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{{Short description|American mass murderer}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox murderer
| name              = Howard Unruh
| image             = Howard Unruh.jpg
| image_size        = 259px
| caption           = 
| birthname         = Howard Barton Unruh
| occupation        = Sheet-metal worker, former [[United States Army]] armor crewman
| birth_date        = {{Birth date|1921|1|21|mf=y}}
| birth_place       = [[Camden, New Jersey|East Camden, New Jersey]], US
| death_date        = {{Death date and age|2009|10|19|1921|1|21|mf=y}}
| death_place       = [[Trenton, New Jersey]], US
| cause             = 
| motive            = Inconclusive 
 (possibly [[post-traumatic stress disorder|post]]-[[psychological trauma|traumatic]] and/or a personal [[feud]] with one of the victims)
| conviction        = N/A; found [[Acquittal|not guilty]] of all charges by [[Insanity defense|reason of insanity]]
| penalty           = [[Involuntary commitment]]
| date              = {{start date|1949|09|06}}
| locations         = Camden, New Jersey, US
| fatalities        = 13
| injuries          = 3 (2 from gunfire)
| weapons           = [[Luger pistol|Luger P08]]<ref name= Berger>{{cite news |date=September 7, 1949 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |title=Veteran Kills 12 in Mad Rampage on Camden Street |first=Meyer |last=Berger |author-link=Meyer Berger |access-date=June 23, 2018 |url= http://www.pulitzer.org/article/mass-shooting-tight-deadline |quote=Howard B. Unruh, 28 years old, a mild, soft-spoken veteran of many armored artillery battles in Italy, France, Austria, Belgium and Germany, killed twelve persons with a war souvenir Luger pistol in his home block in East Camden this morning. He wounded four others. |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180707033921/http://www.pulitzer.org/article/mass-shooting-tight-deadline |archive-date=July 7, 2018  |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name= smithsonian>{{cite web |title=The Story of the First Mass Murder in U.S. History |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/story-first-mass-murder-us-history-180956927/ |magazine=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian Magazine]] |first=Patrick |last=Sauer |date=October 14, 2015 |quote=He went into his apartment, uncased his German Luger P08, a 9mm pistol he'd purchased at a sporting goods store in Philadelphia for $37.50, and secured it with two clips and 33 loose cartridges. |access-date=July 11, 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180707011320/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/story-first-mass-murder-us-history-180956927/ |archive-date=July 7, 2018 |url-status=live}}
</ref>
| charge            = [[Murder (United States law)#Degrees|First-degree murder]] (x13) <br/> [[Assault#United States|Assault]] and [[battery (crime)#United States|battery]] (x3)
| conviction_status = Deceased
| module            = {{Infobox military person|embed=yes
| allegiance    = {{flag|United States|1912}}
| branch        = {{flag|United States Army}}
| rank          = [[File:Army-USA-OR-03_(Army_greens).svg|15px]] [[Private first class]]
| unit          = [[12th Armored Division (United_States)#Attachments (Units_officially attached to the 12th Armored Division)|Battery C, 342nd Armored Field Artillery Battalion]]
| serviceyears  = 1942–1945
| battles       = [[World War II]]
* [[Battle of the Bulge]]
* [[Operation Northwind (1944)|Operation Northwind]]
* [[Western Allied invasion of Germany|Central Europe Campaign]]
* [[Spring 1945 offensive in Italy|Operation Grapeshot]]
| awards        = [[European–African–Middle Eastern Campaign Medal|European Theater of Operations Medal]] <br/> [[World War II Victory Medal]] <br/> [[Good Conduct Medal (United States)|Good Conduct Medal]]
}}
}}

