View source for Hunan

{{Short description|Inland Province in Central China}}
{{Other places}}
{{Distinguish|Henan}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Hunan
| native_name        = {{lang|zh|湖南}}
| settlement_type    = [[Provinces of China|Province]]
| translit_lang1     = Name
| translit_lang1_type = {{nobold|Chinese}}
| translit_lang1_info = {{lang|zh|湖南省}} ({{tlit|zh|Húnán shěng}})
| translit_lang1_type1 = {{nobold|Abbreviation}}
| translit_lang1_info1 = HN{{\}}{{linktext|lang=zh|湘}} ({{tlit|zh|Xiāng}})
| image_skyline      = {{multiple image
| total_width                    = 300
| border                         = infobox
| perrow                         = 1/3/2/2
| caption_align                  = center
| image1                         = 1 zhangjiajie huangshizhai wulingyuan panorama 2012.jpg
| caption1                       = [[Wulingyuan]]
| image2                         = Changsha Yuelu Shuyuan 2014.03.04 08-09-37 (adjusted).jpg
| caption2                       = [[Yuelu Academy]]
| image3                         = China IMG 3114 (29445191670) (cropped).jpg
| caption3                       = [[Tianmen Mountain]]
| image4                         = Changsha IFS 2021.jpg
| caption4                       = [[Changsha IFS Tower|IFS Tower]]
| image6                         = Mount Langshan in Hunan, Picture49.jpg
| caption6                       = [[Mount Langshan]]
| image7                         = 南岳衡山.jpg
| caption7                       = [[Mount Heng (Hunan)|Mount Heng]]
| image8                         = Frontal view of Yueyang Tower, Hunan, China1.jpg
| caption8                       = [[Yueyang Tower]]
| image9                         = Fenghuang IX (30262447406).jpg
| caption9                       = [[Fenghuang County|Fenghuang Town]]
}}
| image_map          = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=265|type=shape|stroke-width=2|stroke-color=#000000|zoom=5}}
| image_map1         = Hunan in China (+all claims hatched).svg
| mapsize            = 275px
| map_caption1       = Location of Hunan in China
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_name   = China
| named_for          = {{ubl|{{linktext|lang=zh|湖}} {{tlit|zh|hú}}{{snd}}lake|{{linktext|lang=zh|南}} {{tlit|zh|nán}}{{snd}}south}}"South of the [[Dongting Lake|lake]]"
| seat_type          = Capital<br />{{nobold|(and largest city)}}
| seat               = [[Changsha]]
| parts_type         = Divisions
| parts_style        = para
| p1                 = 14 [[Prefectures of China|prefectures]]
| p2                 = 122 [[Counties of China|counties]]
| p3                 = 1,933 [[Townships of China|townships]] (2018)
| p4                 = 29,224 [[Villages of China|villages]] (2018)
| government_type    = [[Provinces of China|Province]]
| governing_body     = [[Hunan Provincial People's Congress]]
| leader_title       = [[Party Secretary of Hunan|Party Secretary]]
| leader_name        = [[Shen Xiaoming]]
| leader_title1      = [[Hunan Provincial People's Congress|Congress]] chairman
| leader_name1       = Shen Xiaoming
| leader_title2      = [[Governor of Hunan|Governor]]
| leader_name2       = [[Mao Weiming]]
| leader_title3      = [[Hunan Provincial Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference|Provincial CPPCC]] Chairman
| leader_name3       = [[Mao Wanchun]]
| leader_title4      = [[National People's Congress]] Representation
| leader_name4       = 116 deputies
| area_footnotes     = <ref name=mofcom>{{cite web|title=Doing Business in China&nbsp;– Survey |url=http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/article/zt_business/lanmub/ |publisher=Ministry Of Commerce&nbsp;– People's Republic Of China |access-date=5 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130805091244/http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/article/zt_business/lanmub/ |archive-date=5 August 2013 }}</ref>
| area_total_km2     = 210000
| area_rank          = [[List of Chinese administrative divisions by area|10th]]
| elevation_max_m    = 2115.2
| elevation_max_point = [[Mount Lingfeng]]
| population_footnotes = <ref name=cens>{{Cite web|date=11 May 2021|title=Communiqué of the Seventh National Population Census (No. 3)|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/202105/t20210510_1817188.html|access-date=11 May 2021|publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]]|archive-date=11 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511104847/http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/202105/t20210510_1817188.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| population_total   = 66,444,864
| population_as_of   = 2020
| population_rank    = [[List of Chinese administrative divisions by population|7th]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_density_rank = [[Provinces of China#List of provincial level divisions|13th]]
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = Ethnic composition
| demographics1_info1 = {{ubl|[[Han Chinese|Han]]&nbsp;– 90%|[[Tujia people|Tujia]]&nbsp;– 4%|[[Hmong people|Miao]]&nbsp;– 3%|[[Kam people|Dong]]&nbsp;– 1%|[[Yao people|Yao]]&nbsp;– 1%|Other peoples&nbsp;– 1%}}
| demographics1_title2 = Languages and dialects
| demographics1_info2 = {{hlist|[[Xiang Chinese|Xiang]]|[[Gan Chinese|Gan]]|[[Southwestern Mandarin]]|[[Xiangnan Tuhua]]| [[Waxiang Chinese|Waxiang]]|[[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]]|[[Yue Chinese|Yue]]|[[Xong language|Xong]]|[[Tujia language|Tujia]]|[[Iu Mien language|Mien]]|[[Kam language|Gam]]}}
| demographics_type2   = [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] {{normal|(2024)}}<ref name="GDPdata">{{cite web|url=http://www.hunan.gov.cn/hnszf/zfsj/tjgb/202403/t20240322_33262931.html|title=zh: 2023年湖南省国民经济和社会发展统计公报|publisher=hunan.gov.cn|date=March 22, 2024|access-date=June 19, 2024|archive-date=April 25, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425002519/https://hunan.gov.cn/hnszf/zfsj/tjgb/202403/t20240322_33262931.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| demographics2_title1 = Total
| demographics2_info1 = {{CNY|5,323 billion}} ([[List of Chinese provincial-level divisions by GDP|9th]]; US$747 billion)
| demographics2_title2 = Per capita
| demographics2_info2 = {{CNY|81,225}} ([[List of Chinese provincial-level divisions by GDP per capita|14th]]; US$11,405)
| iso_code           = CN-HN
| blank4_name_sec2   = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] {{normal|(2022)}}
| blank4_info_sec2   = 0.781<ref name="SHDI">{{cite web |title=Human Development Indices (8.0)- China |url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/CHN/?levels=1+4&years=2022&interpolation=0&extrapolation=0 |access-date=23 September 2024 |website=Global Data Lab}}</ref> ([[List of Chinese administrative divisions by HDI|15th]]){{snd}}{{color|#090|high}}
| website            = {{ubl| {{URL|hunan.gov.cn}} | {{URL|enghunan.gov.cn}} }}
| population_demonym = [[Hunanese people|Hunanese]]
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| pic = Hunan (Chinese characters).svg
| piccap = "Hunan" in Chinese characters
| picupright = 0.3
| c = 湖南
| l = "South of the [[Dongting Lake|(Dongting) Lake]]"
| p = Húnán
| bpmf = {{bpmfsp|ㄏㄨˊ|ㄋㄢˊ}}
| w = {{tonesup|Hu2-nan2}}
| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|AUD|zh-Hunan.ogg|h|u|2|.|n|an|2}}
| wuu = Wu<sup>去</sup> noe<sup>平</sup>
| j = Wu4-naam4
| y = Wùh-nàahm
| ci = {{IPAc-yue|w|u|4|n|aam|4}}
| tl = Ôo-lâm
| hsn = {{IPA|hsn|fu˩˧ lan˩˧|}}<ref name="Xiang dictionary">{{cite book|script-title=zh:长沙方言研究|last1=鲍厚星|last2=崔振华|last3=沈若云|last4=伍云姬|year=1999|publisher=江苏教育出版社|pages=66, 83}}</ref>
| showflag = hsn
| order = st
}}

