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{{Short description|House in Chicago, Illinois}}
{{Other uses|Hull House (disambiguation)}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2025}}
{{Citation style|date=December 2023}}
{{Tone|article|date=February 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2016}}
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{{Infobox NRHP
| name                    = Hull House
| nrhp_type               = nhl
| image                   = The Hull House, Chicago (front).tif
| caption                 = Hull House in the early 20th century
| location                = 800 S. Halsted, [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], U.S.
| designated_other1_name  = Chicago Landmark
| designated_other1_date  = June 12, 1974
| designated_other1_abbr  = CL
| designated_other1_link  = Chicago Landmark
| designated_other1_color = #aaccff
| locmapin                = United States Chicago Central
| coordinates             = {{coord|41|52|18|N|87|38|51|W|region:US-IL_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| area                    = {{convert|1|acre}}
| built                   = building built in 1856, institution founded September 18, 1889
| designated_nrhp_type    = June 23, 1965<ref name="nhlsum">{{cite web|url=http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=205&ResourceType=Building|title=Hull House|access-date=June 11, 2008|work=National Historic Landmark summary listing|publisher=National Park Service|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114222659/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceID=205&resourceType=Building|archive-date=November 14, 2007|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
| added                   = October 15, 1966
| architect               = [[Pond and Pond]]
| visitation_num          =
| visitation_year         =
| architecture            = [[Italianate architecture|Italianate]]
| refnum                  = 66000315
}}
'''Hull House''' was a [[Settlement movement|settlement house]] in [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], that was co-founded in 1889 by [[Jane Addams]] and [[Ellen Gates Starr]]. Located on the [[Near West Side, Chicago|Near West Side]] of Chicago, Hull House, named after the original house's first owner Charles Jerald Hull, opened to serve recently arrived European immigrants. By 1911, Hull House had expanded to 13 buildings. In 1912, the Hull House complex was completed with the addition of a summer camp, the [[Bowen Country Club]].<ref name="TSA">{{cite web |title=Home Page |url=http://www.taylorstreetarchives.com |website=Taylor Street Archives |access-date=January 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020130931/http://www.taylorstreetarchives.com/ |archive-date=October 20, 2013 |url-status=unfit}}{{cbignore}}<!-- current live page indicates updated web site is under development --></ref><ref name="Hull House Museum">Hull House Museum</ref><ref>Jane Addams, Twenty Years at Hull House</ref>  With its innovative social, educational, and artistic programs, Hull House became the standard bearer for the movement; by 1920, it grew to approximately 500 settlement houses nationally.<ref name="EOCHH">{{cite encyclopedia|author=Johnson, Mary Ann|title=Hull House|url=http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/615.html|editor1=Grossman, James R. |editor2=Keating, Ann Durkin |editor3=Reiff, Janice L.|year=2004|encyclopedia=[[The Encyclopedia of Chicago]]|publisher=[[Chicago Historical Society]]}}</ref>

The Hull mansion and several subsequent acquisitions were continuously renovated to accommodate the changing demands of the association. In the mid-1960s, most of the Hull House buildings were demolished for the construction of the [[University of Illinois Chicago]]. The original house and one additional building, a community [[refectory]] and meeting hall (which has been moved {{convert|200|yd|m|1}})<ref name="CFB">Schulte, Franz and Kevin Harrington, ''Chicago's Famous Buildings'', fifth edition, University of Chicago Press, 2004, pp. 212–3, {{ISBN|0-226-74066-8}}.</ref> survive today. On June 23, 1965, it was designated as a U.S. [[National Historic Landmark]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceID=205&resourceType=Building|access-date=March 23, 2007|title=Hull House|publisher=National Park Service|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114222659/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceID=205&resourceType=Building|archive-date=November 14, 2007|df=mdy-all}}</ref> On October 15, 1966, the day that the [[National Historic Preservation Act of 1966]] was enacted, it was listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]]. On June 12, 1974, the surviving Hull mansion was designated as a [[Chicago Landmark]].<ref>{{cite web|year=2003|title=Jane Addams' Hull House|url=http://www.ci.chi.il.us/Landmarks/H/HullHouse.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010803191001/http://www.ci.chi.il.us/Landmarks/H/HullHouse.html|archive-date=August 3, 2001|access-date=March 6, 2007|publisher=City of Chicago Department of Planning and Development, Landmarks Division.}}</ref>

Hull House was one of the first four structures to be listed on both the [[National Register of Historic Places listings in Chicago|Chicago Registered Historic Places]] and the National Register of Historic Places list (along with [[Chicago Pile-1]], [[Robie House]], and [[Lorado Taft Midway Studios]]).<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|2007a}}</ref> After The Hull House Association moved from the original buildings complex in the 1960s, it continued to provide social services in multiple locations throughout Chicago. It finally ceased operations in January 2012.  The Hull mansion and a related dining hall, the only remaining survivors on the Hull House complex, are now maintained as a history museum, the '''Jane Addams Hull-House Museum'''.

==Mission==
Addams followed the example of [[Toynbee Hall]], which was founded in 1884 in the [[East End]] of [[London]] as a center for social reform. She described Toynbee Hall as "a community of university men" who, while living there, held their recreational clubs and social gatherings at the settlement house among the poor people and in the same style they would in their own circle.<ref>Polikoff, Barbara Garland. ''With One Bold Act : The Story of Jane Addams'', p. 55, New York: Boswell Books, 1999.</ref> Addams and Starr established Hull House as a settlement house on September 18, 1889.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/615.html|title=Hull House|access-date=September 9, 2013|publisher=[[Chicago Historical Society]]|encyclopedia=[[Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago]]|author=Johnson, Mary Ann}}</ref>

In the 19th century a women's movement began to promote education and autonomy, and to break into traditionally male-dominated occupations for women. Organizations led by women, bonded by sisterhood, were formed for social reform, including [[settlement house]]s such as Hull House, situated in working class and poor neighborhoods. To develop "new roles for women, the first generation of New Women wove the traditional ways of their mothers into the heart of their brave new world. The social activists, often single, were led by educated [[New Woman|New Women]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Smith-Rosenberg |first=Carroll |url=https://archive.org/details/disorderlyconduc00smit |title=Disorderly conduct : visions of gender in Victorian America |date=1986 |location=New York | publisher=Oxford University Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-19-504039-5}}</ref>

