View source for Hugh Trevor-Roper

{{Short description|British historian (1914–2003)}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific-prefix = [[The Right Honourable]]
| name          = The Lord Dacre of Glanton
| honorific_suffix = {{postnom|country=GBR|size=100|FBA}}
| image         = Hugh Trevor-Roper (1975).jpg
| image_size    =
| alt           = Cropped black and white photograph of Trevor-Roper being given a book
| caption       = Trevor-Roper in 1975
| birth_name    = {{nowrap|Hugh Redwald Trevor-Roper}}
| birth_date    = {{birth date|1914|01|15|df=y}}
| birth_place   = [[Glanton]], [[Northumberland]], England
| death_date    = {{death date and age|2003|1|26|1914|01|15|df=y}}
| death_place   = [[Oxford]], [[Oxfordshire]], England
| alma_mater    = [[Christ Church, Oxford]]
| occupation    = Historian
| known_for     = Studies in 17th-century European history, [[Nazi Germany]]
| title         = [[Regius Professor of History (Oxford)|Regius Professor of Modern History]]
| term          = 1957–1980
| predecessor   = [[Vivian Hunter Galbraith]]
| successor     = [[Michael Howard (historian)|Michael Howard]]
| spouse        = {{marriage|Alexandra Howard-Johnston|1954|1997|end=d.}}
| relatives     = [[Patrick Trevor-Roper]] (brother)
| module        = {{Infobox military person
| embed         = yes
| allegiance    = {{flag|United Kingdom}}
| branch        = {{army|United Kingdom}}
| unit          = [[Intelligence Corps (United Kingdom)|Intelligence Corps]]
| rank          = [[Major (United Kingdom)|Major]]
| battles       = [[World War II]]
}}
}}
'''Hugh Redwald Trevor-Roper, Baron Dacre of Glanton''', {{postnom|country=GBR|FBA}} (15 January 1914 – 26 January 2003) was an English historian. He was [[Regius Professor of History (Oxford)|Regius Professor of Modern History]] at the [[University of Oxford]].

Trevor-Roper was a [[polemic]]ist and essayist on a range of historical topics, but particularly England in the 16th and 17th centuries and [[Nazi Germany]]. According to [[John Philipps Kenyon]], "some of [Trevor-Roper's] short essays have affected the way we think about the past more than other men's books".<ref>Quoted at Adam Sisman, ''Hugh Trevor-Roper'' (2010) p. 414</ref> [[Richard Davenport-Hines]] and [[Adam Sisman]] wrote that "The bulk of his publications is formidable{{nbsp}}... Some of his essays are of Victorian length. All of them reduce large subjects to their essence. Many of them{{nbsp}}... have lastingly transformed their fields."<ref>''One Hundred Letters from Hugh Trevor-Roper'' (2014), introduction.</ref> Conversely, Sisman wrote: "the mark of a great historian is that he writes great books, on the subject which he has made his own. By this exacting standard Hugh failed."<ref>Adam Sisman, ''Hugh Trevor-Roper'' (2010) p. 375</ref>

In 1945, British intelligence tasked Trevor-Roper with ascertaining the facts about [[Adolf Hitler's death]]. From interviews with a range of witnesses and study of surviving documents, he concluded in ''The Last Days of Hitler'' (1947) that Hitler was dead and had not [[Conspiracy theories about Adolf Hitler's death|escaped Berlin]].

In 1983, Trevor-Roper's reputation was "severely damaged" when he authenticated the [[Hitler Diaries]] shortly before they were shown to be forgeries.<ref>{{cite book|first1=R. C. S. |last1=Trahair|first2=Robert L. |last2=Miller|title=Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies, and Secret Operations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3LtFS3rl9MC&pg=PA399|year=2013|publisher=Enigma Books|page=399|isbn=9781936274253}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Trevor-Roper was born at [[Glanton]], [[Northumberland]], England, the son of Kathleen Elizabeth Davidson (died 1964) and Bertie William Edward Trevor-Roper (1885–1978), a doctor, descended from [[Henry Roper, 8th Baron Teynham]] and second husband of Anne, 16th [[Baron Dacre#Barons Dacre, first Creation (1321)|Baroness Dacre]].<ref>''Hugh Trevor-Roper: The Biography'', Adam Sisman, Hachette, p. 1</ref> Trevor-Roper "enjoyed (but not too seriously){{nbsp}}... that he was a collateral descendant of [[William Roper]], the son-in-law and biographer of Sir [[Thomas More]]{{nbsp}}... as a boy he was aware that only a dozen lives (several of them those of elderly bachelors) separated him from inheriting the Teynham peerage."<ref name=":1">''One Hundred Letters from Hugh Trevor-Roper'', ed. Richard Davenport-Hines, Adam Sisman, Oxford University Press.</ref>{{Reference page|location=introduction}}

Trevor-Roper's brother, [[Patrick Trevor-Roper|Patrick]], became a leading [[eye surgeon]] and [[gay rights]] activist. Trevor-Roper was educated at [[Belhaven Hill School]], [[Charterhouse School|Charterhouse]], and [[Christ Church, Oxford]], where he read first [[Classics]] (''Literae Humaniores'') and then [[Modern History]]. He got a first-class degree in [[Classical Moderations]] in 1934 and won the Craven, the Ireland, and the Hertford scholarships in Classics. Initially, both he and his brother<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Richmond |first=Caroline |date=2004-05-08 |title=Patrick Trevor-Roper |journal=British Medical Journal |volume=328 |issue=7448 |pmc=406337 |at=Supplementary Material (Longer Version) |issn=0959-8138}}</ref> intended to make their careers in the Classics, but Hugh became bored with what he regarded as the pedantic technical aspects of the classics course at Oxford and switched to history, where he obtained first-class honours in 1936.<ref>{{cite magazine | last = Beran | first = Michael Knox | title = H.R. Trevor-Roper, R.I.P. | magazine = National Review | date=30 January 2003 | url = http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/comment-beran013103.asp | access-date = 20 June 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070709172943/http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/comment-beran013103.asp | archive-date = 9 July 2007}}</ref> Whilst at Oxford, he was a member of the exclusive [[Stubbs Society]] and was initiated as a [[Freemason]] in the [[Apollo University Lodge]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Oxford Freemasons: A Social History of the Apollo University Lodge |first1=Joe Mordaunt |last1=Crook |first2=James W. |last2=Daniel |edition=First |location= Oxford |publisher=Bodleian Library |year=2019 |isbn=9781851244676}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://bodleianshop.co.uk/products/oxford-freemasons |title = Oxford Freemasons |publisher = Bodleian Libraries Shop |access-date = 20 October 2018 }}</ref>

In 1937, he moved from Christ Church to [[Merton College, Oxford]] to become a [[research fellow]].<ref name="WWW">{{cite web |title=Dacre of Glanton, Baron, (Hugh Redwald Trevor-Roper) (1914 – 26 Jan. 2003) |url=http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U12709 |website=[[Who Was Who]] |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=17 May 2023 |language=en |date=1 December 2007}}</ref><ref name="telegraph">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1420131/Lord-Dacre-of-Glanton.html|title=Lord Dacre of Glanton|date=27 January 2003|publisher=The Daily Telegraph|access-date=13 July 2013|type=obituary}}</ref><ref name="htr">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x9DuYfKwAugC&pg=PT380 |title=Hugh Trevor-Roper: The Biography |author=Adam Sisman |publisher=[[Hachette (publisher)|Hachette]] |year=2012 |pages=12–15 |isbn=978-0297858560 |access-date=18 March 2016}}</ref> His first book was a 1940 biography of Archbishop [[William Laud]], in which he challenged many of the prevailing perceptions surrounding Laud.

