View source for Hubert Humphrey

{{Short description|Vice President of the United States from 1965 to 1969}}
{{other people}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image               = File:Hubert Humphrey vice presidential portrait.jpg
| caption             = Official portrait, 1965
| order               = 38th
| office              = Vice President of the United States
| president           = [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]
| term_start          = January 20, 1965
| term_end            = January 20, 1969
| predecessor         = Lyndon B. Johnson
| successor           = [[Spiro Agnew]]
| jr/sr1              = United States Senator
| state1              = [[Minnesota]]
| term_start1         = January 3, 1971
| term_end1           = January 13, 1978
| predecessor1        = [[Eugene McCarthy]]
| successor1          = [[Muriel Humphrey Brown|Muriel Humphrey]]
| term_start2         = January 3, 1949
| term_end2           = December 29, 1964
| predecessor2        = [[Joseph H. Ball]]
| successor2          = [[Walter Mondale]]
{{collapsed infobox section begin
| cont                = yes
| Senate positions
| titlestyle          = border:1px dashed lightgrey;
}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| embed               = yes
| office3             = [[President pro tempore of the United States Senate#Deputy president pro tempore|Deputy President pro tempore of the United States Senate]]
| president3          = [[James Eastland]]
| term_start3         = January 5, 1977
| term_end3           = January 13, 1978
| predecessor3        = ''Position established''
| successor3          = [[George J. Mitchell]] {{small|(1987)}}
| office4             = [[Party leaders of the United States Senate|Senate Majority Whip]]
| leader4             = [[Mike Mansfield]]
| term_start4         = January 3, 1961
| term_end4           = December 29, 1964
| predecessor4        = Mike Mansfield
| successor4          = [[Russell B. Long]]
{{Collapsed infobox section end}}
}}
| office5             = 35th [[List of mayors of Minneapolis|Mayor of Minneapolis]]
| term_start5         = July 2, 1945
| term_end5           = November 30, 1948
| predecessor5        = [[Marvin L. Kline]]
| successor5          = [[Eric G. Hoyer]]
| birth_name          = Hubert Horatio Humphrey Jr.
| birth_date          = {{birth date|1911|5|27}}
| birth_place         = [[Wallace, South Dakota]], U.S.
| death_date          = {{death date and age|1978|1|13|1911|5|27}}
| death_place         = [[Waverly, Minnesota]], U.S.
| resting_place       = [[Lakewood Cemetery]]
| party               = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] ([[Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party|DFL]])
| spouse              = {{marriage|[[Muriel Humphrey Brown|Muriel Buck]]|September 3, 1936}}
| children            = 4, including [[Skip Humphrey|Skip]]
| education           = {{ubl|[[University of Minnesota]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])|[[Louisiana State University]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]])}}
| signature           = Hubert H Humphrey Signature.svg
| module              = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=|title=Hubert Humphrey's voice|type=speech|description=Hubert Humphrey on the admission of [[China|Communist China]] to the [[United Nations]]<br/>Recorded May 4, 1960}}
}}
'''Hubert Horatio Humphrey Jr.''' (May 27, 1911 – January 13, 1978) was the 38th [[vice president of the United States]], serving from 1965 to 1969 under President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]. A member of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]], he twice served in the [[United States Senate]], representing [[Minnesota]] from 1949 to 1964 and from 1971 to 1978. As a senator, he was a major leader of [[modern liberalism in the United States]], while as vice president, he supported the controversial [[Vietnam War]]. An intensely divided [[History of the Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] [[1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries|nominated]] him in the [[1968 United States presidential election|1968 presidential election]], which he lost to [[History of the Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] nominee [[Richard Nixon]].

Born in [[Wallace, South Dakota]], Humphrey attended the [[University of Minnesota]]. In 1943, he became a professor of political science at [[Macalester College]] and ran a failed campaign for [[List of mayors of Minneapolis|mayor of Minneapolis]]. He helped found the [[Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party]] (DFL) in 1944; the next year he was elected mayor of Minneapolis, serving until 1948 and co-founding the [[Progressivism in the United States|left-wing]] [[Anti-Stalinist left|non-communist]] group [[Americans for Democratic Action]] in 1947. In 1948, he was elected to the U.S. Senate and successfully advocated for the inclusion of a proposal to end [[racial segregation]] in the [[1948 Democratic National Convention]]'s party platform.<ref name="Smithsonian 1948 DNC">{{cite web|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/1948-democratic-convention.html|title=1948 Democratic Convention|author=Alonzo L. Hamby|author-link=Alonzo Hamby|work=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian Magazine]]|date=August 2008|access-date=April 25, 2013|archive-date=January 1, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101075938/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/1948-democratic-convention.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Humphrey served three terms in the Senate from 1949 to 1964, and was the [[Senate Majority Whip]] for the last four years of his tenure. During this time, he was the lead author of the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]], introduced the first initiative to create the [[Peace Corps]], and chaired the [[United States Senate Select Committee on Disarmament|Select Committee on Disarmament]]. He unsuccessfully sought his party's presidential nomination in [[Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1952|1952]] and [[Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1960|1960]]. After Lyndon B. Johnson acceded to the presidency, he chose Humphrey as his running mate, and the Democratic ticket won a landslide victory in the [[1964 United States presidential election|1964 election]].

In March 1968, Johnson made his surprise announcement that he [[Withdrawal of Lyndon B. Johnson from the 1968 United States presidential election|would not seek reelection]], and Humphrey launched [[Hubert Humphrey 1968 presidential campaign|his campaign for the presidency]]. Loyal to the Johnson administration's policies on the [[Vietnam War]], he received opposition from many within his own party and avoided the [[Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1968|primaries]] to focus on winning the delegates of non-primary states at the [[1968 Democratic National Convention|Democratic National Convention]]. His delegate strategy succeeded in clinching the nomination, and he chose Senator [[Edmund Muskie]] as his running mate. In the general election, he nearly matched Nixon's tally in the popular vote but lost the [[Electoral College (United States)|electoral vote]] by a wide margin. After the defeat, he [[1970 United States Senate election in Minnesota|returned to the Senate]] and served from 1971 until his death in 1978. He ran again in the [[Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1972|1972 Democratic primaries]] but lost to [[George McGovern]] and declined to be McGovern's running mate.<ref name="Nixonland">{{cite book |last1=Perlstein |first1=Rick |title=Nixonland |date=29 July 2010 |publisher=Scribner |isbn=9780743243032 |page=709 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dM_enWzoghoC |access-date=22 June 2022 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> From 1977 to 1978, he served as [[Deputy President pro tempore of the United States Senate]].

==Early life and education==
Humphrey was born in a room over his father's drugstore in [[Wallace, South Dakota]].{{sfn|Solberg|1984|p=35}} He was the son of Ragnild Kristine Sannes (1883–1973), a [[Norwegian American|Norwegian]] immigrant,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hhh.umn.edu/news_events/Centennial/pdf/ArtofthePossibleTranscript.pdf|title=Hubert H. Humphrey: The Art of the Possible|publisher=[[Hubert H. Humphrey School of Public Affairs]], [[University of Minnesota]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523040917/http://www.hhh.umn.edu/news_events/Centennial/pdf/ArtofthePossibleTranscript.pdf|archive-date=May 23, 2013}}</ref> and Hubert Horatio Humphrey Sr. (1882–1949).<ref name ="Humphrey Family Tree">{{cite web|url=http://www.politicalfamilytree.com/samples%20content/members/PDF%20Content/Humphrey-MN-1.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.politicalfamilytree.com/samples%20content/members/PDF%20Content/Humphrey-MN-1.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=Partial Genealogy of the Humphreys (of Minnesota)|publisher=politicalfamilytree.com|date=April 19, 2013}}</ref> His paternal ancestors migrated from England to the Massachusetts Bay Colony around 1648.<ref> Arnold A. Offner, '' Hubert Humphrey'' (Yale UP, 2018)  p.9.</ref> Humphrey spent most of his youth in [[Doland, South Dakota]], on the Dakota prairie; the town's population was about 600. His father was a licensed pharmacist and merchant who served as mayor and a town council member. The father also served briefly in the South Dakota state legislature and was a South Dakota delegate to the [[1944 Democratic National Convention|1944]] and [[1948 Democratic National Convention|1948]] Democratic National Conventions.{{sfn|Solberg|1984|p=41}}{{sfn|Solberg|1984|p=53}} In the late 1920s, a severe economic downturn hit Doland; both banks in the town closed and Humphrey's father struggled to keep his store open.{{sfn|Solberg|1984|p=44}}

[[File:Humphrey-pharmacy.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Humphrey practicing pharmacy in his father's drugstore]]
After his son graduated from Doland's high school, Hubert Sr. left Doland and opened a new drugstore in the larger town of [[Huron, South Dakota]] (population 11,000), where he hoped to improve his fortunes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://minnesota.publicradio.org/display/web/2011/05/26/hhh-birthday|title=The Humphrey Minnesota knows took shape in S.D.|author=Mark Steil|publisher=minnesota.publicradio.org|date=May 26, 2011}}</ref> Because of the family's financial struggles, Humphrey had to leave the [[University of Minnesota]] after just one year.<ref name="Humphrey UTexas Profile">{{cite web|url=http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/johnson/archives.hom/faqs/humphrey/hhh_home.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001119021400/http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/johnson/archives.hom/FAQs/humphrey/HHH_home.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 19, 2000|title=Hubert Horatio Humphrey Vice President, 1965–1969 compiled by LBJ Library staff|publisher=University of Texas at Austin}}</ref> He earned a pharmacist's license from the Capitol College of Pharmacy in [[Denver]], Colorado (completing a two-year licensure program in just six months),<ref name="Luzer, 2012">{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/ten-miles-square/2012/07/business_experience038620.php|title=Business Experience|author=Daniel Luzer|work=Washington Monthly|date=July 17, 2012|access-date=April 19, 2013|archive-date=June 22, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622030751/http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/ten-miles-square/2012/07/business_experience038620.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> and helped his father run his store from 1931 to 1937.{{sfn|Solberg|1984|p=48}} Both father and son were innovative in finding ways to attract customers: "to supplement their business, the Humphreys had become manufacturers ... of patent medicines for both hogs and humans. A sign featuring a wooden pig was hung over the drugstore to tell the public about this unusual service. Farmers got the message, and it was Humphrey's that became known as the farmer's drugstore."<ref>Cohen, p. 45</ref> One biographer noted, "while Hubert Jr. minded the store and stirred the concoctions in the basement, Hubert Sr. went on the road selling 'Humphrey's BTV' (Body Tone Veterinary), a mineral supplement and dewormer for hogs, and 'Humphrey's Chest Oil' and 'Humphrey's Sniffles' for two-legged sufferers."<ref>Cohen, pp. 45–46</ref> Humphrey later wrote, "we made 'Humphrey's Sniffles', a substitute for [[Vicks|Vick's]] Nose Drops. I felt ours were better. Vick's used mineral oil, which is not absorbent, and we used a vegetable-oil base, which was. I added [[benzocaine]], a local anesthetic, so that even if the sniffles didn't get better, you felt it less."<ref>Humphrey, pp. 48–49</ref> The various "Humphrey cures ... worked well enough and constituted an important part of the family income ... the farmers that bought the medicines were good customers."<ref>Cohen, p. 46</ref> Over time Humphrey's Drug Store became a profitable enterprise and the family again prospered.<ref name="Cohen, p. 54">Cohen, p. 54</ref> While living in Huron, Humphrey regularly attended Huron's largest Methodist church and became scoutmaster of the church's Boy Scout Troop 6.{{sfn|Solberg|1984|p=48}} He "started basketball games in the church basement ... although his scouts had no money for camp in 1931, Hubert found a way in the worst of that summer's dust-storm grit, grasshoppers, and depression to lead an overnight [outing]."{{sfn|Solberg|1984|pp=48–49}}

Humphrey did not enjoy working as a pharmacist, and his dream remained to earn a doctorate in political science and become a college professor.<ref name="Luzer, 2012"/> His unhappiness was manifested in "stomach pains and fainting spells", though doctors could find nothing wrong with him.{{sfn|Solberg|1984|p=50}} In August 1937, he told his father that he wanted to return to the University of Minnesota.<ref name="Cohen, p. 54"/> Hubert Sr. tried to convince his son not to leave by offering him a full partnership in the store, but Hubert Jr. refused and told his father "how depressed I was, almost physically ill from the work, the [[Dust Bowl|dust storms]], the conflict between my desire to do something and be somebody and my loyalty to him ... he replied 'Hubert, if you aren't happy, then you ought to do something about it'."<ref>Humphrey, p. 57</ref> Humphrey returned to the University of Minnesota in 1937 and earned a Bachelor of Arts in 1939.<ref name="Humphrey Wilson Center">{{cite web|url=http://legacy.wilsoncenter.org/coldwarfiles/index-2556.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101144409/http://legacy.wilsoncenter.org/coldwarfiles/index-2556.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 1, 2014|title=Cold War Files: All Units: People: Hubert H. Humphrey|publisher=[[Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars]]}}</ref> He was a member of [[Phi Delta Chi]], a pharmacy fraternity. He also earned a master's degree from [[Louisiana State University]] in 1940, serving as an assistant instructor of political science there.<ref name="Debolt and Baugess, 2011">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4WFjKG6vmUC&pg=PA301|title=Encyclopedia of the Sixties: A Decade of Culture and Counterculture|author1=Abbe A. Debolt |author2=James S. Baugess |publisher=ABC-CLIO|date=2011|isbn=978-1440801020}}</ref> One of his classmates was [[Russell B. Long]], a future U.S. Senator from [[Louisiana]].

He then became an instructor and [[Doctorate of philosophy|doctoral student]] at the University of Minnesota from 1940 to 1941 (joining the [[American Federation of Teachers]]), and was a supervisor for the [[Works Progress Administration]] (WPA).<ref name="Mayor Humphrey">{{cite web|url=http://www.mnhs.org/market/mhspress/minnesotahistory/featuredarticles/5602050-67/|title=Mayor Hubert Humphrey|editor=Gary W. Reichard|publisher=[[Minnesota Historical Society]]|year=1998|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101183352/http://www.mnhs.org/market/mhspress/minnesotahistory/featuredarticles/5602050-67/|archive-date=January 1, 2014}}</ref> Humphrey was a star on the university's debate team; one of his teammates was future Minnesota Governor and US Secretary of Agriculture [[Orville Freeman]].<ref>Cohen, p. 66</ref> In the [[1940 United States presidential election|1940 presidential campaign]] Humphrey and future University of Minnesota president [[Malcolm Moos]] debated the merits of [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], the Democratic nominee, and [[Wendell Willkie]], the Republican nominee, on a Minneapolis radio station. Humphrey supported Roosevelt.<ref>Cohen, pp. 66–67</ref> Humphrey soon became active in Minneapolis politics, and as a result never finished his PhD.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v9MBIctdjjkC&pg=PA1299|title=Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774–2005|publisher=US Government Printing Office|editor1=Andrew R. Dodge |editor2=[[Betty K. Koed]] |year=2005|isbn=9780160731761}}</ref>

==Marriage and early career==
In 1934, Humphrey began dating [[Muriel Buck]], a [[bookkeeper]] and graduate of local Huron College.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups=#!topic/alt.obituaries/Eg3xAU6Lccs|title=Muriel Humphrey Brown – Hubert Humphrey's Widow|agency=Associated Press|author=Rochelle Olsen|date=September 21, 1998}}</ref> They were married from 1936 until Humphrey's death nearly 42 years later.{{sfn|Solberg|1984|p=52}} They had four children: Nancy Faye, [[Skip Humphrey]], Robert Andrew, and Douglas Sannes.<ref name="Mooar, 1998">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/campaigns/junkie/links/humphrey.htm|title=Hubert Humphrey's Widow Dies at 86|author=Brian Mooar|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=September 21, 1998}}</ref> Money was an issue that plagued the Humphreys consistently. One biographer noted, "For much of his life he was short of money to live on, and his relentless drive to attain the White House seemed at times like one long, losing struggle to raise enough campaign funds to get there."{{sfn|Solberg|1984|p=437}} To help boost his salary, Humphrey frequently took paid outside speaking engagements. Through most of his years as a U.S. senator and vice president, he lived in a middle-class suburban housing development in [[Chevy Chase, Maryland]]. In 1958, the Humphreys used their savings and his [[speaking fee]]s to build a lakefront home in [[Waverly, Minnesota]], about 40 miles west of Minneapolis.{{sfn|Solberg|1984|p=197}}

During [[World War II]], Humphrey tried three times to join the armed forces but failed.<ref>Cohen, pp. 104–105</ref> His first two attempts were to join the Navy, first as a commissioned officer and then as an enlisted man. He was rejected both times for color blindness.<ref name="Cohen, p. 105">Cohen, p. 105</ref> He then tried to enlist in the Army in December 1944 but failed the physical exam because of a double hernia, color blindness, and calcification of the lungs.<ref name="Cohen, p. 105"/> Despite his attempts to join the military, one biographer would note that "all through his political life, Humphrey was dogged by the charge that he was a draft dodger" during the war.<ref>Cohen, p. 104</ref>

Humphrey led various wartime government agencies and worked as a college instructor. In 1942, he was the state director of new production training and reemployment and chief of the Minnesota war service program.<ref name="Encyclopedia of the U.S. Congress">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=51ATA-A5WaQC&pg=PA265|title=Encyclopedia of the United States Congress|author1=Robert E. Dewhirst |author2=John David Rausch |publisher=Infobase Publishing|pages=265–266|year=2009|isbn=9781438110288}}</ref> In 1943 he was the assistant director of the [[War Manpower Commission]].<ref name="Humphrey Wilson Center"/> From 1943 to 1944, Humphrey was a professor of political science at [[Macalester College]] in [[Saint Paul, Minnesota]], where he headed the university's recently created international debate department, which focused on the international politics of World War II and the creation of the United Nations.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GyMJ0JoKoyMC&pg=PT197|title=Nature and Revelation: A History of Macalester College|author=Jeanne Halgren Kilde|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|pages=184, 185|isbn=978-0816656264|year=2010}}</ref> After leaving Macalester in the spring of 1944, Humphrey worked as a news commentator for a Minneapolis radio station until 1945.<ref name="Humphrey Wilson Center"/>