'''Hunan'''{{efn|湖南, {{tlit|zh|Húnán shěng}}, [[Xiang Chinese]]: {{IPA|hsn|fu˩˧ lan˩˧|}},<ref name="Xiang dictionary"/> Mandarin: {{IPA|cmn|xu˧˥ nan˧˥|}}}} is an inland [[Provinces of China|province]] in [[Central China]]. Located in the middle reaches of the [[Yangtze]] watershed, it borders the [[Administrative divisions of China|province-level divisions]] of [[Hubei]] to the north, [[Jiangxi]] to the east, [[Guangdong]] and [[Guangxi]] to the south, and [[Guizhou]] and [[Chongqing]] to the northwest. Its capital and largest city is [[Changsha]], which abuts the Xiang River. [[Hengyang]], [[Zhuzhou]], and [[Yueyang]] are among its most populous urban cities.

With a population of just over 66 million {{As of|lc=y|2020}} residing in an area of approximately {{cvt|210000|km2}}, it is China's [[List of Chinese administrative divisions by population|7th-most populous]] province, the third-most populous among landlocked provinces (after [[Henan]] and [[Sichuan]]), the third-most populous in [[South Central China]] (after Guangdong and Henan), and the second-most populous province in [[Central China]]. It is the largest province in South Central China and the fourth-largest landlocked province.

Hunan's [[Gross domestic product#Nominal GDP and adjustments to GDP|nominal GDP]] was US$747 billion (CN¥5.32 trillion) as of 2024, appearing in the world's top 20 [[List of country subdivisions by GDP over 200 billion USD|largest sub-national economies]], with its [[Purchasing power parity|GDP (PPP)]] being over US$1.55 trillion.<ref name="hunan">{{cite press release |title=Statistical communiqué of Hunan on the 2024 national economic and social development / zh: 2024年湖南省国民经济和社会发展统计公报 |date=March 24, 2025 |publisher=hunan.gov.cn |url=http://hunan.gov.cn/hnszf/zfsj/tjgb/202503/t20250321_33620617.html |access-date=April 7, 2025}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Implied PPP conversion rate 2024 |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PPPEX@WEO//CHN |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=World Economic Outlook (IMF)}}</ref> Hunan is the [[List of Chinese provincial-level divisions by GDP|9th-largest provincial economy]] in China, the fourth-largest in South Central China, the third-largest in Central China, and the fourth-largest among landlocked provinces. Its nominal GDP per capita exceeded US$11,405 (CN¥81,225), making it the [[List of Chinese provincial-level divisions by GDP per capita|third-richest province]] in South Central China, after Guangdong and Hubei.<ref name="hunan" /> As of 2020, Hunan's nominal GDP reached $605 billion (CN¥4.18 trillion),<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Top 10 provincial regions in China by GDP 2020 |url=http://ex.chinadaily.com.cn/exchange/partners/45/rss/channel/www/columns/852i2s/stories/WS605133c0a31024ad0baaf938.html |access-date=2022-06-15 |website=ex.chinadaily.com.cn |archive-date=2022-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930134345/http://ex.chinadaily.com.cn/exchange/partners/45/rss/channel/www/columns/852i2s/stories/WS605133c0a31024ad0baaf938.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=rsatax |date=2021-06-11 |title=Investing in Hunan |url=https://www.rsa-tax.com/single-post/investing-in-hunan |access-date=2022-06-15 |website=rsa-tax |language=en}}</ref> exceeding that of Poland, with a GDP of US$596 billion, and Thailand, with a GDP of US$501 billion, the [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|22nd- and 25th-largest]] in the world, respectively.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=2020 GDP Poland, Thailand, Nigeria |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?end=2020&locations=PL-TH-NG&start=1960&year_high_desc=true |access-date=2022-06-15 |website=data.worldbank.org |archive-date=2022-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171238/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?end=2020&locations=PL-TH-NG&start=1960&year_high_desc=true |url-status=live }}</ref>

The name ''Hunan'' literally means "south of the lake".<ref>{{in lang|zh}} [http://www.people.com.cn/GB/shenghuo/1090/2435218.html Origin of the Names of China's Provinces] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427100058/http://www.people.com.cn/GB/shenghuo/1090/2435218.html |date=2016-04-27 }}, ''[[People's Daily]] Online''.</ref> The lake in question is [[Dongting Lake]], in the northeast of the province. [[Vehicle registration plates of China|Vehicle license plates from Hunan]] are marked {{tlit|zh|Xiāng}} ({{lang-zh|c=湘}}), after the [[Xiang River]], which runs from south to north through Hunan and forms part of the province's largest drainage system. The area of Hunan was under Chinese rule as far back as 350 BC. Hunan was the birthplace of communist revolutionary [[Mao Zedong]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schram, Stuart R. (Stuart Reynolds), 1924–2012. |url=https://archive.org/details/maotsetung0000schr |title=Mao Tse-tung |date=1967 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=0140208402 |location=Harmondsworth  |url-access=registration}}</ref> who became the [[Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party]] and the [[Father of the Nation|founding father]] of the [[People's Republic of China]]. Hunan today is home to some ethnic minorities, including the [[Tujia people|Tujia]] and [[Miao people|Miao]], along with the [[Han Chinese]], who make up a majority of the population. Varieties of Chinese spoken include [[Xiang Chinese|Xiang]], [[Gan Chinese|Gan]], and [[Southwestern Mandarin]].

