View source for Huelva

{{Short description|City in Andalusia, Spain}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Huelva
| settlement_type = [[Municipalities of Spain|Municipality]]
|image_skyline = {{Multiple image
  | perrow = 1/2/2
  | border = infobox
  | total_width = 280 
  | caption_align = center
  | image1 = Huelva (Spain) (41302627111) (cropped).jpg
  | caption1 = Overview
  | image2 = Catedral de Huelva 2005-Julio 033.jpg
  | caption2 = [[Huelva Cathedral]]
  | image3 = Santuario de la Cinta de Huelva.JPG
  | caption3 = Santuario de la Cinta
  | image4 = Gran Teatro de Huelva (España).jpg
  | caption4 = Gran Teatro
  | image5 = Monumento a Colon (Huelva).jpg
  | caption5 = [[Monument to Columbus, Huelva|Monument to Columbus]]
}}
| image_flag = Flag of the City of Huelva (official).PNG
| image_shield = Coat of Arms of Huelva.svg
| shield_size = 70
| nickname =
| motto = Portus Maris et Terrae Custodia
| image_map          = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=285|frame-height=180|frame-align=center|frame-coordinates={{Coord|39.5|N|3.7|W}}|zoom=4|type=point|title=Huelva|marker=city|type2=shape|stroke-width2=2|stroke-color2=#808080|text=Interactive map of Huelva.}}
|map_caption              = Location of Huelva
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[Spain]]
| subdivision_type1 = Region
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andalusia]]
| subdivision_type2 = Province
| subdivision_name2 = [[Huelva (province)|Huelva]]
| seat_type = <!-- [[Capital (political)|Capital]] -->
| seat =
| coordinates = {{coord|37|15|N|6|57|W|region:ES_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 54
| elevation_min_m =
| elevation_max_m =
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 149
| established_title = Founded
| established_date = {{circa|10th–9th}} century BC
| population_as_of = {{Spain metadata Wikidata|population_as_of}}
| population_footnotes = {{Spain metadata Wikidata|population_footnotes}}
| population_total = {{Spain metadata Wikidata|population_total}}
| population_demonym = onubense, (colloquially) choquero/a
| population_note =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Languages of Spain|Official language(s)]]
| blank_info_sec1 =
| timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset = +1
| timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset_DST = +2
| postal_code_type = [[List of postal codes in Spain|Postal code]]
| postal_code = 21001 and others
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in Spain|Dialing code]]
| area_code =
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = Pilar Miranda Plata
| leader_party = [[Spanish Popular Party|PP]]
| website = {{official website|http://www.huelva.es/}}
| module                  =
| footnotes               =
}}

'''Huelva''' ({{IPAc-en|US|ˈ|hw|ɛ|l|v|ə}} {{respell|WHEL|və}},<ref>{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|Huelva|access-date=11 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Huelva|access-date=11 May 2019}}</ref> {{IPA|es|ˈwelβa|lang|Pronunciation_of_Huelva_in_Spanish.ogg}}, {{IPA|es|ˈɡweɾβa|label=[[Andalusian Spanish|locally]]}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Manuel Garrido Palacios|title=Diccionario de palabras de andar por casa (Huelva y provincia)|date=22 March 2017 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KEtwDgAAQBAJ&dq=G%C3%BCerva&pg=PA318|language=es|page=317|publisher=Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Huelva |isbn=978-84-16872-57-2 }}</ref>) is a municipality of [[Spain]] and the capital of the [[Huelva (province)|province of Huelva]], in the [[Autonomous communities of Spain|autonomous community]] of [[Andalusia]]. Located in the southwest of the [[Iberian Peninsula]], it sits between the estuaries of the [[Odiel]] and [[Rio Tinto (river)|Tinto]] rivers on the Atlantic coast of the [[Gulf of Cádiz]]. According to the 2010 census, the city had a population of 149,410.

While the existence of an earlier pre-Phoenician settlement within the current urban limits since {{circa|1250 BC}} has been tentatively defended by scholars, [[Phoenicians]] established a stable colony roughly by the 9th century BC.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.raco.cat/index.php/Pyrenae/article/viewFile/311645/401670|pages=95–96|journal=Pyrenae|volume=47|issue=1|year=2015|issn=0079-8215|first=Aurelio|last=Padilla-Monge|title=Huelva y el inicio de la colonización fenicia de la Península Ibérica|doi= 10.1344/Pyrenae2016.vol47num1.3}}</ref> Modern economic activity conformed to copper and pyrite extraction upstream funded by British capital and to the role of [[Port of Huelva|its port]], as well as with the later development of a petrochemical industry.

Huelva is home to [[Recreativo de Huelva]], the oldest football club in Spain.