In 1943, Humphrey made his first run for elective office, for [[List of mayors of Minneapolis|mayor of Minneapolis]]. He lost, but his poorly funded campaign still captured over 47% of the vote.<ref name="Mayor Humphrey"/> In 1944, Humphrey was one of the key players in the merger of the [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] and [[Minnesota Farmer-Labor Party|Farmer-Labor]] parties of Minnesota to form the [[Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party]] (DFL).<ref name="American Midwest Encyclopedia">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n3Xn7jMx1RYC&pg=PA1710|title=The American Midwest: An Interpretive Encyclopedia|author1=Andrew R.L. Cayton |author2=Richard Sisson |author3=Chris Zacher |publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=0253348862|page=1710|year=2006}}</ref> He also worked on President [[Franklin Roosevelt|Roosevelt]]'s 1944 reelection campaign.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://millercenter.org/president/lbjohnson/essays/vicepresident/1833|title=American President A Reference Resource|publisher=[[Miller Center of Public Affairs]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626071005/http://millercenter.org/president/lbjohnson/essays/vicepresident/1833|archive-date=June 26, 2013}}</ref> When Minnesota [[Communist]]s tried to seize control of the new party in 1945, Humphrey became an engaged [[anticommunist]] and led the successful fight to oust the Communists from the DFL.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.minnpost.com/politics-policy/2011/05/bright-sunshine-hubert-humphreys-civil-rights-agenda|title='Into the bright sunshine' – Hubert Humphrey's civil-rights agenda|author=Iric Nathanson|work=MinnPost |publisher=minnpost.com|date=May 23, 2011}}</ref>

==Mayor of Minneapolis (1945–1948)==
After the war, Humphrey again ran for mayor of Minneapolis; this time, he won the June 1945 general election with 61% of the vote.<ref name="Mayor Humphrey"/> As mayor, he helped ensure the appointment of a friend and previous neighbor, Edwin Ryan, as head of the police department, as he needed a "police chief whose integrity and loyalty would be above reproach."<ref name="Reichard, 1998">{{cite journal |last1=Reichard |first1=Gary W. |title=Mayor Hubert H. Humphrey |journal=Minnesota History |date=1998 |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=50–67 |jstor=20188091 }}</ref> Though they had differing views of labor unions, Ryan and Humphrey worked together to crack down on crime in Minneapolis. Humphrey told Ryan, "I want this town cleaned up and I mean I want it cleaned up now, not a year from now or a month from now, right now", and "You take care of the law enforcement. I'll take care of the politics."<ref name="Romskog">{{cite web|url=http://historyapolis.com/blog/tag/ed-ryan/|title=Ed Ryan|date=November 4, 2014|access-date=June 14, 2024|archive-date=March 27, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327135802/http://historyapolis.com/blog/tag/ed-ryan/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Humphrey served as mayor from 1945 to 1948,<ref name="Humphrey Bioguide">{{cite web|url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=h000953|title=HUMPHREY, Hubert Horatio Jr., (1911–1978)|publisher=bioguide.congress.gov}}</ref> winning reelection in 1947 by the largest margin in the city's history to that time. Humphrey gained national fame by becoming one of the founders of the liberal anticommunist [[Americans for Democratic Action]] (ADA), and he served as chairman from 1949 to 1950.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mnhs.org/library/findaids/00720/pdf/hhh2.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.mnhs.org/library/findaids/00720/pdf/hhh2.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title= Manuscript Collections Hubert H. Humphrey PapersAn Inventory of His Mayor's Political Files|author=Minnesota Historical Society|publisher=mnhs.org|date=April 19, 2013}}</ref> He also reformed the Minneapolis police force.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ylvmr909jUQC&pg=PA42|title=The Politics of Equality|author=Timothy N. Thurber|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=1999|isbn=9780231110464}}</ref> The city had been named the "[[anti-Semitism]] capital" of the country,<ref>McWilliams, Carey. "Minneapolis: The Curious Twin," Common Ground. September 1946, p. 61.</ref> and its small African-American population also faced discrimination. Humphrey's mayoralty is noted for his efforts to fight all forms of bigotry.{{sfn|Caro|2002|p=440}} He formed the Council on Human Relations and established a municipal version of the [[Fair Employment Practice Committee]], making Minneapolis one of only a few cities in the United States to prohibit racial discrimination in the workforce.<ref>{{cite book|title=Making Minnesota Liberal: Civil Rights And The Transformation Of The Democratic Party|pages=93–95|first=Jennifer A.|last=Delton|year=2002|publisher=978-0816639229}}</ref> Humphrey and his publicists were proud that the Council on Human Relations brought together individuals of varying ideologies.<ref>{{cite book|title=Making Minnesota Liberal: Civil Rights And The Transformation Of The Democratic Party|page=103|first=Jennifer A.|last=Delton|year=2002|publisher=978-0816639229}}</ref> In 1960, Humphrey told journalist [[Theodore H. White]], "I was mayor once, in Minneapolis ... a mayor is a fine job, it's the best job there is between being a governor and being the President."<ref>White, p. 106</ref>

A 1993 survey of historians, political scientists and urban experts by Melvin G. Holli of the [[University of Illinois at Chicago]] ranked Humphrey as the 28th-best American big-city mayor to have served between 1820 and 1993.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Holli | first = Melvin G. | title = The American Mayor | publisher = PSU Press | year = 1999 | location = University Park | url = https://archive.org/details/americanmayorbes0000holl | isbn = 0-271-01876-3 }}</ref>

==1948 Democratic National Convention==
The Democratic Party of 1948 was split between those, mainly Northerners, who thought the federal government should actively protect [[civil rights]] for racial minorities, and those, mainly Southerners, who believed that states should be able to enforce [[racial segregation in the United States|racial segregation]] within their borders.{{sfn|Solberg|1984|p=13}}

At the [[1948 Democratic National Convention]], the [[political party platform|party platform]] reflected the division by containing only platitudes supporting civil rights.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=29599.|title=Democratic Party Platform of 1948|publisher=ucsb.edu|date=July 12, 1948|access-date=April 19, 2013|archive-date=June 27, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627112034/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=29599.|url-status=dead}}</ref> The incumbent president, [[Harry S. Truman]], had shelved most of his 1946 Commission on Civil Rights's recommendations to avoid angering Southern Democrats.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/highwayhistory/road/road.pdf?CFID=84714052&CFTOKEN=69f47f736b344217-9AFF6CC2-97D1-1D76-A300164CE9C334CC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430062426/http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/highwayhistory/road/s20.cfm|url-status=live|archive-date=April 30, 2011|title=The Road to Civil Rights President Harry S. Truman and Civil Rights|publisher=[[Federal Highway Administration|Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)]]|date=April 7, 2011}}</ref> But Humphrey had written in ''The Progressive'' magazine, "The Democratic Party must lead the fight for every principle in the report. It is all or nothing."{{sfn|Solberg|1984|p=13}}

[[File:Hubert H. Humphrey--1948 Democratic National Convention--.jpg|thumb|right|Humphrey at the [[1948 Democratic National Convention]] in [[Philadelphia]].]]
A diverse coalition opposed the convention's tepid civil rights platform, including anticommunist liberals like Humphrey, [[Paul Douglas (Illinois politician)|Paul Douglas]] and [[John F. Shelley]], all of whom would later become known as leading progressives in the Democratic Party. They proposed adding a "minority plank" to the party platform that would commit the Democratic Party to more aggressive opposition to [[racial segregation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=94011842|title=In 1948, Democrats Weathered Civil Rights Divide|author1=Steve Inskeep |author2=Ron Elving |publisher=NPR|date=August 27, 2008}}</ref> The minority plank called for federal legislation against [[lynching]], an end to legalized school segregation in the South, and ending job discrimination based on skin color.<ref name="Debolt and Baugess, 2011"/> Also strongly backing the minority plank were Democratic urban bosses like Ed Flynn of the [[Bronx]], who promised the votes of northeastern delegates to Humphrey's platform, [[Jacob Arvey]] of Chicago, and [[David L. Lawrence|David Lawrence]] of [[Pittsburgh]]. Although seen as conservatives, the urban bosses believed that Northern Democrats could gain many black votes by supporting civil rights, with only comparatively small losses from Southern Democrats.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sas.upenn.edu/polisci/sites/www.sas.upenn.edu.polisci/files/Steven%20White.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.sas.upenn.edu/polisci/sites/www.sas.upenn.edu.polisci/files/Steven%20White.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title="The Crackpots Hope the South Will Bolt": Civil Rights Liberalism & Roll Call Voting by Northern State Delegations at the 1948 Democratic National Convention|author=Steven White|publisher=sas.upenn.edu|date=March 15, 2013}} {{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Although many scholars{{who|date=May 2012}} have suggested that labor unions were leading figures in this coalition, no significant labor leaders attended the convention, except for the heads of the Congress of Industrial Organizations Political Action Committee ([[CIO-PAC]]), [[Jack Kroll (labor leader)|Jack Kroll]] and A.F. Whitney.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_w_VBgcj7scC&pg=PA57|title=Truman Defeats Dewey|author=Gary A. Donaldson|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|year=2000|isbn=9780813128511}}</ref>

Despite Truman's aides' aggressive pressure to avoid forcing the issue on the Convention floor, Humphrey spoke for the minority plank.<ref name="Debolt and Baugess, 2011"/> In a renowned speech,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8nwIdIUVFm4| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/8nwIdIUVFm4| archive-date=2021-10-30|title=Hubert Humphrey 1948 Civil Rights Speech| date=January 25, 2009|via=YouTube|access-date=April 12, 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Humphrey passionately told the convention, "To those who say, my friends, to those who say that we are rushing this issue of civil rights, I say to them we are [[American Revolution|172&nbsp;years]] (too) late! To those who say this civil rights program is an infringement on states' rights, I say this: the time has arrived in America for the Democratic Party to get out of the shadow of states' rights and walk forthrightly into the bright sunshine of human rights!"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.mnhs.org/library/findaids/00442/pdfa/00442-00187.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www2.mnhs.org/library/findaids/00442/pdfa/00442-00187.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=HUBERT H. HUMPHREY'S 1948 SPEECH ON CIVIL RIGHTS|author=Minnesota Historical Society|publisher=mnhs.org|date=April 24, 2013|access-date=September 1, 2014}}</ref> Humphrey and his allies succeeded: the convention adopted the pro-civil-rights plank by a vote of {{Fraction|651|1|2}} to {{Fraction|582|1|2}}.<ref>Ross, p. 126.</ref>

After the convention's vote, the [[Mississippi]] delegation and half of the [[Alabama]] delegation walked out of the hall.<ref name="Smithsonian 1948 DNC"/> Many Southern Democrats were so enraged at this affront to their "way of life" that they formed the [[Dixiecrat]] party<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/now/politics/dixiecrats.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030616091313/http://www.pbs.org/now/politics/dixiecrats.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 16, 2003|title=Meet the Dixiecrats|author=NOW on PBS|publisher=PBS|date=December 20, 2002|author-link=NOW on PBS}}</ref> and nominated their own presidential candidate, Governor [[Strom Thurmond]] of [[South Carolina]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rmc.library.cornell.edu/vote/thirdparties/thirdparties_7.html|title=Third Party Candidates|publisher=library.cornell.edu}}</ref> The Dixiecrats' goal was to take Southern states away from Truman and thus cause his defeat.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uncpress.unc.edu/browse/page/347|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080524222956/http://uncpress.unc.edu/browse/page/347|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 24, 2008|title=the Dixiecrat Revolt and the End of the Solid South, 1932–1968|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|author=Kari Frderickson|year=2001}}</ref> They reasoned that after such a defeat, the national Democratic Party would never again aggressively pursue a pro-civil rights agenda. The move backfired: although the civil rights plank cost Truman the Dixiecrats' support, a significant number of black voters switched their support from [[Henry A. Wallace]] to him.<ref>{{cite news |id={{ProQuest|567926855}} |title=Colored Voters Backed Truman: Majority Found Giving Support To Democratic Party Nominees Truman's Stand On Civil Rights Seen As One Factor In Election Results |newspaper=[[New Journal and Guide]] |date=13 November 1948 |page=E8A }}</ref> As a result, Truman won an upset victory over his [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] opponent, [[Thomas E. Dewey]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sampler.isr.umich.edu/2012/featured/isr-and-the-truman-dewey-upset/|title=ISR and the Truman/Dewey upset|author=Susan Rosegrant|publisher=isr.umich.edu|date=April 18, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402213551/http://www.sampler.isr.umich.edu/2012/featured/isr-and-the-truman-dewey-upset/|archive-date=April 2, 2013}}</ref> The result demonstrated that the Democratic Party could win presidential elections without the "Solid South" and weakened Southern Democrats. [[Pulitzer Prize]]-winning historian [[David McCullough]] has written that Humphrey probably did more to get Truman elected in 1948 than anyone other than Truman himself.<ref name=McCullough>[[McCullough, David]]. ''[[Truman (book)|Truman]]''. Simon & Schuster, 1992, p. 640. {{ISBN|0671456547}}.</ref>

==United States Senate (1949–1964)==
Humphrey was elected to the [[United States Senate]] in [[1948 U.S. Senate election|1948]] on the [[Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party|DFL]] ticket, defeating James M. Shields in the DFL primary with 89% of the vote,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.leg.state.mn.us/archive/sessions/electionresults/1948-09-14-p-man.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.leg.state.mn.us/archive/sessions/electionresults/1948-09-14-p-man.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=PRIMARY ELECTION RETURNS ON ELECTION HELD September 14, 1948|publisher=leg.state.mn.us}}</ref> and unseating incumbent Republican [[Joseph H. Ball]] in the general election with 60% of the vote.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.leg.state.mn.us/archive/sessions/electionresults/1948-11-02-g-man.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.leg.state.mn.us/archive/sessions/electionresults/1948-11-02-g-man.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=GENERAL ELECTION RETURN ON ELECTION ON ELECTION HELD November 2, 1948|publisher=leg.state.mn.us}}</ref> He took office on January 3, 1949, becoming the first Democrat elected senator from Minnesota since before the [[American Civil War|Civil War]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.senate.gov/states/MN/senators.htm|title=Minnesota's United States Senators|publisher=senate.gov}}</ref> Humphrey wrote that the victory heightened his sense of self, as he had beaten the odds of defeating a Republican with statewide support.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Education of a Public Man: My Life and Politics|page=86|year=1991|publisher=Univ Of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-0816618972|first=Hubert|last=Humphrey}}</ref> Humphrey's father died that year, and Humphrey stopped using the "Jr." suffix on his name. He was reelected in [[1954 U.S. Senate election|1954]] and [[1960 U.S. Senate election|1960]].<ref name="Humphrey Bioguide"/> His colleagues selected him as [[Majority Whip of the United States Senate|majority whip]] in 1961, a position he held until he left the [[United States Senate|Senate]] on December 29, 1964, to assume the vice presidency.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9nYh3RocaG8C&pg=PA305|title=The Oxford Guide to the United States Government|author=John J. Patrick|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2001|isbn=9780195142730}}</ref> Humphrey served from the [[81st United States Congress|81st]] to the [[87th United States Congress|87th]] sessions of Congress, and in a portion of the [[88th United States Congress|88th Congress]].
[[File:Senator Humphrey.jpg|left|thumb|upright|Senator Humphrey]]
Initially, Humphrey's support of civil rights led to his being ostracized by Southern Democrats, who dominated Senate leadership positions and wanted to punish him for proposing the civil rights platform at the 1948 Convention. Senator [[Richard Russell Jr.]] of Georgia, a leader of Southern Democrats, once remarked to other senators as Humphrey walked by, "Can you imagine the people of Minnesota sending that damn fool down here to represent them?"{{sfn|Caro|2002|p=448}} Humphrey was reportedly "crushed",<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=7nRmDwAAQBAJ&dq=richard%20russell%20jr.%20hubert%20humphrey%20%22damn%20fool%22&pg=PA60 Hubert Humphrey: The Conscience of the Country]</ref> so hurt by the remark that he broke into tears while driving home.<ref>[https://www.americanheritage.com/democratic-debacle#:~:text=One%20day%20soon,man%20of%20conscience. Democratic Debacle]</ref> But he refused to be intimidated and stood his ground; his integrity, passion and eloquence eventually earned him the respect of even most of the Southerners.{{sfn|Solberg|1984|p=180}} The Southerners were also more inclined to accept Humphrey after he became a protégé of Senate [[Majority Leader]] Lyndon B. Johnson of [[Texas]].<ref name="Debolt and Baugess, 2011"/> Humphrey became known for his advocacy of liberal causes (such as [[civil rights]], [[arms control]], a [[nuclear testing|nuclear test ban]], [[Food Stamp Program|food stamps]], and humanitarian [[foreign aid]]), and for his long and witty speeches.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hearstfdn.org/ussyp/about_founding_senators/|title=FOUNDING SENATORS Hubert Horatio Humphrey Jr.|publisher=Hearst Foundation|date=April 19, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511041655/http://www.hearstfdn.org/ussyp/about_founding_senators/|archive-date=May 11, 2013}}</ref>