==Military service and the Second World War==
Trevor-Roper was a member of the University of Oxford's [[Officer Training Corps]], reaching the rank of [[officer cadet]] [[corporal]].<ref name="LG 10 March 1939">{{London Gazette |issue= 34606 |date= 10 March 1939 |page= 1640 |supp= }}</ref> On 28 February 1939, he was commissioned in the [[British Army]] as a [[second lieutenant]] with seniority in that rank from 1 October 1938, and attached to the cavalry unit of the Oxford University Contingent of the OTC.<ref name="LG 10 March 1939" /> On 15 July 1940, he was promoted to [[war substantive]] [[Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)|lieutenant]] and transferred to the [[Intelligence Corps (United Kingdom)|Intelligence Corps]], [[Territorial Army (United Kingdom)|Territorial Army]].<ref name="LG 7 March 1941">{{London Gazette |issue= 35099 |date= 7 March 1941 |page= 1436 |supp= y }}</ref>

During the [[Second World War]], he served as an officer in the Radio Security Service of the [[Secret Intelligence Service]], and then on the interception of messages from the German intelligence service, the ''[[Abwehr]]''.<ref name="J. Winter 2007 pp 847">P. R. J. Winter, "A Higher Form of Intelligence: Hugh Trevor-Roper and Wartime British Secret Service," ''Intelligence & National Security'' (Dec 2007), 22#6 pp 847–80,</ref> In early 1940, Trevor-Roper and E. W. B. Gill decrypted some of these intercepts, demonstrating the relevance of the material and spurring [[Bletchley Park]] efforts to decrypt the traffic. Intelligence from ''Abwehr'' traffic later played an important part in many operations including the [[Double-Cross System]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Batey |first=Keith |author-link=Keith Batey |editor-first=Ralph |editor-last=Erskine |editor2-last=Smith |editor2-first=Michael |editor2-link=Michael Smith (newspaper reporter) |title=The Bletchley Park Codebreakers |publisher=Biteback Publishing |year=2011 |pages=35–39 |chapter=Chapter 17: How Dilly Knox and His Girls Broke the Abwehr Enigma |isbn=978-1849540780 }} (Updated and extended version of ''Action This Day: From Breaking of the Enigma Code to the Birth of the Modern Computer'' Bantam Press 2001)</ref>

He formed a low opinion of most pre-war professional intelligence officers, but a higher one of some of the post-1939 recruits. In ''The Philby Affair'' (1968) Trevor-Roper argues that the Soviet spy [[Kim Philby]] was never in a position to undermine efforts by the chief of the ''Abwehr'', German Military Intelligence, [[Admiral]] [[Wilhelm Canaris]], to overthrow the Nazi regime and negotiate with the British government.<ref name="J. Winter 2007 pp 847"/>

==Investigating Hitler's last days==
In November 1945, Trevor-Roper was ordered by [[Dick White]], then head of counter-intelligence in the British sector of [[Berlin]], to investigate the circumstances of [[Adolf Hitler's death]], and to rebut the Soviet [[Conspiracy theories about Adolf Hitler's death|propaganda that Hitler was alive]] and living in the West.<ref>MI5 Security Service (2005) [https://www.mi5.gov.uk/home/about-us/who-we-are/mi5-history/world-war-ii/hitlers-last-days.html Hitler's last days]</ref> Using the alias of "Major Oughton", Trevor-Roper interviewed or prepared questions for several officials, high and low, who had been present in the ''[[Führerbunker]]'' with Hitler, and who had been able to escape to the West, including [[Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven]].<ref>''In The Bunker with Hitler'' – Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven with Francois d' Alancon – Weidenfeld & Nicolson/Orion Books – 2006 {{ISBN|0-297-84555-1}}</ref> Although he cites eyewitness accounts of the burning of Hitler's body, Trevor-Roper notes that bones are understood to withstand burning (science supported by subsequent studies).<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{Cite journal |last=Benecke |first=Mark |author-link=Mark Benecke |date=2022-12-12 |orig-date=2003 |title=The Hunt for Hitler's Teeth |url=https://home.benecke.com/publications/the-hunt-for-hitlers-teeth |access-date=2024-03-04 |via=Dr. Mark Benecke |website=[[Bizarre (magazine)|Bizarre]]}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Castillo |first1=Rafael Fernández |last2=Ubelaker |first2=Douglas H. |last3=Acosta |first3=José Antonio Lorente |last4=Cañadas de la Fuente |first4=Guillermo A. |date=2013-03-10 |title=Effects of temperature on bone tissue. Histological study of the changes in the bone matrix |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0379073812005300 |journal=Forensic Science International |volume=226 |issue=1 |pages=33–37 |doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.11.012 |pmid=23287528 |issn=0379-0738 |hdl-access=free |hdl=10481/91826}}
* {{Cite web |last1=Thompson |first1=Tim |last2=Gowland |first2=Rebecca |author-link2=Rebecca Gowland |title=What Happens to Human Bodies When They Are Burned? |url=https://www.futurelearn.com/info/blog |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=[[Durham University]] |language=en-US |via=[[FutureLearn]]}}</ref><ref group="‡">{{cite book |last=Trevor-Roper |first=Hugh |author-link=Hugh Trevor-Roper |url=https://archive.org/details/lastdaysofhitler0000trev_j2d4/ |title=The Last Days of Hitler |publisher=Pan Macmillan |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-330-49060-3 |edition=7th |location=London |page=182 |orig-year=1947}}</ref>

For the most part Trevor-Roper relied on investigations and interviews by hundreds of British, American and Canadian intelligence officers.<ref name="Parker 2014">Parker (2014)</ref><ref>Douglas (2014)</ref> He did not have access to Soviet materials.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}} Working rapidly, Trevor-Roper drafted his report, which served as the basis for his most famous book, ''The Last Days of Hitler'', in which he described the last ten days of Hitler's life and the fates of some of the higher-ranking members of the inner circle, as well as those of key lesser figures.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}} Trevor-Roper transformed the evidence into a literary work, with sardonic humour and drama,{{according to whom|date=January 2025}} and was much influenced by the prose styles of two of his favourite historians, [[Edward Gibbon]] and [[Lord Macaulay]].{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

The book was cleared by British officials in 1946 for publication as soon as the war crimes trials ended. It was published in English in 1947; six English editions and many foreign language editions followed.<ref name="Parker 2014"/> According to American journalist [[Ron Rosenbaum]], Trevor-Roper received a letter from Lisbon written in Hebrew stating that the [[Stern Gang]] would assassinate him for ''The Last Days of Hitler'', which, they believed, portrayed Hitler as a "demoniacal" figure but [[Myth of the Clean Wehrmacht|let ordinary Germans who followed Hitler off the hook]], and that for this he deserved to die.<ref name=":2">[[Rosenbaum, Ron]] ''[[Hitler: The Search for the Origins of His Evil]]'', (1999)</ref>{{Reference page|page=63}} Rosenbaum reports that Trevor-Roper told him this was the most extreme response he had ever received for one of his books.<ref name=":2" />{{Reference page|page=|pages=63, 66}}

Trevor-Roper also showed that Hitler's dictatorship was not an efficient unified machine but a hodge-podge of overlapping rivalries. With numerous editions, the book was Trevor-Roper's most commercially successful.

==Anti-communism==
In June 1950, Trevor-Roper attended a conference in Berlin of [[anti-Communist]] intellectuals along with [[Sidney Hook]], [[Melvin J. Lasky]], [[Ignazio Silone]], [[Arthur Koestler]], [[Raymond Aron]] and [[Franz Borkenau]] that resulted in the founding of the CIA front group [[Congress for Cultural Freedom]] and its magazine [[Encounter (magazine)|''Encounter'']]. In the 1950s and 1960s, he was a frequent contributor to ''Encounter'', but had reservations about what he regarded as the over-didactic tone of some of its contributors, particularly Koestler and Borkenau.<ref>{{cite book|title=An Honourable Englishman: The Life of Hugh Trevor-Roper|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DXdAispMpXwC&pg=PA278|year=2011|publisher=Random House of Canada|pages=278–79|isbn = 9781400069767}}</ref>

== Historical debates and controversies ==
Trevor-Roper was famous for his lucid and acerbic writing style. In reviews and essays he could be pitilessly sarcastic, and devastating in his mockery. In attacking [[Arnold J. Toynbee]]'s ''[[A Study of History]]'', for instance, Trevor-Roper accused Toynbee of regarding himself as a Messiah complete with "the youthful Temptations; the missionary Journeys; the Miracles; the Revelations; the Agony".<ref name="Sisman">Sisman, 2010</ref>

For Trevor-Roper, the major themes of early modern Europe were its intellectual vitality, and the quarrels between Protestant and Catholic states, the latter being outpaced by the former, economically and constitutionally.<ref name="robinson">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Robinson |first=Kristen |editor=Kelly Boyd |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing |title=Trevor-Roper, Hugh |year=1999 |publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers |volume=2 |location=London |isbn=1-884964-33-8 |pages=1024–25}}</ref> In Trevor-Roper's view, another theme of early modern Europe was expansion overseas in the form of colonies and intellectual expansion in the form of the [[Reformation]] and the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]].<ref name="robinson" /> In Trevor-Roper's view, the witch hunts of the 16th and 17th centuries can ultimately be traced back to the conflict between the religious values of the Reformation and the rationalistic approach of what became the Enlightenment.<ref name="robinson" />

Trevor-Roper argued that [[history]] should be understood as an art, not a science and that the attribute of a successful historian was imagination.<ref name="robinson" /> He viewed history as full of contingency, with the past neither a story of continuous advance nor of continuous decline but the consequence of choices made by individuals at the time.<ref name="robinson" /> In his studies of early modern Europe, Trevor-Roper did not focus exclusively upon [[political history]] but sought to examine the interaction between the political, [[Intellectual history|intellectual]], [[Social history|social]] and religious trends.<ref name="robinson" />