Hull House became, at its inception in 1889, "a community of university women" whose main purpose was to provide social and educational opportunities for [[working class]] people (many of them recent European immigrants) in the surrounding neighborhood. The "residents" (volunteers at Hull were given this title) held classes in literature, history, art, domestic activities (such as sewing), and many other subjects. Prominent scholars and social reformers such as [[John Dewey]], [[George Herbert Mead]], [[Max Weber]], and [[W.E.B. Du Bois]] lectured at Hull House.<ref>{{Cite web |title=9 Jane Addams and John Dewey |url=https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/41988/chapter/355433759 |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=academic.oup.com |date=2022 |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197544518.013.34 |last1=Ralston |first1=Shane J. |pages=169–186 |isbn=978-0-19-754451-8 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='The Complementary Theory and Practice of Jane Addams and George Herbert Mead: Bending Toward Justice' |url=https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/41988/chapter/371693037 |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=academic.oup.com |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197544518.013.32}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='On the Maturation of Addams Studies: A Figure of Vital Intellectual and Practical Significance' |url=https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/41988/chapter/378416876 |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=academic.oup.com |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197544518.013.45}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Legacies of Jane Addams and W. E. B. Du Bois: Lessons for Scholarship on Diversity and Inclusion in Organizations' |url=https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/41988/chapter/362499644 |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=academic.oup.com |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197544518.013.33}}</ref> In addition, Hull House held concerts that were free to everyone, offered free lectures on current issues, and operated clubs for both children and adults.
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Its facilities included a night school for adults, [[kindergarten]] classes, clubs for older children, a public kitchen, an [[art gallery]], a [[coffeehouse]], a [[gym]]nasium, a girls club, a swimming pool, bathhouse, a [[Bookbinding|book bindery]], a [[music school]], a drama group, a library, and labor-related divisions. Addams's adult night school was a forerunner of the [[continuing education]] classes offered by many [[universities]] today. In addition to making available services and cultural opportunities for the largely immigrant population of the neighborhood, Hull House afforded an opportunity for young social workers to acquire training. Eventually, the Hull House became a 13-building settlement and included a playground and a summer camp, the Bowen Country Club.
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In 1892, Addams published her thoughts on what has been described as "the three R's" of the settlement house movement: residence, research, and reform. These involved "close cooperation with the neighborhood people, scientific study of the causes of poverty and dependence, communication of these facts to the public, and persistent pressure for [legislative and social] reform..."<ref>{{cite journal | jstor=40190170 | title=The Heritage from Chicago's Early Settlement Houses | author=Wade. Louise C. | journal=Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society | date=Winter 1967 | volume=60 | issue=4 | pages=411–441, 414}}</ref>  Hull House conducted careful studies of the [[Near West Side, Chicago]] community, which became known as "The Hull House Neighborhood".  These studies enabled the Hull House residents to confront the establishment, eventually partnering with them in the design and implementation of programs intended to enhance and improve the opportunities for success by the largely immigrant population.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/410008.html|access-date=March 26, 2007|year=2005|publisher=Chicago Historical Society|title=Hull-House Maps Its Neighborhood|encyclopedia=The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago}}</ref>

According to Christie and Gauvreau (2001), while the Christian settlement houses sought to Christianize, Jane Addams, "had come to epitomize the force of secular humanism." Her image was, however, "reinvented" by the Christian churches.<ref>Christie, C., Gauvreau, M. (2001). A Full-Orbed Christianity: The Protestant Churches and Social Welfare in Canada, 1900–1940 McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP, January 19, 2001 pg 107</ref> According to the Jane Addams Hull-House Museum, "Some social settlements were linked to religious institutions. Others, like Hull-House [co-founded by Addams], were secular."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uic.edu/jaddams/hull/_learn/_aboutjane/aboutjane.html|title=landing page|website=Jane Addams Hull-House Museum|access-date=March 25, 2018}}</ref>

In 1895, the Hull-House Association released "Hull-House Maps and Papers." This publication consisted of essays authored by Hull-House residents and collaborators, overseen by Jane Addams. Alongside the essays, the book featured two maps illustrating the spatial distribution of immigrants from eighteen different nationalities residing within a one-third square mile radius around Hull-House. "The book was notable for its impact on the University of Chicago Sociology Department ... Development of mapping as a statistical technique to reveal social group patterns became a major contribution of the Chicago School."<ref>Hassencahl, Fran.  “Jane Addams.”  ''Women Public Speakers in the United States, 1800-1925: A Biocritical Sourcebook''.  Karlyn Kohrs Campbell (ed.).  Westport, CT; London: Greenwood Press, 1993.  pp. 3-4.</ref>

Settlement houses were established on the principles of Christian Socialism and the Social Gospel, which held the belief that the application of social sciences could address the challenges faced by urban residents in industrialized societies. Jane strongly asserted that the primary beneficiaries of the efforts at the settlement house were the residents themselves, rather than the local community.<ref>Reynolds, Moira Davison.  ''Women Champions of Human Rights: Eleven U.S. Leaders of the Twentieth Century''.  Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 1991.  p. 6</ref> Nevertheless, Jane recognized that to effectively tackle these issues, it was essential to comprehend them thoroughly. Consequently, she mobilized teams to investigate social problems in the vicinity of Hull-House.