Humphrey was a liberal leader who fought to uphold Truman's veto of the [[McCarran Internal Security Act|McCarran Act of 1950]]. The bill was designed to suppress the [[Communist Party USA|American Communist Party]]. With a small group of liberals he supported the [[Harley M. Kilgore|Kilgore substitute]] that would allow the president to lock up subversives, without trial, in a time of national emergency. The model was the [[Internment of Japanese Americans|internment of West Coast Japanese in 1942]]. The goal was to split the McCarran coalition. For years critics charged that Humphrey supported concentration camps. The ploy failed to stop the new law; the Senate voted 57 to 10 to overturn Truman's veto.<ref>{{cite news|last=Trussel|first=C.P. |title=Red Bill Veto Beaten, 57-10, By Senators|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1950/09/24/306329152.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1950/09/24/306329152.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|newspaper=The New York Times|date=September 24, 1950}}</ref><ref>Robert Griffith, ''The Politics of Fear: Joseph R. McCarthy and the Senate'' (University Press of Kentucky, 1970) pp 117–122.</ref>{{sfn|Ybarra|2004|pp=517–533}} In 1954 he proposed to make membership in the [[CPUSA|Communist Party]] a felony. It was another ploy to derail a bill that would hurt labor unions. Humphrey's proposal did not pass.{{sfn|Ybarra|2004|pp=743–744}}

Humphrey was the author of the first humane slaughter bill introduced in the U.S. Congress and chief Senate sponsor of the Humane Slaughter Act of 1958.<ref>{{cite SSRN |last1=Achille |first1=Jean-Francois |title='Unnecessary Cruelty': Freedom of Religion and the Humane Slaughter Act |date=May 15, 2021 |ssrn=3917164 }}</ref>

Humphrey chaired the [[U.S. Senate Select Committee on Disarmament|Select Committee on Disarmament]] ([[84th United States Congress|84th]] and [[85th United States Congress|85th]] Congresses).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://doddcenter.uconn.edu/asc/findaids/wagner/MSS20060234.html|title=Jerry Wagner Political Collection 2006.0234 An Inventory|publisher=[[Thomas J. Dodd Research Center]], [[University of Connecticut]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921110600/http://doddcenter.uconn.edu/asc/findaids/wagner/MSS20060234.html|archive-date=September 21, 2013}}</ref> In February 1960 he introduced a bill to establish a National Peace Agency.<ref>Schuman, Frederick L. ''Why a Department of Peace''. Beverly Hills: Another Mother for Peace, 1969.</ref> With another former pharmacist, Representative [[Carl T. Durham|Carl Durham]], Humphrey cosponsored the [[Durham-Humphrey Amendment]], which amended the [[Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act]], defining two specific categories for medications, legend ([[prescription drug|prescription]]) and [[over-the-counter drug|over-the-counter]] (OTC).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/WhatWeDo/History/ThisWeek/ucm117875.htm/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090709205650/http://www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/WhatWeDo/History/ThisWeek/ucm117875.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 9, 2009|title=This Week in FDA History – Oct. 26, 1951|publisher=U.S. Food & Drug Administration|date=May 20, 2009|access-date=April 3, 2015}}</ref>

As Democratic [[whip (politics)|whip]] in the Senate in 1964, Humphrey was instrumental in the passage of the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964|Civil Rights Act]] that year. He was a lead author of its text, alongside Senate Republican Minority Leader [[Everett Dirksen]] of Illinois.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://faculty1.coloradocollege.edu/~bloevy/CivilRightsActOf1964/|title=A Brief History of the Civil Rights Act of 1964|work=Excerpted from David C. Kozak and Kenneth N. Ciboski, editors, The American Presidency (Chicago, IL: Nelson Hall, 1985), pp. 411–419.|author=Robert D. Loevy|author-link=Robert D. Loevy|publisher=coloradocollege.edu}}</ref> Humphrey's consistently cheerful and upbeat demeanor, and his forceful advocacy of liberal causes, led him to be nicknamed "The Happy Warrior" by many of his Senate colleagues and political journalists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.minnpost.com/dc-dispatches/2011/05/happy-birthday-happy-warrior-senate-honors-hubert-humphrey|title=Happy birthday 'Happy Warrior': Senate honors Hubert Humphrey|author=Derek Wallbank|publisher=minnpost.com|date=May 26, 2011}}</ref>

While President [[John F. Kennedy]] is often credited for creating the [[Peace Corps]], Humphrey introduced the first bill to create the Peace Corps in 1957—three years before Kennedy's University of Michigan speech.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2094254_2094247_2094228,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110922115535/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2094254_2094247_2094228,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 22, 2011|title=Before Kennedy, There Was Humphrey|author=Claire Suddath|magazine=Time|date=September 22, 2011}}</ref> A trio of journalists wrote of Humphrey in 1969 that "few men in American politics have achieved so much of lasting significance. It was Humphrey, not Senator [Everett] Dirksen, who played the crucial part in the complex parliamentary games that were needed to pass the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]]. It was Humphrey, not John Kennedy, who first proposed the Peace Corps. The [[Food for Peace]] program was Humphrey's idea, and so was [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]], passed sixteen years after he first proposed it. He worked for Federal aid to education from 1949, and for a nuclear-test ban treaty from 1956. These are the solid monuments of twenty years of effective work for liberal causes in the Senate."<ref name="Chester, p. 147">(Chester, p. 147)</ref> President Johnson once said that "Most Senators are minnows ... Hubert Humphrey is among the whales."<ref name="Chester, p. 147"/>
In his autobiography, ''The Education of a Public Man'', Humphrey wrote:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jpteachers.com/tefl/peaceCorpsinfo.html|title=JP Education|publisher=Jpteachers.com|access-date=April 12, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313211327/http://jpteachers.com/tefl/peaceCorpsinfo.html|archive-date=March 13, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{blockquote|There were three bills of particular emotional importance to me: the [[Peace Corps]], a disarmament agency, and the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. The President, knowing how I felt, asked me to introduce legislation for all three. I introduced the first Peace Corps bill in 1957. It did not meet with much enthusiasm. Some traditional diplomats quaked at the thought of thousands of young Americans scattered across their world. Many senators, including liberal ones, thought the idea was silly and unworkable. Now, with a young president urging its passage, it became possible and we pushed it rapidly through the Senate. It is fashionable now to suggest that Peace Corps Volunteers gained as much or more, from their experience as the countries they worked. That may be true, but it ought not demean their work. They touched many lives and made them better.}}

On April 9, 1950, Humphrey predicted that President Truman would sign a $4&nbsp;billion housing bill and charge Republicans with having removed the bill's main middle-income benefits during Truman's tours of the Midwest and Northwest the following month.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=888&dat=19500410&id=yhAkAAAAIBAJ&pg=1770,4016625|title=Truman Approval Of Bill Forecast|date=April 10, 1950|newspaper=St. Petersburg Times}}</ref>

On January 7, 1951, Humphrey joined Senator [[Paul Douglas (Illinois politician)|Paul Douglas]] in calling for an $80&nbsp;billion federal budget to combat Communist aggression along with a stiff tax increase to prevent borrowing.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=A7-hzOuI2KQC&dat=19510107&printsec=frontpage|title=Douglas Asks $80 Million Budget|newspaper=Sarasota Herald-Tribune|date=January 7, 1951}}</ref>

In a January 1951 letter to President Truman, Humphrey wrote of the necessity of a commission akin to the [[Fair Employment Practices Commission]] that would be used to end discrimination in defense industries and predicted that establishing such a commission by executive order would be met with high approval by Americans.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2238&dat=19510116&id=ZEYmAAAAIBAJ&pg=997,3243060|title=Humphrey Asks Truman for FEPC|date=January 16, 1951|publisher=Washington Afro-American}}</ref>

On June 18, 1953, Humphrey introduced a resolution calling for the US to urge free elections in [[East Germany]] in response to the recent [[East German uprising of 1953|anti-communist uprising]] there.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1755&dat=19530619&id=LNwbAAAAIBAJ&pg=1249,2906128|title=Humphrey Asks Initiative By U.S. In Reich|newspaper=Sarasota Herald-Tribune|date=June 19, 1953}}</ref>

In December 1958, after receiving a message from [[Nikita Khrushchev]] during a visit to the Soviet Union, Humphrey returned insisting that the message was not negative toward America.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1891&dat=19581208&id=XLofAAAAIBAJ&pg=894,980441|title=Humphrey Says U.S. Has Nothing To Fear If They Stay Strong|newspaper=Gadsden Times|date=December 8, 1958}}</ref> In February 1959, Humphrey said American newspapers should have ignored Khrushchev's comments calling him a purveyor of fairy tales.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1959/02/14/page/13/article/press-goofed-in-attack-on-me-humphrey|title=Press Goofed in Attack on Me – Humphrey|date=February 14, 1959|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|access-date=September 21, 2017|archive-date=September 21, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921192513/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1959/02/14/page/13/article/press-goofed-in-attack-on-me-humphrey/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In a September address to the National Stationery and Office Equipment Association, Humphrey called for further inspection of Khrushchev's "live and let live" doctrine and maintained the Cold War could be won by using American "weapons of peace".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1959/09/29/page/4/article/nikitas-live-and-let-live-doctrine-hit|title=Nikita's 'Live and Let Live' Policy Hit|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|date=September 29, 1959|access-date=September 21, 2017|archive-date=September 21, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921143937/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1959/09/29/page/4/article/nikitas-live-and-let-live-doctrine-hit/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In June 1963, Humphrey accompanied his longtime friend labor leader [[Walter Reuther]] on a trip to [[Harpsund]], the Swedish Prime Minister's summer country retreat, to meet with European socialist leaders for an exchange of ideas.{{sfn|Solberg|1984|p=219}} Among the European leaders who met with Humphrey and Reuther were the prime ministers of Britain, Sweden, Denmark, and Norway, as well as future German chancellor [[Willy Brandt]].{{sfn|Solberg|1984|p=219}}

==Presidential and vice-presidential ambitions (1952–1964)==
[[File:1960 Dem Primaries.svg|thumb|300px|In the 1960 primaries, Humphrey won South Dakota and Washington, D.C.]]
Humphrey ran for the Democratic presidential nomination twice before his election to the vice presidency in 1964. The first time was as Minnesota's [[favorite son]] in 1952; he received only 26 votes on the first ballot.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1996/conventions/chicago/facts/weird.facts/votes.shtml|title=All The Votes ... Really|work=CNN|year=1996}}</ref> The second time was in 1960. In between these two bids, Humphrey was part of the free-for-all for the vice-presidential nomination at the [[1956 Democratic National Convention]], where he received 134.5 votes on the first ballot and 74.5 on the second.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://partners.nytimes.com/library/politics/camp/560818convention-dem-ra.html|title=Kefauver Nominated for Vice President; Beats Kennedy, 755 1/2 – 589, on Second Ballot; Stevenson Vows Drive for a 'New America'|author=W.H. Lawrence|work=The New York Times|date=August 18, 1956}}</ref>

In [[1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries|1960]], Humphrey ran for the nomination against fellow Senator [[John F. Kennedy]] in the primaries. Their first meeting was in the Wisconsin primary, where Kennedy's well-organized and well-funded campaign overcame Humphrey's energetic but poorly funded effort.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pages.shanti.virginia.edu/Kennedys_in_the_60s/jfk/public-view/|title=JFK and the Public View|publisher=shanti.virginia.edu}}</ref> Humphrey believed defeating Kennedy in Wisconsin would weaken and slow the momentum of the latter's campaign.<ref>{{cite book|title=JFK, LBJ, and the Democratic Party|first=Sean J.|last=Savage|page=[https://archive.org/details/jfklbjdemocratic00sava_0/page/51 51]|year=2004|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0791461693|url=https://archive.org/details/jfklbjdemocratic00sava_0/page/51}}</ref> [[Kennedy family|Kennedy's attractive brothers, sisters, and wife Jacqueline]] combed the state for votes. At one point Humphrey memorably complained that he "felt like an independent merchant competing against a chain store".{{sfn|Solberg|1984|p=205}} Humphrey later wrote in his memoirs that "Muriel and I and our 'plain folks' entourage were no match for the glamour of Jackie Kennedy and the other Kennedy women, for [[Peter Lawford]] ... and [[Frank Sinatra]] singing their commercial 'High Hopes'. Jack Kennedy brought family and Hollywood to Wisconsin. The people loved it, and the press ate it up."<ref>Humphrey, p. 207</ref> Kennedy won the Wisconsin primary, but by a smaller margin than anticipated. Some commentators argued that Kennedy's victory margin had come almost entirely from areas with large [[Roman Catholic]] populations,{{sfn|Solberg|1984|p=208}} and that [[Protestants]] had supported Humphrey. As a result, Humphrey refused to quit the race and decided to run against Kennedy again in the West Virginia primary. According to one biographer, "Humphrey thought his chances were good in West Virginia, one of the few states that had backed him in his losing race for vice-president four years earlier ... West Virginia was more rural than urban, [which] seemed to invite Humphrey's folksy stump style. The state, moreover, was a citadel of labor. It was depressed; unemployment had hit hard; and coal miners' families were hungry. Humphrey felt he could talk to such people, who were 95% Protestant (Humphrey was a [[Congregationalist]])<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YRTeKY1xcVUC&pg=PA28|title=Hubert H. Humphrey: The Politics of Joy|author=Charles L. Garrettson|publisher=Transaction Publishers|year=1993|isbn=9781412825597}}</ref> and deep-dyed Bible-belters besides."{{sfn|Solberg|1984|p=208}}

Kennedy chose to meet the religion issue head-on. In radio broadcasts, he carefully redefined the issue from Catholic versus [[Protestant]] to tolerance versus intolerance. Kennedy's appeal placed Humphrey, who had championed tolerance his entire career, on the defensive, and Kennedy attacked him with a vengeance. [[Franklin D. Roosevelt Jr.]], the son of the former president, stumped for Kennedy in West Virginia and raised the issue of Humphrey's failure to serve in the armed forces in World War II. Roosevelt told audiences, "I don't know where he [Humphrey] was in World War Two," and handed out flyers charging that Humphrey was a draft dodger.{{sfn|Solberg|1984|p=209}} Historian [[Robert Dallek]] has written that [[Robert F. Kennedy]], who was serving as his brother's campaign manager, came into "possession of information that Humphrey may have sought military deferments during World War Two ... he pressed Roosevelt to use this."<ref name="Dallek, p. 256">Dallek, p. 256.</ref> Humphrey believed Roosevelt's draft-dodger claim "had been approved by Bobby [Kennedy], if not Jack".<ref name="Dallek, p. 256"/> The claims that Humphrey was a draft dodger were inaccurate, because during the war Humphrey had "tried and failed to get into the [military] service because of physical disabilities".<ref name="Dallek, p. 256"/> After the West Virginia primary, Roosevelt sent Humphrey a written apology and retraction.{{sfn|Solberg|1984|p=209}} According to historian [[Arthur Schlesinger, Jr.]], Roosevelt "felt that he had been used, blaming [the draft-dodger charge] on Robert Kennedy's determination to win at any cost ... Roosevelt said later that it was the biggest political mistake of his career."<ref>Schlesinger, p. 201</ref>

Short on funds, Humphrey could not match the well-financed Kennedy operation. He traveled around the state in a rented bus while Kennedy and his staff flew in a large, family-owned airplane.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wvculture.org/history/1960presidentialcampaign/article.html|title=Battleground West Virginia Electing the President in 1960|author=Bryan Ward Jr.|publisher=wvculture.org|date=April 26, 2013|access-date=April 27, 2013|archive-date=November 12, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112055237/http://www.wvculture.org/history/1960presidentialcampaign/article.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to his biographer Carl Solberg, Humphrey spent only $23,000 on the West Virginia primary while Kennedy's campaign privately spent $1.5&nbsp;million, well over their official estimate of $100,000.{{sfn|Solberg|1984|pp=210–211}} Unproven accusations claimed that the Kennedys had bought the West Virginia primary by bribing county sheriffs and other local officials to give Kennedy the vote.<ref>Humphrey, pp. 214–218.</ref> Humphrey later wrote, "as a professional politician I was able to accept and indeed respect the efficacy of the Kennedy campaign. But underneath the beautiful exterior, there was an element of ruthlessness and toughness that I had trouble either accepting or forgetting."<ref>Humphrey, p. 208</ref> Kennedy defeated Humphrey soundly in West Virginia with 60.8% of the vote.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~erpapers/mep/displaydoc.cfm?docid=erps-wvp60|title=The West Virginia Primary|publisher=The Eleanor Roosevelt Papers Projects|year=2006}}</ref> That evening, Humphrey announced that he was leaving the race.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.as.wvu.edu/WVHistory/documents/103.pdf|title=Presidential Primary, 1960|publisher=as.wvu.edu|date=April 26, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304195225/http://www.as.wvu.edu/WVHistory/documents/103.pdf|archive-date=March 4, 2016}}</ref> By winning West Virginia, Kennedy overcame the belief that Protestant voters would not elect a Catholic to the presidency and thus sewed up the Democratic nomination.{{sfn|Solberg|1984|p=209}}

Humphrey won the South Dakota and District of Columbia primaries, which Kennedy did not enter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jfklibrary.org/Research/Research-Aids/Ready-Reference/JFK-Fast-Facts/Primaries-1960.aspx|title=John F. Kennedy Fast Facts: 1960 Presidential Election Primaries|publisher=[[John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum]]| date=May 19, 2012}}</ref> At the [[1960 Democratic National Convention]], he received 41 votes even though he was no longer a candidate.

[[File:HHH-CKS-MLK-1964.jpg|thumb|230px|Vice President-elect Humphrey alongside [[Coretta Scott King]] and civil rights leader Dr. [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] in 1964.]]