His preferred medium of expression was the essay rather than the book. In his essays in social history, written during the 1950s and 1960s, Trevor-Roper was influenced by the work of the French [[Annales school|''Annales'' school]], especially [[Fernand Braudel]] and did much to introduce the work of the ''Annales'' school to the [[English-speaking world]]. In the 1950s, Trevor-Roper wrote that Braudel and other Annalists were doing much innovative historical work but were "totally excluded from Oxford which remains, in historical matters, a retrograde provincial backwater".<ref name="Ascherson">{{cite magazine
  | last = Ascherson
  | first = Neal
  | title = The Liquidator
  | magazine = London Review of Books
  | date= 19 August 2010 | url = http://www.lrb.co.uk/v32/n16/neal-ascherson/liquidator
  | access-date = 5 January 2016}}</ref>

===English Civil War===
In Trevor-Roper's opinion, the dispute between the [[Puritans]] and the [[Arminians]] was a major, although not the sole, cause of the [[English Civil War]].<ref name="robinson" /> For him, the dispute was over such issues as free will and predestination and the role of preaching versus the sacraments. Only later did the dispute become a matter of the structure of the [[Church of England]].<ref name="robinson" /> The Puritans desired a more decentralised and egalitarian church, with an emphasis on the laity, while the Arminians wished for an ordered church with a hierarchy, an emphasis on divine right and salvation through free will.<ref name="robinson" />

As a historian of early modern Britain, Trevor-Roper was known for his disputes with fellow historians such as [[Lawrence Stone]] and [[Christopher Hill (historian)|Christopher Hill]], whose materialist, and in some measure "inevitablist", explanations of the English Civil War he attacked. Trevor-Roper was a leading player in the historiographical [[storm over the gentry]], also known as the ''Gentry controversy'', a dispute with the historians [[R. H. Tawney]] and Stone, about whether the English [[gentry]] were, economically, on the way down or up, in the century before the English Civil War and whether this helped cause that war.

Stone, Tawney and Hill argued that the gentry were rising economically and that this caused the Civil War. Trevor-Roper argued that while office-holders and lawyers were prospering, the lesser gentry were in decline. A third group of history men around [[J. H. Hexter]] and [[Geoffrey Elton]], argued that the causes of the Civil War had nothing to do with the gentry. In 1948, a paper put forward by Stone in support of Tawney's thesis was vigorously attacked by Trevor-Roper, who showed that Stone had exaggerated the debt problems of the Tudor nobility.<ref name="Brown">Brown, Kenneth "Tawney, R.H." pp. 1172–73 from ''The Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing'' p. 1173.</ref> He also rejected Tawney's theories about the rising gentry and declining nobility, arguing that he was guilty of selective use of evidence and that he misunderstood the statistics.<ref name="Brown" /><ref group="‡">{{Cite journal |last=Trevor-Roper |first=Hugh |date=1951 |title=The Elizabethan Aristocracy: An Anatomy Anatomized |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2599988 |journal=[[Economic History Review]] |volume=3 |issue=3 |via=[[JSTOR]]}}</ref>

===World War II and Hitler===
Trevor-Roper attacked the philosophies of history advanced by [[Arnold J. Toynbee]] and [[E. H. Carr]], as well as his colleague [[A. J. P. Taylor]]'s account of the origins of [[World War II]]. Another dispute was with Taylor and [[Alan Bullock]] over the question of whether [[Adolf Hitler]] had fixed aims. In the 1950s, Trevor-Roper was ferocious in his criticism of Bullock for his portrayal of Hitler as a "[[charlatan|mountebank]]" instead of the ideologue Trevor-Roper believed him to be.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ron Rosenbaum|title=Explaining Hitler: The Search for the Origins of His Evil|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f6MmCEzVs6oC&pg=PT118|year=2011|publisher=Faber and Faber|pages=118–19|isbn=9780571276868}}</ref> When Taylor offered a picture of Hitler similar to Bullock's, in his 1961 book ''[[The Origins of the Second World War]]'', the debate continued. Another feud was with the novelist and Catholic convert [[Evelyn Waugh]], who was angered by Trevor-Roper's repeated harsh attacks on the Catholic Church.<ref>Sisman, (2010) pp. 178, 261, 291</ref>

In the [[Nazi Foreign Policy (debate)|globalist–continentalist debate]] between those who argued that Hitler aimed to conquer the world and those who argued that he sought only the conquest of Europe, Trevor-Roper was one of the leading continentalists. He argued that the globalist case sought to turn a scattering of Hitler's remarks made over decades into a plan. In his analysis, the only consistent objective Hitler sought was the domination of Europe, as laid out in ''[[Mein Kampf]].''<ref>{{cite book|first=Stephen J. |last=Lee|title=European Dictatorships 1918–1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gLXkGLDxSkAC&pg=PA242|year=2012|publisher=Routledge|page=242|isbn=9781135690113}}</ref>

The American historian [[Lucy Dawidowicz]] in ''The Holocaust and Historians'' (1981) delivered what the British historian [[David Cesarani]] called an "''ad hominem'' attack", writing that Trevor-Roper in his writings on Nazi Germany was indifferent to Nazi antisemitism, because she believed that he was a snobbish antisemite, who was apathetic about the murder of six million Jews.<ref name="Cesarani 2008">{{cite book |last=Cesarani |first=David |title=Holocaust Historiography In Context |publisher=Yad Vashem |year=2008 |editor1-last=Bankier |editor1-first=David |location=Jerusalem |pages= |chapter=From Bullock to Kershaw: Some Peculiarities of British Historical Writing About the Nazi Persecution and Mass Murder of the Jews |editor2-last=Michman |editor2-first=Dan}}</ref>{{rp|341}} Cesarani wrote that Dawidowicz was wrong to accuse Trevor-Roper of antisemitism but argued that there was an element of truth to her critique in that the ''Shoah'' was a blind-spot for Trevor-Roper.<ref name="Cesarani 2008"/>{{rp|342–43}}

Trevor-Roper was a very firm "intentionalist" who treated Hitler as a serious, if slightly deranged thinker who, from 1924 until his death in 1945, was obsessed with "the conquest of Russia, the extermination of the Slavs, and the colonization of the English".<ref name="Cesarani 2008"/>{{rp|345}} In his 1962 essay "The Mind of Adolf Hitler", Trevor-Roper again criticized Bullock, writing "Even Mr. Bullock seems content to regard him as a diabolical adventurer animated solely by an unlimited lust for personal power{{nbsp}}... Hitler was a systematic thinker and his mind is, to the historian, as important as the mind of Bismarck or Lenin".<ref name="Cesarani 2008"/>{{rp|346}} Trevor-Roper maintained that Hitler, on the basis of a wide range of antisemitic literature, from the writings of [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] to ''[[The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion]]'', had constructed a racist ideology that called for making Germany the world's greatest power and the extermination of perceived enemies such as the Jews and Slavs.<ref name="Cesarani 2008"/>{{rp|346}}

Trevor-Roper wrote that the mind of Hitler was "a terrible phenomenon, imposing indeed in its granite harshness and yet infinitely squalid in its miscellaneous cumber, like some huge barbarian monolith; the expression of giant strength and savage genius; surrounded by a festering heap of refuse, old tins and vermin, ashes and eggshells and ordure, the intellectual detritus of centuries".<ref name="Cesarani 2008"/>{{rp|346}} Cesarani wrote that Trevor-Roper regarded Hitler, in marked contrast to Bullock, as a man who was serious about what he said but at the same time, Trevor-Roper's picture of Hitler as a somewhat insane leader, fanatically pursuing lunatic policies, meant paradoxically that it was hard to take Hitler seriously, at least on the basis of Trevor-Roper's writings.<ref name="Cesarani 2008"/>{{rp|345–46}}

Cesarani stated that Trevor-Roper was sincere in his hatred and contempt for the Nazis and everything they stood for but he had considerable difficulty when it came to writing about the complicity and involvement of traditional German elites in National Socialism, because the traditional elites in Germany were so similar in many ways to the British establishment, which Trevor-Roper identified with so strongly.