Hassencahl asserts that Hull-House evolved into a globally significant hub of intellectual activity, attracting leaders from various fields to engage in teaching, studying, and research. Deegan further elaborates that for women sociologists, Hull-House held a similar significance as the University of Chicago did for their male counterparts, serving as a central institution for research and social discourse. Alongside disseminating their discoveries, the insights derived from these inquiries played a crucial role in advocating for legislative reforms aimed at improving the conditions of immigrants and the impoverished.<ref>Hassencahl, Fran. pp. 3-4.</ref><ref>Deegan, Mary Jo.  ''Jane Addams and the Men of the Chicago School, 1892-1918/.  New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1988.  p. 33.''</ref><ref>''Faderman, Lillian.  “Social Housekeeping: The Inspiration of Jane Addams.”  To Believe in Women: What Lesbians Have Done for America—A History.  Boston & New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1999.  pp. 115-135.''</ref>

Jane didn't intend to become a sociologist. In the preface of Hull-House Maps and Papers, she mentioned that the residents of the settlement house typically didn't engage in sociological inquiries, which she distinguished from investigations into labor abuses or factory conditions. She expressed her opposition to viewing the neighborhood as a laboratory, emphasizing that Hull-House aimed to assist the neighbors rather than study them.<ref>''Deegan, Mary Jo. p. 35.''</ref> However, she ended up becoming a sociologist. Faderman describes Jane as "probably the first to take the work of female social scientists seriously."<ref>''Faderman, Lillian. p. 122.''</ref> She was one of the founding members of the American Sociological Association, established in 1905. Additionally, she lectured on sociology at both the University of Chicago Extension and the Chicago School of Civics and Philanthropy.

Jane's perspective aside, Hull-House represented a form of experimentation. Fortunately, it was replicable. By 1900, nearly 100 settlement houses akin to Hull-House had emerged across the United States. Moreover, Jane spurred a shift in the objectives of existing groups. Women's clubs, initially established by affluent women for cultural enrichment, joined forces to establish the Federation of Women's Clubs, directing their efforts towards civic endeavors such as eradicating child labor, establishing public libraries, and reforming tenements.

During that era, a familiar dichotomy emerged, resonating with contemporary readers. Male members of the University of Chicago Sociology Department tended to maintain a distance from their subjects. They operated from their offices within the university, using coordination for their studies. Women sociologists were often viewed by their male counterparts as mere data collectors. Conversely, women sociologists perceived sociology as a tool. While men regarded the data they gathered and the insights they derived as the ultimate goal, women viewed them as indicators of issues needing resolution. Their envisioned role was that of problem solvers.

Post-World War II, there arose a trend to quantify and "scientify" all aspects of what are now recognized as the social sciences. Consequently, sociology was embraced by business and science, with male faculty assuming predominant roles. By 1920, at the University of Chicago, all female professors were transferred from the Sociology Department to the Department of Social Services.

==Hull House neighborhood==
One of the first newspaper articles ever written about Hull House<ref>''Chicago Tribune'', <!--Article title?--> May 19, 1890.</ref> quotes the following invitation sent to the residents of the Hull House neighborhood.  It begins with: "''Mio Carissimo Amico''"...and is signed, ''Le Signorine'', Jane Addams and Ellen Starr.  That invitation to the community, written during the first year of Hull House's existence, suggests that the inner core of what Addams labeled "The Hull House Neighborhood" was overwhelmingly Italian at that time.  "10,000 Italians lived between the river and [[Halsted Street]]."<ref>Jane Addams, ''Images of Hull House'', p. 10.</ref>
[[Image:Hullhouse.jpg|thumb|left|Hull House community workshop poster, 1938]]
By all accounts, the greater Hull House neighborhood (Chicago's [[Near West Side, Chicago|Near West Side]]) was a mix of various ethnic groups that had immigrated to Chicago.  There was no discrimination of race, language, creed, or tradition for those who entered the doors of the Hull House. Every person was treated with respect. The Bethlehem-Howard Neighborhood Center records substantiate that, "Germans and Jews resided south of that inner core (south of twelfth street)...The Greek delta formed by Harrison, Halsted and Blue Island Streets served as a buffer to the Irish residing to the south and the Canadian–French to the northwest.  From the river on the east end, on out to the western ends of what came to be known as "[[Little Italy, Chicago|Little Italy]]", from Roosevelt Road on the south to the Harrison Street delta on the north, became the port-of-call for Italians who continued to immigrate to Chicago from the shores of southern Italy until a quota system was implemented in 1924 for most Southern Europeans.<ref name="Hull House Museum"/>

The [[Greektown, Chicago|Greektown]] and [[Maxwell Street]] residents, along with the remnants of other immigrant groups living on the outer fringes of the Hull House Neighborhood, disappeared long before the physical demise of Hull House.  The exodus of most ethnic groups began shortly after the turn of the twentieth century. Their businesses, e.g. Greektown and Maxwell Street, however, remained.  Italian Americans were the only immigrant group that endured as a vibrant on-going community. That community came to be known as "[[Little Italy]]".  Taylor Street's Little Italy, the inner core of Addams' "Hull House Neighborhood", remained as the laboratory upon which the social and philanthropic groups of Hull House elitists had tested their theories and formulated their challenges to the establishment.<ref name="TSA"/>

The synergy between Taylor Street's Little Italy and the Hull House complex; i.e., the settlement house and its summer camp, the [[Bowen Country Club]], is well documented.<ref name="TSA" />  Dr. [[Alice Hamilton]], an early member of that elite Hull House hierarchy, wrote in her autobiography, "Those Italian women knew what a baby needed, far better than my Ann Arbor professors did."<ref>{{cite book | last=Hamilton | first=Alice | title=Exploring the Dangerous Trades – The Autobiography of Alice Hamilton, M.D. | page=69 | publisher=Little, Brown and Company | location=Boston, MA | year=1943 }}</ref> The ancillary literature between, among and about members of Hull House's inner sanctum of sociologists and philanthropists is littered with such comments, reinforcing the relationship that existed between Taylor Street's Little Italy and Hull House.  A review of the ethnic composition of those who registered for and utilized the services provided by the Hull House complex, during its 74 years as a tenant of the near-west side, suggests an ethnic bias. Of the 257 known WWII veterans who were alumni of the Bowen Country Club, "virtually all had a vowel at the end of their names...denoting their Italian heritage."<ref name="TSA"/>

A historic picture, "Meet the Hull House Kids," was taken on a summer day in 1924 by [[Wallace Kirkland|Wallace K. Kirkland Sr.]], Hull House Director. He later became a top photographer with ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]''. The twenty Hull House Kids were erroneously described as young boys, of Irish ancestry, posing in the Dante School yard on Forquer Street (now Arthington Street).  It circulated the world as a "poster child" of sorts for the Hull House social experiment.  On April 5, 1987, over a half century later, the ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'' refuted the contention that the Hull House Boys were of Irish ancestry. In doing so, the ''Sun-Times'' article listed the names of each of the young boys.<ref>Michael Cordts, "Meet the 'Hull House Kids'", ''Chicago Sun-Times'', Sunday, April 5, 1987, page 6.</ref>  All twenty boys were first-generation Italian-Americans, all with vowels at the end of their names.  "They grew up to be lawyers and mechanics, sewer workers and dump truck drivers, a candy shop owner, a boxer and a mob boss."