=== Vice presidential campaign ===

{{Further|1964 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection|Lyndon B. Johnson 1964 presidential campaign#Democratic national convention}}
Humphrey's defeat in 1960 had a profound influence on his thinking; after the primaries he told friends that, as a relatively poor man in politics, he was unlikely to ever become president unless he served as vice president first.{{sfn|Solberg|1984|p=240}} Humphrey believed that only in this way could he attain the funds, nationwide organization, and visibility he would need to win the Democratic nomination. So as the [[1964 United States presidential election|1964 presidential campaign]] began, Humphrey made clear his interest in becoming Lyndon Johnson's running mate. At the [[1964 Democratic National Convention]], Johnson kept the three likely vice-presidential candidates, Connecticut Senator [[Thomas J. Dodd|Thomas Dodd]], fellow Minnesota Senator [[Eugene McCarthy]], and Humphrey,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IBvIFG6q4AkC&pg=PA209|title=When Freedom Would Triumph: The Civil Rights Struggle in Congress, 1954–1968|author=Robert Mann|isbn=978-0807132500|publisher=LSU Press|year=2013}}</ref> as well as the rest of the nation, in suspense before announcing his choice of Humphrey with much fanfare, praising his qualifications at considerable length before announcing his name.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pomper |first1=Gerald |title=The Nomination of Hubert Humphrey for Vice-President |journal=The Journal of Politics |date=1966 |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=639–659 |doi=10.2307/2128160 |jstor=2128160 |s2cid=154741950 }}</ref>

The following day Humphrey's acceptance speech overshadowed Johnson's own acceptance address:

{{blockquote|Hubert warmed up with a long tribute to the President, then hit his stride as he began a rhythmic jabbing and chopping at [[Barry Goldwater]]. "Most Democrats and Republicans in the Senate voted for an $11.5&nbsp;billion tax cut for American citizens and American business," he cried, "but not Senator Goldwater. Most Democrats and Republicans in the Senate – in fact four-fifths of the members of his own party – voted for the Civil Rights Act, but not Senator Goldwater."

Time after time, he capped his indictments with the drumbeat cry: "But not Senator Goldwater!" The delegates caught the cadence and took up the chant. A quizzical smile spread across Humphrey's face, then turned to a laugh of triumph. Hubert was in fine form. He knew it. The delegates knew it. And no one could deny that Hubert Humphrey would be a formidable political antagonist in the weeks ahead.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=The Man Who Quit Kicking the Wall|magazine=Time|date=September 4, 1964|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,830552-6,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501122917/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,830552-6,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 1, 2008|access-date=May 31, 2007}}</ref>}}

In an address before labor leaders in [[Youngstown, Ohio]], on September 7, 1964, Humphrey said the labor movement had "more at stake in this election than almost any other segment of society".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1964/09/08/page/1/article/bid-for-union-backing-made-by-humphrey|title=Bid For Union Backing Made by Humphrey|date=September 8, 1964|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|access-date=May 5, 2017|archive-date=June 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604014002/https://chicagotribune.newspapers.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In [[Jamesburg, New Jersey]], on September 10, Humphrey remarked that Goldwater had a "record of retreat and reaction" when it came to issues of urban housing.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1964/09/11/page/3/article/humphrey-assails-barry-on-housing|title=Humphrey Assails Barry on Housing|date=September 11, 1964|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|access-date=May 5, 2017|archive-date=June 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604014002/https://chicagotribune.newspapers.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> During a September 12 [[Denver]] Democratic rally, Humphrey charged Goldwater with having rejected programs that most Americans and members of his own party supported.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1964/09/13/page/3/article/goldwater-is-no-man-says-sen-humphrey|title=Goldwater Is 'No' Man, Says Sen. Humphrey|date=September 13, 1964|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|access-date=May 5, 2017|archive-date=June 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604014002/https://chicagotribune.newspapers.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> At a [[Santa Fe, New Mexico|Santa Fe]] September 13 rally, Humphrey said the Goldwater-led Republican Party was seeking "to divide America so that they may conquer" and that Goldwater would pinch individuals in his reduction of government.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1964/09/14/page/9/article/humphrey-says-g-o-p-seeks-to-divide-conquer|title=Humphrey Says G.O.P. Seeks to Divide, Conquer|date=September 14, 1964|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|access-date=May 5, 2017|archive-date=June 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604014002/https://chicagotribune.newspapers.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> On September 16, Humphrey said the [[Americans for Democratic Action]] supported the Johnson administration's economic sanctions against Cuba, and that the organization wanted to see a free Cuban government.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1964/09/17/page/3/article/a-d-a-s-views-on-cuba-told-by-humphrey|title=A.D.A.'s Views On Cuba Told By Humphrey|date=September 17, 1964|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|access-date=May 5, 2017|archive-date=June 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604014005/https://chicagotribune.newspapers.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The following day in [[San Antonio]], Texas, Humphrey said Goldwater opposed programs favored by most Texans and Americans.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1964/09/18/page/4/article/barry-fans-meet-humphrey-at-alamo|title=Barry Fans Meet Humphrey at Alamo|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|date=September 18, 1964|access-date=May 5, 2017|archive-date=June 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604014005/https://chicagotribune.newspapers.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> During a September 27 appearance in [[Cleveland]], Ohio, Humphrey said the Kennedy administration had led America in a prosperous direction and called for voters to issue a referendum with their vote against "those who seek to replace the Statue of Liberty with an iron-padlocked gate."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1964/09/28/page/26/article/humphrey-hits-g-o-p-view-on-immigration|title=Humphrey Hits G.O.P. View on Immigration|date=September 28, 1964|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|access-date=May 5, 2017|archive-date=June 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604014005/https://chicagotribune.newspapers.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> At an October 1 rally in [[Tacoma]], Washington, Humphrey attacked Goldwater as a radical who opposed the 1960 GOP platform and true conservatism, which in Humphrey's opinion meant a balance of tradition and progress.<ref>HUMPHREY SCORES G.O.P.'S PLATFORM; Senator Denies Goldwater Is a ‘Real’ Conservative; The New York Times, October 2, 1964</ref>

At Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles, California, on October 2, Humphrey said the general election would give voters a choice between his running mate and a candidate "who curses the darkness and never lights a candle".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1964/10/03/page/8/article/barry-scored-by-humphrey-in-california|title=Barry Scored by Humphrey in California|date=October 3, 1964|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|access-date=May 5, 2017|archive-date=August 16, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816193149/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1964/10/03/page/8/article/barry-scored-by-humphrey-in-california/|url-status=dead}}</ref> During an October 9 [[Jersey City, New Jersey]], appearance, Humphrey responded to critics of the administration, who he called "sick and tired Americans", by touting the accomplishments of both Kennedy's and Johnson's presidencies.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1964/10/10/page/10/article/sick-and-tired-americans-hit-by-humphrey|title='Sick and Tired Americans' Hit By Humphrey|date=October 9, 1964|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|access-date=May 5, 2017|archive-date=August 16, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816193407/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1964/10/10/page/10/article/sick-and-tired-americans-hit-by-humphrey/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In [[Tampa, Florida]], on October 18, a week after the resignation of [[Walter Jenkins]] amid a scandal, Humphrey said he was unaware of any potential security leaks relating to the case.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1964/10/19/page/9/article/hubert-sad-over-jenkins-case|title=Hubert Sad Over Jenkins Case|date=October 19, 1964|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|access-date=May 5, 2017|archive-date=August 16, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816233035/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1964/10/19/page/9/article/hubert-sad-over-jenkins-case/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In [[Minneapolis]] on October 24, Humphrey listed the censure vote toward Senator [[Joseph McCarthy]], the civil rights bill, and the nuclear test ban treaty as "three great issues of conscience to come before the United States Senate in the past decade" that Goldwater had voted incorrectly on as a Senator.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1964/10/25/page/2/article/humphrey-hits-barrys-no-on-great-issues|title=Humphrey Hits Barry's 'No' on 'Great Issues'|date=October 25, 1964|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|access-date=August 16, 2017|archive-date=August 16, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816192903/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1964/10/25/page/2/article/humphrey-hits-barrys-no-on-great-issues/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In an October 26 speech in Chicago, Humphrey called Goldwater "neither a Republican nor a Democrat" and "a radical".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1964/10/27/page/1/article/15-000-in-loop-for-humphrey|title=15,000 In Loop For Humphrey|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|date=October 27, 1964|access-date=August 16, 2017|archive-date=August 16, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816233038/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1964/10/27/page/1/article/15-000-in-loop-for-humphrey/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Johnson-Humphrey ticket won the election overwhelmingly, with 486 electoral votes out of 538.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/votes/1965_1969.html|title=Electoral Votes for President and Vice President 1964 ELECTION FOR THE FORTY-FIFTH TERM, 1965–1969|publisher=archives.gov|date=May 29, 2013}}</ref> Only five Southern states and Goldwater's home state of Arizona supported the Republican ticket.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/showelection.php?year=1964|title=The American Presidency Project Election of 1964|author=Gerhard Peters|publisher=University of California |location=Santa Barbara|year=1999}}</ref> In October Humphrey had predicted that the ticket would win by a large margin but not carry every state.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1964/10/08/page/10/article/huberts-sure-victory-is-all-wrapped-up|title=Hubert's Sure Victory Is All Wrapped Up|first=Russell|last=Freeburg|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|access-date=May 5, 2017|archive-date=June 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604014020/https://chicagotribune.newspapers.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Vice President-elect of the United States ===
[[File:President Lyndon B. Johnson and Vice-President-Elect Hubert Humphrey (436-253-wh64).jpg|thumb|right|Humphrey (right) horse-riding with President Johnson (left) at the [[LBJ Ranch|LBJ ranch]], {{circa|November 4, 1964}}]]
Soon after winning the election, Humphrey and Johnson went to [[LBJ Ranch|LBJ ranch]] near [[Stonewall, Texas]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Humphrey|first=Hubert H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S57qnQEACAAJ|title=Education of a Public Man: My Life and Politics|publisher=[[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday & Company]]|year=1976|isbn=9780816618972|pages=302}}</ref> On November 6, 1964, Humphrey traveled to the [[Virgin Islands]] for a two-week vacation.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1964/11/09/page/18/article/hubert-rests-friends-fish-in-virgin-isles|title=Humphrey Rests, Friends Fish in Virgin Isles|date=November 9, 1964|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|access-date=June 24, 2017|archive-date=June 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604014005/https://chicagotribune.newspapers.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> News stations aired taped remarks in which Humphrey stated that he had not discussed with Johnson what his role would be as vice president and that national campaigns should be reduced by four weeks.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1964/11/09/page/18/article/shorter-campaigns-urged-by-humphrey|title=Shorter Campaigns Urged by Humphrey|date=November 9, 1964|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|access-date=June 24, 2017|archive-date=June 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604014005/https://chicagotribune.newspapers.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In a November 20 interview, Humphrey announced he would resign his Senate seat midway through the next month so that [[Walter Mondale]] could assume the position.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1964/11/21/page/7/article/hubert-to-quit-senate-job-in-mid-december|title=Hubert To Quit Senate Job in Mid-December|date=November 20, 1964|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|access-date=June 24, 2017|archive-date=June 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604014031/https://chicagotribune.newspapers.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On December 10, 1964, Humphrey met with Johnson in the Oval Office, the latter charging the vice president-elect with "developing a publicity machine extraordinaire and of always wanting to get his name in the paper." Johnson showed Humphrey a George Reed memo with the allegation that the president would die within six months from an already acquired fatal heart disease.<ref>{{cite book|title=LBJ: Architect of American Ambition|first=Randall|last=Woods|page=555|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0674026995}}</ref> The same day, during a speech in Washington, Johnson announced Humphrey would have the position of giving assistance to governmental civil rights programs.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1964/12/11/page/2/article/johnson-gives-humphrey-key-rights-task|title=Johnson Gives Humphrey Key Rights Task|date=December 10, 1964|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|access-date=June 24, 2017|archive-date=June 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604014006/https://chicagotribune.newspapers.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On January 19, 1965, the day before the inauguration, Humphrey told the [[Democratic National Committee]] that the party had unified because of the national consensus established by the presidential election.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1965/01/20/page/5/article/64-campaign-forged-party-unity-hubert|title='64 Campaign Forged Party Unity: Hubert|date=January 20, 1965|first=Russell|last=Freeburg|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|access-date=May 6, 2017|archive-date=June 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604014006/https://chicagotribune.newspapers.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Vice presidency (1965–1969)==
[[File:Hubert Humphrey 1965.jpg|thumb|Vice President Humphrey at a meeting in the [[Oval Office]], {{circa|June 21, 1965}}]]
Humphrey took office on January 20, 1965,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mctKh-DcEOY| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/mctKh-DcEOY| archive-date=2021-10-30|title=Inauguration of the President and Vice President, 1/20/1965|last=TheLBJLibrary|date=August 2, 2012|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ending the 14-month vacancy of the vice president of the United States, which had remained empty when then-Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson assumed the presidency after the [[assassination of John F. Kennedy]] in November 1963.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lbjlibrary.org/press/lbj-in-the-news/looking-back-january-20-1965|title=Looking back – January 20, 1965|publisher=lbjlib.utexas.edu|date=January 11, 2013|access-date=May 30, 2013|archive-date=May 17, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517074444/http://www.lbjlibrary.org/press/lbj-in-the-news/looking-back-january-20-1965|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was an early skeptic of the then growing [[Vietnam War]]. Following a successful [[Viet Cong]] hit-and-run [[Attack on Camp Holloway|attack on a U.S. military installation at Pleiku]] on February 7, 1965 (where 7 Americans were killed and 109 wounded), Humphrey returned from Georgia to Washington D.C., to attempt to prevent further escalation.<ref name="T. Hoopes, p31">T. Hoopes, ''The Limits of Intervention'', p. 31.</ref> He told President Johnson that bombing [[North Vietnam]] was not a solution to the problems in [[South Vietnam]], but that bombing would require the injection of US ground forces into South Vietnam to protect the airbases.<ref name="T. Hoopes, p31" /> Presciently, he noted that a military solution in Vietnam would take several years, well beyond the next election cycle. In response to this advice, President Johnson punished Humphrey by treating him coldly and restricting him from his inner circle for a number of months, until Humphrey decided to "get back on the team" and fully support the war effort.<ref name="T. Hoopes, p31" />

As vice president, Humphrey was criticized for his complete and vocal loyalty to Johnson and the policies of the Johnson administration, even as many of his liberal admirers opposed the president's policies with increasing fervor regarding the Vietnam War.<ref name="Humphrey Wilson Center"/> Many of Humphrey's liberal friends and allies abandoned him because of his refusal to publicly criticize Johnson's Vietnam War policies. Humphrey's critics later learned that Johnson had threatened Humphrey – Johnson told Humphrey that if he publicly criticized his policies, he would destroy Humphrey's chances to become president by opposing his nomination at the next Democratic Convention.{{sfn|Solberg|1984|pp=282–284}} However, Humphrey's critics were vocal and persistent: even his nickname, "the Happy Warrior", was used against him. The nickname referred not to his military hawkishness, but rather to his crusading for social welfare and civil rights programs.<ref name="Humphrey Wilson Center"/> After his narrow defeat in the 1968 presidential election, Humphrey wrote that "After four years as Vice-President ... I had lost some of my personal identity and personal forcefulness. ... I ought not to have let a man [Johnson] who was going to be a former President dictate my future."{{sfn|Solberg|1984|p=407}}

While he was vice president, Hubert Humphrey was the subject of a satirical song by songwriter/musician [[Tom Lehrer]] entitled "Whatever Became of Hubert?" The song addressed how some liberals and [[progressivism|progressives]] felt let down by Humphrey, who had become a much more mute figure as vice president than he had been as a senator. The song goes ''"Whatever became of Hubert? Has anyone heard a thing? Once he shone on his own, now he sits home alone and waits for the phone to ring. Once a fiery liberal spirit, ah, but now when he speaks he must clear it. ..." ''

During these years Humphrey was a repeated and favorite guest of [[Johnny Carson]] on ''[[The Tonight Show]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.startribune.com/lifestyle/122519894.html|title=10 tidbits about Hubert H. Humphrey|author=Kim Ode|work=[[Minneapolis Star Tribune]]|date=May 21, 2011}}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.newyorker.com/archive/1967/08/12/1967_08_12_023_TNY_CARDS_000288500|title=The Vice President|author=Lillian Ross|magazine=The New Yorker|date=August 12, 1967}}</ref> He also struck up a friendship with [[Frank Sinatra]], who supported his campaign for president in 1968 before his conversion to the Republican party in the early 1970s,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://student.purduecal.edu/~lim80/Meyer.pdf|title=Frank Sinatra: The Popular Front and an American Icon|author=Gerald Meyer|publisher=purduecal.edu|year=2002|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101131925/http://student.purduecal.edu/~lim80/Meyer.pdf|archive-date=January 1, 2014}}</ref> and was perhaps most on notice in the fall of 1977 when Sinatra was the star attraction and host of a tribute to a then-ailing Humphrey. He also appeared on ''[[The Dean Martin Celebrity Roast]]'' in 1973.