[[Wulingyuan]] was inscribed as a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] in 1992.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/640/|title=Wulingyuan Scenic and Historic Interest Area|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en|access-date=2019-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611003508/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/640|archive-date=2019-06-11|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Changsha]], the capital, is in the eastern part of the province and is an important commercial, manufacturing, and transportation center.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/china/hunan/changsha|title=Changsha travel {{!}} Hunan, China|last=Planet|first=Lonely|website=Lonely Planet|language=en|access-date=2019-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711105737/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/china/hunan/changsha|archive-date=2019-07-11|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[List of the busiest airports in China|busiest airports]] serve domestic and international flights for Hunan, including [[Changsha Huanghua International Airport]], [[Zhangjiajie Hehua International Airport]], and [[Changde Taohuayuan Airport]].<ref name=":8">{{cite web |date=2022-03-22 |script-title=zh: 2021年民航机场吞吐量排名 |url=http://www.caac.gov.cn/XXGK/XXGK/TJSJ/202203/P020220322482530507794.pdf |access-date=2022-03-23 |publisher=Civil Aviation Administration of China |language=zh |archive-date=2023-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324165715/http://www.caac.gov.cn/XXGK/XXGK/TJSJ/202203/P020220322482530507794.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Hunan is the seat of the [[Yuelu Academy]] (later [[Hunan University]]), one of the four major academies over the last 1,000 years in ancient China.<ref>Fan Chengda (1126-1193). ''Shigushanji(石鼓山记)''："天下有书院四：徂徕、金山、岳麓、石鼓。"</ref> As of 2023, Hunan hosted 137 [[List of universities and colleges in Hunan|institutions of higher education]], ranking fifth among all province-level divisions of China,<ref name="全国普通高等学校名单 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站">{{Cite web |title=全国普通高等学校名单 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站 |url=https://hudong.moe.gov.cn/qggxmd/ |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=hudong.moe.gov.cn |archive-date=2024-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621120742/https://hudong.moe.gov.cn/qggxmd/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and it houses five [[Double First-Class Construction|Double First-Class Universities]] of [[Hunan University|Hunan]], [[National University of Defense Technology|Defense Technology]], [[Central South University|Central South]], [[Hunan Normal University|Hunan Normal]] and [[Xiangtan University|Xiangtan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Double First Class Universities 2022-2027 |url=https://www.ugent.be/nl/onderzoek/financiering/bof/chn/doublefirstclasslist.pdf |access-date=May 19, 2025 |website=Universiteit Gent}}</ref> As of 2024, two major cities in Hunan (Changsha 23rd and [[Xiangtan]] 199th) ranked in the world's top [[List of cities by scientific output|200 cities]] by scientific research outputs.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Leading 200 science cities 2024 {{!}} {{!}} Supplements {{!}} Nature Index |url=https://www.nature.com/nature-index/supplements/nature-index-2024-science-cities/tables/overall |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=www.nature.com}}</ref>

== History ==
{{more citations needed section|date=February 2014}}
[[File:Fenghuang old town.JPG|thumb|Fenghuang, a traditional town of Hunan]]
[[Changjiang Plain evergreen forests|Hunan's primeval forests]] were first occupied by the ancestors of the modern [[Miao people|Miao]], [[Tujia people|Tujia]], [[Dong people|Dong]] and [[Yao people]]s. The province entered written [[history of China|Chinese history]] around 350 BC, when it became part of the [[Zhou dynasty]]. After [[Qin (state)|Qin]] conquered the Chu in 278 BC, the region came under the control of Qin, and then the [[Changsha Kingdom]] during the [[Han dynasty]]. At this time, and for hundreds of years thereafter, the province was a magnet for settlement of [[Han Chinese]] from the north, who displaced and assimilated the original indigenous inhabitants, cleared forests and began farming rice in the valleys and plains.<ref>Harold Wiens. Han Expansion in South China. (Shoe String Press, 1967).</ref> The agricultural colonization of the lowlands was carried out in part by the Han people, who managed river dikes to protect farmland from floods.<ref>Brian Lander. State Management of River Dikes in Early China: New Sources on the Environmental History of the Central Yangzi Region . T'oung Pao 100.4-5 (2014): 325–362</ref> To this day, many of Hunan's small villages are named after Han families who settled there. Migration from the north was especially prevalent during the [[Eastern Jin dynasty]], [[Sixteen Kingdoms]] and the [[Northern and Southern dynasties]] periods, when the north was mostly ruled by non-Han ethnic groups ([[Five Barbarians]]) and in perpetual disorder.

During the [[Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period]], Hunan was home to its own independent regime, [[Chu (Ten Kingdoms)|Ma Chu]].

Hunan and [[Hubei]] became a part of the province of [[Huguang]] until the [[Qing dynasty]]. Hunan province was created in 1664 from Huguang and renamed in 1723.

Hunan became an important communications center due to its position on the [[Yangzi River]]. It was an important centre of scholarly activity and [[Confucian]] thought, particularly in the [[Yuelu Academy]] in [[Changsha]]. It was also on the Imperial Highway between northern and southern China. The land produced grain so abundantly that it fed many parts of China with its surpluses. The population continued to climb until, by the 19th century, Hunan became overcrowded and prone to peasant uprisings. Some of the uprisings, such as the ten-year [[Miao Rebellion 1795-1806|Miao Rebellion of 1795–1806]], were caused by ethnic tensions. The [[Taiping Rebellion]] began in [[Guangxi]] Province in 1850, then spread into Hunan and further eastward along the Yangzi River valley. A Hunanese army ([[Xiang Army]]) under [[Zeng Guofan]] marched into [[Nanjing]] to put down the uprising in 1864. [[File:Type 92 Heavy Machine Gun2.jpg|thumb|Invading Japanese soldiers firing across the [[Miluo River]] during the [[Battle of Changsha (1939)|Battle of Changsha]] in World War II|222x222px]]

In 1920, a famine raged throughout Hunan and killed an estimated 2 million Hunanese civilians.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wGKZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA134|title=Political Routes to Starvation: Why Does Famine Kill?|isbn=9781622735082|last1=Dianda|first1=Bas|date=15 March 2019|publisher=Vernon Press }}</ref> This sparked the [[Autumn Harvest Uprising]] of 1927. It was led by Hunanese native [[Mao Zedong]], and established a short-lived Hunan Soviet in 1927. The Communists maintained a guerrilla army in the mountains along the Hunan-[[Jiangxi]] border until 1934. Under pressure from the Nationalist [[Kuomintang]] (KMT) forces, they began the [[Long March]] to bases in [[Shaanxi]] Province. After the Communists departed, the KMT fought the Japanese in the [[second Sino-Japanese war]]. It defended Changsha until it fell in 1944. Japan launched [[Operation Ichigo]], a plan to control the railroad from [[Wuchang, Hubei|Wuchang]] to [[Guangzhou]] ([[Yuehan Railway]]). Hunan was relatively unscathed by the civil war that followed the Japanese defeat in 1945. In 1949, the Communists returned as the Nationalists retreated southward.

As Mao's home province, Hunan supported the [[Cultural Revolution]] of 1966–1976,{{Citation needed|reason= This is a fairly bold claim. It would be useful frame of reference establishing "support". Was it more supportive than other regions? How is that measured or established. "Support" seems vague. |date=July 2018}} but it was slower than most provinces to adopt the reforms [[Deng Xiaoping]] implemented in the years after Mao's death in 1976.