Because of the immigrants' loneliness for their homeland, Addams started hosting ethnic evenings at Hull House. This would include ethnic food, dancing, music, and maybe a short lecture on a topic of interest. Some of the themed evenings were Italian, Greek, German, Polish, etc. Ellen Gates Starr described one Italian evening as having the room packed full with people. One of the ladies who attended "recited a patriotic poem with great spirit" and everyone was moved by it.<ref>Polikoff, Barbara Garland. ''With One Bold Act : The Story of Jane Addams'', p. 76, New York: Boswell Books, 1999.</ref>

===Accomplishments===
[[File:UIC Hull House.JPG|thumb|Jane Addams Hull-House Museum in 2006.  The museum is located in and preserves the first building from which the Addams settlement took its name, ''Hull House,'' and one related structure.  Additional settlement facilities, which over-time grew up around the house, were removed in the 1960s.|alt=]]
Throughout the first two decades, along with thousands of immigrants from the surrounding area, Hull House attracted many female residents who later became prominent and influential reformers at various levels.<ref name="EOCHH" /> At the beginning, Addams and Starr volunteered as on-call doctors when the real doctors either didn't show up or weren't available. They acted as midwives, saved babies from neglect, prepared the dead for burial, nursed the sick, and sheltered domestic violence victims. For example, one Italian bride had lost her wedding ring and in turn was beaten by her husband for a week. She sought shelter at the settlement and it was granted to her. Also, a baby born with a cleft palate was unwanted by his mother so he was kept at the Hull House for six weeks after an operation. In another case, a woman was about to give birth to an illegitimate baby, so none of the Irish matrons would touch it. Addams and Starr stepped in and delivered this helpless little one. Finally, a female Italian immigrant was so thrilled about fresh roses at one of the Hull House receptions that she insisted they had come from Italy. She had never seen anything as beautiful in America despite the fact that she lived within ten blocks of a florist shop. Her limited view of America came from the untidy street she lived on and the long struggle to adapt to American ways.<ref>Addams, Jane, and Ruth W. Messinger. ''Twenty Years at Hull-House'', p. 72-73, New York: Signet Classics, 1999.</ref> The settlement was also gradually drawn into advocating for legislative reforms at the municipal, state and federal levels, addressing issues such as [[child labor]], [[women's suffrage]], healthcare reform and [[immigration policy]]. Some claim that the work of the Hull House marked the beginning of what we know today as "Social Welfare".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome — Department of English |url=https://louisville.edu/english/ |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=louisville.edu |language=en}}</ref>

At the neighborhood level, Hull House established the city's first public playground, bathhouse, and public gymnasium (in 1893), pursued educational and political reform, and investigated housing, working, and sanitation issues.<ref name="EOCHH" /> The playground opened on May Day in 1893, located on Polk Street. Families dressed in party attire and came to join the celebration that day. Addams had studied child behavior and painfully concluded that "children robbed of childhood were likely to become dull, sullen men and women working mindless jobs, or criminals for whom the adventure of crime became the only way to break out of the bleakness of their lives" <ref>Polikoff, Barbara Garland. ''With One Bold Act : The Story of Jane Addams'', p. 124-126, New York: Boswell Books, 1999.</ref> Addams' thinking regarding the importance of childhood play opportunities contributed to a national conversation about the need for playgrounds and a movement that started the Playground Association of America <ref>{{cite web|url=https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/organizations/playground-association-of-america-earlly-days/|title=Playground Association of America: Early Days - Social Welfare History Project|date=August 21, 2012|website=vcu.edu|access-date=March 25, 2018}}</ref> Also, one volunteer, Jenny Dow, started a kindergarten class for children left at the settlement while their mothers worked in the sweatshops. Within three weeks, Dow had 24 registered kindergartners and 70 on a waiting list.<ref>Polikoff, Barbara Garland. ''With One Bold Act : The Story of Jane Addams'', p. 74, New York: Boswell Books, 1999.</ref> At the municipal level, their pursuit of legal reforms led to the first [[juvenile court]] in the United States, and their work influenced urban planning and the transition to a branch library system.<ref name="EOCHH" />  At the state level Hull House influenced legislation on [[child labor]] laws, [[occupational safety]] and health provisions, [[compulsory education]], [[immigrant]] rights, and pension laws.<ref name="EOCHH" /> These experiences translated to success at the federal level, working with the settlement house network to champion national child labor laws, women's suffrage, a children's bureau, [[unemployment compensation]], [[workers' compensation]], and other elements of the Progressive agenda during the first two decades of the twentieth century.<ref name="EOCHH" />