[[File:Gemini 4 Astronauts Meet Yuri Gagarin.jpg|thumb|Humphrey with Soviet cosmonaut [[Yuri Gagarin]] and [[Project Gemini|Gemini 4]] astronauts at the 1965 [[Paris Air Show]]]]
On April 15, 1965, Humphrey delivered an address to the American Society of Newspaper Editors, pledging the incumbent session of Congress would "do more for the lasting long-term health of this nation" since the initial session in office at the time of [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] assuming the presidency in 1933 and predicting 13 major measures of President Johnson's administration would be passed ahead of the session's conclusion.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1965/04/16/page/9/article/editors-hear-humphreys-glowing-forecast-for-u-s|title=Editors Hear Humphrey's Glowing Forecast For U.S.|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|date=April 16, 1965|access-date=July 17, 2017|archive-date=August 14, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814020840/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1965/04/16/page/9/article/editors-hear-humphreys-glowing-forecast-for-u-s/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In mid-May 1965, Humphrey traveled to [[Dallas]], Texas for an off-the-record discussion with donors of President Johnson's campaign. During the visit, Humphrey was imposed tight security as a result of the JFK assassination a year and a half prior and the mother of [[Lee Harvey Oswald]] was placed under surveillance by Police Chief Cato Hightower.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1965/05/18/page/31/article/guard-hubert-closely-on-dallas-visit|title=Guard Hubert Closely On Dallas Visit|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|date=May 18, 1965|access-date=August 13, 2017|archive-date=August 14, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814060054/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1965/05/18/page/31/article/guard-hubert-closely-on-dallas-visit/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

During a May 31, 1966, appearance at Huron College, Humphrey said the U.S. should not expect "either friendship or gratitude" in helping poorer countries.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1966/06/01/page/34/article/dont-expect-gratitude-for-aid-humphrey|title=Don't Expect Gratitude for Aid: Humphrey|date=June 1, 1966|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|access-date=May 15, 2017|archive-date=August 14, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814055906/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1966/06/01/page/34/article/dont-expect-gratitude-for-aid-humphrey/|url-status=dead}}</ref> At a September 22, 1966 [[Jamesburg, New Jersey]] Democratic Party fundraiser, Humphrey said the Vietnam War would be shortened if the US stayed firm and hastened the return of troops: "We are making a decision not only to defend Vietnam, we are defending the United States of America."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1966/09/23/page/7/article/humphrey-answers-heckler-on-viet-nam-war-lssue|title=Humphrey Answers Hecklers on Viet Nam War Issue|date=September 23, 1966|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|access-date=May 7, 2017|archive-date=August 14, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814054843/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1966/09/23/page/7/article/humphrey-answers-heckler-on-viet-nam-war-lssue/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

During a May 1967 news conference, Humphrey said American anger toward Vietnam was losing traction and that he could see a growth in popularity for President Johnson since a low point five months prior.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2202&dat=19670527&id=H1cmAAAAIBAJ&pg=2381,2801833|title=Humphrey at 56 Gives His Views on Life|first=Robert E.|last=Geiger|work=Gettysburg Times|date=May 27, 1967}}</ref> During an August 2, 1967, appearance in [[Detroit]], Humphrey proposed each state consider forming peacekeeping councils focused on preventing violence, gaining community cooperation, and listening to "the voices of those who have gone unheard."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1967/08/03/page/1/article/hubert-idea-end-unrest-by-spending|title=Hubert Idea: End Unrest by Spending|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|date=August 2, 1967|access-date=May 8, 2017|archive-date=June 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604014008/https://chicagotribune.newspapers.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On November 4, 1967, Humphrey cited [[Malaysia]] as an example of what Vietnam could resemble post a Viet Cong defeat while in [[Jakarta, Indonesia]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1967/11/04/page/4/article/viet-can-win-as-malays-did-humphrey|title=Viet Can Win as Malays Did: Humphrey|date=November 4, 1967|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|access-date=May 7, 2017|archive-date=June 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604014008/https://chicagotribune.newspapers.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The following day, Vice President Humphrey requested Indonesia attempt mediation in the Vietnam War during a meeting with [[Suharto]] at Merdeka palace.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1967/11/06/page/1/article/new-u-s-peace-bid-told|title=New U.S. Peace Bid Told|date=November 6, 1967|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|access-date=May 7, 2017|archive-date=June 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604014009/https://chicagotribune.newspapers.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> On December 7, Vice President Humphrey said in an interview that the Viet Cong could potentially be the factor in creating a political compromise with the government of Saigon.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1967/12/08/page/2/article/hubert-sees-split-in-viet-cong-ranks|title=Hubert Sees Split in Viet Cong Ranks|date=December 8, 1967|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|access-date=May 7, 2017|archive-date=June 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604014009/https://chicagotribune.newspapers.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Civil rights ===
In February 1965, President Johnson appointed Humphrey to the chairmanship of the President's Council on Equal Opportunity.<ref name=Dallek224 /> The position and board had been proposed by Humphrey, who told Johnson that the board should consist of members of the Cabinet and federal agency leaders and serve multiple roles: assisting agency cooperation, creating federal program consistency, using advanced planning to avoid potential racial unrest, creating public policy, and meeting with local and state level leaders.<ref name=Thurber171>{{cite book|title=The Politics of Equality|pages=171–172|first=Timothy|last=Thurber|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0231110471|year=1999}}</ref> During his tenure, he appointed [[Wiley A Branton]] as executive director.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1988/12/17/wiley-a-branton-dies/c9857b03-11ec-4494-ad34-9ce2c4dccb40/|title=Wiley A. Branton Dies|first=Joseph D.|last=Whitaker|date=December 17, 1988|newspaper=Chicago Tribune}}</ref> During the first meeting of the group on March 3, Humphrey stated the budget was US$289,000 and pledged to ensure vigorous work by the small staff.<ref name=Thurber171 /> Following the [[Watts riots]] in August of that year, Johnson downsized Humphrey's role as the administration's expert on civil rights. Dallek wrote the shift in role was in line with the change in policy the Johnson administration underwent in response to "the changing political mood in the country on aid to African Americans."<ref name=Dallek224>{{cite book|title=Flawed Giant: Lyndon Johnson and His Times, 1961–1973|first=Robert|last=Dallek|page=[https://archive.org/details/flawedgiantlyndo00dall/page/224 224]|isbn=978-0195054651|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998|url=https://archive.org/details/flawedgiantlyndo00dall/page/224}}</ref> In a private meeting with Joseph Califano on September 18, 1965, President Johnson stated his intent to remove Humphrey from the post of "point man" on civil rights within the administration, believing the vice president was tasked with enough work.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Music Has Gone Out of the Movement: Civil Rights and the Johnson Administration, 1965–1968|first=David C.|last=Carter|year=2012|publisher=The University of North Carolina Press|isbn=978-0807832806|page=64}}</ref> Days later, Humphrey met with Johnson, Attorney General [[Nicholas Katzenbach]], and [[White House Counsel]] [[Lee C. White]]. Johnson told Humphrey he would shorten his role within the administration's civil rights policies and pass a portion to Katzenbach, Califano writing that Humphrey agreed to go along with the plan reluctantly.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Triumph & Tragedy of Lyndon Johnson: The White House Years|first=Joseph A.|last=Caulifano|page=56|publisher=Touchstone|isbn=978-1476798790|year=2015}}</ref>

In an August 1967 speech at a county officials national convention in Detroit, Humphrey called for the establishment of a [[Marshall Plan]] that would curb poverty in the United States as well as address racial violence, and advocated for the creation of civil peace councils that would counter rioting. He said the councils should include representation from all minority groups and religions, state governments, the National Guard, and law enforcement agencies and that the United States would see itself out of trouble only when law and order was reestablished.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=8_tS2Vw13FcC&dat=19670803&printsec=frontpage|title=Marshall Plan in U.S. Urged By Humphrey|date=August 3, 1967|newspaper=Toledo Blade}}</ref>

=== Foreign trips ===
December 1965 saw the beginning of Humphrey's tour of eastern countries, saying he hoped to have "cordial and frank discussions" ahead of the trip beginning when asked about the content of the talks.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1965/12/28/page/3/article/humphrey-begins-asian-trip|title=Humphrey Begins Asian Trip|date=December 28, 1965|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|access-date=May 15, 2017|archive-date=August 14, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814015822/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1965/12/28/page/3/article/humphrey-begins-asian-trip/|url-status=dead}}</ref> During a December 29 meeting with [[Prime Minister of Japan]] [[Eisaku Satō]], Humphrey asked the latter for support on achieving peace in the Vietnam War and said it was a showing of strength that the United States wanted a peaceful ending rather than a display of weakness.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1965/12/29/page/3/article/humphrey-asks-japans-aid|title=Humphrey Asks Japan's Aid|date=December 29, 1969|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|access-date=May 15, 2017|archive-date=August 14, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814020150/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1965/12/29/page/3/article/humphrey-asks-japans-aid/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Humphrey began a European tour in late-March 1967 to mend frazzled relations and indicated that he was "ready to explain and ready to listen."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1967/03/27/page/11/article/humphrey-begins-europe-tour|title=Humphrey Begins Europe Tour|date=March 27, 1967|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|access-date=May 7, 2017|archive-date=August 14, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814054714/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1967/03/27/page/11/article/humphrey-begins-europe-tour/|url-status=dead}}</ref> On April 2, 1967, Vice President Humphrey met with [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] [[Harold Wilson]]. Ahead of the meeting, Humphrey said they would discuss multiple topics including the nuclear nonproliferation treaty, European events, Atlantic alliance strengthening, and "the situation in the Far East".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1967/04/03/page/25/article/hubert-and-wilson-begin-world-talks|title=Hubert and Wilson Begin World Talks|date=April 3, 1967|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|access-date=May 7, 2017|archive-date=August 14, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814054845/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1967/04/03/page/25/article/hubert-and-wilson-begin-world-talks/|url-status=dead}}</ref> White House Press Secretary [[George Christian (journalist)|George Christian]] said five days later that he had received reports from Vice President Humphrey indicating his tour of the European countries was "very constructive" and said President Johnson was interested in the report as well.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1967/04/08/page/2/article/huberts-tour-described-as-constructive|title=Hubert's Tour Described as Constructive|date=April 8, 1967|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|access-date=May 7, 2017|archive-date=August 14, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814020018/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1967/04/08/page/2/article/huberts-tour-described-as-constructive/|url-status=dead}}</ref> While Humphrey was in [[Florence]], Italy on April 1, 1967, 23-year-old Giulio Stocchi threw eggs at the Vice President and missed. He was seized by American bodyguards who turned him in to Italian officers.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1967/04/02/page/1/article/set-hearing-on-student-transfer|title=2 Eggs Tossed at Humphrey; Just Miss Him|date=April 2, 1967|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|access-date=May 7, 2017|archive-date=August 14, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814015820/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1967/04/02/page/1/article/set-hearing-on-student-transfer/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In [[Brussels, Belgium]] on April 9, demonstrators led by communists threw rotten eggs and fruits at Vice President Humphrey's car, also hitting several of his bodyguards.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1967/04/10/page/1/article/brussels-gang-throws-eggs-at-hubert-misses|title=Brussels Gang Throws Eggs at Hubert, Misses|date=April 10, 1967|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|access-date=May 7, 2017|archive-date=August 14, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814015650/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1967/04/10/page/1/article/brussels-gang-throws-eggs-at-hubert-misses/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In late-December 1967, Vice President Humphrey began touring Africa.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1967/12/30/page/12/article/hubert-lands-in-africa-amid-beat-of-drums|title=Hubert Lands in Africa Amid Beat of Drums|date=December 30, 1967|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|access-date=May 8, 2017|archive-date=August 14, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814015643/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1967/12/30/page/12/article/hubert-lands-in-africa-amid-beat-of-drums/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===1968 presidential campaign===
{{Main|Hubert Humphrey 1968 presidential campaign}}
[[File:Hubert Humphrey and Lyndon Johnson.jpg|thumb|left|Vice President Hubert Humphrey, President [[Lyndon Johnson]], and General [[Creighton Abrams]] in a Cabinet Room meeting in March 1968]]
As 1968 began, it looked as if President Johnson, despite the rapidly decreasing approval rating of his Vietnam War policies, would easily win the Democratic nomination for a second time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/johngardner/chapters/5a.html|title=THE ELECTION OF 1968|publisher=PBS|date=June 18, 2013}}</ref> Humphrey was widely expected to remain as Johnson's running mate for reelection in 1968.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5YEaNBy203cC&pg=PA203|title=No Way To Pick A President|author=Jules Witcover|isbn=978-0415930314|publisher=Psychology Press|year=1998|author-link=Jules Witcover}}</ref> Johnson was challenged by Senator [[Eugene McCarthy]] of Minnesota, who ran on an [[Opposition to the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War|anti-Vietnam War]] platform.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aB8p_0YxneDE|title=Eugene McCarthy, 1968 Anti-War Presidential Candidate, Dies|author=Michael Forsythe|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.|date=December 10, 2005|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924143644/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aB8p_0YxneDE|archive-date=September 24, 2015}}</ref> With the backing of out-of-state anti-war college students and activists while campaigning in the [[New Hampshire primary]], McCarthy, who was not expected to be a serious contender for the Democratic nomination, nearly defeated Johnson, finishing with a surprising 42% of the vote to Johnson's 49%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lib.umn.edu/scrbm/mccarthy|title=Eugene J. McCarthy Papers|publisher=University of Minnesota|date=June 18, 2013|access-date=June 18, 2013|archive-date=January 1, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101222844/https://www.lib.umn.edu/scrbm/mccarthy|url-status=dead}}</ref> A few days after the New Hampshire primary, after months of contemplation and originally intending to support Johnson's bid for reelection, Senator [[Robert F. Kennedy]] of New York also entered the race on an anti-war platform.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2008/06/rfk_excerpt200806#|title=The Last Good Campaign|author=Thurston Clarke|magazine=Vanity Fair|date=June 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220171610/http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2008/06/rfk_excerpt200806|archive-date=December 20, 2014}}</ref> On March 31, a week before the Wisconsin primary, where polls showed a strong standing for McCarthy, Johnson stunned the nation by [[Withdrawal of Lyndon B. Johnson from the 1968 United States presidential election|withdrawing from his race for a second full term]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0331.html|title=Johnson Says He Won't Run|author=Tom Wicker|work=The New York Times|date=March 31, 2013}}</ref>

Humphrey announced his presidential candidacy on April 27.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5a0wf4HHRVgC&pg=PA375|title=The Columbia Guide to America in The 1960s|author=David Rosenthal Farber|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0231113731|year=2003}}</ref> Declaring his candidacy in a speech in Washington, D.C. alongside Senators [[Fred R. Harris|Fred Harris]] of [[Oklahoma]] and [[Walter Mondale]] of Minnesota (who both served as the co-chairs to his campaign), Humphrey stated:

<blockquote>Here we are, just as we ought to be, here we are, the people, here we are the spirit of dedication, here we are the way politics ought to be in America, the politics of happiness, politics of purpose, politics of joy; and that's the way it's going to be, all the way, too, from here on out. We seek an America able to preserve and nurture all the basic rights of free expression, yet able to reach across the divisions that too often separate race from race, region from region, young from old, worker from scholar, rich from poor. We seek an America able to do this in the higher knowledge that our goals and ideals are worthy of conciliation and personal sacrifice.<ref name="UCSB Remarks Declaring Candidacy">{{cite web|url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=77814|title=Remarks Declaring Candidacy for the Democratic Presidential Nomination|author1=Gerhard Peters|author2=John T. Woolley|publisher=University of California|location=Santa Barbara|date=April 27, 1968|access-date=June 18, 2013|archive-date=January 1, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101085101/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=77814|url-status=dead}}</ref></blockquote>

Also in his speech, Humphrey supported Johnson's Vietnam initiative, which Johnson had proposed during his address to the nation four weeks earlier;<ref name="UCSB Remarks Declaring Candidacy"/> partially halting the bombings in North Vietnam, while sending an additional 13,500 troops and increasing the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense's]] budget by 4% over the next fiscal year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/johnson-announces-bombing-halt|title=Vietnam War: Johnson announces bombing halt|publisher=History Channel|date=March 31, 1968|access-date=June 18, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826104225/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/johnson-announces-bombing-halt|archive-date=August 26, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Later in the campaign, Humphrey opposed a proposal by Senators McCarthy and [[George McGovern]] of [[South Dakota]] to the Democratic Convention's Policy Committee, calling for an immediate end to the bombings in Vietnam, an early withdrawal of troops and setting talks for a [[coalition government]] with the Viet Cong.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mnhs.org/library/findaids/00442/pdfa/00442-02684.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.mnhs.org/library/findaids/00442/pdfa/00442-02684.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=Meet the Press: America's Press Conference of the Air|publisher=[[Minnesota Historical Society]]|date=August 25, 1968}}</ref>

[[File:Photograph of Hubert Humphrey and Edmund Muskie at the 1968 Democratic National Convention a.jpg|thumb|Vice President Humphrey (left) and U.S. Senator [[Edmund Muskie]] (right) wave from the podium at the [[1968 Democratic National Convention]] in Chicago]]
Many people saw Humphrey as Johnson's stand-in; he won major backing from the nation's labor unions and other Democratic groups troubled by young antiwar protesters and the social unrest around the nation.<ref name="HHH Papers">{{cite web|url=http://www.mnhs.org/library/findaids/00720/pdf/hhh41.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.mnhs.org/library/findaids/00720/pdf/hhh41.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=HUBERT H. HUMPHREY PAPERS An Inventory of His 1968 Presidential Campaign Files|publisher=Minnesota Historical Society}}</ref> A group of British journalists wrote that Humphrey, despite his liberal record on civil rights and support for a nuclear test-ban treaty, "had turned into an arch-apologist for the war, who was given to trotting around Vietnam looking more than a little silly in olive-drab fatigues and a forage cap. The man whose name had been a by-word in the South for softness toward Negroes had taken to lecturing black groups ... the wild-eyed reformer had become the natural champion of every conservative element in the Democratic Party."<ref name="Chester, p. 147"/> Humphrey entered the race too late to participate in the [[Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1968|Democratic primaries]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/1968-democratic-convention.html|title=1968 Democratic Convention The Bosses Strike Back|author=Haynes Johnson|work=Smithsonian Magazine|date=August 2008|access-date=August 4, 2013|archive-date=August 28, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828023957/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/1968-democratic-convention.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> and concentrated on winning delegates in non-primary states by gaining the support of Democratic officeholders who were elected delegates to the Democratic Convention.<ref name="HHH Papers"/> By June, McCarthy won in Oregon and Pennsylvania, while Kennedy had won in Indiana and Nebraska, though Humphrey was the front runner as he led the delegate count.<ref name="HHH Papers"/><ref name="OMCA">{{cite web|url=http://www.museumca.org/theoaklandstandard/mr-kennedy-and-1968-battle-california|title=Mr. Kennedy and the 1968 Battle for California|author=Matthew Harrison Tedford|publisher=[[Oakland Museum of California]]|date=April 4, 2013|access-date=August 4, 2013|archive-date=December 12, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212144506/http://www.museumca.org/theoaklandstandard/mr-kennedy-and-1968-battle-california|url-status=dead}}</ref> The California primary was crucial for [[Robert F. Kennedy presidential campaign, 1968|Kennedy's campaign]], as a McCarthy victory would have prevented Kennedy from reaching the number of delegates required to secure the nomination.<ref name="OMCA"/> On June 4, Kennedy defeated McCarthy by less than 4% in the winner-take-all California primary.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://cgi.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1996/analysis/back.time/9606/10/|title=For Perspective & Determination|magazine=Time|publisher=CNN|date=June 14, 1968|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703181451/http://cgi.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1996/analysis/back.time/9606/10/|archive-date=July 3, 2011}}</ref> But the nation was shocked yet again when [[Robert F. Kennedy assassination|Senator Kennedy was assassinated]] after his victory speech at the [[Ambassador Hotel (Los Angeles)|Ambassador Hotel]] in Los Angeles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://framework.latimes.com/2010/08/10/the-assassination-of-robert-f-kennedy/|title=The assassination of Robert F. Kennedy|author=Scott Harrison|work=Los Angeles Times|date=August 10, 2010|access-date=August 4, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730150814/http://framework.latimes.com/2010/08/10/the-assassination-of-robert-f-kennedy/|archive-date=July 30, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> After the assassination of Kennedy, Humphrey suspended his campaign for two weeks.{{sfn|Solberg|1984|p=341}}