==History==
=== Protohistory ===
At least up to the 1980s and 1990s, the mainstream historians' view was that Huelva began as an [[indigenous peoples|autochthonous]] [[Tartessos|Tartessian]] settlement (possibly the very same Tartessos mentioned in Greek sources); later opinions have held that it was a multi-ethnic enclave, mixing natives with peoples with a mainly Phoenician, and later Greek, extraction.{{Sfn|Ferrer Albelda|Prados Pérez|2018|p=234}} However, following the finding of Phoenician archaeological materials in the Méndez Núñez-Las Monjas site, the chronology as to the Phoenician presence was reassessed. The evidence favours solely viewing Huelva-Onoba as a very early Phoenician colony, a development which was parallel to a certain "dismantling" of the idea of Tartessos as a mainly autochthonous archaeological culture, even though the tentative identification of Huelva with Tartessos was not discarded, but rather kept.{{Sfn|Ferrer Albelda|Prados Pérez|2018|pp=234–235}} Tartessos has also been identified with the biblical [[Tarshish]].{{Sfn|Ferrer Albelda|Prados Pérez|2018|p=235}}

First contacts with the local [[Phoenicia]]n presence have been hypothesised to have taken place as early as 1015 to 975 BCE.{{Sfn|Padilla-Monge|2016|p=99}} However, remains such as those found in the Méndez Núñez-Las Monjas go so far as to show a likely Phoenician settlement of the [[9th century BC|9th century BCE]], especially to resemble a founding date of a [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyrian]] settlement from the reign of [[Ithobaal I]] between 875 and 850,{{explain|date=April 2023}}{{Sfn|Padilla-Monge|2016|p=99}} although the Méndez Núñez-Las Monjas' archaeological finds have been brought forward as evidence of a 10th-century BCE founding chronology in the era of [[Hiram I]] (c. 975–950).{{Sfn|Padilla-Monge|2016|p=99}}{{Sfn|Mederos Martín|2006|p=167}} The outpost was presumably populated mainly  by continental Phoenicians, with some possible addition of the likes of [[Eteocypriot language|Eteocypriot]]s, Cypriot Phoenicians and Sardinian Phoenicians.{{Sfn|Padilla-Monge|2016|p=100}}

As a Phoenician outpost, it facilitated local exports such as [[silver]], [[copper]], [[Tyrian purple|purple dye]] and [[Salting (food)|salted fish]], while it also served as node in the trade routes connecting the Northern Atlantic, the Southern Atlantic and the Mediterranean.{{Sfn|Mederos Martín|2006|pp=167; 171}} Population notably increased from the mid-8th century BCE onward, possibly connected to the arrival of refugees fleeing from [[Tiglath-Pileser III]] and, overall, from the economic crisis and social unrest induced by the [[Assyria|Assyrian]] subjugation of the Levant.{{Sfn|Padilla-Monge|2016|p=101}}

It was called ''ʿunʿu baʿl'' ("[[Baal]]'s fort") by the Phoenicians, which in most [[Ancient Greeks|Greek]] texts corrupted to {{lang|grc|Ὄνοβα}} (''Onoba'').{{citation needed|date=August 2021}} The Tartessian world entered a crisis in the 6th century BCE.{{Sfn|Rufete Tomico|2001|pp=162; 189}} The transition from the Tartessian period to the ensuing [[Turdetania|Turdetani]] period was presumably slow and not traumatic, degenerating from an economy based on mining to a new one focused on the trade of agricultural and fishing products.{{Sfn|Rufete Tomico|2001|pp=189–190}} It was in the hands of the [[Turdetani]] at the time of conquest by [[Rome]], and before the conquest, it issued silver coins with [[Iberian language|Iberian]] lettering.

=== Antiquity ===
[[File:Moneda Onuba.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Roman coin with the {{Smallcaps|onuba}} inscription]]
The place was called both ''Onoba Æstuaria''<ref>[[Greek language|Greek]]: {{lang|grc|Ὄνοβα Αἰστουάρια}}, [[Ptolemy]], ii. 4. § 5.</ref> or ''Onuba'' (used on coinage) during Roman times, or, simply, ''Onoba''.<ref>[[Strabo]], iii. p. 143, [[Pomponius Mela]], iii. 1. § 5.</ref> It was put in the Roman province of [[Hispania Baetica|Hispania Bætica]]. According to the [[Antonine Itinerary]]: it was a maritime town between the Anas, (modern [[Guadiana]]) and Bætis (modern [[Guadalquivir]]); it was on the estuary of the Luxia (modern [[Odiel]]), and on the road from the mouth of the Anas to Augusta Emerita (modern [[Mérida, Spain|Mérida]]).<ref>''[[Antonine Itinerary]]'', p. 431</ref> There are still some Roman remains. Huelva hosted a mint; and many coins have been found there bearing the name of the town as Onuba.<ref>[[Enrique Florez]], ''Med''. ii. pp. 510, 649; Théodore Edme Mionnet, i. p. 23, Suppl. p. 39; Sestini, ''Med. Isp.'' p. 75, ''ap.'' [[Friedrich August Ukert]], vol. ii. pt. 1. p. 340.</ref>

=== Middle Ages ===
Soon after the beginning of the [[Umayyad conquest of Hispania|Umayyad invasion of the Iberian Peninsula]] in 711, ''Onuba'' was seized by the troops of [[Musa ibn Nusayr]] by April 712.<ref>{{Cite journal|journal=Quaderns de les Assemblees d'Estudis|issue=10|year=2008|url=https://www.raco.cat/index.php/QuadernsAE/article/view/352420|last=Amat Cortés|first=Joan|title=La ocupación árabe de Besalú}}</ref> Within a few decades, to both the broader Islamic world and the conquered locals, the town's name had corrupted to ولبة (''Walba'').