[[Jane Addams]] and many other Hull House residents such as [[Florence Kelley]] and [[Julia Lathrop]] inspired and stimulated social reforms. Hull House residents generated action. What is less well known, is that Hull House also generated a unique philosophy often described as feminist pragmatism. Philosophy is generally associated with academia. [[Plato]], is known for establishing the academy (387 BCE), which was a forerunner of universities. Men dominated this world of thought --philosophy. Hull House offered an alternative location where women could debate, reflect, ponder and make sense of urban life through the prism of feminine experience. According to Maurice Hamington <ref>Hamington, M. (2009). ''The Social Philosophy of Jane Addams''. Chicago, IL: University of Illinois Press.</ref> Hull House was an incubator of ideas where feminist pragmatism was jump started. The Hull House philosophy, contrasted sharply with the approach of Plato. He used geometry and math as a spring board  to a theory of Forms, which were "ideal, eternal, unchanging and pleasingly independence of earthly visible things.<ref>Gottlieb, A. (2016). ''The Dream of Reason: A History of Western Philosophy from the Greeks to the Renaissance''. New York: W. W. Norton & Co</ref> Addams, on the other hand, was not interested in abstract truth. She wanted her philosophic approach to incorporate the messy world of lived experience - with emphasis on the under explored world of women's experience.<ref>Addams, J. (1902). ''Democracy and Social Ethics''. MacMillan.  This book is anchored by the experiences of Hull House neighbors and residents. It is also highly cited.</ref> Rather than focusing on fixed individual characteristics (virtues), her social ethics engaged the individual in broader society and focused on a social responsibility and participatory democracy.<ref>Shields, P. M. (2006). Democracy and the Social Ethics of Jane Addams: A Vision for public administration. ''Administrative Theory and Praxis'', 28(3), 418–443. </ref><ref>Shields, Patricia M. (2017). Jane Addams: Public Philosopher, and Practicing feminist Pragmatist. In, P. Shields Editor, ''Jane Addams: Progressive Pioneer of Peace, Philosophy, Sociology, Social Work and Public Administration'' pp. 43–68. ISBN 978-3-319-50646-3</ref> In 1897, Alice Hamilton after graduating from Johns Hopkins School of Medicine joined Hull House and founded one of the first child welfare and outpatient pediatric clinic.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bracht |first=Neil F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PbJYX8E2r2MC |title=Social Work in Health Care: A Guide to Professional Practice |date=1978 |publisher=The Haworth Press |isbn=978-0-917724-04-6 |location=New York |pages=12 |language=en}}</ref>

===Teachings===
{{multiple image
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 | header    = Hull House
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 | image1    = Hull House, Smith Hall.jpg
 | caption1  = Smith Hall along [[Halsted Street|Halsted St.]], 1910
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 | image3    = Children standing in a line on a retaining wall on the grounds of Hull House.jpg
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 | caption3  = Children in line on a retaining wall at Hull House, 1908
}}
Later, the settlement branched out and offered services to ameliorate some of the effects of poverty. A [[public dispensary]] provided nutritious food for the sick as well as a daycare center and public baths. Among the courses Hull House offered was a [[bookbinding]] course, which was timely — given the employment opportunities in the growing printing trade.<ref name="EOCBA">{{cite encyclopedia|author=Gehl, Paul F.|title=Book Arts|url=http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/156.html|editor=Grossman, James R. |editor2=Keating, Ann Durkin |editor3=Reiff, Janice L.|year=2004|encyclopedia=[[The Encyclopedia of Chicago]]|publisher=[[Chicago Historical Society]]}}</ref> Hull House was well known for its success in aiding American assimilation, especially with immigrant youth.<ref name="EOCCyc">{{cite encyclopedia|author=Gems, Gerald R.|title=Clubs: Youth Clubs|url=http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/307.html|editor=Grossman, James R. |editor2=Keating, Ann Durkin |editor3=Reiff, Janice L.|year=2004|encyclopedia=[[The Encyclopedia of Chicago]]|publisher=[[Chicago Historical Society]]}}</ref> Hull House became the center of the movement to promote hand workmanship as a moral regenerative force.<ref name="EOCAaCM">{{cite encyclopedia|author=Darling, Sharon S.|title=Arts and Crafts Movement|url=http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/84.html|editor=Grossman, James R. |editor2=Keating, Ann Durkin |editor3=Reiff, Janice L.|year=2004|encyclopedia=[[The Encyclopedia of Chicago]]|publisher=[[Chicago Historical Society]]}}</ref> The [[Hull-House Kilns]] program was directed by [[Myrtle Merritt French]].<ref name="Koplos">{{cite book |last1=Koplos |first1=Janet |last2=Metcalf |first2=Bruce |title=Makers: a history of American studio craft |date=2010 |publisher=University of North Carolina press |location=Chapel Hill |isbn=9780807834138 |page=133}}</ref> Under the direction of [[Laura Dainty Pelham]] their theater group performed the Chicago premiers of several plays by [[John Galsworthy]], [[Henrik Ibsen]], and [[George Bernard Shaw]], and was given credit for founding the American [[Little Theatre Movement]].<ref>Peggy Glowacki and Julia Hendry, ''Images of America: Hull-House'', Arcadia Publishing, Chicago, Illinois, 2004 p. 34, {{ISBN|0-7385-3351-3}}</ref>  The success of Hull House led [[Paul U. Kellogg|Paul Kellogg]] to refer to the group as the "Great Ladies of Halsted Street".<ref>{{cite web |author= McMillen, Wayne |url= http://www.ssa.uchicago.edu/aboutssa/history/tour1d.shtml |title= SSA Tour: Edith Abbott |publisher= The University of Chicago School of Social Service Administration |year= 2007 |access-date=January 7, 2007 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061230031430/http://www.ssa.uchicago.edu/aboutssa/history/tour1d.shtml <!--Added by H3llBot--> |archive-date= December 30, 2006 }}</ref>

The objective of Hull House, as stated in its charter, was: "To provide a center for a higher civic and social life; to institute and maintain educational and philanthropic enterprises, and to investigate and improve the conditions in the industrial districts of Chicago."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://libraries.cua.edu/achrcua/howmuch/doc2.htm|access-date=March 26, 2007|title=Hull House Settlement House Questionnaire, 1893|publisher=The Catholic University Of America|author=All ACUA Staff|year=2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061130021228/http://libraries.cua.edu/achrcua/howmuch/doc2.htm |archive-date = November 30, 2006}}</ref>