In addition to Mao, several other first-generation communist leaders were from Hunan: [[President of the People's Republic of China|Chinese President]] [[Liu Shaoqi]]; [[Secretary-general of the Chinese Communist Party|CCP Secretaries-General]] [[Ren Bishi]] and [[Hu Yaobang]]; Marshals [[Peng Dehuai]], [[He Long]], and [[Luo Ronghuan]]; [[Wang Zhen (general)|Wang Zhen]], one of the [[Eight Elders]]; [[Xiang Jingyu]], the first female member of the CCP's central committee; Senior General [[Huang Kecheng]]; and veteran diplomat [[Lin Boqu]]. A more recent leader from Hunan is former [[Premier of the People's Republic of China|Chinese Premier]] [[Zhu Rongji]].

== Geography ==
{{main|Geography of Hunan}}
Hunan is on the south bank of the [[Yangtze River]], about halfway along its length, situated between 108° 47'–114° 16' east [[longitude]] and 24° 37'–30° 08' north [[latitude]]. Hunan covers an area of {{convert|211800|km2|abbr=off}}, making it the [[List of People's Republic of China administrative divisions by area|10th largest]] provincial-level division. The east, south, and west sides of the province are surrounded by mountains and hills, such as the [[Wuling Mountains]] to the northwest, the [[Xuefeng Mountains]] to the west, the [[Nanling Mountains]] to the south, and the [[Luoxiao Mountains]] to the east. Mountains and hills occupy more than 80% of the province, and plains less than 20%. At 2,115.2 meters above sea level, Hunan's highest point is Lingfeng ({{lang|zh-hans-cn|酃峰}}).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sohu.com/a/162119207_698908 |title=湖南6座最高山峰,桂东竟然占了两座，知道的人绝对不超过1%,周末赶紧约起来！ |website=[[Sohu]] |access-date=2018-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408141501/http://www.sohu.com/a/162119207_698908 |archive-date=2018-04-08 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hn.xinhuanet.com/2013-09/26/c_117523544.htm |script-title=zh:湖南"新高度"——酃峰 |work=[[Xinhua]] Hunan |date=2013-09-26 |access-date=2015-07-29}}{{dead link|date=July 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.xxcb.cn/hxdl/texie/2016-01-30/9045785.html |script-title=zh:最美的山峰：酃峰海拔2115.2米湖南第一高峰 |script-work=zh:潇湘晨报 |last1=Wang |first1=Shuo (王砚) |editor-last1=Pei |editor-first1=Li (裴力) |date=2016-01-30 |access-date=2018-04-08 |archive-date=2018-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408141247/http://www.xxcb.cn/hxdl/texie/2016-01-30/9045785.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The [[Xiang River|Xiang]], the [[Zi River|Zi]], the [[Yuan River|Yuan]], and the [[Lishui River|Lishui]] Rivers converge on the Yangtze River at [[Lake Dongting]] in the north of Hunan. The center and northern parts are somewhat low and a U-shaped basin, open in the north and with Lake Dongting as its center. Most of Hunan lies in the basins of four major tributaries of the Yangtze River.

[[Dongting Lake|Lake Dongting]] is the largest lake in the province and the second largest freshwater lake of China.

The [[Xiaoxiang]] area and Lake Dongting figure prominently in Chinese poetry and paintings, particularly during the Song dynasty when they were associated with officials who had been unjustly dismissed.<ref>{{cite book|author=Alfreda Murck|title=Poetry and Painting in Song China: The Subtle Art of Dissent|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1eGqk66tvsQC&pg=PP1|year=2000|publisher=Harvard Univ Asia Center|isbn=978-0-674-00782-6|access-date=2016-10-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110082823/https://books.google.com/books?id=1eGqk66tvsQC&pg=PP1|archive-date=2017-01-10|url-status=live}}</ref>

Changsha (which means "long sands") was an active ceramics district during the [[Tang dynasty]], its tea bowls, ewers and other products mass-produced and shipped to China's coastal cities for export abroad. An Arab dhow dated to the 830s and today known as the [[Belitung Shipwreck]] was discovered off the small island of Belitung, Indonesia with more than 60,000 pieces in its cargo.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}} The salvaged cargo is today housed in Singapore.

Hunan's climate is [[subtropical]]; under the [[Köppen climate classification]], it is classified as [[humid subtropical]] (Köppen ''Cfa''), with short, cool, damp winters, very hot and humid summers, and plenty of rain. January temperatures average {{convert|3|to|8|°C|°F}}, while July temperatures average around {{convert|27|to|30|°C|°F}}. Average annual precipitation is {{convert|1200|to|1700|mm}}. The [[Furongian]] Epoch in the [[Cambrian]] Period of geological time is named for Hunan; Furong ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|芙蓉}}}}) means "[[lotus (genus)|lotus]]" in Mandarin and refers to Hunan, which is known as the "lotus state".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Peng|first=Shanchi|author2=Babcock, Loren|author3=Robison, Richard|author4=Lin, Huanling|author5=Rees, Margaret|author6=Saltzman, Matthew|title=Global Standard Stratotype-section and Point (GSSP) of the Furongian Series and Paibian Stage (Cambrian)|journal=Lethaia|date=30 November 2004|volume=37|issue=4|pages=365–379|doi=10.1080/00241160410002081|bibcode=2004Letha..37..365P|url=http://www.stratigraphy.org/GSSP/file43.pdf|access-date=14 September 2012|archive-date=21 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121125654/https://stratigraphy.org/GSSP/file43.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Administrative divisions==
{{main|List of administrative divisions of Hunan}}