====Chicago riots and party fallout====
Humphrey did not enter any of the 13 state primary elections,<ref>Jennings & Brewster 1998: 413.</ref> but won the Democratic nomination at the [[1968 Democratic National Convention|party convention]] in Chicago, even though 80 percent of the primary voters had been for antiwar candidates. The delegates defeated the peace plank by {{Fraction|1,567|3|4}} to {{Fraction|1,041|1|4}}.{{sfn|Gitlin|1987|p=331}} Humphrey selected as his running mate U.S. Senator [[Ed Muskie]] of [[Maine]]. Unfortunately for Humphrey and his campaign, in [[Grant Park (Chicago)|Grant Park]], just five miles south of [[International Amphitheatre]] convention hall, and at other sites near downtown Chicago, there were [[1968 Democratic National Convention protest activity|gatherings and protests]] by thousands of [[Opposition to the Vietnam War|antiwar demonstrators]], many of whom favored McCarthy, [[George McGovern]], or other antiwar candidates. Mayor [[Richard J. Daley]]'s Chicago police attacked and beat these protesters, most of them young college students, which amplified the growing feelings of unrest among the public.
[[File:ElectoralCollege1968.svg|thumb|1968 presidential election results]]

Humphrey's inaction during these incidents, Johnson's and Daley's behind-the-scenes maneuvers,{{sfn|Gitlin|1987|p=331}} public backlash against Humphrey's winning the nomination without entering a single primary, and Humphrey's refusal to meet McCarthy halfway on his demands, resulting in McCarthy's refusal to fully endorse him, highlighted turmoil in the Democratic Party's base that proved to be too much for Humphrey to overcome in time for the general election. The combination of Johnson's unpopularity, the Chicago demonstrations, and the discouragement of liberals and African-Americans after the assassinations of Robert F. Kennedy and [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] that year, all contributed to his loss to former Vice President Nixon. Nevertheless, as [[American Independent Party]] candidate [[George Wallace]] lost support among white union members, Humphrey regained strength and the final polls showed a close race. Humphrey reversed his Vietnam policy, called for peace talks, and won back some of the antiwar Democrats.<ref>Lewis L. Gould, ''1968: The Election That Changed America'' (1993), pp 142–150.</ref>

Nixon won the electoral college and the election. Humphrey lost the [[1968 United States presidential election|popular vote]] by less than one percent, with 43.4% for Nixon (31,783,783 votes) to 42.7% (31,271,839<!-- votes-->) for Humphrey, and 13.5% (9,901,118<!-- votes -->) for [[George Wallace]]. Humphrey carried just 13 states and the District of Columbia with 191 electoral college votes, Nixon carried 32 states and 301 electoral votes, and Wallace carried five states and 46 electoral votes. In his concession speech, Humphrey said, "I have done my best. I have lost; Mr. Nixon has won. The democratic process has worked its will."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1968/1968-Presidential-Election/12303153093431-2/|title=1968 Presidential Election – Events of 1968 – Year in Review|work=United Press International|access-date=April 12, 2012}}</ref>

==Post-vice presidency (1969–1978)==

===Teaching and return to the Senate===
{{See also|United States congressional delegations from Minnesota}}
[[File:CarterandHumphrey.png|thumb|Senator Humphrey with Democratic presidential nominee [[Jimmy Carter]], in 1976. California Governor [[Jerry Brown]] is at right.]]
After leaving the vice presidency, Humphrey taught at [[Macalester College]] and the [[University of Minnesota]], and served as chairman of the board of consultants at the [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] Educational Corporation.

On February 11, 1969, Humphrey met privately with Mayor [[Richard J. Daley]] and denied ever being "at war" with Daley during a press conference later in the day.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1969/02/12/page/10/article/humphrey-visits-hails-daley-in-effort-to-unify-democrats|title=Humphrey Visits, Hails Daley in Effort to Unify Democrats|date=February 12, 1969|first=Edward|last=Schreiber|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|access-date=May 7, 2017|archive-date=August 14, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814020148/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1969/02/12/page/10/article/humphrey-visits-hails-daley-in-effort-to-unify-democrats/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In March, Humphrey declined to answer questions on the Johnson administration being either involved or privy to the cessation of bombing of North Vietnam during an interview on ''[[Issues and Answers]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1969/03/10/page/8/article/hubert-shuns-talk-of-deal-on-bomb-halt|title=Hubert Shuns Talk of Deal On Bomb Halt|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|access-date=August 24, 2017|archive-date=August 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825101922/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1969/03/10/page/8/article/hubert-shuns-talk-of-deal-on-bomb-halt/|url-status=dead}}</ref> At a press conference on June 2, 1969, Humphrey backed Nixon's peace efforts, dismissing the notion that he was not seeking an end to the war.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1969/06/03/page/29/article/hubert-backs-nixon-efforts-on-viet-peace|title=Hubert Backs Nixon Efforts on Viet Peace|date=June 2, 1969|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|access-date=April 8, 2017|archive-date=March 26, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326140111/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1969/06/03/page/29/article/hubert-backs-nixon-efforts-on-viet-peace/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In early July, Humphrey traveled to Finland for a private visit.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1969/07/08/page/9/article/humphrey-in-finland-on-his-european-tour|title=Humphrey in Finland on His European Tour|date=July 8, 1969|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|access-date=August 18, 2017|archive-date=August 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819061913/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1969/07/08/page/9/article/humphrey-in-finland-on-his-european-tour/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Later that month, Humphrey returned to Washington after visiting Europe, a week after McCarthy declared he would not seek reelection, Humphrey declining to comment amid speculation he intended to return to the Senate.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1969/07/27/page/7/article/hubert-wont-comment-on-his-political-future|title=Hubert Won't Comment on His Political Future|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|date=July 27, 1969|access-date=August 13, 2017|archive-date=August 14, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814020015/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1969/07/27/page/7/article/hubert-wont-comment-on-his-political-future/|url-status=dead}}</ref> During the fall, Humphrey arranged to meet with President Nixon through [[United States National Security Advisor]] [[Henry Kissinger]], Humphrey saying the day after the meeting that Nixon had "expressed his appreciation on my attitude to his effort on Vietnam."{{sfn|Solberg|1984|p=417}} On August 3, Humphrey said that Russia was buying time to develop ballistic missile warheads to catch up with the United States and that security was the "overriding concern" of the Soviet Union.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1969/08/04/page/14/article/russ-stalling-arms-talks-humphrey|title=Russ Stalling Arms Talks – Humphrey|date=August 4, 1969|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|access-date=May 7, 2017|archive-date=August 14, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814055031/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1969/08/04/page/14/article/russ-stalling-arms-talks-humphrey/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Days later, Humphrey repudiated efforts against Nixon's anti-ballistic missile system: "I have a feeling that they [opponents of the ABM] were off chasing rabbits when a tiger is loose."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1969/08/08/page/5/article/abm-fight-a-waste-of-time-hubert-says|title=ABM Fight a Waste of Time, Hubert Says|first=Russell|last=Freeburg|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|date=August 8, 1969|access-date=August 14, 2017|archive-date=August 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815174641/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1969/08/08/page/5/article/abm-fight-a-waste-of-time-hubert-says/|url-status=dead}}</ref> During October, Humphrey spoke before the AFL-CIO convention delegates, charging Nixon's economic policies with "putting Americans out of work without slowing inflation."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1969/10/07/page/40/article/hubert-rips-nixon-tight-money-policy|title=Hubert Rips Nixon, Tight Money Policy|date=October 7, 1969|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|access-date=August 13, 2017|archive-date=August 14, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814020334/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1969/10/07/page/40/article/hubert-rips-nixon-tight-money-policy/|url-status=dead}}</ref> On October 10, Humphrey stated his support for Nixon's policies in Vietnam and that he believed "the worst thing that we can do is to try to undermine the efforts of the President."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1969/10/11/page/19/article/hubert-backs-nixon-policies-on-viet-nam|title=Hubert Backs Nixon Policies on Viet Nam|date=October 11, 1969|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|access-date=August 14, 2017|archive-date=August 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815101637/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1969/10/11/page/19/article/hubert-backs-nixon-policies-on-viet-nam/|url-status=dead}}</ref> At a December 21 press conference, Humphrey said Nixon was a participant in the "politics of polarization" and could not seek unity on one hand but have divisive agents on the other.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1969/12/22/page/1/article/nixon-is-polarizing-people-hubert-says|title=Nixon is Polarizing People, Hubert Says|date=December 22, 1969|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|access-date=May 8, 2017|archive-date=August 14, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814054711/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1969/12/22/page/1/article/nixon-is-polarizing-people-hubert-says/|url-status=dead}}</ref> On December 26, Humphrey responded to a claim from former President Johnson that Humphrey had been cost the election by his own call for a stop to the bombing in North Vietnam, saying he did what he "thought was right and responsible at Salt Lake City."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1969/12/27/page/2/article/hubert-answers-lbj-criticism|title=Hubert Answers LBJ Criticism|date=December 26, 1969|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|access-date=April 8, 2017|archive-date=April 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409112408/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1969/12/27/page/2/article/hubert-answers-lbj-criticism/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On January 4, 1970, Humphrey said the United States should cease tests of nuclear weapons during the continued conversations for potential strategic arms limitations between the United States and the Soviet Union while speaking to the National Retail Furniture Association.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1970/01/05/page/8/article/halt-nuclear-arms-tests-hubert-says|title=Halt Nuclear Arms Talks, Hubert Says|first=Stephen|last=Crews|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|date=January 5, 1970|access-date=May 15, 2017|archive-date=August 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819143953/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1970/01/05/page/8/article/halt-nuclear-arms-tests-hubert-says/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In February, Humphrey predicted Nixon would withdraw 75,000 or more troops prior to the year's midterm elections and the main issue would be the economy during an interview: "The issue of 1970 is the economy. Some of my fellow Democrats don't believe this. But this is a fact."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1970/02/10/page/2/article/hubert-sees-economy-as-key-election-issue-next-autumn|title=Hubert Sees Economy as Key Election Issue Next Autumn|date=February 10, 1970|first=Russell|last=Freeburg|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|access-date=September 4, 2017|archive-date=September 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905051505/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1970/02/10/page/2/article/hubert-sees-economy-as-key-election-issue-next-autumn/|url-status=dead}}</ref> On February 23, Humphrey disclosed his recommendation that [[Larry O'Brien]] return as Chair of the [[Democratic National Committee]], a Humphrey spokesman reporting that he wanted the issue of the DNC chairmanship settled quickly.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1970/02/24/page/20/article/hubert-asks-obrien-to-be-chief-of-dems|title=Hubert Asks O'Brien To Be Chief of Dems|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|date=February 24, 1970|access-date=September 17, 2017|archive-date=September 18, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918064824/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1970/02/24/page/20/article/hubert-asks-obrien-to-be-chief-of-dems/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Solberg wrote that Nixon's April 1970 [[Cambodian Campaign]] quashed Humphrey's hopes that the war be taken out of political context.{{sfn|Solberg|1984|p=417}} In May, Humphrey pledged to do all he could to provide additional war planes to Israel and stress the issue to American leaders.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/05/08/archives/humphrey-assures-israelis.html|title=Humphrey Assures Israeli|date=May 8, 1970|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Amid an August 11 address to an American Bar Association luncheon meeting, Humphrey called for liberals to cease defending campus radicals and militants and align with law and order.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1970/08/12/page/3/article/support-law-and-order-humphrey-tells-liberals|title=Support Law and Order, Humphrey Tells Liberals|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|date=August 12, 1970|access-date=August 19, 2017|archive-date=August 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819103904/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1970/08/12/page/3/article/support-law-and-order-humphrey-tells-liberals/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Humphrey had not planned to return to political life, but an unexpected opportunity changed his mind. McCarthy, who was up for reelection in [[1970 United States Senate election in Minnesota|1970]], realized that he had only a slim chance of winning even re-nomination for the Minnesota seat because he had angered his party by opposing Johnson and Humphrey for the 1968 presidential nomination, and declined to run. Humphrey won the nomination, defeated Republican Congressman [[Clark MacGregor]], and returned to the U.S. Senate on January 3, 1971. Ahead of resuming his duties, Humphrey had a November 16, 1970, White House meeting with Nixon as part of a group of newly elected senators.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1970/11/17/page/3/article/humphrey-pays-nixon-a-visit|title=Humphrey Pays Nixon a Visit|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|date=November 17, 1970|access-date=May 5, 2017|archive-date=June 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604014103/https://chicagotribune.newspapers.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was reelected in [[1976 U.S. Senate election|1976]], and remained in office until his death. In a rarity in politics, Humphrey held both Senate seats from his state (Class I and Class II) at different times. During his return to the Senate he served in the [[92nd United States Congress|92nd]], [[93rd United States Congress|93rd]], [[94th United States Congress|94th]], and a portion of the [[95th United States Congress|95th Congress]]. He served as chairman of the [[United States Congress Joint Economic Committee|Joint Economic Committee]] in the 94th Congress.

=== Fourth Senate term ===
L. Edward Purcell wrote that upon returning to the Senate, Humphrey found himself "again a lowly junior senator with no seniority" and that he resolved to create credibility in the eyes of liberals.<ref>{{cite book|title=Vice Presidents: A Biographical Dictionary|pages=[https://archive.org/details/vicepresidents00ledw/page/370 370–372]|publisher=Facts on File|year=2001|isbn=978-0816046157|url=https://archive.org/details/vicepresidents00ledw/page/370}}</ref> On May 3, 1971, after the [[Americans for Democratic Action]] adopted a resolution demanding Nixon's impeachment, Humphrey said they were acting "more out of emotion and passion than reason and prudent judgment" and that the request was irresponsible.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/05/04/archives/humphrey-assails-ada-on-impeachment-of-nixon.html|title=Humphrey Assails A.D.A. On Impeachment of Nixon|date=May 4, 1971|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> On May 21, Humphrey said ending hunger and malnutrition in the U.S. was "a moral obligation" during a speech to International Food Service Manufacturers Association members.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1971/05/22/page/9/article/mcgovern-humphrey-assail-hunger-malnutrition-in-u-s|title=McGovern, Humphrey Assail Hunger, Malnutrition in U.S.|first=Donna|last=Gill|date=May 22, 1971|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|access-date=June 19, 2017|archive-date=September 18, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918064548/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1971/05/22/page/9/article/mcgovern-humphrey-assail-hunger-malnutrition-in-u-s/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In June, Humphrey delivered the commencement address at the [[University of Bridgeport]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://mobile.nytimes.com/1971/05/19/archives/humphrey-to-address-class.html|title=Humphrey to Address Class|newspaper=The New York Times|date=May 19, 1971}}</ref> and days later said that he believed Nixon was interested in seeing a peaceful end to the Vietnam War "as badly as any senator or anybody else."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1971/06/10/page/38/article/hubert-raps-kennedys-charge-nixon-plays-politics-with-war|title=Hubert Raps Kennedy's Charge Nixon Plays Politics with War|date=June 10, 1971|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|access-date=May 8, 2017|archive-date=September 18, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918064811/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1971/06/10/page/38/article/hubert-raps-kennedys-charge-nixon-plays-politics-with-war/|url-status=dead}}</ref> On July 14, testifying before the Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on Arms Control, Humphrey proposed amending the defense procurement bill to place in escrow all funds for creation and usage of multiple‐missile warheads in the midst of continued arms limitations talks. Humphrey said members of the Nixon administration needed to remember "when they talk of a tough negotiating position, they are going to get a tough response."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/07/15/archives/humphrey-muskie-ask-missile-curb-freeze-by-us-and-soviet-proposed.html|title=HUMPHREY, MUSKIE ASK MISSILE CURB|first=John W.|last=Finney|date=July 15, 1971|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> On September 6, Humphrey rebuked the Nixon administration's wage price freeze, saying it was based on trickle-down policies and advocating "percolate up" as a replacement, while speaking at a [[United Rubber Workers]] gathering.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1971/09/07/page/5/article/new-fair-deal-urged-by-humphrey|date=September 7, 1971|title=New 'Fair Deal' Urged by Humphrey|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|access-date=June 19, 2017|archive-date=September 18, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918154335/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1971/09/07/page/5/article/new-fair-deal-urged-by-humphrey/|url-status=dead}}</ref> On October 26, Humphrey stated his support for removing barriers to voting registration and authorizing students to establish voting residences in their college communities, rebuking the refusal of [[United States Attorney General]] [[John N. Mitchell]] the previous month to take a role in shaping voter registration laws as applicable to new voters.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=DS19711026.2.5|title=Humphrey Urges Student Vote|newspaper=Desert Sun|date=October 26, 1971}}</ref> On December 24, 1971, Humphrey accused the Nixon administration of turning its back on the impoverished in the rural U.S., citing few implementations of the relief recommendations of the 1967 National Advisory Commission; in another statement he said only three of the 150 recommendations had been implemented.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/12/25/archives/humphrey-asserts-nixon-turns-back-on-rural-poor.html|title=Humphrey Asserts Nixon Turns Back on Rural Poor|date=December 24, 1971|newspaper=Chicago Tribune}}</ref> On December 27, responding to antiwar protesters in [[Philadelphia]], Humphrey said the Nixon administration was responsible for an escalation of the Southeast Asia war and requested complete cessation of North Vietnam bombing.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/12/28/archives/humphrey-urges-halt-in-bombing-says-nixon-escalates-war-hecklers.html|title=HUMPHREY URGES HALT IN BOMBING|date=December 28, 1971|newspaper=The New York Times|first=John Noble|last=Wilford}}</ref>