During the [[fitna of al-Andalus]] a weak and ephemeral [[taifa]] emerged following the demise of local [[Umayyad dynasty|Umayyad control]]: the ''[[taifa of Saltés and Huelva|bakrid]]'', from 1012 to 1051. In the latter year, it was annexed by the more powerful [[Taifa of Seville]],<ref name=mazzoliguinard>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/ccmed_0007-9731_2004_num_47_186_2882_t1_0191_0000_2|title=Alejandro Garcia Sanjuán. — La Huelva islámica, una ciudad del Occidente de al- Andalus (siglos VIII-XIII). Séville, Univ. de Sévilla-Excmo, 2002 (Historia y Geografia, 61)|pages=191–192|journal=Cahiers de Civilisation Médiévale|year=2004|issue=47|first=Christine|last=Mazzoli-Guintard}}</ref> to be later occupied by the [[Almoravids]] in 1091. By 1262, Huelva&mdash;then part of the [[Taifa of Niebla]]&mdash;was taken by [[Alfonso X of Castile]].<ref name=mazzoliguinard />{{Sfn|García-Arreciado Batanero|1988|p=175}} From 1265 onward, Huelva enjoyed an exemption from the ''portazgo'' tribute, a [[customs duty|portage tax]].{{Sfn|González Arce|2018|p=46}}

Following the Christian conquest, the town became a ''[[demesne|royal demesne]]'' for a short time, until it was ceded in Lordship to Admiral {{ill|Juan Mathé de la Luna|es}} in 1293 by [[Sancho IV of Castile]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sánchez Saus|first=Rafael|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mem5DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA40|page=40|title=Huelva en la Edad Media|editor=Juan Luis Carriazo Rubio & José María Miura Andrades|publisher=[[University of Huelva|Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Huelva]]|location=Huelva|chapter=Caracterización de la nobleza medieval en el área onubense<!--|pages=37–62-->|year=2017|isbn=978-84-17066-07-9}}</ref> After a period during which Huelva was probably controlled by Seville, the ''[[Tenant-in-chief|tenencia]]'' of the lordship was passed to several lords, including [[Alonso Meléndez de Guzmán]]&mdash;brother of [[Eleanor de Guzmán]]&mdash;(in 1338) and [[Juan Alfonso de la Cerda]] ({{circa|1344}}).<ref name=arreciadobatanero /> Huelva, again a ''realengo'' for a short time during the reign of [[Peter I of Castile|Peter I]], saw its privileges confirmed and was granted the right to choose the ''alcalde'' and the ''alguacil'' in 1351.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ladero Quesada|first=Miguel Ángel|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mem5DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA218|page=218|title=Huelva en la Edad Media|editor=Juan Luis Carriazo Rubio & José María Miura Andrades|publisher=[[University of Huelva|Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Huelva]]|location=Huelva|chapter=Los señoríos medievales onubenses. Período de formación<!--|pages=203–228-->|year=2017|isbn=978-84-17066-07-9}}</ref> The lordship was soon given to the king's mistress, [[María de Padilla]].<ref name=arreciadobatanero>{{Cite journal|journal=Huelva en su historia|issue=2|year=1988<!--175-230-->|issn=1136-6877|pages=178–179|url=http://rabida.uhu.es/dspace/bitstream/handle/10272/3019/b15129494.pdf?sequence=1|title=La villa de Huelva en la Baja Edad Media|first=María Auxiliadora|last=García-Arreciado Batanero}}</ref>

=== Early modern history ===
[[File:Puerto de Huelva siglo XVIII.JPG|thumb|right|18th-century depiction of the port and city]]
It suffered substantial damage in the [[1755 Lisbon earthquake]].

Huelva became a leading fishing town in Andalusia in the 16th century (thriving in the [[sardine]] and [[tuna]] markets).{{Sfn|Mojarro Bayo|2010|p=307}} The town became a provincial capital in 1833.{{Sfn|Mojarro Bayo|2010|p=307}}