In this respect, Cesarani argued that it was very revealing that Trevor-Roper in ''The Last Days of Hitler'' was especially damning in his picture of the German Finance Minister, Count [[Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk]], who Trevor-Roper noted "had been a Rhodes Scholar at Oxford, but he had acquired none of its values".<ref name="Cesarani 2008"/>{{rp|352}} Cesarani wrote "Thus, to Trevor-Roper the values of Oxford University stood at the opposite pole to those of Hitler's Reich, and one reason for the ghastly character of Nazism was that it did not share them".<ref name="Cesarani 2008"/>{{rp|352}} Cesarani noted that while Trevor-Roper supported the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservatives]] and ended his days as a Tory life-peer, he was broadly speaking a liberal and believed that Britain was a great nation because of its liberalism.<ref name="Cesarani 2008"/>{{rp|352–53}}

Because of this background, Cesarani wrote that Trevor-Roper naturally saw the liberal democracy Britain as anathema to Nazi Germany.<ref name="Cesarani 2008"/>{{rp|352–53}} Cesarani concluded that "to maintain the illusion of virtuous British liberalism, Hitler had to be depicted as either a statesman like any other or a monster without equal, and those who did business with him as, respectively, pragmatists or dupes. Every current of Nazi society that made it distinctive could be charted, while the anti-Jewish racism that it shared with Britain was discreetly avoided".<ref name="Cesarani 2008"/>{{rp|354}}

===General crisis of the 17th century===
{{Main|The General Crisis}}

A notable thesis propagated by Trevor-Roper was the "[[The General Crisis|general crisis of the 17th century]]". He argued that the middle years of the 17th century in Western Europe saw a widespread break-down in politics, economics and society caused by demographic, social, religious, economic and political problems.<ref name="robinson" /> In this "general crisis", various events, such as the English Civil War; [[The Fronde]] in France; the climax of the [[Thirty Years' War]] in Germany; [[Eighty Years' War|troubles in the Netherlands]]; and revolts against the Spanish Crown in [[Portuguese Restoration War|Portugal]], the [[Neapolitan Republic (1647–1648)|Kingdom of Naples]] and [[Reapers' War|Catalonia]]; were all manifestations of the same problems.<ref name="Rabb">Rabb, Theodore K., ''The Struggle for Stability in Early Modern Europe'', New York: Oxford University Press, 1975.</ref>{{Reference page|page=18}}

The most important causes of the "general crisis" in Trevor-Roper's opinion were conflicts between "Court" and "Country"; that is, between the increasingly powerful centralizing, bureaucratic, sovereign princely states, represented by the Court, and the traditional, regional, land-based aristocracy and gentry, representing the country.<ref name="Rabb" />{{Reference page|page=18}} In addition, he said that the religious and intellectual changes introduced by the [[Reformation]] and the [[Renaissance]] were important secondary causes of the "general crisis".<ref name="robinson" />

The "general crisis" thesis generated controversy between supporters of this theory, and those, such as the Marxist historian [[Eric Hobsbawm]], who agreed with him that there was a "general crisis", but saw the problems of 17th century Europe as more economic in origin than Trevor-Roper would allow. A third faction denied that there was any "general crisis", for example the Dutch historian Ivo Schöffer, the Danish historian Niels Steensgaard, and the [[Soviet]] historian [[A.&nbsp;D. Lublinskaya]].<ref name="Rabb" />{{Reference page|page=|pages=20–21, 25–26}} Trevor-Roper's "general crisis" thesis provoked much discussion, and led experts in 17th century history such as [[Roland Mousnier]], [[John Huxtable Elliott|J.&nbsp;H. Elliott]], [[Lawrence Stone]], [[E.&nbsp;H. Kossmann]], [[Eric Hobsbawm]] and [[J.&nbsp;H. Hexter]] to become advocates of the pros and cons of the theory.

At times the discussion became quite heated; the Italian Marxist historian Rosario Villari, speaking of the work of Trevor-Roper and Mousnier, claimed that: "The hypothesis of imbalance between bureaucratic expansion and the needs of the state is too vague to be plausible, and rests on inflated rhetoric, typical of a certain type of political conservative, rather than on effective analysis."<ref name="Rabb" />{{Reference page|page=22}} Villari accused Trevor-Roper of downgrading the importance of what Villari called the English Revolution (the usual Marxist term for the [[English Civil War]]), and insisted that the "general crisis" was part of a Europe-wide revolutionary movement.<ref name="Rabb" />{{Reference page|page=|pages=22–23}}

Another Marxist critic of Trevor-Roper, the Soviet historian [[A. D. Lublinskaya]], attacked the concept of a conflict between "Court" and "Country" as fiction, arguing there was no "general crisis". Instead she maintained that the so-called "general crisis" was merely the emergence of capitalism.<ref name="Rabb" />{{Reference page|page=26|pages=}}

===First World War===
In 1973, Trevor-Roper in the foreword to a book by [[John Röhl]] endorsed the view that Germany was largely responsible for the [[First World War]].<ref name=":0" group="‡">{{Cite book |last=Trevor-Roper |first=Hugh |title=1914: Delusion or Design? |chapter=Foreword}}</ref>{{Reference page|page=11}} Trevor-Roper wrote that in his opinion far too many British historians had allowed themselves to be persuaded of the theory that the outbreak of war in 1914 had been the fault of all the great powers.<ref name=":0" group="‡" />{{Reference page|page=10}} He claimed that this theory had been promoted by the German government's policy of selective publication of documents, aided and abetted by most German historians in a policy of "self-censorship".<ref name=":0" group="‡" />{{Reference page|pages=9–10}} He praised Röhl for finding and publishing two previously secret documents that showed German responsibility for the war.<ref name=":0" group="‡" />{{Reference page|pages=13–15}}

===JFK assassination===
Trevor-Roper was critical of the official account of the [[assassination of John F. Kennedy]]. He voiced his scepticism of the [[Warren Commission]], which concluded that a lone gunman by the name of [[Lee Harvey Oswald]] was responsible. In a 3,500-word essay published in ''[[The Sunday Times]]'', he wrote that the commission employed a "smokescreen of often irrelevant material" and "accepted impermissible axioms, constructed invalid arguments, and failed to ask elementary and essential questions".<ref>{{cite news |title=Briton Questions Warren Findings; Historian Calls the Kennedy Death Report 'Suspect' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/12/14/archives/briton-questions-warren-findings-historian-calls-the-kennedy-death.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=14 December 1964}}</ref> He later appeared on a special episode of the BBC's television programme ''Encounter'', hosted by [[Erskine B. Childers]], to discuss the Warren Report.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sisman |first1=Adam |title=Hugh Trevor-Roper: The Biography |date=2010 |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |page=355}}</ref> He penned the introduction to [[Mark Lane (author)|Mark Lane]]'s book ''[[Rush to Judgment]]'' (1966)<ref>{{cite book |last=Lane |first=Mark |title=Citizen Lane: Defending Our Rights in the Courts, the Capitol, and the Streets |page=161 |location=Chicago |publisher=Lawrence Hill Books |year=2012 |isbn=978-1613740019}}</ref> and was thanked in the acknowledgements section for being "kind enough to read the manuscript and make suggestions".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lane |first1=Mark |title=Rush to Judgment |date=1992 |publisher=Thunder's Mouth Press |page=25}}</ref> He also joined [[Bertrand Russell]]'s ''Who Killed Kennedy? Committee''.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Perkins Jr. |editor1-first=Ray |title=Yours Faithfully, Bertrand Russell A Lifelong Fight for Peace, Justice, and Truth in Letters to the Editor |date=2002 |publisher=Open Court |page=404}}</ref>

===Backhouse frauds===
In 1973, Trevor-Roper was invited to visit Switzerland to examine a manuscript entitled ''Décadence Mandchoue'' written by the [[sinologist]] [[Sir Edmund Backhouse]] (1873–1944) in a mixture of English, French, Latin and Chinese that had been in the custody of Reinhard Hoeppli, a Swiss diplomat who was the Swiss consul in Beijing during World War II. Hoeppli, given ''Décadence Mandchoue'' in 1943 by his friend Backhouse, had been unable to publish it owing to its sexually explicit content. But by 1973 looser censorship and the rise of the [[gay rights movement]] meant a publisher was willing to release ''Décadence Mandchoue'' to the market. However, before doing so they wanted Trevor-Roper, who as a former MI6 officer was an expert on clandestine affairs, to examine some of the more outlandish claims contained in the text.