'''Howard Barton Unruh''' (January 21, 1921 – October 19, 2009) was an American [[mass murder]]er{{NoteTag|Howard Unruh's status as a mass murderer versus a [[spree killer]] is disputed. The vast majority of listed sources classify him as a mass murderer.}}<ref name= Ramsland>{{cite web| url= http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/notorious_murders/mass/howard_unruh/index.html |title= All about mass murderer Howard Unruh| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110519084501/http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/notorious_murders/mass/howard_unruh/index.html |archivedate= May 19, 2011| authorlink= Katherine Ramsland| first= Katherine |last= Ramsland| website= [[TruTV]].com| publisher= | date= | access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book| url= | page= [https://books.google.com/books?id=j2rdEgUIMLcC&pg=PA139 139]| title= Sexual Homicide: Patterns and Motives| authorlink= Robert Ressler| first1= Robert |last1= Ressler| display-authors= etal| publisher= Free Press| year= 1995| isbn= | via= Google Books}}</ref> who shot and killed thirteen people during a twelve-minute walk through his neighborhood in [[Camden, New Jersey]], on September 6, 1949<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.cnn.com/2009/CRIME/10/19/first.mass.murderer/ |title= Suspect in historic mass murder dies at 88 |website=[[CNN]].com |access-date=October 20, 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091023133614/http://www.cnn.com/2009/CRIME/10/19/first.mass.murderer/ |archive-date=October 23, 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> in an incident that became known as the '''Walk of Death'''. Unruh was found [[criminally insane]] and died in 2009 after a lengthy illness at the age of 88 following 60 years of confinement.<ref name="death">{{cite news|url=http://www.philly.com/philly/news/new_jersey/64889962.html?c=r|title=Camden mass murderer Howard Unruh dies at 88|publisher= |work= [[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]; philly.com |date=October 20, 2009|access-date=August 7, 2011|archive-date=June 6, 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110606200103/http://www.philly.com/philly/news/new_jersey/64889962.html?c=r|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The shooting remains the deadliest mass shooting in New Jersey history, and is one of the first examples of a [[Mass shootings in the United States#Deadliest mass shootings since 1949|mass shooting in post-World War II U.S. history]].

==Early life, family and education==
Howard Unruh was the son of Samuel Shipley Unruh and Freda E. Vollmer. He had a younger brother, James; they were raised by their mother after their parents [[marital separation|separated]]. Unruh grew up in [[East Camden, New Jersey]], attended [[Cramer Junior High School]] and [[Woodrow Wilson High School (New Jersey)|Woodrow Wilson High School]], graduating in January 1939.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.dvrbs.com/camden/CamdenNJ-HowardUnruh.htm |title= Howard Unruh| website= dvrbs.com| publisher= The Delaware Valley Rhythm & Blues Society, Inc. |url-status= | date= |  archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110310172044/http://www.dvrbs.com/Camden/CamdenNJ-HowardUnruh.htm |archivedate= March 10, 2011| access-date= September 30, 2025}}</ref> His high school's yearbook from 1939 indicated that he was shy and that his ambition was to become a government employee.<ref name="trutv 6">{{cite web| last= Ramsland| first= Katherine| url= http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/notorious_murders/mass/howard_unruh/6.html| title= Rampage in Camden| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080612072425/http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/notorious_murders/mass/howard_unruh/6.html |archivedate= June 12, 2008| website= TruTV.com| publisher= | date= | access-date= }}</ref>

==Military service==
Unruh enlisted in the [[United States Army]] on October 27, 1942, and saw active service as an armor crewman across Europe between October 1944 and July 1945.<ref name="newspaperarchive1949">{{cite web |url=https://newspaperarchive.com/racine-journal-times-sep-07-1949-p-1/ |title=13th Victim of Massacre Dies |work=[[Racine Journal Times]] |date=September 7, 1949 |page=1| url-access= subscription |via=[[NewspaperArchive]] |access-date=September 14, 2018}}</ref><ref name= Berger /> He was remembered by his section chief Norman E. Koehn as a first-class soldier who never drank, swore, or chased girls and spent much time reading his Bible and writing long letters to his mother.<ref name="newspaperarchive2">{{cite web|url=https://newspaperarchive.com/madison-wisconsin-state-journal-sep-07-1949-p-1/ |title=Wanted Revenge, Killer of 12 Says |page= 1| work=[[Wisconsin State Journal]] |via=NewspaperArchive |date=September 7, 1949| url-access= subscription |access-date=September 14, 2018}}</ref> It was also cited that Unruh kept meticulous notes on the enemies killed in battles, down to the details of the corpses. He was awarded the [[European–African–Middle Eastern Campaign Medal|European Theater of Operations Medal]], the [[World War II Victory Medal|Victory Medal]], and the [[Good Conduct Medal (United States)|Good Conduct Medal]].