=== Modern history ===
Mines in the countryside still send copper and [[pyrite]] to [[Port of Huelva|Huelva's port]] for export. From about 1873, the major mining company has been [[Rio Tinto Group|Rio Tinto]].<ref name="autogenerated1">Ben Macintyre, Operation Mincemeat; How a Dead Man and a Bizarre Plan Fooled the Nazis and Assured an Allied Victory, Harmony Books, Chapter 8</ref>
[[File:Nuevo muelle-embarcadero del ferrocarril de las Minas de Riotinto, Huelva.jpg|thumb|right|New pier-jetty of the Minas de Riotinto railway station, about to be opened in 1876]]
Huelva acquired the status of city (''ciudad'') by means of a royal decree on 17 September 1876.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://rabida.uhu.es/dspace/bitstream/handle/10272/72/12735206.pdf?...|last=Mojarro Bayo|first=Ana María|title=La historia del puerto de Huelva, 1873-1930|year=2010|publisher=[[Universidad de Huelva]]|isbn=978-84-96826-92-2 |location=Huelva|pages=307–308}}</ref>

The ore-smelting caused severe [[sulfur dioxide]] pollution and was frequently met by the protests of local farmers, peasants and miners, allied under the anarchist [[Syndicalist Party|Syndicalist]] leader Maximiliano Tornet. On 4 February 1888, the Pavi Regiment of the Spanish Army opened fire on demonstrators at the village plaza of Rio Tinto. Historians estimate the number of deaths at 100 to 200.<ref name="autogenerated2">David Avery, Not on Queen Victoria's Birthday: The Story of the Rio Tinto Mines, Collins, London, 1974. p. 207; 6, pp. 83 ff.</ref> One hundred years later, environmentalists defending the nearby village of [[Nerva, Spain|Nerva]] referred to 1888 as the "year of shots",  in their protests against the provincial government's plans to site a large waste dump in a disused mine in the 1990s.<ref name="autogenerated3">Joan Martinez-Alier, Mining conflicts, environmental justice, and valuation, in Journal of Hazardous Materials 86 (2001) 153–170</ref>

The local football club, [[Recreativo de Huelva]] was founded in 1889 by workers of [[Rio Tinto Group]]. Nicknamed the ''[[doyen|Decano]]'' of Spanish football, it is the longest-playing  football club in Spain.

The [[Spanish coup of July 1936|17–18 July 1936 military coup d'état]] that started the [[Spanish Civil War]] failed in the city and much of the province. However, on 27 July, 500 [[Guardia Civil|''guardias civiles'']] rose in arms against the Republic in the city, with the authorities escaping and later being shot down.<ref name=diazdom>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sW-_DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA148|page=148|first=María Paz|last=Díaz Domínguez|year=2016|title=Cincuenta años en la prensa de Huelva: de los años veinte a los albores de la democracia (1923-1975)|publisher=[[University of Huelva|Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Huelva]]|isbn=978-84-16621-80-4}}</ref> Two days later, on 29 July, a rebel column from Seville on behalf of [[Gonzalo Queipo de Llano]] took control of the city.<ref name=diazdom /> For the rest of the conflict, it remained to the rear of the zone controlled by the [[Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)|Rebel faction]]. The ensuing [[Francoist repression]] took a heavy toll, with an estimated total of {{nts|6019}} deaths all over the province for the rearguard and post-war repression.<ref>{{Cite book|page=90<!--|pages=87-98-->|chapter=Las cifras de la violencia institucional y las implicaciones de la represión sobre las actitudes sociales y políticas de la población andaluza|first=Francisco|last=Cobo Romero|year=2012|url=https://www.centrodeestudiosandaluces.es/datos/publicaciones/CAHC_01_represion_franquista.pdf|title=La represión franquista en Andalucía: balance historiográfico, perspectivas teóricas y análisis de los resultados|editor=Francisco Cobo Romero|isbn=978-84-939926-0-6|volume=1|publisher=Centro de Estudios Andaluces}}</ref>

During [[World War II]], the city was a hub of espionage activities led by members of the large British and German [[expatriate]] communities. German activity centered on reporting British shipping moving in and out of the Atlantic. Most famously, the outskirts{{of what|date=April 2023}} was where [[Operation Mincemeat]] allowed a [[cadaver]] carrying forged identification to wash ashore.<ref name="autogenerated1"/><ref>Gladwell, Malcolm, ''[http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/05/10/pandoras-briefcase Pandora's Briefcase]'', The New Yorker, 10 May 2010, reprised 2015.07.26 by Henry Finder in a New Yorker newsletter</ref>{{refn|group=n.|The cadaver, "[[Major William Martin, Royal Marines]]" of [[Operation Mincemeat]] is buried in the San Marco section of the cemetery of Nuestra Senora under a headstone that reads: {{Quotation|William Martin, born 29 March 1907, died 24 April 1943, beloved son of John Glyndwyr and the late Antonia Martin of Cardiff, Wales, DULCE ET DECORUM EST PRO PATRIA MORI, R.I.P.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>}}}}

Twenty-five years after the city was declared a ''Polo de Desarrollo Industrial'' ("Pole of Industrial Development") in 1964, the population had nearly doubled.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=La ciudad de Huelva : evolución, estructura y problemática actual|last=Martínez Chacón|first=Alfonso|volume=4|year=1992|journal=Huelva en su Historia|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/60639475.pdf|page=317}}</ref>

== Geography ==
;Location
[[File:(Huelva) Seville, Spain (49104522676) (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.4]]
Huelva is in the Southwest of the [[Iberian Peninsula]], in the [[Gulf of Cádiz]], facing the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. The coastline straddling along the Gulf of Cádiz is known as [[Costa de la Luz]]. The city lies next to the estuary formed by the confluence of the [[Odiel]] and [[Tinto River|Tinto]], sandwiched in between both rivers.

