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Households with durable goods, 1962<ref name="google3">{{cite book|last=Logemann|first=J.|title=The Development of Consumer Credit in Global Perspective: Business, Regulation, and Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fd_FAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA194|date=2012-07-16|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US|isbn=978-1-137-06207-9|page=194}}</ref>
!Country
!Television
!Vacuum cleaner
!Washing machine
!Refrigerator
!Car
|-
|France
|25%
|32%
|31%
|37%
|33%
|-
|Great Britain
|78%
|71%
|43%
|22%
|30%
|-
|United States
|87%
|75%
|95%
|98%
|75%
|}

== Housing conditions ==
=== {{anchor|Historical housing conditions in Belgium}}Belgium ===
A 1961–62 National Housing Institute survey estimated that 13.8 percent of Belgian dwellings were unfit and incapable of improvement. A further 19.5 percent were unfit but had the potential to be improved, and 54 percent were considered suitable (without alteration or improvement) for modern living standards. Seventy-four percent of dwellings lacked a shower or bath, 19 percent had inadequate sewage disposal, and 3.6 percent lacked a drinking-water supply; 36.8 percent had an indoor [[Flush toilet|water closet]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Watson|first=Christopher John|title=Social housing policy in Belgium|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dDNjAAAAIAAJ|year=1971|publisher=University of Birmingham|isbn=9780901490162}} {{page needed|date=August 2019}}</ref> According to a 1964 study, 13 percent of Belgium's housing consisted of [[slum]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://aei.pitt.edu/43714/1/A7457.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-10-29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029175235/http://aei.pitt.edu/43714/1/A7457.pdf |archive-date=2016-10-29 }}</ref> In 1974 an estimated 17% of the Belgian population lived in a detached house, while 23% lived in an attached house, 56% in an apartment or flat, and 4% in other types of homes (trailers, mobile homes, etc.).<ref name="Numbers 1978, P.136-137">The Book of Numbers, compiled by the Editors of Heron House, 1978, P.136-137</ref> In terms of amenities, in 1975 an estimated 1% of all houses were without a flush toilet, 1% without electric lighting, 37% without a fixed bath or shower and 7% without piped water.<ref name="Numbers 1978, P.148-149">The Book of Numbers, compiled by the Editors of Heron House, 1978, P.148-149</ref>

=== {{anchor|Postwar housing conditions in Austria}}Austria ===
In 1974 an estimated 28% of the Austrian population lived in a detached house, while 5% lived in an attached house, 64% in an apartment or flat, and 4% in other types of homes (trailers, mobile homes, etc.).<ref name="Numbers 1978, P.136-137"/> In terms of amenities, in 1975 an estimated 10% of all houses were without a flush toilet, 1% without electric lighting, 34% without a fixed bath or shower and 8% without piped water.<ref name="Numbers 1978, P.148-149"/>

=== {{anchor|Postwar housing conditions in Ireland}}Ireland ===
In 1974 an estimated 27% of the Irish population lived in a detached house, while 55% lived in an attached house, 11% in an apartment or flat, and 8% in other types of homes (trailers, mobile homes, etc.).<ref name="Numbers 1978, P.136-137"/> In terms of amenities, in 1975 an estimated 21% of all houses were without a flush toilet, 2% without electric lighting, 20% without a fixed bath or shower and 14% without piped water.<ref name="Numbers 1978, P.148-149"/>

=== {{anchor|Postwar housing conditions in Japan}}Japan ===
In 1973 an estimated 65% of the Japanese population lived in a detached house, while 12% lived in an attached house, and 23% in an apartment or flat.<ref name="Numbers 1978, P.136-137"/> In terms of amenities, in 1975 an estimated 65% of all houses were without a flush toilet, 1% without electric lighting, 3% without a fixed bath or shower and 1% without piped water.<ref name="Numbers 1978, P.148-149"/>

=== {{anchor|Postwar housing conditions in Netherlands}}Netherlands ===
In 1974 an estimated 18% of the Dutch population lived in a detached house, while 40% lived in an attached house, 36% in an apartment or flat, and 6% in other types of homes (trailers, mobile homes, etc.).<ref name="Numbers 1978, P.136-137"/> In terms of amenities, in 1975 an estimated 1% of all houses were without a flush toilet, 1% without electric lighting, 2% without a fixed bath or shower and 1% without piped water.<ref name="Numbers 1978, P.148-149"/>