Hunan is divided into fourteen [[Administrative divisions of China#Prefectural level|prefecture-level divisions]]: thirteen [[Prefecture-level city|prefecture-level cities]] and an [[autonomous prefecture]]:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; width:80%; font-size:smaller; text-align:center"
! colspan="9" |Administrative divisions of Hunan
|-
| colspan="9" style="font-size:larger" | <div style="position: relative" class="center">
{{Image label begin|image=Administrative_Division_Hunan.svg|width=600|link=|font-size=90%}}
{{Image label|x=770|y=400|scale=600/1000|text='''[[Changsha]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=835|y=630|scale=600/1000|text='''[[Zhuzhou]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=680|y=510|scale=600/1000|text='''[[Xiangtan]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=675|y=695|scale=600/1000|text='''[[Hengyang]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=365|y=655|scale=600/1000|text='''[[Shaoyang]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=795|y=230|scale=600/1000|text='''[[Yueyang]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=510|y=190|scale=600/1000|text='''[[Changde]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=305|y=170|scale=600/1000|text='''[[Zhangjiajie]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=580|y=350|scale=600/1000|text='''[[Yiyang]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=775|y=880|scale=600/1000|text='''[[Chenzhou]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=530|y=890|scale=600/1000|text='''[[Yongzhou]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=230|y=530|scale=600/1000|text='''[[Huaihua]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=515|y=505|scale=600/1000|text='''[[Loudi]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=125|y=295|scale=600/1000|text='''[[Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture|Xiangxi<br>Aut. Prefecture]]'''}}
{{Image label end}}
</div>
|-
!! scope="col" rowspan="2" | [[Administrative division codes of the People's Republic of China|Division code]]<ref>{{cite web |language=zh-hans |url=http://files2.mca.gov.cn/cws/201502/20150225163817214.html |script-title=zh:中华人民共和国县以上行政区划代码 |publisher=[[Ministry of Civil Affairs]] |access-date=2015-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402113603/http://files2.mca.gov.cn/cws/201502/20150225163817214.html |archive-date=2015-04-02 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
!! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Division
!! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Area in km<sup>2</sup><ref name="nj2013">{{cite book|language=zh-hans|author=Shenzhen Bureau of Statistics|publisher=[[:zh:中国统计出版社|China Statistics Print]] |script-title=zh:《深圳统计年鉴2014》|url=http://www.sztj.gov.cn/nj2014/indexce.htm|access-date=2015-05-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512184740/http://www.sztj.gov.cn/nj2014/indexce.htm|archive-date=2015-05-12|url-status=dead}}</ref>
!! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Population 2010<ref>{{cite book| author1=Census Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China| author2=Population and Employment Statistics Division of the National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China | script-title=zh:中国2010人口普查分乡、镇、街道资料|date=2012|publisher=[[:zh:中国统计出版社|China Statistics Print]] |location=Beijing|isbn=978-7-5037-6660-2|edition=1}}</ref>
!! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Seat
!! scope="col" colspan="4" | Divisions<ref>{{cite book |language=zh-hans |author=[[Ministry of Civil Affairs]] |script-title=zh:《中国民政统计年鉴2014》|date=August 2014 |publisher=[[:zh:中国统计出版社|China Statistics Print]] |isbn= 978-7-5037-7130-9}}</ref>
|-
!! scope="col" width="45" | [[District (China)|Districts]]
!! scope="col" width="45" | [[Counties of the People's Republic of China|Counties]]
!! scope="col" width="45" | [[Autonomous counties of the People's Republic of China|Aut. counties]]
!! scope="col" width="45" | [[County-level city|CL cities]]
|- style="font-weight: bold"
! 430000 !! Hunan Province
| 210,000.00 || 65,683,722 || [[Changsha]] city || 36 || 61 || 7 || 18
|-
! 430100 !! [[Changsha]] city
| 11,819.46 || 7,044,118 || [[Yuelu District]] || 6 || 1 ||bgcolor="grey"|  || 2
|-
! 430200 !! [[Zhuzhou]] city
| 11,262.20 || 3,855,609 || [[Tianyuan District]] || 5 || 3 ||bgcolor="grey"|  || 1
|-
! 430300 !! [[Xiangtan]] city
| 5,006.46 || 2,748,552 || [[Yuetang District]] || 2 || 1 ||bgcolor="grey"|  || 2
|-
! 430400 !! [[Hengyang]] city
| 15,302.78 || 7,141,462 || [[Zhengxiang District]] || 5 || 5 ||bgcolor="grey"|  || 2
|-
! 430500 !! [[Shaoyang]] city
| 20,829.63 || 7,071,826 || [[Daxiang District]] || 3 || 6 || 1 || 2
|-
! 430600 !! [[Yueyang]] city
| 14,897.88 || 5,477,911 || [[Yueyanglou District]] || 3 || 4 ||bgcolor="grey"|  || 2
|-
! 430700 !! [[Changde]] city
| 18,177.18 || 5,747,218 || [[Wuling District]] || 2 || 6 ||bgcolor="grey"|  || 1
|-
! 430800 !! [[Zhangjiajie]] city
| 9,516.03 || 1,476,521 || [[Yongding District, Zhangjiajie|Yongding District]] || 2 || 2 ||bgcolor="grey"|  ||bgcolor="grey"| 
|-
! 430900 !! [[Yiyang]] city
| 12,325.16 || 4,313,084 || [[Heshan District, Yiyang|Heshan District]] || 2 || 3 ||bgcolor="grey"|  || 1
|-
! 431000 !! [[Chenzhou]] city
| 19,317.33 || 4,581,778 || [[Beihu District]] || 2 || 8 ||bgcolor="grey"|  || 1
|-
! 431100 !! [[Yongzhou]] city
| 22,255.31 || 5,180,235 || [[Lengshuitan District]] || 2 || 8 || 1 ||bgcolor="grey"| 
|-
! 431200 !! [[Huaihua]] city
| 27,562.72 || 4,741,948 || [[Hecheng District]] || 1 || 5 || 5 || 1
|-
! 431300 !! [[Loudi]] city
| 8,107.61 || 3,785,627 || [[Louxing District]] || 1 || 2 ||bgcolor="grey"|  || 2
|-
! 433100 !! [[Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture|Xiangxi Autonomous Prefecture]]
| 15,462.30 || 2,547,833 || [[Jishou]] city ||bgcolor="grey"|  || 7 ||bgcolor="grey"|  || 1
|}

{|class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" style="text-font:90%; width:auto; text-align:center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"
! colspan="5" |Administrative divisions in Chinese and varieties of romanizations
|-
! English !! Chinese !! Pinyin !! Xiang Romanization
|-
| '''Hunan Province''' || {{lang|zh|湖南省}} || '''Húnán Shěng''' || '''fu12 nan12 sǝn2'''
|-
| [[Changsha]] city || {{lang|zh|长沙市}} || Chángshā Shì || c̣an2 sa11 ṣî32
|-
| [[Zhuzhou]] city || {{lang|zh|株洲市}} || Zhūzhōu Shì || ćy11 c̣ôu11 ṣî32
|-
| [[Xiangtan]] city || {{lang|zh|湘潭市}} || Xiāngtán Shì || ? ? ṣî32
|-
| [[Hengyang]] city || {{lang|zh|衡阳市}} || Héngyáng Shì || xǝn12 ian12 ṣî32
|-
| [[Shaoyang]] city || {{lang|zh|邵阳市}} || Shàoyáng Shì || ? ian12 ṣî32
|-
| [[Yueyang]] city || {{lang|zh|岳阳市}} || Yuèyáng Shì || io4 ian12 ṣî32
|-
| [[Changde]] city || {{lang|zh|常德市}} || Chángdé Shì || ? tô4 ṣî32
|-
| [[Zhangjiajie]] city || {{lang|zh|张家界市}} || Zhāngjiājiè Shì || ? ćia11 kai31 ṣî32
|-
| [[Yiyang]] city || {{lang|zh|益阳市}} || Yìyáng Shì || i4 ian12 ṣî32
|-
| [[Chenzhou]] city || {{lang|zh|郴州市}} || Chēnzhōu Shì || ? c̣ôu11 ṣî32
|-
| [[Yongzhou]] city || {{lang|zh|永州市}} || Yǒngzhōu Shì || yn2 c̣ôu11 ṣî32
|-
| [[Huaihua]] city || {{lang|zh|怀化市}} || Huáihuà Shì || fai12 fa31 ṣî32
|-
| [[Loudi]] city || {{lang|zh|娄底市}} || Lóudǐ Shì || ? ti2 ṣî32
|-
| [[Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture|Xiangxi Autonomous Prefecture]] || {{lang|zh|湘西自治州}} || Xiāngxī Zìzhìzhōu || ? si11 ci31 c̣î31 c̣ôu11
|}