For an example, Backhouse claimed in ''Décadence Mandchoue'' that the wives and daughters of British diplomats in Beijing had trained their dogs and tamed foxes to perform [[cunnilingus]] on them, which the fascistic Backhouse used as evidence of British "decadence", which explained why he was supporting Germany and Japan in the Second World War. Trevor-Roper regarded ''Décadence Mandchoue'' with considerable distaste calling the manuscript "pornographic" and "obscene" as Backhouse related in graphic detail sexual encounters he claimed to have had with the French poet [[Paul Verlaine]], the Irish playwright [[Oscar Wilde]], Wilde's lover [[Lord Alfred Douglas]], the French poet [[Arthur Rimbaud]], the Russian ballet dancer [[Vaslav Nijinsky]], the British Prime Minister [[Lord Rosebery]] and the [[Empress Dowager Cixi]] of China whom the openly gay Backhouse had maintained had forced herself on him.<ref name="Trevor-Roper, Hugh pages 295" group="‡">{{Cite book |last=Trevor-Roper |first=Hugh |title=[[The Hermit of Peking]] |publisher=Alfred Knopf |year=1976 |location=New York}}</ref>{{Reference page|pages=295–96}}

Backhouse also claimed to have been the friend of the Russian novelist [[Leo Tolstoy]] and the French actress [[Sarah Bernhardt]]. For the next two years, Trevor-Roper went on an odyssey that took him all over Britain, France, Switzerland, the United States, Canada and China as he sought to unravel the mystery of just who the elusive Backhouse was. Backhouse had between 1898 and his death in 1944 worked as a sinologist, the business agent for several British and American companies in China, a British spy, gun-runner and translator before ending his days in World War II China as a fascist and a Japanese collaborator who wished fervently for an Axis victory which would destroy Great Britain.<ref name="Trevor-Roper, Hugh pages 295" group="‡" />{{Reference page|pages=295–96}} Trevor-Roper noted that despite Backhouse's homosexuality and Nazi Germany's policy of persecuting homosexuals, Backhouse's intense hatred of his own country together with his sadistic-masochistic sexual needs meant that Backhouse longed to be "ravished and possessed by the brutal, but still perverted masculinity of the fascist {{lang|de|Führerprinzip}}".<ref name="Trevor-Roper, Hugh pages 295" group="‡" />{{Reference page|pages=295}}

The result was one of Trevor-Roper's most successful later books, his 1976 biography of Backhouse, originally entitled ''A Hidden Life'' but soon republished in Britain and the US as ''The Hermit of Peking''. Backhouse had long been regarded as a world's leading expert on China. In his biography, Trevor-Roper exposed the vast majority of Sir Edmund's life-story and virtually all of his scholarship as a fraud. In ''Décadence Mandchoue'', Backhouse spoke of his efforts to raise money to pay the defence lawyers for Wilde while he was an undergraduate at Oxford.<ref name="Trevor-Roper, Hugh pages 295" group="‡" />{{Reference page|pages=268}}

Trevor-Roper established that while Backhouse raised money for the Wilde defence fund, he spent it all on buying expensive jewellery, especially pearl necklaces, which were a special passion of Backhouse's. It was this embezzlement of the money Backhouse had raised for the Wilde defence fund that led to him fleeing Britain in 1895. The discrediting of Backhouse as a source led to much of China's history being re-written in the West. Backhouse had portrayed Prince [[Ronglu]] as a friend of the West and an enemy of the Boxers when the opposite was true.<ref name="Trevor-Roper, Hugh pages 295" group="‡" />{{Reference page|pages=268}}

Trevor-Roper noted that in the "diary" of Ching-Shan, which Backhouse claimed to have looted from Ching's house just before it was burned down by Indian troops in the [[Boxer Rebellion]], it has Prince Ronglu saying in French about the government's support of the Boxers: "It was worse than a crime; it was a blunder."<ref>{{langx|fr|italic=no|"C'est pire qu'un crime, c'est une faute." Commonly attributed to [[Talleyrand]], more likely spoken by [[Joseph Fouché|Fouché]]}}.</ref><ref name="Trevor-Roper, Hugh pages 295" group="‡" />{{Reference page|pages=203}} Trevor-Roper argued that it was extremely unlikely that Prince Ronglu – who only knew Manchu and Mandarin – would be quoting a well-known French expression, but noted that Backhouse was fluent in French.<ref name="Trevor-Roper, Hugh pages 295" group="‡" />{{Reference page|pages=203}}

Backhouse was fluent in [[Mandarin language|Mandarin]] and [[Cantonese]], lived most of his life in Beijing and after moving to China had declined to wear western clothes, preferring instead the gown of a Chinese mandarin, which led most Westerners to assume that Backhouse "knew" China. Trevor-Roper noted that despite his superficial appearance of affection for the Chinese, much of what Backhouse wrote about on China worked subtly to confirm Western "[[Yellow Peril]]" stereotypes, as Backhouse variously depicted the Chinese as pathologically dishonest, sexually perverted, morally corrupt and generally devious and treacherous – in short, Chinese civilization for Backhouse was a deeply sick civilization.<ref name="Trevor-Roper, Hugh pages 295" group="‡" />{{Reference page|pages=203}}

Derek Sandhaus, however, notes that Trevor-Roper did not consult specialists in Chinese affairs, and seems to have read only enough of the text to have been disgusted by its homosexuality. While conceding that Backhouse fabricated or imagined many of the purported assignations, others Sandhaus independently confirmed or found plausible, reasoning that Backhouse spoke Chinese, Manchu, and Mongolian (the languages of the imperial household), and that his account of the atmosphere and customs of the Empress Dowager's court may be more reliable than Trevor-Roper allowed.<ref name="BackhouseIntro_xv">Backhouse; Sandhaus, ed., ''{{lang|fr|Décadence Mandchoue}}'', 2011, Introduction, xv–xxiv.</ref><ref>{{cite news | author = Ewing, Kent | date = June 18, 2011 | format = book review | title = Pomp and Porn During the Qing Dynasty—Decadence Mandchoue by Sir Edmund Trelawny Backhouse | work = [[Asia TImes]] (atimes.com) | url = http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/MF18Ad01.html | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110619200054/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/MF18Ad01.html | archive-date = 2011-06-19 | access-date = 2025-01-08 }}</ref>

===Oxford activities===
In 1960, Trevor-Roper waged a successful campaign against the candidacy of Sir [[Oliver Franks]] who was backed by the heads of houses marshalled by [[Maurice Bowra]], for the Chancellorship of the [[University of Oxford]], helping the Prime Minister [[Harold Macmillan]] to be elected instead. In 1964, Trevor-Roper edited a ''[[Festschrift]]'' in honour of his friend Sir [[Keith Feiling]]'s 80th birthday. In 1970, he was the author of ''The Letters of Mercurius'', a satirical work on the student revolts and university politics of the late 1960s, originally published as letters in ''[[The Spectator]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Guest Speaker: Nigel Lawson |archive-date=November 11, 2013 |url=http://standpointmag.co.uk/node/380/full |newspaper=Standpoint |date=September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111100208/http://standpointmag.co.uk/node/380/full |access-date=11 November 2013}}</ref>

===Debates on African history===
Another aspect of Trevor-Roper's outlook on history and on scholarly research that has inspired controversy is his statement about the historical experiences of pre-literate societies. Following Voltaire's remarks on the fall of the Roman Empire at the hands of barbarian tribes, he asserted that Africa had no history prior to [[European exploration of Africa|European exploration]] and [[colonization of Africa|colonisation]]. Trevor-Roper said "there is only the history of Europeans in Africa. The rest is darkness", its past "the unedifying gyrations of barbarous tribes in picturesque but irrelevant corners of the globe".<ref>"What's New About African History?" John Edward Philips, History News Network, 6 April 2006</ref><ref group="‡">{{Cite book |first=Hugh |last=Trevor-Roper |url=http://archive.org/details/riseofchristiane0000hugh_c2c1 |title=The Rise of Christian Europe |date=1965 |publisher=Harcourt, Brace & World |via=Internet Archive}}</ref>

These comments, recapitulated in a later article which called Africa "unhistoric", spurred intense debate between historians, [[anthropologist]]s, [[sociologist]]s, in the emerging fields of [[postcolonial]] and [[cultural studies]] about the definition of "history".<ref>{{cite journal |first=R. Hunt |last=Davis |title=Interpreting the Colonial Period in African History |journal=African Affairs |volume=72 |issue=289 |year=1973 |pages=383–400|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a096410 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=Gus |last=Deveneaux |title=The Frontier in Recent African History |journal=The International Journal of African Studies |volume=11 |issue=1 |year=1978 |pages=63–85}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=Shepard III |last=Krech |title=The State of Ethnohistory |journal=Annual Review of Anthropology |volume=20 |year=1991 |page=345|doi=10.1146/annurev.an.20.100191.002021 }}</ref><ref group="‡">{{cite journal |last=Trevor-Roper |first=Hugh |year=1969 |title=The Past and Present: History and Sociology |journal=Past and Present |issue=42 |page=6}}</ref> Historians have argued, in response, that historical myths of the kind perpetrated by Trevor-Roper need to be actively countered: "Only a process of counter-selection can correct this, and African historians have to concentrate on those aspects which were ignored by the disparaging mythologies".<ref>{{cite journal |first=Ali A. |last=Mazrui |title=European Exploration and Africa's Self-Discovery |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=7 |issue=4 |year=1969 |pages=661–76 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00018887 |jstor=159156 |s2cid=145062805 }}</ref>