In January 1972, Humphrey said the U.S. would have been out of Vietnam by that point had he been elected president, saying Nixon was taking longer to withdraw American troops from the country than it took to defeat [[Adolf Hitler]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/hubert-humphrey-criticizes-president-nixon|title=Hubert Humphrey criticizes President Nixon|publisher=History.com|date=January 10, 1973|access-date=September 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918021435/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/hubert-humphrey-criticizes-president-nixon|archive-date=September 18, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> On May 20, Humphrey said Nixon's proposal to limit schoolchildren busing was "insufficient in the amount of aid needed for our children, deceptive to the American people, and insensitive to the laws and the Constitution of this nation", in a reversal of his prior stance, while in [[Milwaukee, Wisconsin]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/03/21/archives/humphrey-shifts-now-disapproves-nixon-busing-plan-backs-away-from.html|title=HUMPHREY SHIFTS, NOW DISAPPROVES NIXON BUSING PLAN|date=March 21, 1972|newspaper=The New York Times|first=Walter|last=Rugarer}}</ref> During a May 30 appearance in [[Burbank, California]], Humphrey stated his support for an immediate withdrawal of American forces from South Vietnam despite an invasion by North Vietnam.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1972/05/31/page/3/article/2d-debate-with-mcgovern|title=Humphrey Wants U.S. to Quit S. Viet Now|date=May 31, 1972|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|access-date=June 15, 2017|archive-date=September 18, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918154336/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1972/05/31/page/3/article/2d-debate-with-mcgovern/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In January 1973, Humphrey said the Nixon administration was plotting to eliminate a school milk program in the upcoming fiscal year budget during a telephone interview.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1973/01/02/page/21/article/humphrey-sees-school-milk-subsidy-as-next-nixon-target|title=Humphrey sees school milk subsidy as next Nixon target|date=January 2, 1973|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|access-date=June 8, 2017|archive-date=September 18, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918064700/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1973/01/02/page/21/article/humphrey-sees-school-milk-subsidy-as-next-nixon-target/|url-status=dead}}</ref> On February 18, 1973, Humphrey said the Middle East could possibly usher in peace following the Vietnam War ending along with American troops withdrawing from [[Indochina]] during an appearance at the New York Hilton.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/02/19/archives/humphrey-sees-new-chance-for-peace-in-mideast.html|title=Humphrey Sees New Chance for Peace in Mideast|first=Irving|last=Spiegel|work=The New York Times |date=February 19, 1973 }}</ref> In August 1973, Humphrey called on Nixon to schedule a meeting with nations exporting and importing foods as part of an effort to both create a worldwide policy on food and do away with food hoarding.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1973/08/10/page/5/article/humphrey-and-ford-discuss-nixon-agnew-and-watergate|title=Humphrey and Ford discuss, Nixon, Agnew and Watergate|date=August 10, 1973|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|access-date=May 8, 2017|archive-date=September 18, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918154154/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1973/08/10/page/5/article/humphrey-and-ford-discuss-nixon-agnew-and-watergate/|url-status=dead}}</ref> After Nixon's dismissal of [[Archibald Cox]], Humphrey said he found "the whole situation entirely depressing."{{sfn|Solberg|1984|p=449}} Three days after Cox's dismissal, during a speech to the AFL-CIO convention on October 23, Humphrey declined to say whether he believed Nixon should be impeached, saying that his congressional position would likely cause him to play a role in determining Nixon's fate.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1973/10/24/page/2/article/hubert-wont-take-impeachment-stand|title=Hubert won't take impeachment stand|first=James|last=Strong|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|date=October 24, 1973|access-date=September 17, 2017|archive-date=September 18, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918064243/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1973/10/24/page/2/article/hubert-wont-take-impeachment-stand/|url-status=dead}}</ref> On December 21, Humphrey disclosed his request of federal tax deductions of $199,153 for the donation of his vice-presidential papers to the Minnesota State Historical Society.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1310&dat=19731222&id=o6tVAAAAIBAJ&pg=3274,5893856|title=Humphrey releases tax data|newspaper=Eugene Register-Guard|date=December 22, 1973}}</ref>

In early January 1974, Humphrey checked into the [[Bethesda Naval Hospital]] for tests regarding a minute tumor of the bladder. His physician Edgar Berman said the next day that Humphrey "looks fine and feels fine" and was expected to leave early the following week.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1974/01/06/page/3/article/tested-after-x-ray-treatments|title=Humphrey hospitalized for tumor|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|date=January 6, 1974|access-date=September 4, 2017|archive-date=September 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905050717/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1974/01/06/page/3/article/tested-after-x-ray-treatments/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In an interview conducted on March 29, 1974, Humphrey concurred with Senator [[Mike Mansfield]]'s assessment from the prior day that the House of Representatives had enough votes to impeach Nixon.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/03/30/archives/humphrey-believes-impeachment-likely.html|title=Humphrey believes impeachment likely |date=March 30, 1974|newspaper=The New York Times |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408191507/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/03/30/archives/humphrey-believes-impeachment-likely.html |archive-date= Apr 8, 2022 }}</ref> Humphrey was reportedly pleased by Nixon's resignation.{{sfn|Solberg|1984|p=449}}

In an April 1975 news conference at the spring education conference of the United Federation of Teachers, Humphrey cited the need for a national department of education, a national education trust fund, and a federal government provision for a third of America's educational expenses. He said the Ford administration had no educational policy and noted the United States was the only industrialized country without a separate national education department.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/04/20/archives/separate-us-unit-on-schools-urged-humphrey-proposes-a-split-of.html|title=Separate U.S. Unit on Schools Urged |first=C. Gerald|last=Fraser|newspaper=The New York Times|date=April 20, 1975 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820144300/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/04/20/archives/separate-us-unit-on-schools-urged-humphrey-proposes-a-split-of.html |archive-date= Aug 20, 2020 }}</ref> In May, Humphrey testified at the trial of his former campaign manager Jack L. Chestnut, admitting that as a candidate he sought the support of Associated Milk Producers, Inc., but saying he was not privy to the illegal contributions Chestnut was accused of taking from the organization.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/05/06/archives/humphrey-denies-he-knew-of-gift-says-at-trial-he-sought-aid-of.html|title=Humphrey Denies He Knew of Gift|first=Ronald|last=Smothers|newspaper=The New York Times|date=May 6, 1975}}</ref> Later that month, Humphrey was one of 19 senators to originate a letter stating the expectation of 75 senators that Ford would submit a foreign aid request to Congress meeting the "urgent military and economic needs" of Israel.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/05/22/archives/75-senators-back-israels-aid-bids-they-sign-letter-to-ford-urging.html|title=75 Senators Back Israel's Aid Bids|date=May 22, 1975|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> In August, after the United States Court of Appeals ruled that Ford had no authority to continue levying fees of $2 a barrel on imported oil, Humphrey hailed the decision as "the best news we've heard on the inflation front in a long time" and urged Ford to accept the decision because the price reduction on oil and oil‐related products would benefit the national economy.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/08/12/archives/court-rebuffs-ford-on-oil-import-fee-court-in-rebuff-to-ford.html|title=Court Rebuffs Ford On Oil. Import Fee|date=August 12, 1975|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> In October, after [[Sara Jane Moore]] attempted to assassinate Ford, Humphrey joined former presidential candidates Barry Goldwater, Edmund Muskie, and George McGovern in urging Ford and other presidential candidates to restrain their campaigning the following year to prevent future attempts on their lives.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/10/01/archives/miss-moore-tried-to-call-ford-guards-five-times-miss-moore-tried-to.html|title=Miss Moore Tried to Call Ford Guards Five Times|first=Richard D.|last=Lyons|date=October 1, 1975|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref>

In October 1976, Humphrey was admitted to a hospital for the removal of a cancerous bladder,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/10/11/archives/humphrey-doing-very-very-well.html|title=Humphrey Doing 'Very, Very Well'|newspaper=The New York Times|date=October 11, 1976}}</ref> predicted his victory in his reelection bid, and advocated for members of his party to launch efforts to increase voter turnout upon his release.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/10/31/archives/humphrey-gets-out-of-the-hospital.html|title=Humphrey Gets Out of the Hospital|date=October 31, 1976|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref>

=== 1972 presidential campaign ===
[[File:Humphrey1972.gif|thumb|1972 campaign logo]]
On November 4, 1970, shortly after being reelected to the Senate, Humphrey stated his intention to take on the role of a "harmonizer" within the Democratic Party to minimize the possibility of potential presidential candidates within the party lambasting each other prior to deciding to run in the then-upcoming election, dismissing that he was an active candidate at that time.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/11/05/archives/humphrey-adopts-harmonizers-role.html|title=Humphrey Adopts Harmonizer's Role|first=Seth S.|last=King|newspaper=The New York Times|date=November 5, 1970}}</ref> In December 1971, Humphrey made his second trip to New Jersey in under a month, talking with a plurality of county leaders at the [[Robert Treat Hotel]]: "I told them I wanted their support. I said I'd rather work with them than against them."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/12/18/archives/humphrey-talks-to-jersey-chiefs-tells-them-announcement-is-coming.html|title=HUMPHREY TALKS TO JERSEY CHIEFS|first=Joseph|last=Sullivan|newspaper=The New York Times|date=December 18, 1971}}</ref>

In 1972, Humphrey once again ran for the Democratic nomination for president, announcing his candidacy on January 10, 1972, during a twenty-minute speech in Philadelphia. At the time of the announcement, Humphrey said he was running on a platform of the removal of troops from Vietnam and a revitalization of the United States economy.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1972/01/11/page/7/article/humphrey-enters-presidential-race-raps-nixons-policies|title=Humphrey Enters Presidential Race, Raps Nixon's Policies|date=January 11, 1972|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|access-date=May 6, 2017|archive-date=June 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604014032/https://chicagotribune.newspapers.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> He drew upon continuing support from organized labor and the African-American and Jewish communities, but remained unpopular with college students because of his association with the Vietnam War, even though he had altered his position in the years since his 1968 defeat. Humphrey initially planned to skip the primaries, as he had in 1968. Even after he revised this strategy he still stayed out of New Hampshire, a decision that allowed McGovern to emerge as the leading challenger to Muskie in that state. Humphrey did win some primaries, including those in Ohio,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1972/11/02/page/3/article/mcgovern-gets-big-crowd-for-n-y-appearance|title=McGovern Gets Big Crowd for N.Y. Appearance|date=November 2, 1972|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|access-date=May 6, 2017|archive-date=May 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170522092028/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1972/11/02/page/3/article/mcgovern-gets-big-crowd-for-n-y-appearance/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Indiana and Pennsylvania, but was defeated by McGovern in several others, including the crucial California primary. Humphrey also was out-organized by McGovern in caucus states and was trailing in delegates at the [[1972 Democratic National Convention]] in [[Miami Beach, Florida]]. His hopes rested on challenges to the credentials of some of the McGovern delegates. For example, the Humphrey forces argued that the winner-take-all rule for the California primary violated procedural reforms intended to produce a better reflection of the popular vote, the reason that the Illinois delegation was bounced. The effort failed, as several votes on delegate credentials went McGovern's way, guaranteeing his victory. After his primary win, McGovern asked Humphrey to be his running mate, but Humphrey declined.<ref name="Nixonland"/> After the election, Humphrey called Nixon and the two had an amicable conversation in which Humphrey implied that he preferred Nixon to McGovern, and had tried to keep McGovern from winning.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Perlstein |first1=Rick |title=Nixonland |date=29 July 2010 |publisher=Scribner |isbn=9780743243032 |page=745 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dM_enWzoghoC |access-date=22 June 2022 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

=== 1976 presidential election activities ===
[[File:Humphrey and Carter.jpg|thumb|Senator Hubert Humphrey with President [[Jimmy Carter]] aboard [[Air Force One]] in 1977]]
On April 22, 1974, Humphrey said that he would not enter the upcoming Democratic presidential primary for the 1976 presidential election. Humphrey said at the time that he was urging fellow Senator and Minnesotan [[Walter Mondale]] to run, despite believing that [[Ted Kennedy]] would enter the race as well.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1974/04/23/page/5/article/humphrey-wont-run-for-president-in-1976|title=Humphrey won't run for President in 1976|first=Neil|last=Mehler|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|date=April 23, 1974|access-date=June 8, 2017|archive-date=August 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819061625/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1974/04/23/page/5/article/humphrey-wont-run-for-president-in-1976/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Leading up to the election cycle, Humphrey also said, "Here's a time in my life when I appear to have more support than at any other time in my life. But it's too financially, politically, and physically debilitating – and I'm just not going to do it."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1975/10/20/page/15/article/humphreys-resisting-the-call-of-the-presidential-primaries|title=Humphrey's resisting the call of the presidential primaries|first=Harry|last=Kelly|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|access-date=June 8, 2017|archive-date=August 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819060409/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1975/10/20/page/15/article/humphreys-resisting-the-call-of-the-presidential-primaries/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In December 1975, a Gallup poll was released showing Humphrey and [[Ronald Reagan]] as the leading Democratic and Republican candidates for the following year's presidential election.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/12/28/archives/humphrey-vs-reagan.html|first=Tom|last=Wicker|title=Humphrey Vs. Reagan|newspaper=The New York Times|date=December 28, 1975}}</ref>

On April 12, 1976, Chairman of the [[New Jersey Democratic Party]] State Senator James P. Dugan said the selection of a majority of uncommitted delegates could be interpreted as a victory for Humphrey, who had indicated his availability as a presidential candidate for the convention.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/04/13/archives/humphrey-called-victor-in-jersey-uncommitted-state-to-vie-with-4.html|title=HUMPHREY CALLED VICTOR IN JERSEY|first=Ronald|last=Sullivan|newspaper=The New York Times|date=April 13, 1976}}</ref> Humphrey announced his choice to not enter the New Jersey primary nor authorize any committees to work to support him during an April 29, 1976, appearance in the Senate Caucus Room.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1976/04/30/page/1/article/tearful-humphrey-out-of-race|title=Tearful Humphrey out of race|date=April 30, 1976|first=Jon|last=Margolis|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|access-date=May 6, 2017|archive-date=August 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819020357/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1976/04/30/page/1/article/tearful-humphrey-out-of-race/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Even after [[Jimmy Carter]] had won enough delegates to clinch the nomination, many still wanted Humphrey to announce his availability for a [[draft (politics)|draft]]. However, he did not do so, and Carter easily secured the nomination on the first round of balloting. Humphrey had learned that he had terminal cancer, prompting him to sit the race out.

Humphrey attended the November 17, 1976, meeting between President-elect Carter and Democratic congressional leaders in which Carter sought out support for a proposal to have the president's power to reorganize the government reinstated with potential to be vetoed by Congress.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/11/18/archives/carter-asks-leaders-of-congress-to-help-in-a-reorganization-he-is.html|title=CARTER ASKS LEADERS OF CONGRESS TO HELP IN A REORGANIZATION|first=Warren Jr.|last=Weaver|newspaper=The New York Times|date=November 18, 1976}}</ref>

=== Fifth Senate term ===
Humphrey attended the May 3, 1977, White House meeting on legislative priorities. Humphrey told President Carter that the U.S. would enter a period of high unemployment without an economic stimulus and noted that in "every period in our history, a rise in unemployment has been accompanied by a rise in inflation". Humphrey stated a preventative health care program would be the only way for the Carter administration to not have to fund soaring health costs.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/05/04/archives/democrats-criticize-carter-on-priorities-congressional-leaders.html|title=DEMOCRATS CRITICIZE CARTER ON PRIORITIES|first=Martin|last=Tolchin|newspaper=The New York Times|date=June 4, 1977}}</ref> In July 1977, after the Senate began debating approval for funding of the [[neutron bomb]], Humphrey stated that the White House had agreed to release the impact statement, a requirement for congressional funding of a new weapon.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/07/14/archives/senate-votes-funds-for-neutron-bombs-heeding-carter-plea-cutoff.html|title=SENATE VOTES FUNDS FOR NEUTRON BOMBS, HEEDING CARTER PLEA|date=July 14, 1977|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref>

===Deputy President pro tempore of the Senate (1977–1978)===
In 1974, along with [[Augustus F. Hawkins|Rep. Augustus Hawkins]] of California, Humphrey authored the [[Humphrey-Hawkins Full Employment Act]], the first attempt at full employment legislation. The original bill proposed to guarantee full employment to all citizens over 16 and set up a permanent system of public jobs to meet that goal. A watered-down version called the ''Full Employment and Balanced Growth Act'' passed the House and Senate in 1978. It set the goal of 4 percent unemployment and 3 percent inflation and instructed the [[Federal Reserve Board]] to try to produce those goals when making policy decisions.

Humphrey ran for [[Party leaders of the United States Senate|Majority Leader]] after the 1976 election but lost to [[Robert Byrd]] of [[West Virginia]]. The Senate honored Humphrey by creating the post of [[Deputy President pro tempore of the United States Senate|Deputy President pro tempore]] of the Senate for him. On August 16, 1977, Humphrey revealed he was suffering from terminal [[bladder cancer]]. On October 25 of that year, he addressed the Senate, and on November 3, Humphrey became the first person other than a member of the House or the President of the United States to address the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] in session.<ref>Cohen, pp. 478–479.</ref> President Carter honored him by giving him command of [[Air Force One]] for his final trip to Washington on October 23. One of Humphrey's final speeches contained the lines "It was once said that the moral test of Government is how that Government treats those who are in the dawn of life, the children; those who are in the twilight of life, the elderly; and those who are in the shadows of life, the sick, the needy and the handicapped",<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-09-03-vw-2284-story.html | title=Quotable Congress Gets Ideas from Single Source | website=[[Los Angeles Times]] | date=September 3, 1989 }}</ref> which is sometimes described as the "liberals' mantra".