The fourteen [[prefecture of China|prefecture]]-level divisions of Hunan are subdivided into 122 [[County (People's Republic of China)|county]]-level divisions (35 [[District of China|district]]s, 17 [[county-level cities]], 63 counties, 7 [[autonomous counties]]). Those are in turn divided into 2587 [[Townships of the People's Republic of China|township]]-level divisions (1098 [[Town (China)|town]]s, 1,158 [[Townships of the People's Republic of China|township]]s, 98 [[ethnic township]]s, 225 [[Subdistricts of China|subdistrict]]s, and eight [[district public office]]s). At the year end of 2017, the total population is 68.6 million.[http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2018/indexch.htm]

===Urban areas===
{|class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size:90%;"
! colspan="6" | Population by urban areas of prefecture & county cities
|-
!#!!City!!style ="background-color: #aaaaff;"|Urban area<ref name="2010PRCcensus"/>!!style ="background-color: #aaffaa;"|District area<ref name="2010PRCcensus"/>!!style ="background-color: #ffaaaa;"|City proper<ref name="2010PRCcensus">{{cite book |author=国务院人口普查办公室、国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司编 |date=2012 |script-title=zh:中国2010年人口普查分县资料 |location=Beijing |publisher=[[:zh:中国统计出版社|China Statistics Print]] |isbn=978-7-5037-6659-6 }}</ref>!!Census date
|-
|1||'''[[Changsha]]'''{{efn|name=Changsha|New district established after census: [[Wangcheng District|Wangcheng (Wangcheng County)]]. The new district not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.}}||2,963,218||3,092,213||7,040,952||2010-11-01
|- bgcolor="lightyellow" class="sortbottom"
|(1)||Changsha {{small|(new district)}}{{efn|name=Changsha}}||230,136||523,660||{{small|''see Changsha''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|2||[[Hengyang]]||1,115,645||1,133,967||7,148,344||2010-11-01
|-
|3||[[Zhuzhou]]{{efn|name=Zhuzhou|New district established after census: [[Lukou District|Lukou (Zhuzhou County)]]. The new district not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.}}||999,404||1,055,150||3,857,100||2010-11-01
|- bgcolor="lightyellow" class="sortbottom"
|(3)||Zhuzhou {{small|(new district)}}{{efn|name=Zhuzhou}}||94,326||383,598||{{small|''see Zhuzhou''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|4||[[Yueyang]]||924,099||1,231,509||5,476,084||2010-11-01
|-
|5||[[Xiangtan]]||903,287||960,303||2,752,171||2010-11-01
|-
|6||[[Changde]]||846,308||1,457,419||5,714,623||2010-11-01
|-
|7||[[Yiyang]]||697,607||1,245,517||4,307,933||2010-11-01
|-
|8||[[Liuyang]]||588,081||1,279,469||{{small|''see Changsha''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|9||[[Chenzhou]]||582,971||822,534||4,583,531||2010-11-01
|-
|10||[[Shaoyang]]||574,527||753,194||7,071,735||2010-11-01
|-
|11||[[Yongzhou]]||540,930||1,020,715||5,194,275||2010-11-01
|- bgcolor="lightyellow"
|(12)||[[Ningxiang]]{{efn|name=Ningxiang|Ningxiang County is currently known as Ningxiang CLC after census.}}||498,055||1,166,138||{{small|''see Changsha''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|13||[[Leiyang]]||476,173||1,151,554||{{small|''see Hengyang''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|14||[[Huaihua]]||472,687||552,622||4,741,673||2010-11-01
|-
|15||[[Liling]]||449,067||947,387||{{small|''see Zhuzhou''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|16||[[Loudi]]||425,037||496,744||3,784,634||2010-11-01
|-
|17||[[Changning, Hunan|Changning]]||332,927||810,447||{{small|''see Hengyang''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|18||[[Miluo City|Miluo]]||321,074||692,080||{{small|''see Yueyang''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|19||[[Yuanjiang]]||281,097||666,270||{{small|''see Yiyang''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|20||[[Zhangjiajie]]||250,489||494,528||1,478,149||2010-11-01
|-
|21||[[Lianyuan]]||245,360||995,515||{{small|''see Loudi''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|22||[[Lengshuijiang]]||238,275||327,146||{{small|''see Loudi''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|23||[[Linxiang, Hunan|Linxiang]]||225,054||498,319||{{small|''see Yueyang''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|24||[[Zixing]]||215,707||337,294||{{small|''see Chenzhou''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|25||[[Jishou]]||212,328||302,065||{{small|''part of [[Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture|Xiangxi Prefecture]]''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|26||[[Xiangxiang]]||210,799||788,216||{{small|''see Xiangtan''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|27||[[Hongjiang]]||197,753||477,996||{{small|''see Huaihua''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|28||[[Wugang, Hunan|Wugang]]||187,436||734,870||{{small|''see Shaoyang''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|29||[[Jinshi City|Jinshi]]||156,230||250,898||{{small|''see Changde''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|30||[[Shaoshan]]||27,613||86,036||{{small|''see Xiangtan''}}||2010-11-01
|}
{{notelist}}
{{Largest cities
|largest = Most populous
|country = Hunan
|kind = cities
|stat_ref = Source: ''China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018'' Urban Population and Urban Temporary Population<ref>{{cite book |author=[[Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development]] of the People's Republic of China(MOHURD) |url=http://www.mohurd.gov.cn/xytj/tjzljsxytjgb/jstjnj/w02020032722244243052500000.xls |date=2019 |title=中国城市建设统计年鉴2018 |trans-title=China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018 |language=zh |location=Beijing |publisher=China Statistic Publishing House |access-date=2021-11-30 |archive-date=2020-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718211023/http://www.mohurd.gov.cn/xytj/tjzljsxytjgb/jstjnj/w02020032722244243052500000.xls |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|list_by_pop =

|city_1 = Changsha
|pop_1 = 3,744,300
|city_2 = Hengyang
|pop_2 = 1,437,900
|city_3 = Zhuzhou
|pop_3 = 1,152,600
|city_4 = Changde
|pop_4 = 997,900
|city_5 = Yueyang
|pop_5 = 892,000

|city_6 = Chenzhou
|pop_6 = 842,000

|city_7 = Xiangtan
|pop_7 = 817,700

|city_8 = Shaoyang
|pop_8 = 712,300

|city_9 = Yiyang
|pop_9 = 668,200

|city_10 = Huaihua
|pop_10 = 624,000

|city_11 = Yongzhou
|pop_11 = 574,500

|city_12 = Leiyang
|pop_12 = 573,000

|city_13 = Loudi
|pop_13 = 516,800

|city_14 = Ningxiang
|pop_14 = 472,700

|city_15 = Jishou
|pop_15 = 315,000

|city_16 = Changning, Hunan{{!}}Changning
|pop_16 = 300,000

|city_17 = Wugang, Hunan{{!}}Wugang
|pop_17 = 290,000

|city_18 = Liuyang
|pop_18 = 260,100

|city_19 = Liling
|pop_19 = 247,500

|city_20 = Xiangxiang
|pop_20 = 235,000
}}

==Politics==
{{main|Politics of Hunan|List of provincial leaders of the People's Republic of China|Government of Hunan|Hunan Provincial Committee of the Chinese Communist Party}}
[[File:Young Mao Zedong statue 5.jpg|thumb|[[Young Mao Zedong statue]] in Changsha]]
The politics of Hunan is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in [[mainland China]].