==The building and museum==
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Hull House was located in Chicago, Illinois, and took its name from the [[Italianate]] mansion built by real estate magnate [[Charles Jerald Hull]] (1820–1889) at 800 South Halsted Street in 1856. The building was located in what had once been a fashionable part of town, but by 1889, when Addams was searching for a location for her experiment, it had descended into squalor. This was partly due to the rapid and overwhelming influx of immigrants into the [[Near West Side, Chicago|Near West Side]] neighborhood. Charles Hull granted his former home to his cousin [[Helen Culver]], who in turn granted it to Addams on a 25-year rent-free lease. By 1907, Addams had acquired 13 buildings surrounding Hull's mansion.  Between 1889 and 1935, Addams and Ellen Gates Starr continuously redeveloped the building.<ref name="CFB" />  In 1912, the [[Bowen Country Club]] summer camp was added to complete the Hull House complex.{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}}  The facility remained at the original location until it was purchased in 1963 by what was then called the [[University of Illinois Chicago|University of Illinois-Circle Campus]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ci.chi.il.us/Landmarks/H/HullHouse.html |title= Jane Addams' Hull House |publisher= City of Chicago Department of Planning and Development, Landmarks Division. |year= 2003 |access-date= January 3, 2007 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070203061813/http://www.ci.chi.il.us/Landmarks/H/HullHouse.html |archive-date= February 3, 2007 |df= mdy-all }}</ref>  The development of University of Illinois-Circle Campus required the demolition of most of the Hull House buildings<ref name="CFB" /> and the 1967 restoration to the original building by Frazier, Raftery, Orr and Fairbank removed Addams's third floor addition.  In addition to the mansion, of the dozen additional buildings only the [[Arts and Crafts movement|craftsman style]] dining hall (built in 1905 and designed by Pond & Pond) survives and it was moved {{convert|200|yd|m|1}} from its original site to be next to the mansion.<ref name="CFB" /><ref>Sinkevitch, Alice, ''AIA Guide To Chicago'', second edition, A Harcourt Original, 2004, pp. 301–2, {{ISBN|0-15-222900-0}}.</ref>

===The haunting of Hull House===
Addams noted that upon moving in, the building had a "half-skeptical reputation for a haunted attic."<ref>J. Addams, ''Twenty Years at Hull House'', (New York: MacMillan & Co., 1910), ch.5.</ref>  Over the years, numerous stories of [[ghost]]s and [[haunting]]s have surrounded Hull House, making it a stop on many of the "ghosts in Chicago" tours. Charles Hull's wife had died in the house in 1860 and is sometimes thought to haunt it.<ref name=GoHH>{{cite web|url=http://www.chicagounbelievable.com/2011/03/ghosts-of-hull-house-mysteries-and.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130119201746/http://www.chicagounbelievable.com/2011/03/ghosts-of-hull-house-mysteries-and.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=January 19, 2013|title=Ghosts of Hull House: Mysteries and Myths. New ebook and podcast! |access-date=March 11, 2011|publisher=The Chicago Unbelievable Blog}}</ref>  Other candidates for resident ghosts include the many people who died there of natural causes in the 1870s when it was used as a home for the aged by the Little Sisters of the Poor.<ref name=GoHH/>

In 1913, another Hull House ghost story began circulating. According to this legend, after a man claimed that he would rather have the [[Devil]] in his house than a picture of [[The Virgin Mary]], his child was born with pointed ears, horns, scale-covered skin, and a tail. The mother was said to have taken the baby to Hull House, where Addams was said to have attempted to have it [[baptize]]d and wound up locking it in the attic.<ref>J. Addams, "The Long Road of Woman's Memory," New York, MacMillan & Co., 1917, ch.1</ref> While initially annoyed about the story, which had no basis in fact, Addams became fascinated by the effect the episode had on old women in the neighborhood and used the episode as a basis for her book ''The Long Road of Woman's Memory''.<ref>{{cite book |author=Selzer, Adam |author-link=Adam Selzer |isbn=978-0-7387-1557-5 |title=Your Neighborhood Gives Me the Creeps: True Tales of an Accidental Ghost Hunter |date=Oct 8, 2012 |publisher=Llewellyn Worldwide |page=86 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DLqd2naUI1gC&q=long+road+of+woman%27s+memory+adam+selzer&pg=PT97 |access-date=24 January 2019}}</ref>

While a great many erroneous stories have circulated about the building, Addams is known to have spoken to several friends about one of the front bedrooms on the second floor being haunted – she and a friend once thought they saw a "woman in white" ghost there, and the same ghost was later seen by a group of girls when the room was used as a dressing room for the adjacent theater. Though Addams called it "haunted," she seems to have been more amused than frightened by it.<ref name=GoHH/>