Many historians now argue, against Trevor-Roper, that historical evidence should also include [[oral tradition]]s as well as any type of [[written history]], a former criterion for a society having left "[[prehistory]]".<ref>{{cite journal |first=Kenneth C. |last=Wylie |title=The Uses and Misuses of Ethnohistory |journal=Journal of Interdisciplinary History |volume=3 |issue=4 |year=1973 |pages=707–20|doi=10.2307/202689 |jstor=202689 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=Alan |last=Gailey |title=The Nature of Tradition |journal=Folklore |volume=100 |issue=2 |year=1989 |pages=143–61|doi=10.1080/0015587X.1989.9715762 }}</ref> Critics of Trevor-Roper's claim have questioned the validity of systematic interpretations of the African past, whether by [[historical materialism|materialist]], Annalist or the traditional historical methods used by Trevor-Roper.<ref>Deveneaux, 67.</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=The Spectator |first=Ferdinand |last=Mount |title=The Voltaire of St Aldates |year=2006 }}</ref> Some say approaches which compare Africa with Europe or directly integrate it into European history cannot qualify as accurate descriptions of [[culture of Africa|African societies]].<ref>{{cite journal |first=Finn |last=Fugelstad |title=The Trevor-Roper Trap or the Imperialism of History. An Essay |journal=History in Africa |volume=19 |year=1992 |pages=309–26|doi=10.2307/3172003 |jstor=3172003 }}</ref> Most scholars of any mettle now agree that Africa has a "history". Despite controversies over historical accuracy in oral records, as in [[Alex Haley]]'s book ''[[Roots: The Saga of an American Family]]'' and the [[Roots (1977 miniseries)|popular TV mini-series based on it]], many historians believe that African [[griot]]s, or oral memoirists, provide an historical oral record.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rwodzi |first=Aaron |title=Historiography of oral traditions |url=https://www.academia.edu/38081422 |website=[[Academia.edu]]}}</ref>

==="Hitler Diaries" hoax===
The [[nadir]] of his career came in 1983, when as a director of ''[[The Times]]'', Trevor-Roper (by now [[Baron Dacre]] of Glanton) made statements that authenticated the so-called [[Hitler Diaries]].<ref>{{cite book |title= Selling Hitler: The Extraordinary Story of the Con Job of the Century – The Faking of the Hitler "Diaries" |last= Harris |first= Robert |location= New York |publisher= Pantheon |date= 1986 |isbn= 9780394553368 |url-access= registration |url= https://archive.org/details/sellinghitler00harr}}</ref> Others were unsure: holocaust denier [[David Irving]], for example, initially decried them as forgeries but subsequently changed his mind and declared that they could be genuine, before finally stating that they were a forgery. Historians [[Gerhard Weinberg]] and [[Eberhard Jäckel]] had also expressed doubt regarding the authenticity of the diaries.<ref>Richard J. Evans, ''Telling Lies About Hitler: The Holocaust, History and the David Irving Trial'' (London, 2002), p. 25.</ref>

Within two weeks, forensic scientist [[Julius Grant]] demonstrated that the diaries were forgeries. The ensuing fiasco gave Trevor-Roper's enemies the opportunity to criticise him openly, while Trevor-Roper's initial endorsement of the diaries raised questions about his integrity: ''[[The Sunday Times]]'', a newspaper to which he regularly contributed book reviews and of which he was an independent director, had already paid a considerable sum for the right to serialise the diaries if and only if they were genuine.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

Trevor-Roper explained that he had been given assurances (that turned out to be false) about how the diaries had come into the possession of their "discoverer"{{who|date=December 2024}}, and about the age of the paper and ink used in them and of their authenticity. Nonetheless, this incident prompted the satirical magazine ''[[Private Eye]]'' to nickname him "Hugh Very-Ropey", "Lord Lucre of Claptout", or more concisely, "Lord Facre".

Despite the shadow this cast over his later career, he continued to write and publish and his work remained well received.<ref>''Rowse and Trevor-Roper defined'', [[Donald Adamson]], {{cite web|url=http://www.theroselandinstitute.co.uk/html/cornish_banner_publications_14.html|title=The Cornish Banner|date=August 2014|access-date=10 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101141837/http://www.theroselandinstitute.co.uk/html/cornish_banner_publications_14.html|archive-date=1 November 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Election as Master of Peterhouse, Cambridge==
[[File:Peterhouse Master's Lodge - geograph.org.uk - 615416.jpg|thumb|Peterhouse Master's Lodge]]
In 1980 at the age of 67, he became [[Master (college)|Master]] of [[Peterhouse]], the oldest and smallest college in the [[University of Cambridge]]. His election, which surprised his friends, was engineered by a group of fellows led by [[Maurice Cowling]], then the leading [[Peterhouse school of history|Peterhouse historian]]. The fellows chose him because Cowling's reactionary clique thought he would be an arch-conservative who would oppose the admission of women. In the event, Trevor-Roper feuded constantly with Cowling and his allies, while launching a series of administrative reforms. Women were admitted in 1983 at his urging. The British journalist [[Neal Ascherson]] summarised the quarrel between Cowling and Trevor-Roper as:<blockquote>Lord Dacre, far from being a romantic Tory ultra, turned out to be an anti-clerical Whig with a preference for free speech over superstition. He did not find it normal that fellows should wear mourning on the anniversary of General Franco's death, attend parties in SS uniform or insult black and Jewish guests at high table. For the next seven years, Trevor-Roper battled to suppress the insurgency of the Cowling clique ("a strong mind trapped in its own glutinous frustrations"), and to bring the college back to a condition in which students might actually want to go there. Neither side won this struggle, which soon became a campaign to drive Trevor-Roper out of the college by grotesque rudeness and insubordination.<ref name="Ascherson"/></blockquote> In a review of Adam Sisman's 2010 biography of Trevor-Roper, the ''Economist'' wrote that the picture of Peterhouse in the 1980s was "startling", stating the college had become under Cowling's influence a sort of right-wing "lunatic asylum", who were determined to sabotage Trevor-Roper's reforms.<ref>{{cite news
  | title = Not so ropey
  | newspaper = The Economist
  | date= 22 July 2010 | url = https://www.economist.com/books-and-arts/2010/07/22/not-so-ropey
  | access-date = 5 January 2016}}</ref> In 1987 he retired complaining of "seven wasted years".<ref>Sisman, pp. 483, 487, 490, 493, 506, 558, 562</ref>

==Festschrift==
In 1981 a [[Festschrift]] was published in honour of Trevor-Roper, ''History and the Imagination''. Some of the contributors were [[Sir]] [[Geoffrey Elton]], [[John Clive]], [[Arnaldo Momigliano]], [[Frances Yates]], [[Jeremy Catto]], [[Robert S. Lopez]], [[Michael Howard (historian)|Michael Howard]], [[David S. Katz]], [[Dimitri Obolensky]], [[J. H. Elliott]], [[Richard Cobb]], [[Walter Pagel]], [[Hugh Lloyd-Jones]], [[Valerie Pearl]] and [[Fernand Braudel]].<ref name=":0">Lloyd-Jones, Hugh & Pearl, Valerie ''History & the Imagination'', New York: Holmes & Meier, 1981</ref>{{Reference page|location=vii}} The topics contributed by this group of American, British, French, Russian, Italian, Israeli, Canadian and German historians extended from whether the ''[[Odyssey]]'' was a part of an oral tradition that was later written down, to the question of the responsibility for the [[Jameson Raid]].<ref name=":0" />{{Reference page|location=viii–ix|pages=}}

==Personal life==
On 4 October 1954, Trevor-Roper married Lady Alexandra Henrietta Louisa Howard-Johnston (9 March 1907 – 15 August 1997),<ref>{{cite web|title=Lady Alexandra Henrietta Louisa Haig (later Alexandra Trevor-Roper, Lady Dacre) (1907–1997), Wife of Hugh Trevor-Roper, Baron Dacre; daughter of Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig|url=http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp17057/lady-alexandra-henrietta-louisa-haig-later-alexandra-trevor-roper-lady-dacre|publisher=National Portrait Gallery}}</ref> eldest daughter of [[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|Field Marshal]] [[Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig|The 1st Earl Haig]] by his wife, the former Hon. Dorothy Maud Vivian. Lady Alexandra was a goddaughter of [[Queen Alexandra]] and had previously been married to Rear-Admiral [[Clarence Johnston|Clarence Dinsmore Howard-Johnston]], by whom she had had three children. There were no children by his marriage with her.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2003/jan/27/guardianobituaries.booksobituaries |title = Obituary: Lord Dacre|website = [[TheGuardian.com]]|date = 27 January 2003}}</ref>

Trevor-Roper was made a [[life peer]] in 1979 on the recommendation of [[Prime Minister]] [[Margaret Thatcher]].<ref name="telegraph" /> He was raised to the [[British honours system|Peerage]] on 27 September 1979, and was introduced to the House of Lords as '''Baron Dacre of Glanton''', of [[Glanton]] in the [[County of Northumberland]].<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=47968 |date=2 October 1979 |page=12353}}</ref> He did not base his title on his surname, because "double-barrelled titles are an invention, and a monopoly, of [[Harold Wilson|Wilsonian]] peers", and "under the rules of the [[College of Arms]] either ['Lord Trevor' or 'Lord Roper'] would require him to change his surname to either 'Trevor' or 'Roper.'"