The [[Governor of Hunan]] is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Hunan. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor has less power than the Hunan [[Chinese Communist Party]] Provincial Committee Secretary, colloquially termed the "Hunan [[Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary|CCP Party Chief]]".

== Economy ==
Hunan is the [[List of Chinese provincial-level divisions by GDP|9th-largest provincial economy]] of China, the third largest in the [[Central China]] region after [[Henan]] and [[Hubei]], the fourth largest in the [[South Central China]] region after [[Guangdong]], Henan and Hubei and the fourth largest among inland provinces after [[Sichuan]], Henan and Hubei.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Data |url=https://data.stats.gov.cn/english/easyquery.htm?cn=E0103 |access-date=2025-08-25 |website=data.stats.gov.cn}}</ref> As of 2024, Hunan's [[Gross domestic product#Nominal GDP and adjustments to GDP|nominal GDP]] was US$747 billion (CN¥5.32 trillion), appearing in the world's top 20 [[List of country subdivisions by GDP over 200 billion USD|largest sub-national economies]], with its [[Purchasing power parity|GDP (PPP)]] being over US$1.55 trillion.<ref name="hunan" /><ref name=":3" /> Its nominal GDP per capita exceeded ¥81,225 (US$11,405 or US$23,665 in PPP), making it the [[List of Chinese provincial-level divisions by GDP per capita|third-richest province]] in South Central China, after Guangdong and Hubei.<ref name="hunan" />

As of 2020, Hunan's GDP (nominal) was US$605 billion,<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|making it larger than the economies]] of Poland (the 22nd largest in the world), Thailand (the 2nd largest in ASEAN), and Nigeria (the largest in Africa).<ref name=":6" />

As of the mid-19th century, Hunan exported [[rhubarb]], musk, honey, tobacco, [[hemp]], and birds.<ref name="Roberts1">{{cite book |last=Roberts |first=Edmund |title=Embassy to the Eastern Courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat |year=1837 |publisher=Harper & Brothers |location=New York |page=123 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/7317/view/1/123/ |access-date=2013-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016074209/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/7317/view/1/123/ |archive-date=2013-10-16 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Lake Dongting]] area is an important center of [[ramie]] production, and Hunan is also an important center of tea cultivation. Hunan was a major recipient of China's investment in industrial capacity during the [[Third Front (China)|Third Front]] campaign.<ref name=":62">{{Cite book |last=Lan |first=Xiaohuan |title=How China Works: An Introduction to China's State-led Economic Development |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=2024 |isbn=978-981-97-0079-0 |translator-last=Topp |translator-first=Gary |doi=10.1007/978-981-97-0080-6}}</ref>{{Rp|page=298}}

In recent years, Hunan has grown to become an important center for steel, machinery and electronics production, especially as China's manufacturing sector moves away from coastal provinces such as [[Guangdong]] and [[Zhejiang]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thechinaperspective.com/topics/province/hunan-province/ |title=Hunan Province: Economic News and Statistics for Hunan's Economy |access-date=2011-10-31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008045908/http://thechinaperspective.com/topics/province/hunan-province/ |archive-date=2011-10-08 }}</ref> The [[Lengshuijiang]] area is noted for its [[stibnite]] mines, and is one of the major centers of [[antimony]] extraction in China.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Antimony (Sb) isotopic signature in water systems from the world's largest Sb mine, central China |publisher=Bing Wen |date=2022 |pmid=36580776 |last1=Wen |first1=B. |last2=Zhou |first2=J. |last3=Tang |first3=P. |last4=Jia |first4=X. |last5=Zhou |first5=W. |last6=Huang |first6=J. |journal=Journal of Hazardous Materials |volume=446 |doi=10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130622 }}</ref>

Hunan is also well known for a few global makers of construction equipment such as [[concrete pump]]s, [[crane (machine)|cranes]], etc. These companies include [[Sany Group]], [[Zoomlion]] and [[Sunward Intelligent Equipment|Sunward]]. Sany is one of the world's major players. The city of [[Liuyang]] is the world's top center for manufacturing [[fireworks]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.enghunan.gov.cn/|title=Hunan Government Website International-enghunan.gov.cn|first=Hunan|last=Government|website=www.enghunan.gov.cn|access-date=2009-02-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208211939/http://enghunan.gov.cn/|archive-date=2009-02-08|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
| align=center colspan=10 | '''Historical GDP of Hunan Province for 1952 –present''' (SNA2008)<ref name="SNA2008">''Historical GDP of Hunan Province'' published on Hunan Statistical Yearbook 2017, ALSO see [http://www.hntj.gov.cn/xxgk/tzgg/201710/t20171016_4595868.html Hunan GDP Revision (Chinese)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222051224/http://www.hntj.gov.cn/xxgk/tzgg/201710/t20171016_4595868.html |date=2017-12-22 }}</ref><br>(purchasing power parity of Chinese Yuan, as [[Geary–Khamis dollar|Int'l. dollar]] based on IMF WEO October 2017<ref>'''Purchasing power parity''' (PPP) for Chinese yuan is estimate according to [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]] '''''[[World Economic Outlook|WEO]]''''' ([http://www.imf.org/external/ns/cs.aspx?id=28 '''October 2017'''] {{Webarchive|url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20060214005019/http://www.imf.org/external/ns/cs.aspx?id=28 |date=2006-02-14 }}) data; Exchange rate of CN¥ to US$ is according to State Administration of Foreign Exchange, published on [http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/Statisticaldata/AnnualData/ ''China Statistical Yearbook''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151020062416/http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/Statisticaldata/AnnualData/ |date=2015-10-20 }}.</ref>)
|- align=center
| align=center rowspan=3| year
| align=center colspan=4| '''GDP'''
| align=center colspan=3| '''GDP per capita (GDPpc)<br>''' ''based on mid-year population ''
| align=center colspan=2| '''Reference index'''
|- align=center
| align=center colspan=3| GDP ''in millions''
| align=center rowspan=2| real<br>growth<br>(%)
| align=center colspan=3| GDPpc
| align=center colspan=2| exchange rate<br>''1 foreign currency<br> to CNY ''
|- align=center
||[[Renminbi|CNY]]
||USD
||[[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]<br>([[Geary–Khamis dollar|Int'l$.]])
||CNY
||USD
||PPP<br>(Int'l$.)
||USD 1
||Int'l$. 1<br>(PPP)
|- align=right
||2016||3,155,137||475,007||901,236||8.0||46,382||6,983||13,249||6.6423||3.5009
|- align=right
||2015||2,917,217||468,373||821,867||8.5||43,157||6,929||12,159||6.2284||3.5495
|- align=right
||2014||2,728,177||444,126||768,414||9.5||40,635||6,615||11,445||6.1428||3.5504
|- align=right
||2013||2,483,465||400,999||694,307||10.1||37,263||6,017||10,418||6.1932||3.5769
|- align=right
||2012||2,233,833||353,875||629,107||11.4||33,758||5,348||9,507||6.3125||3.5508
|- align=right
||2011||1,981,655||306,815||565,299||12.8||30,103||4,661||8,587||6.4588||3.5055
|- align=right
||2010||1,615,325||238,618||487,925||14.6||24,897||3,678||7,520||6.7695||3.3106
|- align=right
||2009||1,315,627||192,597||416,667||13.9||20,579||3,013||6,517||6.8310||3.1575
|- align=right
||2008||1,162,761||167,422||366,016||14.1||18,261||2,629||5,748||6.9451||3.1768
|- align=right
||2007||948,599||124,750||314,637||15.1||14,942||1,965||4,956||7.6040||3.0149
|- align=right
||2006||772,232||96,870||268,350||12.8||12,192||1,529||4,237||7.9718||2.8777
|- align=right
||2005||662,345||80,856||231,670||12.2||10,606||1,295||3,710||8.1917||2.8590
|- align=right
||2000||355,149||42,901||130,603||9.0||5,425||655||1,995||8.2784||2.7193
|- align=right
||1995||213,213||25,531||78,117||10.3||3,359||402||1,231||8.3510||2.7294
|- align=right
||1990||74,444||15,564||43,724||4.0||1,228||257||721||4.7832||1.7026
|- align=right
||1985||34,995||11,917||24,966||12.1||626||213||447||2.9366||1.4017
|- align=right
||1980||19,172||12,795||12,820||5.2||365||244||244||1.4984||1.4955
|- align=right
||1975||11,840||6,366||||10.3||239||129||||1.8598||
|- align=right
||1970||9,305||3,780||||17.6||211||86||||2.4618||
|- align=right
||1965||6,532||2,653||||13.2||170||69||||2.4618||
|- align=right
||1960||6,407||2,603||||-1.0||176||71||||2.4618||
|- align=right
||1955||3,583||1,376||||18.5||104||40||||2.6040||
|- align=right
||1952||2,781||1,251||||||86||39||||2.2227||
|}