=== {{anchor|Postwar housing conditions in Italy}}Italy ===
In 1974 an estimated 18% of the Italian population lived in a detached house, while 9% lived in an attached house, 65% in an apartment or flat, and 8% in other types of homes (trailers, mobile homes, etc.).<ref name="Numbers 1978, P.136-137"/> In terms of amenities, in 1975 an estimated 4% of all houses were without a flush toilet, 2% without electric lighting, 27% without a fixed bath or shower and 1% without piped water.<ref name="Numbers 1978, P.148-149"/>

=== {{anchor|Postwar housing conditions in Norway}}Norway ===
In 1974 an estimated 45% of the Norwegian population lived in a detached house, while 7% lived in an attached house, 46% in an apartment or flat, and 2% in other types of homes (trailers, mobile homes, etc.).<ref name="Numbers 1978, P.136-137"/> In terms of amenities, in 1975 an estimated 13% of all houses were without a flush toilet, 1% without electric lighting, 25% without a fixed bath or shower and 1% without piped water.<ref name="Numbers 1978, P.148-149"/>

=== {{anchor|Postwar housing conditions in Sweden}}Sweden ===
In 1974 an estimated 36% of the Swedish population lived in a detached house, while 8% lived in an attached house, and 56% in an apartment or flat.<ref name="Numbers 1978, P.136-137"/> In terms of amenities, in 1975 an estimated 2% of all houses were without a flush toilet, 1% without electric lighting, 2% without a fixed bath or shower and 1% without piped water.<ref name="Numbers 1978, P.148-149"/>

=== {{anchor|Postwar housing conditions in Denmark}}Denmark ===
In 1974 an estimated 50% of the Danish population lived in a detached house, while 11% lived in an attached house, 31% in an apartment or flat, and 8% in other types of homes (trailers, mobile homes, etc.).<ref name="Numbers 1978, P.136-137"/> In terms of amenities, in 1975 an estimated 1% of all houses were without a flush toilet, 1% without electric lighting, 10% without a fixed bath or shower and 1% without piped water.<ref name="Numbers 1978, P.148-149"/>

=== {{anchor|Postwar housing conditions in Switzerland}}Switzerland ===
In 1974 an estimated 33% of the Swiss population lived in a detached house, while 5% lived in an attached house, and 62% in an apartment or flat.<ref name="Numbers 1978, P.136-137"/> In terms of amenities, in 1975 an estimated 3% of all houses were without a flush toilet, 1% without electric lighting, 15% without a fixed bath or shower and 1% without piped water.<ref name="Numbers 1978, P.148-149"/>

=== {{anchor|Postwar housing conditions in Spain}}Spain ===
In 1974 an estimated 12% of the Spanish population lived in a detached house, while 23% lived in an attached house, 61% in an apartment or flat, and 4% in other types of homes (trailers, mobile homes, etc.).<ref name="Numbers 1978, P.136-137"/> In terms of amenities, in 1970/75 an estimated 29% of all houses were without a flush toilet, 4% without electric lighting, 54% without a fixed bath or shower and 32% without piped water.<ref name="Numbers 1978, P.148-149"/>

=== {{anchor|Postwar housing conditions in West Germany}}West Germany ===
In 1974 an estimated 22% of the West German population lived in a detached house, while 5% lived in an attached house, 69% in an apartment or flat, and 4% in other types of homes (trailers, mobile homes, etc.).<ref name="Numbers 1978, P.136-137"/> In terms of amenities, in 1975 an estimated 4% of all houses were without a flush toilet, 1% without electric lighting, 6% without a fixed bath or shower and 1% without piped water.<ref name="Numbers 1978, P.148-149"/>

=== {{anchor|Postwar housing conditions in France}}France ===
Between 1954 and 1973, the percentage of French homes with a shower or bath increased from 10 to 65 percent. During that period, the percentage of homes without flush toilets fell from 73 to 30 percent; homes without running water fell from 42 to 3.4 percent. A 1948 law permitted gradual, long-term rent increases for existing flats on the condition that part of the money was spent on repairs. According to [[John Ardagh]], the law, "vigorously applied, was partly successful in its twofold aim: to encourage both repairs and new building."<ref>{{cite book|last=Ardagh|first=John|title=The New France: A Society in Transition, 1945–1977|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BSAVyAEACAAJ|year=1979|publisher=Penguin}} {{page needed|date=August 2019}}</ref> In 1974 an estimated 17% of the French population lived in a detached house, while 2% lived in an attached house, 78% in an apartment or flat, and 3% in other types of homes (trailers, mobile homes, etc.).<ref name="Numbers 1978, P.136-137"/> In terms of amenities, in 1975 an estimated 20% of all houses were without a flush toilet, 1% without electric lighting, 34% without a fixed bath or shower and 3% without piped water.<ref name="Numbers 1978, P.148-149"/>