A rather wide estuary in ancient times, the estuary of Huelva progressively silted up to a large extent.{{Sfn|Cano García|Jordá Borrell|2003|p=49}}

==Transportation==
Huelva is home to Grupo Damas, a major provincial bus company providing connections between Huelva and other cities in Spain.

The city has a modern train station, inaugurated in 2018, which connects Huelva to Seville via regular trains and to Madrid through daily high-speed AVE train services. Currently, there are no direct train services between Huelva and Portugal.

The [[Port of Huelva]] offers passenger ferry services operated by Naviera Armas. The ferry ''Volcán del Teide'' provides weekly connections to [[Arrecife]] (Lanzarote) and [[Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]] in the Canary Islands.

Huelva does not have its own airport yet. The nearest airports are [[Faro Airport]] (Portugal), approximately 93 km away, and [[Seville Airport]], about 95 km away. Both airports offer a range of domestic and international flights.

==Demographics==
Huelva had a population of 149,410 in 2010.  The city experienced a population boom in the nineteenth century, due to the exploitation of mineral resources in the area, and another with the construction of the ''Polo de Desarrollo'' (industrial hub) in the 1960s. It had a population of 5,377 inhabitants in 1787, which had risen to only 8,519 by 1857. From 1887, the city experienced rapid growth, reaching 21,539 residents in 1900, 56,427 in 1940, and 96,689 in 1970. Rapid expansion occurred in the following decades, and the population reached 141,479 by 1991.

From 1997 to 2007, immigration both from abroad and from the surrounding area sustained population growth. In 2007, the city reached a population of 145,000, while the metropolitan area had nearly 232,000 inhabitants, encompassing the surrounding areas of [[Aljaraque]], [[Moguer]], [[San Juan del Puerto, Spain|San Juan del Puerto]], [[Punta Umbría]], [[Gibraleón]], and [[Palos de la Frontera]]. The 2006 census recorded a foreign-born population of almost 5,000 people in the urban centre, the majority of whom were of [[Morocco|Moroccan]] origin.

==Climate==

Huelva and its metropolitan area experience a [[Mediterranean climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Csa''), characterized by mild, wet winters and long, hot, dry summers. The average annual temperature is approximately 18.1°C (64.6°F), with average highs reaching 25.5°C (77.9°F) in August and lows of 11.4°C (52.5°F) in January. Annual precipitation is around {{convert|525|mm|1|abbr=on}} per year, typically spread across 53 rainy days, with December being the wettest month. Extreme temperatures have included a high of 43.9°C (111.0°F) recorded on 25 July 2022 and a low of -3.2°C (29°F) recorded in January. While Huelva experiences milder conditions near the coastline, its location near the river delta slightly amplifies summer warmth.

Snowfall is an extremely rare phenomenon in the city of Huelva. The most significant snowfalls recorded occurred in February 1954 and January 1991, with snow depths reaching up to 10 cm (4 in) and 15 cm (6 in), respectively, causing notable disruptions due to the region's lack of preparedness for such events. Huelva's climate is further influenced by being on the Atlantic Ocean, which moderates temperatures, particularly in coastal areas.

The Sierra de Huelva's unique microclimate also contributes to its occasional snowfalls yearly, making it a distinct feature compared to the otherwise temperate lowlands.