==Theater==
Addams held the belief that theater benefits the community, and, in 1899, she established an amateur theater group in the Hull House. Hull House Women's Club president, Laura Dainty Pelham, served as the director for the [[Hull House Players]] in its early years, producing two plays a year in addition to variety shows.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Burton |first=Shirley J. |date=1997 |title=Women Making a Difference: Ida Craddock, Adelaide Johnson, and Laura Dainty Pelham |url=https://www.lib.niu.edu/1997/iht419722.html |access-date=September 19, 2025 |work=[[Illinois History Teacher]] |pages=22–33}}</ref><ref name="EOCTC">{{cite encyclopedia |year=2004 |title=Theater Companies |encyclopedia=[[The Encyclopedia of Chicago]] |publisher=[[Chicago Historical Society]] |url=http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1246.html |editor=Grossman, James R. |author=Christiansen, Richard |editor2=Keating, Ann Durkin |editor3=Reiff, Janice L.}}</ref> The stage was often used by community members in the neighborhood. Immigrants from Greek and Eastern Europe often performed productions in their own languages.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Addams |first=Jane |url=https://archive.org/details/twentyyearsathul1912adda |title=Twenty years at Hull-House: with autobiographical notes. |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]] |year=1912 |location=New York |pages=386–382}}</ref> Players also performed contemporary plays by [[George Bernard Shaw|Shaw]], [[Henrik Ibsen|Ibsen]], and [[John Galsworthy|Galsworthy]] often for the first time in Chicago.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hecht |first=Stuart J. |date=1982 |title=Social and Artistic Integration: The Emergence of Hull-House Theatre |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3207448 |journal=Theatre Journal |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=172–182 |doi=10.2307/3207448 |jstor=3207448 |issn=0192-2882|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The Hull House Players has been credited as the first theater in the American [[Little Theatre Movement|Little Theater Movement]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goodson |first=Ann |date=2015-01-01 |title=The Settlement Stage: How Hull House Bridged Leisure, Creativity, and Play |url=https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses/2891 |journal=Master's Theses}}</ref> America's [[improvisational theatre]] scene also has its roots in Hull House, as [[Viola Spolin]], noted improvisational techniques instructor, taught classes and developed her techniques at Hull House.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Richard Sisson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n3Xn7jMx1RYC&q=spolin+jane+addams&pg=PA517 |title=The American Midwest |author2=Christian K. Zacher |author3=Andrew Robert Lee Cayton |author3-link=Andrew Cayton |date=2006-11-08 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=0253003490}}</ref> The original Hull House Theater was damaged in 1957 in a fire. However, in 1963, director, [[Robert Sickinger]], continued the work of Jane Addams, directing shows at "the Hull-House Association’s four theaters at the Jane Addams Center and Uptown Center on the North Side and Parkway Community House and Henry Booth House on the South Side.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sun-Times |first=Mary Houlihan-For the |date=2025-04-13 |title=Jane Addams Hull-House exhibit showcases museum's lead role in Chicago's theater scene |url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/theater/2025/04/13/jand-addams-hull-house-museum-exhibit-chicago-theater-scene-history |access-date=2025-09-18 |website=Chicago Sun-Times |language=en}}</ref>

==Since the 1930s==
Addams was head resident until her death in 1935. Hull House continued to serve the community surrounding the Halsted location until it was displaced by the urban branch campus of the University of Illinois in the 1960s. Until 2012, the social service center role was performed throughout the city at various locations under an umbrella organization, the Jane Addams Hull House Association.<ref name="EOCHH" />  The original Hull House building itself is a museum, part of the College of Architecture and the Arts at the [[University of Illinois Chicago]], and is open to the public.

The Jane Addams Hull House Association was one of Chicago's largest nonprofit social welfare organizations. Its mission was to improve social conditions for underserved people and communities by providing creative, innovative programs and by advocating for related public policy reforms. The Association had more than 50 programs at over 40 sites throughout Chicago and served approximately 60,000 individuals, families, and community members every year.<ref>{{cite web |title=Who We Serve |url=http://www.hullhouse.org/aboutus/whoweserve.html |website=Jane Addams Hull House Association |access-date=June 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100606044243/http://www.hullhouse.org/aboutus/whoweserve.html |archive-date=2010-06-06 |url-status=usurped}}</ref>

The  Jane Addams Hull-House Museum<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jane Addams Hull-House Museum |url=https://www.hullhousemuseum.org/ |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=Jane Addams Hull-House Museum |language=en-US}}</ref> is part of the College of Architecture and the Arts at the [[University of Illinois Chicago]] and serves as a memorial to Addams and other resident social reformers, whose work influenced the lives of their immigrant neighbors, as well as national and international public policy.  The museum and its programs connect the work of Hull House residents to important contemporary social issues. The Museum's collection includes over 1,100 artifacts related to Hull House history and over 100 oral interviews conducted with people who have shared their stories about Hull House and the surrounding neighborhood.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hullhousemuseum.org|title=Jane Addams Hull House Museum|access-date=October 22, 2008|publisher=[[University of Illinois Chicago]]}}</ref>

===Hull House Association closure===
Because of its heavy reliance on public support—as much as 85 percent of its revenue came from such sources—Hull House Association had essentially become an arm of government, unlike anything Ms. Addams might recognize today.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=West |first1=Maureen |title=What Would Founder Jane Addams Think of Hull House Demise? |journal=The Chronicle of Philanthropy |date=2 February 2012 |url=https://www.philanthropy.com/article/What-Would-Founder-Jane-Addams/157177}}</ref> When Clarence Wood, then the head of Chicago's Human Relations Commission, took over in 2000, he promised to move toward more private fundraising. But that effort appears to have failed to bring in more than a few million dollars in any given year, accounting for less than 10 percent of the agency's funding in most of the last decade, according to financial statements filed with the IRS and the Illinois attorney general's office.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Thayer |first1=Kate |last2=Ford |first2=Liam |date=2012-01-21 |title=Reliance on shrinking government funds doomed Hull House |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2012/01/21/reliance-on-shrinking-government-funds-doomed-hull-house/ |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=Chicago Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref>

On January 19, 2012, it was announced that Jane Addams Hull House Association would close in the spring of 2012 and file for bankruptcy due to financial difficulties, after almost 122 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/chi-jane-addams-hull-house-to-close-20120119,0,5506066.story|title=Jane Addams Hull House to close|access-date=January 20, 2012|date=January 19, 2012|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]|author=Thayer, Kate}}</ref>  On Friday, January 27, 2012, Hull House closed unexpectedly and all employees received their final paychecks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news-sentinel.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20120128/NEWS/120129494/1006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111180801/http://www.news-sentinel.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20120128%2FNEWS%2F120129494%2F1006|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 11, 2015|title=Hull House closes after more than 120 years|access-date=January 29, 2012|date=January 28, 2012|work=[[Fort Wayne News-Sentinel]]}}</ref> Employees learned at time of closing that they would not receive severance pay or earned vacation pay or healthcare coverage.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abc7chicago.com/archive/8521173/|title=Jane Addams Hull House closing doors|access-date=January 27, 2012|date=January 27, 2012|work=[[ABC News Chicago]]}}</ref> Union officials said that the agency closed while owing employees more than $27,000 in unpaid expense reimbursement claims.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2012/01/25/hull-house-closing-friday/|title=Hull House closing Friday|access-date=January 25, 2012|date=January 25, 2012|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]}}</ref> The University of Illinois Chicago's Jane Addams Hull-House Museum (unaffiliated with the agency), however, remains open.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/hull-house-closes-doors-120-years-15457897|title=Hull House Closes Doors After More Than 120 Years|access-date=January 29, 2012|date=January 27, 2012|author=Webber, Tammy|publisher=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref>