=== {{anchor|Postwar housing conditions in the United Kingdom}}United Kingdom ===
[[File:Household composition in the UK.png|thumb|Household composition in the UK]]
After [[World War II]], a large percentage of British housing was single-family housing. Seventy-eight percent of housing in 1961 consisted of single-family homes, compared to 56 percent in the Netherlands, 49 percent in West Germany and 32 percent in France.<ref name="google4">{{cite book|last1=Kertzer|first1=David I.|last2=Barbagli|first2=Marzio|title=Family Life in the Twentieth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wPNWAAAAYAAJ|year=2003|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-09494-7}}</ref> In England and Wales in 1964, 6.6 percent of housing units had two or fewer rooms; 5.8 percent had seven or more rooms, 15.2 percent had six rooms, 35.1 percent had five rooms, 26.3 percent had four rooms, and 11.1 percent had three rooms. These figures included kitchens when they were used for eating meals. Fifty percent of 1964 housing had three bedrooms; 1.9 percent had five or more bedrooms, 6.2 percent had four bedrooms, 10.5 percent had one bedroom or none, and 31.3&nbsp;percent had two bedrooms. A 1960 social survey estimated that 0.6 percent of households in England and Wales exceeded the statutory overcrowding standard; the 1964 percentage was 0.5 percent. In 1964, 6.9 of all households exceeded one person per room. The 1960 figure was 11 percent, with 1.75 percent having two or more bedrooms below the standard and 9.25 percent having one bedroom below the standard. This declined slightly by 1964 to 9.4 percent of households below the standard, with 8.1 percent having one bedroom below the standard and 1.3 percent having two bedrooms or more below the standard. According to local authorities in 1965, five percent of the housing stock in England and Wales was unfit for habitation.<ref>{{cite book|last=Holman |first=Robert |title=Socially deprived families in Britain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rYo0AAAAMAAJ |date=1970 |publisher=Bedford Square P. of the National Council of Social Service|isbn=0-7199-0795-0 |oclc=103175 }} {{page needed|date=August 2019}}</ref> In 1974 an estimated 23% of the population of the UK lived in a detached house, while 50% lived in an attached house, 23% in an apartment or flat, and 4% in other types of homes (trailers, mobile homes, etc.).<ref name="Numbers 1978, P.136-137"/> In terms of amenities, in 1975 an estimated 1% of all houses were without a flush toilet, 1% without electric lighting, 3% without a fixed bath or shower and 1% without piped water.<ref name="Numbers 1978, P.148-149"/>

=== {{anchor|Housing conditions in Canada and the United States of America}}U.S. and Canada ===
Housing conditions improved in Canada and the U.S. after World War II. In the U.S., 35.4 percent of all 1950 dwellings did not have complete plumbing facilities; the figure fell to 16.8 percent in 1960 and 8.4 percent in 1968. In Canada from 1951 to 1971, the percentage of dwellings with a bath or shower increased from 60.8 to 93.4 percent; the percentage of dwellings with hot and cold running water increased from 56.9 to 93.5 percent.<ref name="ReferenceB" /> In the United States from 1950 to 1974, the percentage of housing without full plumbing fell from 34 to three percent; during that period, the percentage of housing stock considered dilapidated fell from nine percent to less than four.<ref>{{cite book|last=Brown|first=Clair|title=American Standards of Living: 1918–1988|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ExTFM-jr0NEC&pg=PA298|year=1994|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-1-55786-371-3|page=298}}</ref> In 1976, an estimated 64% of the population of the U.S. lived in a detached house, while 4% lived in an attached house, 28% in an apartment or flat, and 4% in other types of homes (trailers, mobile homes, etc.).<ref name="Numbers 1978, P.136-137"/> In terms of amenities, in 1975 an estimated 2% of all houses in the U.S. were without a flush toilet, 1% without electric lighting, 3% without a fixed bath or shower and 1% without piped water.<ref name="Numbers 1978, P.148-149"/> In 1977 an estimated 59% of the population of Canada lived in a detached house, while 8% lived in an attached house, and 33% in an apartment or flat.<ref name="Numbers 1978, P.136-137"/> In terms of amenities, in 1975/77 an estimated 3% of all houses in Canada were without a flush toilet, 1% without electric lighting, 2% without a fixed bath or shower and 1% without piped water.<ref name="Numbers 1978, P.148-149"/>