{{Weather box
| location = Huelva, Ronda Este 1981–2010
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| Jan record high C = 24.6
| Feb record high C = 27.6
| Mar record high C = 31.0
| Apr record high C = 33.0
| May record high C = 38.9
| Jun record high C = 40.6
| Jul record high C = 43.9
| Aug record high C = 43.4
| Sep record high C = 42.0
| Oct record high C = 34.7
| Nov record high C = 28.4
| Dec record high C = 24.6
| year record high C = 43.9
| Jan high C = 16.2
| Feb high C = 17.8
| Mar high C = 20.7
| Apr high C = 22.0
| May high C = 25.2
| Jun high C = 29.0
| Jul high C = 32.7
| Aug high C = 32.4
| Sep high C = 29.4
| Oct high C = 24.9
| Nov high C = 20.0
| Dec high C = 16.9
| year high C = 23.9
| Jan mean C = 11.0
| Feb mean C = 12.4
| Mar mean C = 14.7
| Apr mean C = 16.1
| May mean C = 19.2
| Jun mean C = 22.8
| Jul mean C = 25.8
| Aug mean C = 25.8
| Sep mean C = 23.4
| Oct mean C = 19.5
| Nov mean C = 14.9
| Dec mean C = 12.3
| year mean C = 18.2
| Jan low C = 5.9
| Feb low C = 7.0
| Mar low C = 8.8
| Apr low C = 10.3
| May low C = 13.2
| Jun low C = 16.6
| Jul low C = 18.9
| Aug low C = 19.1
| Sep low C = 17.3
| Oct low C = 14.1
| Nov low C = 9.8
| Dec low C = 7.6
| year low C = 12.4
| Jan record low C = -3.2
| Feb record low C = -2.2
| Mar record low C = -1.2
| Apr record low C = 1.6
| May record low C = 5.8
| Jun record low C = 8.4
| Jul record low C = 12.4
| Aug record low C = 14.0
| Sep record low C = 10.0
| Oct record low C = 6.6
| Nov record low C = 0.8
| Dec record low C = -2.2
| year record low C = -3.2
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 71
| Feb precipitation mm = 50
| Mar precipitation mm = 38
| Apr precipitation mm = 48
| May precipitation mm = 29
| Jun precipitation mm = 8
| Jul precipitation mm = 3
| Aug precipitation mm = 4
| Sep precipitation mm = 26
| Oct precipitation mm = 68
| Nov precipitation mm = 79
| Dec precipitation mm = 99
| year precipitation mm = 525
| Jan humidity = 77
| Feb humidity = 74
| Mar humidity = 68
| Apr humidity = 65
| May humidity = 62
| Jun humidity = 57
| Jul humidity = 51
| Aug humidity = 55
| Sep humidity = 61
| Oct humidity = 69
| Nov humidity = 73
| Dec humidity = 78
| year humidity = 66
| Jan precipitation days = 7
| Feb precipitation days = 6
| Mar precipitation days = 4
| Apr precipitation days = 6
| May precipitation days = 4
| Jun precipitation days = 1
| Jul precipitation days = 0
| Aug precipitation days = 0
| Sep precipitation days = 2
| Oct precipitation days = 6
| Nov precipitation days = 6
| Dec precipitation days = 8
| year precipitation days = 52
| unit precipitation days = 1mm
| Jan sun = 165
| Feb sun = 171
| Mar sun = 229
| Apr sun = 255
| May sun = 296
| Jun sun = 341
| Jul sun = 367
| Aug sun = 340
| Sep sun = 268
| Oct sun = 211
| Nov sun = 176
| Dec sun = 151
| year sun = 2970
| source 1 = [[Agencia Estatal de Meteorología]]<ref>{{cite web
 |url=http://www.aemet.es/es/conocermas/publicaciones/detalles/guia_resumida_2010 
 |title=Guía resumida del clima en España (1981–2010) 
 |url-status=dead 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526104145/http://www.aemet.es/es/conocermas/publicaciones/detalles/guia_resumida_2010 
 |archive-date=26 May 2013 
}}</ref>
| date = October 2016
| source = 
}}

[[File:Monumento a Colón (Huelva).jpg|thumb|right|''[[Monument to the Discovery Faith]]'', a 37-metre-tall sculpture by [[Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney]] celebrating the Columbian exploration of the Americas]]

==Artists==
The most well-known artists in Huelva have been the poet and winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature [[Juan Ramón Jiménez]], the sculptor [[Antonio León Ortega]], the writer [[Nicolas Tenorio Cerero]] and the painter [[Daniel Vázquez Díaz]].<br/>
Other outstanding artists from Huelva include the painters [[José Caballero (painter)|José Caballero]], Pedro Gómez y Gómez, Antonio Brunt, Mateo Orduña Castellano, Pablo Martínez Coto, Manuel Moreno Díaz, Juan Manuel Seisdedos Romero, Francisco Doménech, Esperanza Abot, José María Labrador, Sebastián García Vázquez, Pilar Barroso, Juan Carlos Castro Crespo, Lola Martín, Antonio Gómez Feu, Rafael Aguilera, and Florencio Aguilera Correa. [[Miguel Báez Espuny]], called ''el Litri'', was a very famous bullfighter from Huelva; his son, named Miguel Báez [[:es:Miguel_Báez_Spínola_"El_Litri"|Spínola]], was also a very renowned bullfighter who retired in 1999.

== Sports ==
The city is home to [[Recreativo de Huelva]], the oldest [[Association football|football]] club in Spain.{{Cn|date=March 2023}}