==Postwar life==
Unruh was [[military discharge|honorably discharged]] at the end of the war and returned to New Jersey to live with his mother. Both his brother and his father later indicated that Unruh's wartime experiences had changed him, making him moody, nervous, and detached. Unruh briefly found work as a sheet-metal worker before enrolling at the [[Temple University]] [[Temple University School of Pharmacy|School of Pharmacy]] in [[Philadelphia]], but after a month, he quit school, citing "poor physical condition". Supported by his mother's income working in a soap factory, he spent time at their house, decorating it with his medals, reading his Bible, and practicing his shooting in the basement, which he had turned into a [[Shooting range|practice range]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://newspaperarchive.com/mt-vernon-register-news-sep-07-1949-p-1/ |title=Test Sanity of Veteran Who Killed 13 Persons |work=Mt. Vernon Register-News |place= Mt. Vernon, Illinois |via=NewspaperArchive |date=September 7, 1949 |access-date=September 14, 2018}}</ref>

===Circumstances before the crime===
It was around this time that Unruh's relations with his neighbors began to deteriorate and his resentment grew over what he regarded as "derogatory remarks made about my character". His brother James pointed to an ongoing [[feud]] between Unruh and his neighbor, pharmacist Maurice Cohen, over Unruh's trespassing through Cohen's backyard as a means to access his apartment.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://newspaperarchive.com/indiana-evening-gazette-sep-13-1949-p-6/ |title= Slayer of Thirteen Gets Sanity Tests |work= [[Indiana Evening Gazette]] |place= Indiana, Pennsylvania |via=NewspaperArchive |date=September 13, 1949 |access-date=September 14, 2018}}</ref> Prior to the killings, Unruh went to a movie theater in Philadelphia and sat through several shows before returning home around 3 a.m. He had been having a weeks-long affair with another man, and they were to go to the theater on a date. Unruh was delayed in traffic, and by the time he arrived, the man had left.<ref name= smithsonian /> Upon his return home, he discovered that a gate he had installed that day had been removed.<ref name= Ramsland />

==Shootings==
At approximately 7 a.m. on September 6, 1949, Unruh ate a breakfast prepared by his mother, who then left to visit a neighbor, Carolina Pinner. At about 9:20&nbsp;a.m., armed with his [[Luger P08]] [[pistol]], an eight-round [[magazine (firearms)|magazine]], and more ammunition carried in his pockets, he left his apartment and walked out onto River Road in Camden.<ref name="newspaperarchive1949"/><ref name="newspaperarchive3">{{cite web| url= https://newspaperarchive.com/racine-journal-times-sep-07-1949-p-3/ |title=13th Victim of Massacre Dies |work=Racine Journal Times |page=3 |via= NewspaperArchive |date=September 7, 1949 |access-date=September 14, 2018}}</ref> Approaching a bread-delivery truck, Unruh shoved his pistol through the door and shot at the driver. He missed his shot by a few inches; the driver unsuccessfully attempted to warn residents.<ref name= Ramsland />

Unruh visited the shop of one of his neighbors, shoemaker John Pilarchik, whom he shot and killed instantly.<ref name="newspaperarchive3"/> He next visited the barbershop of another neighbor, Clark Hoover, who was cutting the hair of six-year-old Orris Smith. He shot Hoover in the head and Smith in the neck, both fatally. Running to Cohen's pharmacy, Unruh encountered insurance man James Hutton and killed him when he didn't move out of his way.<!-- Empty reference <ref name="Rampage in Camden"/--><ref name= Ramsland />

Unruh proceeded to the rear of the pharmacy and saw Cohen and his wife Rose running up the stairs into their apartment. Once in the apartment, Cohen climbed through a window and onto the porch roof, while Rose hid herself and their son, 12-year-old Charles, in separate closets. However, Unruh discovered the closet Rose was hiding in and shot three times through the door before opening it and firing once more into her face. Walking across the apartment, he spotted Cohen's mother Minnie, age 63, trying to call the police, and shot her several times. He then followed Cohen onto a porch roof and shot him in the back, causing him to fall to the pavement below. Charles, still hiding in the second closet, managed to escape undetected.

Unruh then walked into the middle of River Road and fired at an approaching sedan,<ref name="newspaperarchive4">{{cite web |url= https://newspaperarchive.com/lowell-sun-sep-07-1949-p-22/ |title=Unruh's Own Version of His Massacre of 13 |work=[[The Lowell Sun]] |page=22 |via= NewspaperArchive |date=September 7, 1949 |access-date=September 14, 2018}}</ref> killing the driver, Alvin Day, and causing the car to careen onto the sidewalk. He then visited the shop of tailor Thomas Zegrino; he was not there, but his wife Helga was, and Unruh shot and killed her. Thomas Zegrino was the only one of Unruh's intended targets to survive the rampage.

After firing through the locked front door of a grocery store, Unruh approached a car waiting at the intersection and shot the occupants: Helen Wilson, her son John, and mother Emma Matlack. The two women died instantly, while the boy died later at [[Cooper University Hospital|Cooper Hospital]]. Unruh then fired through an apartment window, killing two-year-old Thomas Hamilton. The child's caregiver, Irene Rice, collapsed upon witnessing the shooting and was treated for severe [[shock (circulatory)|shock]]. Unruh later claimed that he did not know whom he saw in the window or whether he hit them. Unruh next fired upon another car coming down the street. Its occupants, Charles Peterson and James Crawford, escaped to a nearby tavern and survived.