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Dwelling]]
* [[Oikos]]
* [[List of countries by number of households]]
* [[Household economics]]
* [[Household final consumption expenditure]]
* [[Household income in the United States]]
* [[Household production function|Household production]]
* [[Family]]
* [[Intra-household bargaining]]
* [[Roommate]]
* [[Group home]]
* [[Hoju]] – [[South Korea]]
* [[Home]]
* [[Homemaker]]
* [[Medieval household]]
* [[Royal Household]]
{{div col end}}
{{Portal bar|Business and economics|Housing|Society}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
* ''The Economist Book Of Vital World Statistics: A Complete Guide To The World In Figures'' (introduction by [[Claus Moser, Baron Moser|Claus Moser]]). The Economist Books, fourth reprint, paperback edition, October 1992. Contains a section, "Consumer Durables", with estimates of household ownership of a wide range of consumer durables in [[OECD]] and East European countries.

== External links ==
{{Wiktionary|household}}
{{commons category}}
* [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015031363156&seq=1254 Contains information on housing conditions in various European countries in the post-World War II era] (Europe's needs and resources, trends, and prospects in eighteen countries [by] J. Frederic Dewhurst, John O. Coppock, P. Lamartine Yates, and associates. -)
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=_IrtAAAAMAAJ&dq=france+single+family+housing&pg=PA32 Contains information on housing conditions and types in various countries in the 1960s and 1970s, including Australia, Belgium, Brazil, France, Germany, Iran, Italy, Japan, the  Netherlands, the Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Spain, the United Kingdom, and Venezuela]
* [https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Self_help_Housing_the_Poor_and_the_State/r_Ph6qCwLS8C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Key+indices+of+Housing+Quality+for+Grenada,+St.+Lucia,+and+St.+Vincent+and+the+Grenadines+in+1980/81&pg=PA54&printsec=frontcover Includes information on housing conditions and housing types in Barbados, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, St Lucia, and Grenada in 1980/81]
* [https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Level_of_living_and_inequality_in_the_No/EAvTKzoIQp8C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Level+of+living+and+inequality+in+the+Nordic+countries&printsec=frontcover Includes information on housing conditions in various Scandinavian countries in the later 20th century]
* [https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Market_Factors_in_Norway/tyKAl_Gw7PMC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Norway+1960s+standard+of+living+consumer&pg=PA3&printsec=frontcover Includes information on ownership of various consumer durables in Norway in 1966]
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.gesis.org/fileadmin/upload/dienstleistung/daten/soz_indikatoren/eusi/B1132.pdf|title=Percentage of households living in a dwelling with central heating|website=European System of Social Indicators (EUSI)| postscript=: Contains information on housing conditions in Europe from 1980 onwards}}
* {{cite book | title=The European Union Encyclopedia and Directory 1999 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NU07cD6NEJQC | year=1999 | publisher=Psychology Press | isbn=978-1-85743-056-1 | postscript=: Contains historical statistics on housing in Europe}}
* {{cite book | title=Housing Finance Markets in Transition Economies Trends and Challenges | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FJtxeMzFZNEC | year=2005 | publisher=OECD Publishing | isbn=978-92-64-01017-8 | postscript=: Contains statistics on housing in various developing and developed countries}}
* {{cite book | location=Baltimore | url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/634201468327327397/pdf/9986000World0tables01976.pdf | title=World tables, 1976, from the data files of the World Bank | publisher=Published for the World Bank by Johns Hopkins University Press | year=1976 | isbn=0-8018-1886-9 | oclc=2425366}}
* {{cite book | last1=Alber | first1=Jens | last2=Fahey | first2=Tony | last3=Saraceno | first3=Chiara | title=Handbook of Quality of Life in the Enlarged European Union | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8_zQDxYxlgsC | year=2008 | publisher=Routledge | isbn=978-0-415-42467-7 | postscript=: Contains information on housing conditions in various countries}}