==Events==
* Cabalgata de los Reyes Magos: Held on January 5th, this traditional parade features the Three Wise Men distributing sweets and gifts to children, marking the culmination of the Christmas season.
* Carnaval: Celebrated in February, the carnival includes vibrant parades, music, and dance, with participants donning elaborate costumes, reflecting the city's festive spirit.
* Semana Santa (Holy Week): During March or April, Huelva's streets come alive with solemn processions, religious imagery, and traditional music, commemorating the Passion of Christ.
*  Romería del Rocío: In late May or early June, pilgrims from Huelva join thousands from across Spain to journey to the [[El Rocío|village of El Rocío]] in one of the country's most significant religious pilgrimages.
* Colombinas Festivities (Fiestas Colombinas): Held in late July and early August, these festivities honor Christopher Columbus's departure from Huelva's port the 3rd of August of 1492, featuring concerts, fairs, and cultural events.
* Fiestas de la Cinta: Held between 3–8 September, commemorate Virgin Cinta with concerts and a festival.
* Ibero-American Film Festival [[Festival de Cine Iberoamericano de Huelva]]:In November, this festival showcases films from Latin American countries, Spain, and Portugal, promoting cultural exchange and cinematic excellence.
* San Sebastián, festival 20 January
* Fiesta de la Gamba, Jamón y del Vino (Prawn, Ham, and Wine Festival): A gastronomic highlight of the year, this festival in spring celebrates local delicacies, including fresh prawns, Iberian ham, and regional wines, drawing food lovers from across Andalusia.
* Fiesta de la Tapa: Typically held during the year, this event offers visitors and locals the chance to sample a wide variety of tapas from local restaurants, showcasing the region's culinary diversity.

==Nearby==
Near Huelva, in the [[Huelva River]] estuary, lies ''Herculis Insula'', mentioned by [[Strabo]] (iii. p.&nbsp;170), called {{lang|grc|Ἡράκλεια}} by [[Stephanus of Byzantium]] (''s. v.''), now ''[[Saltes Island|Isla Saltés]]''.

The [[Doñana National Park]] is in the south-east of Huelva territory.

==Notable people==
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---> 
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦--->
*[[Al-Bakri]] (1040-1094), historian and geographer 
* [[Francisco Manuel de las Heras y Borrero]] (1951–2013), Spanish historian
*[[Cinta Pérez]] (born 1985), former footballer
*[[Carolina Marín]] (born 1993), professional badminton player
*[[Luis de Torres|Yosef ben HaLevi HaIvri]] (born in the 15th century), a Jew who accompanied [[Christopher Columbus]] as an interpreter on his first voyage.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mariana |first1=Mariana |title=Yosef ben Halevy |url=https://www.orveshalom.org/tell_me_about/sephardic_judaism/sephardic_corner?post_id=863141 |website=Congregation Or V'Shalom |access-date=21 June 2024}}</ref>

==Twin towns – sister cities==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Spain}}
Huelva is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:
{{Column list|
* [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]], Spain
* [[Genoa]], Italy<ref>{{cite web |access-date=28 February 2010 |last=Diario ABC |title=El hermanamiento Huelva-Génova más cerca |url=http://hemeroteca.abcdesevilla.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/sevilla/abc.sevilla/1989/05/30/006.html}}<!-- auto-translated from Spanish by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>
* [[Viganella]], Italy
* [[Győr]], Hungary
* [[Faro, Portugal|Faro]], Portugal
* [[New Orleans]], United States
* [[Houston]], United States
* [[Cádiz]], Spain
* [[Marín, Pontevedra|Marín]], Spain
* [[Vancouver]], Canada
* [[Piteşti]], Romania
* [[Tangier]], Morocco<ref>{{cite web |access-date=28 February 2010 |last=ANMAR |title=Red de hermanamientos entre ciudades marroquíes y andaluzas |url=http://www.an-mar.org/index.php?Itemid=61&id=20&option=com_content&task=view}}<!-- auto-translated from Spanish by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>
* [[Santa María del Río, San Luis Potosí|Santa María del Río]], Mexico (2010)<ref>{{cite web |access-date=23 March 2018 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305084504/http://www.santamariadelrioslp.gob.mx/ |title=Copia archivada |url=http://www.santamariadelrioslp.gob.mx/}}<!-- auto-translated from Spanish by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=13 August 2014 |archive-date=13 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813232715/http://www.andaluciadeviaje.es/noticia/huelva_se_hermanara_con_el_municipio_mexicano_de_santa_maria_del_rio_765 |title=Copia archivada |url=http://www.andaluciadeviaje.es/noticia/huelva_se_hermanara_con_el_municipio_mexicano_de_santa_maria_del_rio_765}}<!-- auto-translated from Spanish by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>
* [[Lugo]], Spain
* [[Safi, Morocco|Safi]], Morocco<ref>{{cite web |access-date=25 July 2022 |last=Ayuntamiento de Huelva |title=Ayuntamiento de Huelva - Gabriel Cruz anuncia el hermanamiento entre Huelva y Safí |url=https://www.huelva.es/portal/es/noticias/el-alcalde-anuncia-el-acuerdo-del-hermanamiento-entre-huelva-y-saf%C3%AD}}<!-- auto-translated from Spanish by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>
}}

==See also==
* [[Costa de la Luz]]
* [[Tourist Mining Train]]
* [[Tharsis railway line]]
* [[Riotinto Railway]]
* [[Rio Tinto Company Limited]]
* [[List of municipalities in Huelva]]