==Workers and residents==
Founders and workers, sorted by surname
*[[Edith Abbott]], resident social worker
*[[Grace Abbott]], resident social worker
*[[Jane Addams]], cofounder with Ellen Gates Starr
*[[Ethel Percy Andrus]], volunteer
*[[Enella Benedict]], founder and director for the Art School
*[[Neva Boyd]], founded the Recreational Training School
*[[Sophonisba Breckinridge]], social scientist
*[[Charlotte E. Carr]], head resident 1937-1942
*[[Cornelia De Bey]], worker
*[[Dorothy Detzer]], social, peace, relief and juvenille activist
*[[Emily Edwards]] (de Cantabrana), art teacher
*[[Julia I. Felsenthal]], social worker
*[[Myrtle Merritt French]], art teacher
*[[Alice Hamilton]], artist, worker, and resident
*[[Florence Kelley]], established a Bureau of Women's Labor there
*[[Julia Lathrop]], children's rights activist and civil service reformer
*[[Dorothy Loeb]], artist, teacher, and resident
*[[Mary McDowell]], teacher and social reformer
*[[Ernest Carroll Moore]], teacher, late founder and first provost of [[University of California, Los Angeles]] (UCLA)
*[[Willard Motley]], a founder of ''Hull House Magazine''
*[[Mary Kenney O'Sullivan]], trade union activist, resident
*[[Frances Perkins]], labor rights advocate, later [[United States Secretary of Labor|Secretary of Labor]]
*[[Adena Miller Rich]], head resident 1935 to 1937
*[[Pauline Gibling Schindler]], taught piano
*[[Charles Phineas Schwartz]], legal counsel, trustee, and vice president
*[[Eleanor Clarke Slagle]], established a workroom for handicapped people, later founder of occupational therapy
* Ida Mott Smith, aide to Jane Addams, and her husband [[Robert Morss Lovett]] were residents from 1921 to 1937<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=n9SZh8eDtt0C&pg=PA4 Famous American Women: A Biographical Dictionary from Colonial Times to the Present]</ref>
*[[Viola Spolin]], teacher, Recreational Training School
*[[Ellen Gates Starr]], cofounder with Jane Addams
*[[Alzina Stevens]], labor leader and social reformer
*[[Anne Swainson]], taught textiles from 1915 to 1919<ref>{{Cite web |last=Matranga |first=Vicki |date=2021-04-15 |title=Anne Swainson : The Making of a Design Pioneer |url=https://www.chicagodesignstories.com/post/anne-swainson-the-making-of-a-design-pioneer |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=Chicago Design Story |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Rachelle Yarros]], opened the country's second birth control clinic, married [[Victor Yarros]], both of whom were residents
Residents or non-resident clients
*[[Henry Standing Bear]], resident
*[[Benny Goodman]], joined the boys club band<ref>{{cite web |title=Biographies: Benny Goodman |url=https://www.pbs.org/jazz/biography/artist_id_goodman_benny.htm |website=JAZZ{{mdash}}A Film by Ken Burns |publisher=[[PBS]] |access-date=January 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121228081347/http://www.pbs.org/jazz/biography/artist_id_goodman_benny.htm |archive-date=December 28, 2012 |url-status=unfit}}</ref>
*[[Gerard Swope]], resident who married resident Mary Hill, later worked for General Electric Company (1922–1939)<ref>Mary Hill Swope Papers, ''University of Illinois Chicago – Richard J. Daley Library Special Collections and University Archives''  http://www.uic.edu/depts/lib/specialcoll/services/rjd/findingaids/MSwopef.html .</ref>

==See also==
* [[Jane Addams Burial Site]]
* [[John H. Addams]]
* [[John H. Addams Homestead]]
* [[History of social work]]
* [[Hull House Music School]]
* [[Settlement and community houses in the United States]]
* [[List of settlement houses in Chicago]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30EM}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Hull House (Chicago)}}
*[https://maxwellhalsted.uic.edu/ In the Vicinity of Maxwell Halsted Streets 1890-1930]
*[https://www.hullhousemuseum.org/ Jane Addams Hull-House Museum]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100515210039/http://www.hullhouse.org/ Jane Addams Hull House Association]
* ''Twenty Years at Hull House'' online editions
** {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/jane-addams/twenty-years-at-hull-house}}
**''[https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1325 Twenty Years at Hull House]'', by Jane Addams, MacMillan & Co, 1910, at Project Gutenberg
** {{librivox book | title=Twenty Years at Hull House | author=Jane Addams}}
*''[https://brill.com/abstract/title/32562 Eleanor Smith's Hull House Songs: The Music of Protest and Hope in Jane Addams's Chicago]'', by Cassano (Graham), Lunin Schultz (Rima) and Payette (Jessica), Leiden: Brill, 2019
*[http://www.uic.edu/jaddams/hull/exhibit.html The Pots of Promise Exhibit]
*[http://www.uic.edu/jaddams/hull/urbanexp/ Urban Experience In Chicago: Hull-House and Its Neighborhoods, 1889–1963]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070302035336/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,739282,00.html Hull House Jubilee Article]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20181228234400/http://taylorstreetarchives.com/ Taylor Street Archives: UIC: Flawed History]
*[http://collections.carli.illinois.edu/cdm4/index_uic_bcc.php?CISOROOT=/uic_bcc Bowen Country Club] – digital images from the UIC Library collections
*[http://collections.carli.illinois.edu/cdm4/index_uic_hull.php?CISOROOT=/uic_hull Hull-House Yearbook] – digital images from the UIC Library collections
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141103170823/http://www.suntimes.com/news/metro/10113152-418/after-120-years-jane-addams-hull-house-association-to-close.html Closing of Hull House]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120229222731/http://www.vocalo.org/blogs/archive/201201/jane-addams-hull-house-association-staff-respond-news-org-suddenly-closing-its- Staff Interview on Closing of Hull House]

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