Witness William McNeely saw Frank Engel run out of the tavern and shoot at Unruh, but he apparently missed and then ran back inside.<ref name= "newspaperarchive5">{{cite web|url=https://newspaperarchive.com/chester-times-sep-06-1949-p-1/ |title=12 Slain by Mad Camden Gunman |work=[[Chester Times]] |date=September 6, 1949 |via=NewspaperArchive |access-date=September 14, 2018}}</ref> In fact, he had succeeded in shooting Unruh in the leg, as police discovered only at the end of a lengthy interview with Unruh. Unruh fired at several other people across the street, missing them. He then found Madeline Harris and her son Armand outside their home hanging out blankets to dry and shot at them; both were injured but survived.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://newspaperarchive.com/madison-wisconsin-state-journal-sep-07-1949-p-2/ |title=Wanted Revenge, Killer of 12 Says |work=Wisconsin State Journal |page= 2 |via=NewspaperArchive |date=September 7, 1949 |access-date=September 14, 2018}}</ref>

Hearing police sirens in the distance, Unruh returned to his apartment, which was soon surrounded by police. The first officer on the scene was Detective William E. Kelly Sr. A gunfight ensued,<ref name="newspaperarchive4"/> during which journalist Philip Buxton of the Camden ''Evening Courier'' found Unruh's number in the local telephone directory and dialed it. Unruh answered in what was described as "a strong, clear voice" and had the following conversation with Buxton:

<blockquote><poem>
"Is this Howard?"
"Yes ... what's the last name of the party you want?"
"Unruh."
(Pause) "What's the last name of the party you want?"
"Unruh. I'm a friend, and I want to know what they're doing to you."
"They're not doing a damned thing to me, but I'm doing plenty to them."
(In a soothing, reassuring voice) "How many have you killed?"
"I don't know yet, because I haven't counted them ... (pause) but it looks like a pretty good score."
"Why are you killing people?"
"I don't know. I can't answer that yet, I'm too busy."
(At that point Buxton heard Unruh move away from the phone as gunfire was heard in the background.)
"I'll have to talk to you later ... a couple of friends are coming to get me" ... (voice trails off).<ref name="newspaperarchive5"/></poem></blockquote>

The gunfight ended when police threw two [[tear gas]] bombs into the apartment, the second of which went off, filling the room with gas.<ref name= "newspaperarchive1949"/> Two armed officers, Patrolman Charles Hance and Captain Everett Joslin, went up to the first floor of the building and shouted, "Come down with your hands up!" to which Unruh replied, "I give up. Don't shoot." Unruh emerged from the room and stumbled down the stairs, fell at the feet of the officers, and was handcuffed by Sergeant Earl Wright.

It was later determined that the shooter fired a total of 33 rounds during his rampage.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-04-01 |title='I'd Have Killed A Thousand If I Had Enough Bullets' |url=https://www.mediaite.com/online/id-have-killed-a-thousand-if-i-had-enough-bullets/amp/ |website= Mediaite.com |access-date= 2024-10-05}}</ref> Detectives found an apartment filled with what was described as an arsenal of weapons, guns, knives, bullet-making equipment, and more than 700 rounds. In a drawer were several marksmanship medals, and in the basement was Unruh's target range. On a table was a Bible opened to [[Matthew 24|Matthew, Chapter 24]]. Police also found books relating to sexual hygiene.<ref name="newspaperarchive2"/>

==Arrest and confinement==
[[File:Howard Unruh Massacre Aftermath September 1949.jpg|thumb|Police and the public converge outside Unruh's apartment shortly after his arrest]]
Under police interrogation, Unruh gave a meticulous account of his actions, which was later released by [[Camden County, New Jersey|Camden County]] [[prosecutor]] Mitchell Cohen (no relation to Maurice Cohen). Only at the end of this interrogation did police discover that Unruh had a bullet wound in his left thigh. He was subsequently taken to Cooper Hospital for treatment, where his thirteenth victim, John Wilson, was already dying.<ref name="newspaperarchive1949"/>