==References==
;Informational notes
{{reflist|group=n.}}
;Citations
{{Reflist}}

;Bibliography 
* {{Cite journal|last1=Cano García|first1=Gabriel|last2=Jordá Borrell|first2=Rosa|year=2003|title=Antiguos puertos e islas en el litoral andaluz: cartografía, toponimia e historia|url=https://idus.us.es/bitstream/handle/11441/44095/Antiguos%20Puertos%20E%20Islas%20En%20El%20Litoral%20Andaluz.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|journal=Cuadernos de Geografía|issue=73|pages=39–54|issn=0210-086X}}
* {{Cite book|chapter=Tarteso = Huelva: una identificación controvertida|first1=Eduardo|last1=Ferrer Albelda|first2=Eduardo|last2=Prados Pérez|title=Arqueología y territorio en la provincia de Huelva: veinte años de las Jornadas de Aljaraque (1998-2017)|editor-first=Pedro|editor-last=Campos Jara|year=2018|isbn=978-84-8163-584-3|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336995213|pages=217–248}}
* {{Cite journal|journal=[[Hispania. Revista Española de Historia]]|year=2018|volume=LXXVIII|issue=258|pages=39–67|issn=0018-2141|doi=10.3989/hispania.2018.002|url=http://hispania.revistas.csic.es/index.php/hispania/article/view/583/582/584|title=La adaptación de la fiscalidad aduanera a los intereses repobladores, comerciales y políticos. Andalucía, 1241-1550|first=José Damián|last=González Arce|publisher=[[Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas|Editorial CSIC]]|location=Madrid|doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite journal|url=http://institucional.us.es/revistas/spal/15/art_8.pdf|issn=1133-4525|doi=10.12795/spal.2006.i15.08|title=Fenicios en Huelva, en el siglo X AC, durante el reinado de Hîrâm I de Tiro|first=Alfredo|last=Mederos Martín|journal=SPAL: Revista de Prehistoria y Arqueología de la Universidad de Sevilla|location=Seville|publisher=[[University of Seville|Universidad de Sevilla]]|issue=15|year=2006|pages=167–188}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Padilla-Monge|first=Aurelio|year=2016|title=Huelva y el inicio de la colonización fenicia de la Península Ibérica|journal=Pyrenae|volume=47|issue=1|pages=95–117|url=https://www.raco.cat/index.php/Pyrenae/article/view/311645/401670/|publisher=[[University of Barcelona|Universitat de Barcelona]]|location=Barcelona|doi=10.1344/Pyrenae2016.vol47num1.3|issn=0079-8215}}
* {{Cite journal|title=El final de Tartessos y el periodo Turdetano en Huelva|first=Pilar|last=Rufete Tomico|journal=Huelva Arqueológica|issn=0211-1187|issue=17|year=2001|pages=3–204|url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/279275.pdf}}

==References==
*{{SmithDGRG}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
{{ infobox| header1 = This article is in the world's first Encyclopedia ''[[Naturalis Historia]]'' by [[Pliny the Elder]] [77–79 AD]: <br/> see → [[Naturalis Historia|NH]] Book 3.7.
}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080108081103/http://sierradearacena.net/ Información sobre la Sierra de Aracena]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060503044914/http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/institutodeestadistica/sima/htm/sm21041.htm Huelva] – Sistema de Información Multiterritorial de Andalucía
* [http://www.andalucia.com/cities/huelva.htm City of Huelva] Andalucia Destination
* [http://www.huelva.es/  Huelva municipal government] Official Website {{in lang|es}}
* [http://www.andalucia.com/cities/huelva.htm City of Huelva] Andalucia Destination
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051130234435/http://www.puertohuelva.com/index.asp?idioma=ENG Port Authority of Huelva] Official web page with information about the port, its history and technical characteristics.
* [http://www.andalucia.com/maps/huelva.htm Maps] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205213512/http://andalucia.com/maps/huelva.htm |date=5 December 2010 }}
**{{Cite web|url=http://www.justspain.org/spain/huelva/huelva-maps.asp |title=Maps of Huelva |publisher=Justspain.org |date=30 May 2007}}
**{{Cite web|author=Antonio Delgado|url=http://huelva.es/callejero/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061021144000/http://huelva.es/callejero/index.html |archive-date=21 October 2006 |title=Huelva.es ::: Ayuntamiento de Huelva (España) |date=21 October 2006}}
* [http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/cultura/opencms/export/bibliotecas/bibhuelva/informlocal/guiacompletadeautores.html Guía de autores onubenses (Local writers)] Juntadeandalucia.es. Juan David Ayllón Burguillo {{in lang|es}}
* [http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/medioambiente/servtc5/ventana/mostrarFicha.do?idEspacio=7419 Doñana Natural Park] {{in lang|es}}
* [http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/medioambiente/servtc5/ventana/mostrarFicha.do?idEspacio=7420 Sierra de Aracena Natural Park] {{in lang|es}}
* [https://moodlecentro.es/huelva/ Moodle Centros Huelva]

{{Phoenician cities and colonies navbox}}
{{Municipalities in Huelva}}
{{Capitals of Provinces in Spain}}
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[[Category:Huelva| ]]
[[Category:Municipalities in the Province of Huelva]]