==Death and funeral==
[[File:HumphreyGrave.jpg|thumb|Burial plot of Hubert and Muriel Humphrey at [[Lakewood Cemetery]] in [[Minneapolis]]]]
Humphrey spent his last weeks calling old political acquaintances. One call was to [[Richard Nixon]], inviting him to his upcoming funeral, which Nixon accepted. Staying in the hospital, Humphrey went from room to room, cheering up other patients by telling them jokes and listening to them. On January 13, 1978, he died of bladder cancer at his home in [[Waverly, Minnesota]], at the age of 66.

Humphrey's body [[Lying in state#United States|lay in state]] in the [[United States Capitol rotunda|rotundas of the U.S. Capitol]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aoc.gov/nations-stage/lying-state-honor |title= Lying in State or in Honor |publisher=US Architect of the Capitol (AOC) |access-date=September 1, 2018}}</ref> and the [[Minnesota State Capitol]] before being interred at [[Lakewood Cemetery]] in Minneapolis. His death overshadowed the death of his colleague from [[Montana]], Senator [[Lee Metcalf]], who had died the day before Humphrey. Old friends and opponents of Humphrey, from Gerald Ford and Richard Nixon to President Carter and Vice President Walter Mondale, paid their final respects. "He taught us how to live, and finally he taught us how to die", said Mondale.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1978/Hubert-Humphrey-Dies/12309251197005-7/|title=Hubert Humphrey Dies – Events of 1978 – Year in Review|work=United Press International|access-date=April 12, 2012}}</ref>

Humphrey's wife Muriel was appointed by Minnesota governor [[Rudy Perpich]] to serve in the U.S. Senate until a special election to fill the term was held; she did not seek election to finish her husband's term in office. In 1981, she married Max Brown and took the name Muriel Humphrey Brown.<ref>Mills, Barbara Kleban, "[http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20078617,00.html A Childhood Friendship Turns to Love, and Muriel Humphrey Plans to Be Married] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203020231/http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20078617,00.html |date=February 3, 2011 }}", ''People'', February 16, 1981, Vol. 15 No. 6.</ref> Upon her death in 1998 she was interred next to Humphrey at Lakewood Cemetery.<ref name="Mooar, 1998"/>

The epitaph on Humphrey's gravestone reads: "I have enjoyed my life, its disappointments outweighed by its pleasures. I have loved my country in a way that some people consider sentimental and out of style. I still do, and I remain an optimist, with joy, without apology, about this country and about the American experiment in democracy."

==Honors and legacy==
In 1965, Humphrey was made an ''Honorary Life Member'' of [[Alpha Phi Alpha]], a historically African American fraternity.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kcKJ7LTWjm8C&pg=PT192|title=Alpha Phi Alpha: A Legacy of Greatness, The Demands of Transcendence|author=Gregory Parks|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|isbn=978-0813134215|year=2011}}</ref>

In 1978, Humphrey received the U.S. Senator John Heinz Award for Greatest Public Service by an Elected or Appointed Official, an award given out annually by [[Jefferson Awards for Public Service|Jefferson Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jeffersonawards.org/pastwinners/national|title=National – Jefferson Awards Foundation|access-date=August 5, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124043935/http://jeffersonawards.org/pastwinners/national|archive-date=November 24, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>

He was awarded posthumously the [[Congressional Gold Medal]] on June 13, 1979, and the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] in 1980.

He was honored by the [[United States Postal Service]] with a 52¢ [[Great Americans series]] (1980–2000) postage stamp.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&cmd=1&tid=2037019|title=52-cent Humphrey|publisher=arago.si.edu|date=June 27, 1991|access-date=June 8, 2013|archive-date=January 2, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102052530/http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&cmd=1&tid=2037019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

There is a statue of him in front of the Minneapolis City Hall.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.panoramio.com/photo/30184842|title=Photo of The original 'Triple H'|publisher=Panoramio|access-date=April 12, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105090958/http://www.panoramio.com/photo/30184842|archive-date=November 5, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Humphrey's legacy is bolstered by his early leadership in civil rights, and undermined by his long support of the Vietnam War. His leading biographer [[Arnold A. Offner]] says he was "the most successful legislator in the nation's history and a powerful voice for equal justice for all."<ref>Arnold A. Offner, ''Hubert Humphrey: The Conscience of the Country'' (Yale University Press, 2018) p. 394.</ref> Offner writes that Humphrey was:
<blockquote>A major force for nearly every important liberal policy initiative....putting civil rights on his party's and the nation's agenda [in 1948] for decades to come. As senator he proposed legislation to effect national health insurance, for aid to poor nations, immigration and income tax reform, a Job Corps, the Peace Corps, the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, and the path breaking 1963 Limited Test Ban Treaty....[He provided] masterful stewardship of the historic 1964 Civil Rights Act through the Senate.<ref>Offner, p. x.</ref></blockquote>

While acknowledging his accomplishments, some historians emphasize that Humphrey was "a flawed, and not entirely likeable, figure who talked too much and neglected his family while pursuing a politics of compromise that owed as much to his vaunting personal ambition as to political pragmatism."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Scroop |first1=Daniel |title=Hubert Humphrey: The Conscience of the Country |journal=Journal of American History |date=March 2020 |volume=106 |issue=4 |pages=1091–1092 |doi=10.1093/jahist/jaz766 }}</ref>

===Namesakes===
====Fellowship====
* The Hubert H. Humphrey Fellowship Program, which fosters an exchange of knowledge and mutual understanding throughout the world.

====Buildings and institutions====
* The Hubert H. Humphrey Terminal at [[Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://minnesota.publicradio.org/display/web/2012/06/03/humphrey-terminal-evacuation|title=MSP terminal reopens after evacuation|agency=Associated Press|publisher=minnesota.publicradio.org|date=June 4, 2012}}</ref>
* The former [[Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome]] domed stadium in Minneapolis which was home to the [[Minnesota Vikings]] of the [[National Football League]] and the [[Minnesota Twins]] of [[Major League Baseball]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://minnesota.twins.mlb.com/min/ballpark/min_ballpark_history.jsp|title=Ballpark History of the Metrodome|publisher=Major League Baseball|access-date=May 31, 2013|archive-date=June 18, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618082655/http://minnesota.twins.mlb.com/min/ballpark/min_ballpark_history.jsp|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* The Hubert H. Humphrey Job Corps Center in St. Paul, Minnesota.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://huberthhumphrey.jobcorps.gov/about.aspx|title=Hubert H. Humphrey Job Center|publisher=jobcorps.gov|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130214122607/http://huberthhumphrey.jobcorps.gov/about.aspx|archive-date=February 14, 2013}}</ref>
* The [[Hubert H. Humphrey School of Public Affairs]] at the [[University of Minnesota]] and its building, the Hubert H. Humphrey Center (formerly Hubert H. Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs; changed in January 2011)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.umn.edu/twincities/maps/HHHSPA/|title=TWIN CITIES CAMPUS MAPS Hubert H. Humphrey School of Public Affairs|publisher=umn.edu|date=June 7, 2013}}</ref>
* The [[Hubert H. Humphrey Building]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hhs.gov/about/hhh.html|title=The Hubert H. Humphrey Building|publisher=HHS.gov|date=May 10, 2006|access-date=June 17, 2010|archive-date=June 10, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610215920/http://www.hhs.gov/about/hhh.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> of the [[United States Department of Health and Human Services|Department of Health and Human Services]] in Washington, D.C.
* The [[Hubert H. Humphrey Bridge]] carrying [[Florida State Road 520|FL S.R. 520]] over the [[Indian River Lagoon]] between [[Cocoa, Florida|Cocoa]] and [[Merritt Island]] in [[Brevard County, Florida]]
* The Hubert H. Humphrey Middle School in [[Bolingbrook, Illinois]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://projects.propublica.org/schools/schools/174007004027|title=Hubert H Humphrey Middle School|publisher=propublica.org|date=June 7, 2013}}</ref>
* The Hubert H. Humphrey Comprehensive Health Center of the [[Los Angeles County Department of Health Services]] in Los Angeles, California.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.laparks.org/dos/reccenter/facility/huberthumphreyRC.htm|title=Hubert H. Humphrey Recreation Center|date=September 24, 2015|publisher=[[Los Angeles County Department of Health Services]]'|access-date=June 8, 2013|archive-date=July 18, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718035739/http://laparks.org/dos/reccenter/facility/huberthumphreyRC.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* The Hubert H. Humphrey Recreation Center of the City of Los Angeles Department of Recreation and Parks in Pacoima, CA.
* The Hubert H. Humphrey Auditorium at Doland High School<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.doland.k12.sd.us/schoolinfo/QuickFacts/QuickFacts.htm|title=Doland School District Quick Facts|publisher=Doland.k12.sd.us|access-date=June 17, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212223309/http://www.doland.k12.sd.us/schoolinfo/QuickFacts/QuickFacts.htm|archive-date=December 12, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> in Doland, South Dakota.
* The Hubert H. Humphrey Elementary School in [[Albuquerque, New Mexico]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://projects.propublica.org/schools/schools/350006000616|title=Hubert H. Humphrey Elementary|publisher=propublica.org}}</ref>
* The Hubert H. Humphrey Elementary School in [[Waverly, Minnesota]]
* The Hubert H. Humphrey Cancer Center in [[Robbinsdale, Minnesota]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mbbnet.umn.edu/institutions/hhhcc.html|title=Humphrey Cancer Center|publisher=umn.edu|date=May 31, 2013}}</ref>

== Portrayals ==
* [[Franklin Cover]] in the 1982 television film ''[[A Woman Called Golda]]''.
* [[Bradley Whitford]] in the 2016 television film ''[[All the Way (2016 film)|All the Way]]''.
* [[Doug McKeon]] in the 2017 film ''[[LBJ (2016 film)|LBJ]]''.<ref>{{cite news|last1=A. Lincoln|first1=Ross|title=Pooch Hall Knows 'A Dog's Purpose', Doug McKeon Joins LBJ|url=https://deadline.com/2015/09/pooch-hall-a-dogs-purpose-doug-mckeon-lbj-1201535024/|access-date=September 21, 2015|work=Deadline Hollywood|date=September 18, 2015}}</ref>

==Electoral history==
{{Main|Electoral history of Hubert Humphrey}}

== See also ==
* [[Politics of Minnesota]]
* Humphrey's son, [[Skip Humphrey]] and grandson Buck Humphrey are also [[Minnesota]]n politicians.
* [[List of members of the United States Congress who died in office (1950–1999)]]
* [[Humphrey objection]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References and further reading==
* {{cite journal |last1=Boomhower |first1=Ray E. |title=Fighting the Good Fight: John Bartlow Martin and Hubert Humphrey's 1968 Presidential Campaign |journal=Indiana Magazine of History |date=2020 |volume=116 |issue=1 |pages=1–29 |doi=10.2979/indimagahist.116.1.01 |jstor=10.2979/indimagahist.116.1.01 |s2cid=214394558 |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite book |last1=Caro |first1=Robert A. |author-link1=Robert Caro |title=Master of the Senate: The Years of Lyndon Johnson III |title-link=Master of the Senate |date=2002 |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-394-52836-6 }}
* Chester, Lewis, Hodgson, Godfrey, Page, Bruce. ''An American Melodrama: The Presidential Campaign of 1968.'' New York: The Viking Press, 1969. [https://archive.org/details/americanmelodram00ches online]
* [[Dan Cohen (politician)|Cohen, Dan]]. ''Undefeated: The Life of Hubert H. Humphrey''. Minneapolis: Lerner Publications, 1978.
* [[Dallek, Robert]]. ''An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy, 1917–1963''. New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2003.
* Freedman,  Samuel G. ''Into the Bright Sunshine: Young Hubert Humphrey and the Fight for Civil Rights'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 2023);
* Garrettson, Charles L. III. ''Hubert H. Humphrey: The Politics of Joy''. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1993.
* {{cite book |last1=Gitlin |first1=Todd |title=[[The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage]] |date=1987 |publisher=Bantam Books |isbn=978-0-553-34601-5 }}
* Gould, Lewis L. ''1968: The Election That Changed America'' (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1993). [https://archive.org/details/1968electionthat0000goul_m7q1 online]
* Humphrey, Hubert H. ''The Education of a Public Man: My Life and Politics''. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1976, a primary source. [https://archive.org/details/educationofpubli0000hump_v9k8 online]
* Johns, Andrew L. ''The Price of Loyalty: Hubert Humphrey's Vietnam Conflict'' (Rowman & Littlefield, 2020).
* Mann, Robert. ''The Walls of Jericho: Lyndon Johnson, Hubert Humphrey, Richard Russell and the Struggle for Civil Rights''. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1996. [https://archive.org/details/wallsofjericholy00mann online]
* Offner, Arnold. ''Hubert Humphrey: The Conscience of the Country'' (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2018).
* Ross, Irwin. ''The Loneliest Campaign: The Truman Victory of 1948''. New York: New American Library, 1968.
* Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr. ''Robert Kennedy and His Times''. New York: Ballantine Books, 1996.
* {{cite book |last1=Solberg |first1=Carl |title=Hubert Humphrey: A Biography |date=1984 |publisher=Minnesota Historical Society Press |isbn=978-0-87351-473-6 }}
* [[Jeff Taylor (politician)|Taylor, Jeff]]. ''Where Did the Party Go? William Jennings Bryan, Hubert Humphrey, and the Jeffersonian Legacy''. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2006.
* Thurber, Timothy N. ''The Politics of Equality: Hubert H. Humphrey and the African American Freedom Struggle.'' (NY: Columbia University Press, 1999).
* Traub, James. ''True Believer: Hubert Humphrey’s Quest for a More Just America'' (New York: Basic Books, 2024) [https://issforum.org/essays/PDF/E566.pdf online book review]
* White, Theodore H. ''The Making of the President 1960.'' New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 2004. (Reprint)
* {{cite book |last1=Ybarra |first1=Michael J. |title=Washington Gone Crazy: Senator Pat McCarran and the Great American Communist Hunt |date=2004 |publisher=Steerforth Press |isbn=978-1-58642-091-8 }}

===Primary sources===
* [[Edgar Berman|Berman, Edgar]]. ''[http://www.medicalalumni.org/bulletin/winter_2006/lead2.html Hubert: The Triumph And Tragedy Of The Humphrey I Knew]''. (New York: G.P. Putnam's & Sons, 1979) A physician's personal account of his friendship with Humphrey from 1957 to 1978.
* Humphrey, Hubert H. ''The Education of a Public Man: My Life and Politics'' (1976), autobiography. [https://archive.org/details/the-education-of-a-public-man online]
* Humphrey, Hubert H. ''The cause is mankind; a liberal program for modern America'' (NY: Praeger, 1964) [https://archive.org/details/causeismankindli00hump/page/n6/mode/1up online]
* Wilson, Paula, ed. ''The civil rights rhetoric of Hubert H. Humphrey : 1948-1964'' (1996) [https://archive.org/details/civilrightsrheto0000hump online]

==External links==
* {{CongBio|H000953}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20001119021400/http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/johnson/archives.hom/FAQs/humphrey/HHH_home.asp University of Texas biography]
* [http://www.mnhs.org/library/findaids/00720.xml Hubert H. Humphrey Papers] are available for research use at the [http://www.mnhs.org Minnesota Historical Society].
* Humphrey's [http://www.mnhs.org/library/findaids/00442.xml complete speech texts] and a broad sample of his [http://www.mnhs.org/library/findaids/01098.xml speech sound recordings] have been digitzed by the Minnesota Historical Society under a grant from the National Historical Publications and Records Commission.
* [https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/huberthumphey1948dnc.html Complete text and audio of Humphrey's 1948 speech at the Democratic National Convention – from AmericanRhetoric.com]
* [https://americanrhetoric.com/speeches/huberthumphrey1964dnc.htm Complete text and audio of Humphrey's 1964 speech at the Democratic National Convention – from AmericanRhetoric.com]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041130054202/http://www2.austincc.edu/lpatrick/his1302/WhenAllTheExperts1.html Account of 1948 presidential campaign] – includes text of Humphrey's speech at the Democratic National Convention
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050303201450/http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/johnson/archives.hom/oralhistory.hom/Humphrey/humphrey.asp Oral History Interviews with Hubert H. Humphrey, from the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library]
* [http://www.popcorn78.blogspot.com/2006/05/deleted-scenes.html Information on Humphrey's thought and influence, including quotations from his speeches and writings.]
* [http://csac.buffalo.edu/hhh/humphrey.html Hubert H. Humphrey at the Macedonian Baptist Church, San Francisco, May 23, 1972] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726073941/http://csac.buffalo.edu/hhh/humphrey.html |date=July 26, 2011 }} Photographs by Bruce Jackson of Humphrey on his last campaign.
* [https://radiotapes.com/special-postings/#Humphrey Radio airchecks/recordings] of Hubert H. Humphrey from 1946 to 1978 including interviews, radio appearances, newscasts, 1968 election concession speech, etc.
* {{Internet Archive film clip|id=gov.archives.arc.96003|description="Longines Chronoscope with Hubert H. Humphrey"}}
* {{Internet Archive film clip|id=gov.archives.arc.95741|description="Longines Chronoscope with Sen. Hubert H. Humphrey (March 14, 1952)"}}
*{{C-SPAN|4504}}
** [http://www.c-span.org/video/?301278-1/hubert-humphrey-presidential-contender "Hubert Humphrey, Presidential Contender"] from C-SPAN's ''[[The Contenders]]''

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Humphrey, Hubert}}
[[Category:Hubert Humphrey| ]]
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