On mentioning the family's connection to the Dacre title to his wife, who liked the sound of it, Trevor-Roper was persuaded to opt for the title of "Baron Dacre", despite staunch opposition from the ''suo jure'' [[Rachel Douglas-Home, 27th Baroness Dacre|27th Baroness Dacre]] (née Brand). She had her cousin, [[Anthony Brand, 6th Viscount Hampden|the 6th Viscount Hampden]], "as titular head of the Brand family", inform Trevor-Roper that the Dacre title belonged to the Brand family "and no-one else should breach their monopoly", on the grounds of the title's antiquity of over six centuries.

This high-handed treatment strengthened Trevor-Roper's resolve in the face of his initial ambivalence. He observed "why should the Brands be so 'proud', or so jealous, of a mere title{{nbsp}}... a gewgaw, which has been bandied intermittently from family to family for six centuries, without tradition or continuity or distinction (except for murder, litigation and extravagance) or, for the last 250 years, land? They only acquired this pretty toy, in 1829, because a [[Thomas Brand (junior)|Mr Brand]], of whom nothing whatever is known, had married into the Trevor-Ropers, who had themselves acquired it by marrying into the Lennards. Now they behave as if they had owned it for six centuries and had a monopoly of it for ever. A fig for their stuffiness!". Notwithstanding objections, Trevor-Roper duly took the title of Baron Dacre of Glanton.<ref name=":1" />

In his last years he had suffered from failing eyesight, which made it difficult for him to read and write. He underwent cataract surgery and obtained a magnifying machine, which allowed him to continue writing. In 2002, at the age of 88, Trevor-Roper submitted a sizable article on [[Thomas Sutton]], the founder of [[Charterhouse School]], to the ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]'' in part with notes he had written decades earlier, which editor [[Brian Harrison (historian)|Brian Harrison]] praised as "the work of a master". Trevor-Roper suffered several other minor ailments related to his advanced age, but according to his stepson, "bore all his difficulties stoically and without complaint". In 2002, he was diagnosed with cancer. He died on 26 January 2003 in a [[hospice]] in [[Oxford]], aged 89.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/205716/h-r-trevor-roper-r-i-p/michael-knox-beran |title=H. R. Trevor-Roper, R.I.P. – Michael Knox Beran – National Review Online |first= Michael|last=Knox Beran|work=nationalreview.com |date=31 January 2003|access-date=8 November 2012}}</ref>

==Posthumous books==
Five books by Trevor-Roper were published posthumously. The first was ''Letters from Oxford'', a collection of letters written by Trevor-Roper between 1947 and 1959 to his close friend the American art historian and collector [[Bernard Berenson]]. The second book was 2006's ''Europe's Physician'', a biography of Sir [[Theodore de Mayerne]], the Franco-Swiss court physician to [[Henri IV]], [[James I of England|James I]] and [[Charles I of England|Charles I]]. The latter work was largely completed by 1979, but for unknown reasons was not finished.

The third book was ''The Invention of Scotland: Myth and History'', a critique written in the mid-1970s of what Trevor-Roper regarded as the myths of [[Scottish independence|Scottish nationalism]]. It was published in 2008. The fourth book collecting together some of his essays on ''History and the Enlightenment: Eighteenth Century Essays'' was published in 2010. The fifth book was ''The Wartime Journals'', edited by [[Richard Davenport-Hines]], published in 2011. ''The Wartime Journals'' are from the journals that Trevor-Roper kept during his years in the Secret Intelligence Service.

==Works==
* ''Archbishop Laud, 1573–1645'', 1940.
* ''[https://archive.org/details/lastdaysofhitler00trev The Last Days of Hitler]'', 1947 (revised editions followed, until the last in 1995)
* "The Elizabethan Aristocracy: An Anatomy Anatomized," ''Economic History Review'' (1951) 3 No 3 pp.&nbsp;279–98 {{jstor|2599988}}
* ''Secret Conversations, 1941–1944'' (published later as ''[[Hitler's Table Talk|Hitler's Table Talk, 1941–1944]]''), 1953.
* ''Historical Essays'', 1957 (published in the United States in 1958 as ''Men and Events'').
* "The General Crisis of the Seventeenth Century", ''Past and Present'', Volume 16, 1959 pp.&nbsp;31–64.
* "Hitlers Kriegsziele", in ''Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitsgeschichte'', Volume 8, 1960 pp.&nbsp;121–33, translated into English as "Hitler's War Aims" pp.&nbsp;235–50 from ''Aspects of the Third Reich'' edited by H.W. Koch, London: Macmillan Ltd, 1985.
* "A. J. P. Taylor, Hitler and the War", ''Encounter'', Volume 17, July 1961 pp.&nbsp;86–96.
* "E. H. Carr's Success Story", ''Encounter'', Volume 84, Issue No 104, 1962 pp.&nbsp;69–77.
* ''[https://archive.org/details/hitlerswardirect0000germ Blitzkrieg to Defeat: Hitler's War Directives, 1939–1945]'', 1964, 1965.
* ''Essays in British history presented to Sir Keith Feiling'' edited by H.R. Trevor-Roper; with a foreword by Lord David Cecil (1964)
* ''The Rise of Christian Europe'' (History of European Civilization series), 1965.
* ''Hitler's Place in History'', 1965.
* ''The Crisis of the Seventeenth Century: Religion, the Reformation, and Social Change, and Other Essays'', 1967.
* ''The Age of Expansion, Europe and the World, 1559–1600'', edited by Hugh Trevor-Roper, 1968.
* ''The Philby Affair: Espionage, Treason and Secret Services'', 1968.
* ''The Romantic Movement and the Study of History: the John Coffin memorial lecture delivered before the University of London on 17 February 1969'', 1969.
* ''The European Witch-Craze of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries'', 1969
* ''The Plunder of the Arts in the Seventeenth Century'', 1970.
* ''The Letters of Mercurius'', 1970. (London: John Murray)
* ''Queen Elizabeth's First Historian: William Camden and the Beginning of English "Civil History",'' 1971.
* "Fernand Braudel, the ''Annales'', and the Mediterranean," ''The Journal of Modern History'' Vol. 44, No. 4, December 1972
* "Foreword" pp.&nbsp;9–16 from ''1914: Delusion or Design The Testimony of Two German Diplomats'' edited by John Röhl, 1973.
* ''A Hidden Life: The Enigma of Sir Edmund Backhouse'' (published in the US, and in later [[Eland Books|Eland]] editions in the UK, as ''The Hermit of Peking: The Hidden Life of Sir Edmund Backhouse''), 1976.
* ''Princes and Artists: Patronage and Ideology at Four Habsburg Courts, 1517–1633'', 1976.
* ''History and Imagination: A Valedictory Lecture Delivered before the University of Oxford on 20 May 1980'', 1980.
* ''Renaissance Essays'', 1985.
* ''Catholics, Anglicans and Puritans: Seventeenth Century Essays'', 1987.
* ''The Golden Age of Europe: From Elizabeth I to the Sun King'', edited by Hugh Trevor-Roper, 1987.
* ''From Counter-Reformation to Glorious Revolution'', 1992.
* ''Edward Gibbon – The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'', vol. 1 introduction (London: Everyman's Library, 1993).
* ''Letters from Oxford: Hugh Trevor-Roper to Bernard Berenson''. Edited by Richard Davenport-Hines. L.: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2006, {{ISBN|0-297-85084-9}}.
* ''Europe's Physician: The Various Life of Sir Theodore De Mayerne'', 2007, {{ISBN|0-300-11263-7}}.
* ''The Invention of Scotland: Myth and History'', 2008, {{ISBN|0-300-13686-2}}
* ''History and the Enlightenment: Eighteenth Century Essays'', 2010, {{ISBN|0-300-13934-9}}