Charges were filed for thirteen counts of "willful and malicious slayings with malice aforethought" and three counts of "atrocious assault and battery". Unruh was eventually diagnosed with [[paranoid schizophrenia]] by psychologists and found to be [[insane]], making him immune to criminal prosecution. When he was able to leave Cooper Hospital, Unruh was sent to the New Jersey Hospital for the Insane (now [[Trenton Psychiatric Hospital]]), to be held in a private cell in the maximum-security Vroom Building.<ref name="trutv 6"/> He remained incarcerated there until his death in 2009. Unruh's last public words, made during an interview with a psychologist, were, "I'd have killed a thousand if I had enough bullets."<ref name="History of World Crime">{{cite book| last= Nash| first= Jay| title= History of World Crime| page= [https://books.google.com/books?id=3TbelG-xZjwC&pg=PA965 965]| publisher= History, Incorporated| year= 2004 | isbn= 9781928831228 | via= Google Books}}</ref>

==Victims==
Unruh killed 13 and injured three. Those killed, and their ages, were:
{{div col}}
*John Joseph Pilarchik, 27
*Orris Martin Smith, 6
*Clark Hoover, 45
*James Hutton, 46
*Rose Cohen, 38
*Minnie Cohen, 63
*Dr. Maurice J. Cohen, 39
*Alvin Day, 24
*Thomas Hamilton, 2
*Helga Kautzach Zegrino, 28
*Emma Matlack, 68
*Helen Wilson, 37
*John Wilson, 9
{{div col end}}

==Related events==
[[Meyer Berger]] of ''[[The New York Times]]'' won the 1950 [[Pulitzer Prize for Local Reporting]] for his 4,000-word story on the killings.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 20, 2023 |title=The Pulitzer Prizes: 1950| website= pulitzer.org| publisher= |url=https://www.pulitzer.org/prize-winners-by-year/1950 |access-date=December 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120140000/https://www.pulitzer.org/prize-winners-by-year/1950 |archive-date=November 20, 2023 }}</ref> Maurice and Rose Cohen's son Charles, then aged 12, survived the murder of his family by hiding in a closet. Charles H. Cohen (January 31, 1937 – September 4, 2009) was the maternal grandfather of Carly Novell, who survived the [[Parkland high school shooting|shooting incident]] of February 14, 2018, at [[Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School]] in [[Parkland, Florida]], by hiding in a closet like her grandfather did in 1949.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.courierpostonline.com/story/news/crime/2018/02/15/granddaughter-unruh-survivor-hid-florida-school/343716002/ |title= Granddaughter of Unruh survivor hid in Florida school|first=Jim|last=Walsh|website=Courier-Post | access-date= }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of rampage killers]]
* [[Gun violence in the United States]]
* [[Mass shootings in the United States]]
* [[Ernest Ingenito]] (1924–1995) another New Jersey–based spree killer

== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,800668,00.html The Quiet One], ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' (September 19, 1949)
* [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9A0DE7DA153BF93BA35750C0A964948260 A Portrait of the Jersey mass killer as an old man], ''[[The New York Times]]'' (March 8, 1982)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090908000717/http://www.philly.com/inquirer/front_page/20090906__You_never_get_over_it_.html Sixty years ago today, a Camden gunman killed 13], ''[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]'' (September 6, 2009)
* [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/20/nyregion/20unruh.html?_r=1&hpw Howard Unruh, 88, Dies; Killed 13 of His Neighbors in Camden in 1949], ''The New York Times'' (October 19, 2009)
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=yEkEAAAAMBAJ&dq=Unruh&pg=PA61 12 Minutes of Murder] ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' (September 19, 1949)
* [http://www.dvrbs.com/People/CamdenPeople-HowardUnruh.htm Howard Unruh – 1939 Woodrow Wilson High School yearbook entry] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326024305/http://www.dvrbs.com/People/CamdenPeople-HowardUnruh.htm |date=March 26, 2016 }}
{{authority control}}

{{Mass shootings in the United States by deaths}}
{{Mass shootings in the United States in the 1980s and before|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Unruh, Howard B.}}
[[Category:1921 births]]
[[Category:1949 crimes]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century American murderers]]
[[Category:20th-century American LGBTQ people]]
[[Category:American male criminals]]
[[Category:American mass murderers]]
[[Category:American murderers of children]]
[[Category:American people acquitted of murder]]
[[Category:Eastside High School (Camden, New Jersey) alumni]]
[[Category:LGBTQ people from New Jersey]]
[[Category:Mass murder in the United States in the 1940s]]
[[Category:Mass shootings in the United States]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Camden County, New Jersey]]
[[Category:People acquitted by reason of insanity]]
[[Category:People acquitted of assault]]
[[Category:People from Camden, New Jersey]]
[[Category:People with schizophrenia]]
[[Category:Spree shootings in the United States]]
[[Category:United States Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:United States Army soldiers]]