* {{cite book | last1=Altman | first1=Jon C. | last2=Nieuwenhuysen | first2=John | title=The Economic Status of Australian Aborigines | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RPhfvymCBREC | year=1979 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=978-0-521-29490-4 | postscript=: Contains historical statistics on housing conditions in Australia}}
* {{cite book | last=Berekoven | first=Ludwig | title=Internationale Verbrauchsangleichung: Eine Analyse europäischer Länder | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4seeBgAAQBAJ | year=2013 | publisher=Springer-Verlag | isbn=978-3-322-83888-9 | language=de | postscript=: Contains information on the percentage of homes in Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Holland, Italy, Switzerland, and Sweden owning certain household appliances from 1970 to 1975}}
* {{cite book | editor-first=Kees | editor-first2=Marietta | editor-last=Dol | editor-last2=Haffner | url=http://www.iut.nu/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Housing-Statistics-in-the-European-Union-2010.pdf | title=Housing Statistics in the European Union 2010 | publisher=The Hague: Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations | year=2010}}
* {{cite book | last=Flora | first=Peter | title=Growth to Limits: The Western European Welfare States Since World War II | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GaWtd5zJfB8C | year=1986 | publisher=Walter de Gruyter | isbn=978-3-11-011131-6 | postscript=: Contains historical statistics on housing in Ireland}}
* {{cite book | last1=Martinelli | first1=Alberto | last2=Chiesi | first2=Antonio | last3=Stefanizzi | first3=Sonia | title=Recent Social Trends in Italy, 1960–1995 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f_poy-NC5xQC | date=1999-03-30 | publisher=McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP | isbn=978-0-7735-6778-8}}
* {{cite book | url=https://www.housing.gov.ie/sites/default/files/migrated-files/en/Publications/DevelopmentandHousing/Housing/FileDownLoad%2C2453%2Cen.pdf | title=Regular National Report on Housing Developments in European Countries (Synthesis Report) | publisher=Stationery Office | date=2004 | last1=Norris | first1=Michelle | last2=Shiels | first2=Patrick | location=Dublin | isbn=0-7557-1999-9 | oclc=59712896 | postscript=: Contains statistics on housing conditions and housing policies in various countries}}
* {{cite book | last=Smitka | first=Michael | title=Japan's Economic Ascent: International Trade, Growth, and Postwar Reconstruction | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cFH0J536UfkC | year=1998 | publisher=Taylor & Francis | isbn=978-0-8153-2709-7 | postscript=: Contains information on the percentage of nonfarming households in Japan earning certain consumer durable goods from 1957 to 1975}}
* {{cite book | last=Stafford | first=D. C. | title=The Economics of Housing Policy Painting hyderabad 9640395262 7396356333 | url=https://archive.org/details/economicsofhousi0000staf | url-access=registration | year=1978 | publisher=Croom Helm | isbn=978-0-85664-159-6 | postscript=: Contains historical statistics on housing conditions in the United Kingdom}}
* {{cite book | last=Tomka | first=Béla | title=A Social History of Twentieth Century Europe | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RLBfzNkGfx8C | year=2013 | publisher=Routledge | isbn=978-0-415-62843-3 | postscript=: Contains historical statistics on housing in Europe}}
* {{cite book | url=http://old.tarki.hu/en/publications/SR/2008/index.html | title=European social report, 2008 | last=Tóth | first=István György | publisher=TÁRKI | translator-last=Babarczy | translator-first=Anna | year=2008 | isbn=978-963-06-5193-6 | location=Budapest | chapter=4. Housing and Material Conditions | oclc=1088165603 | chapter-url=http://old.tarki.hu/en/research/european_social_report/20080701_4.pdf | postscript=: Contains statistics on housing and material conditions in Europe| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417105748/http://old.tarki.hu/en/research/european_social_report/20080701_4.pdf | archive-date=2018-04-17 }}
* {{cite book | last=Trotman-Dickenson | first=D. I. | title=Economic Workbook and Data: A Tutorial Volume for Students | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tYajBQAAQBAJ | year=2014 | publisher=Elsevier Science | isbn=978-1-4831-5811-2 | postscript=: Contains information on the percentage of households in Great Britain and the EEC owning certain durable goods in 1963}}

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[[Category:Family economics]]
[[Category:National accounts]]
[[Category:Housing]]