===Primary sources===
* '' Letters from Oxford: Hugh Trevor-Roper to Bernard Berenson'' edited by Richard Davenport-Hines (2007)
* ''My Dear Hugh: Letters from Richard Cobb to Hugh Trevor-Roper and Others'' edited by Tim Heald (2011) [NB does not contain any letters written by Trevor-Roper]
* ''One Hundred Letters From Hugh Trevor-Roper,'' edited by Richard Davenport-Hines, and Adam Sisman (2013) [https://www.amazon.com/One-Hundred-Letters-Hugh-Trevor-Roper-ebook/dp/B00HRTLDWQ/ except and text search] Corrected paperback edition, 2015.
* ''The Wartime Journals: Hugh Trevor-Roper'', Edited by Richard Davenport-Hines, 2011 {{ISBN|1-84885-990-2}}. Corrected paperback edition, 2015.
* Dacre made an [[After Dark (TV programme)#Tony Benn and "Out of Bounds"|extended appearance]] on the television programme ''[[After Dark (TV series)|After Dark]]'' in 1989<ref>[[List of After Dark editions#Series 3|List of After Dark editions]] (Series 3, episode 1, 13 May 1989 ''Out of Bounds'')</ref>

==See also==
* [[Bibliography of Adolf Hitler]]
* [[Historiography of the United Kingdom]]
{{Portal bar|England|Biography|History}}

==References==

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== By Trevor-Roper (‡) ===
{{Reflist|group=‡}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |last=Ascherson |first=Neal |author-link=Neal Ascherson |title=Liquidator |journal=[[London Review of Books]] |volume=32 |issue=16 |date=19 August 2010 |pages=10–12}}
* {{cite journal |last=Douglas |first=Sarah K. |title=The Search for Hitler: Hugh Trevor-Roper, Humphrey Serle and the Last Days of Hitler: Text |journal=[[Journal of Military History]] |date=January 2014 |volume=78 |issue=1 |pages=165–210}}
*{{cite journal |last=Parker |first=Geoffrey |title=The Search for Hitler: Hugh Trevor-Roper, Humphrey Serle, and the Last Days of Hitler: Prologue |journal=Journal of Military History |date=January 2014 |volume=78 |issue=1 |pages=159–64}}
* {{cite book |last=Lloyd-Jones |first=Hugh |title=History and Imagination: Essays in Honor of H. R. Trevor-Roper |year=1981 |publisher=Duckworth |editor1-first=Valerie |editor1-last=Pearl |editor2-first=Blair |editor2-last=Worden |editor2-link=Blair Worden |location=London}}
* {{cite journal |last=Malloch |first=S. J. V. |date=December 2015 |title=The Classicism of Hugh Trevor-Roper |journal=Cambridge Classical Journal |volume=61 |pages=29–61 |url= https://doi.org/10.1017/S1750270515000068 |url-access=subscription |s2cid=171147489}}
* {{cite book |last=Rabb |first=Theodore |author-link=Theodore K. Rabb |title=The Struggle for Stability in Early Modern Europe |url=https://archive.org/details/struggleforstabi03rabb |url-access=registration |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0195019563 |location=New York |year=1975}}
* {{cite book |last=Robinson |first=Kristen |chapter=Trevor-Roper, Hugh |pages=1204–05 |title=The Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing |editor-first=Kelly |editor-last=Boyd |volume=2 M–Z |location=London |publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers |year=1999 |isbn=1-884964-33-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Rosenbaum |first=Ron |title=Explaining Hitler: The Search for the Origins of His Evil |author-link=Ron Rosenbaum |location=New York |publisher=Random House |year=1998 |isbn=0-679-43151-9 |title-link=Explaining Hitler: The Search for the Origins of His Evil}}
* {{cite book |last=Saleh |first=Zaki |title=Trevor-Roper's Critique of Arnold Toynbee: A Symptom of Intellectual Chaos |year=1958 |publisher=Al-Ma'eref Press |location=Baghdad}}
* {{cite book |last=Sisman |first=Adam |year=2010 |title=Hugh Trevor-Roper |location=London |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |isbn=978-0-297-85214-8}}; published in North America as {{cite book |last=Sisman |first=Adam |title=An Honourable Englishman: The Life of Hugh Trevor-Roper |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DXdAispMpXwC |year=2011 |publisher=Random House of Canada |isbn=9781400069767}}
* {{cite journal |last=Winter |first=P. R. |date=December 2007 |title=A Higher Form of Intelligence: Hugh Trevor-Roper and Wartime British Secret Service |journal=[[Intelligence and National Security]] |volume=22 |issue=6 |pages=847–80 |doi=10.1080/02684520701770642 |s2cid=145567507}}
* Discussion of H. R. Trevor-Roper: "The General Crisis of the Seventeenth Century" pp.&nbsp;8–42 from ''[[Past & Present (journal)|Past and Present]]'', No. 18, November 1960 with contributions from [[Roland Mousnier]], [[J. H. Elliott]], [[Lawrence Stone]], H.R. Trevor-Roper, [[E. H. Kossmann]], [[E. J. Hobsbawm]] and [[J. H. Hexter]].
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book | last = Hastings | first = Max | title = The Secret War: Spies, Codes and Guerrillas 1939–1945 | publisher = William Collins | location= London| date=2015| edition = Paperback | isbn=978-0-00-750374-2}}
* {{cite journal |title=The Trope Hugh Trevor-Roper |first=George |last=Watson |journal=The Sewanee Review |volume=118 |issue=4 |date=Fall 2010 |pages=608–17 |jstor=40927521 |doi=10.1353/sew.2010.0043 |s2cid=161585485 }}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
; About Trevor-Roper
* {{NPG name}}
* Michael Knox Beran: [http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/comment-beran013103.asp H.R. Trevor-Roper, R.I.P], nationalreview.com, 31 January 2003.
* {{cite news | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1420131/Lord-Dacre-of-Glanton.html |title=Lord Dacre of Glanton |date= 26 January 2003 | location=London | work=The Daily Telegraph}}
* Barnard, T. (Faculty of History, University of Oxford) [http://www.history.ox.ac.uk/alumni/oxhistorian/issue_1/09_obituaries.htm Obituary], ''History Faculty Alumni Newsletter'', No. 1, April 2003.
* {{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2696001.stm |title=Obituary |work=BBC News | date=26 January 2003}}
* {{cite news | url = https://www.theguardian.com/obituaries/story/0,,882944,00.html |title=Obituary | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Blair | last=Wordern | date=27 January 2003}} (there are several discrepancies between these sources)
* {{cite news | url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2102-2264598.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081202170933/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2102-2264598.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2 December 2008 |title = The importance of not being earnest | work = [[The Sunday Times]] | location=London | first=Christopher | last=Silvester | date=16 July 2006}} Review of ''Letters from Oxford''.
* {{cite news | url = https://www.independent.ie/news/obituary-lord-dacre-of-glanton/26228704.html |title=Obituary - Lord Dacre of Glanton |work=[[Irish Independent]] |date=1 February 2003 | location=London |first=Stephen | last=Dodd}}
* {{cite news | last = Hunt |first= Tristram | url= https://www.theguardian.com/education/2003/mar/05/highereducation.news |title=Back when it mattered |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=5 March 2003 | location=London}}
* {{cite news | url = https://www.theguardian.com/books/2006/aug/06/biography.historybooks |title=Malice aforethought |first= Laura |last=Cumming |work=[[The Observer]] |date= 6 August 2006 | location=London}} Review of ''Letters from Oxford''.
* {{cite news | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2008/06/08/botre108.xml | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080612032500/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=%2Farts%2F2008%2F06%2F08%2Fbotre108.xml | url-status = dead | archive-date = 12 June 2008 | title = Review of The invention of Scotland | location = London | work = The Daily Telegraph | date = 6 June 2008 | access-date = 4 August 2021 }}
* {{cite news | url = http://www.nysun.com/arts/hugh-trevor-ropers-the-invention-of-scotland/82417/ |title=Hugh Trevor-Roper's The Invention of Scotland }}
* {{cite web |title=Hugh Trevor-Roper |url= https://oll.libertyfund.org/people/hugh-trevor-roper|via= Online Library of Liberty |access-date= 28 March 2019}}
* {{cite web |last1=Whyte |first1=William |title=A Cheat Dog-Collared The Professor & the Parson: A Story of Desire, Deceit & Defrocking By Adam Sisman |url=https://literaryreview.co.uk/a-cheat-dog-collared |publisher=Literary Review |access-date=19 May 2019 |date=May 2019}}
; By Trevor-Roper
* {{cite book |url= http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=719&Itemid=28 |title= The Crisis of the Seventeenth Century: Religion, the Reformation and Social Change and Other Essays |year= 1967 |publisher= Liberty Fund |place= Indianapolis |access-date= 8 January 2014 |archive-date= 8 January 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140108042859/http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=719&Itemid=28 |url-status= dead }}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname= }}
{{S-start}}
{{s-aca}}
{{Succession box
  | title = [[Peterhouse, Cambridge|Master of Peterhouse, Cambridge]]
  | years = 1980–1987
  | before = [[Grahame Clark]]
  | after = [[Henry Chadwick (theologian)|Henry Chadwick]]
}}
{{S-end}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Trevor-Roper, Hugh}}
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