===Economic and technological development zones===
* [[Changsha]] National Economic and Technical Development Zone
The Changsha National Economic and Technology Development Zone was founded in 1992. It is located east of Changsha. The total planned area is {{convert|38.6|km2|abbr=on}} and the current area is {{convert|14|km2|abbr=on}}. Near the zone is National Highways G319 and G107 as well as Jingzhu Highway. Besides that, it is very close to the downtown and the railway station. The distance between the zone and the airport is {{convert|8|km|abbr=on}}. The major industries in the zone include high-tech industry, biology project technology and new material industry.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/changsha-economic-technology-development-zone/ |title=Changsha Economic & Technology Development Zone &#124; China Industrial Space |access-date=2010-06-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826055651/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/changsha-economic-technology-development-zone |archive-date=2011-08-26 }}</ref>
* Changsha National New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone
* Chenzhou Export Processing Zone
Approved by the [[State Council of China|State Council]], Chenzhou Export processing Zone (CEPZ) was established in 2005 and is the only export processing zone in Hunan province. The scheduled production area of CEPZ covers 3km2. The industrial positioning of CEPZ is to concentrate on developing export-oriented hi-tech industries, including electronic information, precision machinery, and new-type materials. The zone has good infrastructure, and the enterprises inside could enjoy the preferential policies of tax-exemption, tax-guarantee and tax-refunding. By the end of the "[[Eleventh Five-Year Plan (People's Republic of China)|Eleventh Five-Year Plan]]", the CEPZ achieved a total export and import volume of over US$1 billion and provided more than 50,000 jobs. It aimed to be one of the first-class export processing zones in China.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/binzhou-export-processing-zone/ |title=Chenzhou Export Processing Zone &#124; EPZ &#124; China Industrial Space |access-date=2010-06-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826055048/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/binzhou-export-processing-zone |archive-date=2011-08-26 }}</ref>
* [[Zhuzhou]] National New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone
Zhuzhou Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone was founded in 1992. Its total planned area is {{convert|35|km2|abbr=on}}. It is very close to National Highway G320. The major industries in the zone include biotechnology, food processing and heavy industry. In 2007, the park signed a cooperation contract with Beijing Automobile Industry, one of the largest auto makers in China, which will set up a manufacturing base in Zhuzhou HTP.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/zhuzhou-hi-tech-industrial-development-zone/ |title=Zhuzhou Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone &#124; China Industrial Space |access-date=2016-02-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224154636/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/zhuzhou-hi-tech-industrial-development-zone |archive-date=2016-02-24 }}</ref>

==Demographics==
[[File:Ethnic minorities areas in Hunan.png|thumb|upright=0.9|Ethnic minority-inhabited areas in Hunan|alt=|left]]
{{Historical populations
|title       = Historical population
|1912<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:1912年中国人口|url=http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo2.html|website=Ier.hit-u.ac.jp|access-date=6 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032922/http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo2.html|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>  |27,617,000
|1928<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:1928年中国人口|url=http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo3.htm|website=Ier.hit-u.ac.jp|access-date=6 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032924/http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo3.htm|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> |31,501,000
|1936-37<ref>{{cite web |script-title=ja:1936-37年中国人口 |url=http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo4.htm |website=Ier.hit-u.ac.jp |access-date=6 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032925/http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo4.htm |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> |28,294,000
|1947<ref>{{cite web |script-title= ja:1947年全国人口 |url= http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo5.htm |website= Ier.hit-u.ac.jp |access-date= 6 March 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130913053600/http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo5.htm |archive-date= 13 September 2013 |url-status= live }}</ref> |25,558,000
|1954<ref name="census1954">{{cite web |url= http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16767.htm |script-title=zh:中华人民共和国国家统计局关于第一次全国人口调查登记结果的公报 |publisher= [[National Bureau of Statistics of China]] |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090805174810/http://www.stats.gov.cn/TJGB/RKPCGB/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16767.htm |archive-date=August 5, 2009 }}</ref> |33,226,954
|1964<ref name="census1964">{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16768.htm |script-title=zh:第二次全国人口普查结果的几项主要统计数字 |publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914173158/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16768.htm |archive-date=September 14, 2012 }}</ref> |37,182,286
|1982<ref name="census1982">{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16769.htm |script-title=zh:中华人民共和国国家统计局关于一九八二年人口普查主要数字的公报 |publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510075429/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16769.htm |archive-date=May 10, 2012 }}</ref> |54,008,851
|1990<ref name="census1990">{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16772.htm |script-title=zh:中华人民共和国国家统计局关于一九九〇年人口普查主要数据的公报 |publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619002216/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16772.htm |archive-date=June 19, 2012 }}</ref> |60,659,754
|2000<ref name="census2000">{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020331_15435.htm |script-title=zh:现将2000年第五次全国人口普查快速汇总的人口地区分布数据公布如下 |publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829052024/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020331_15435.htm |archive-date=August 29, 2012 }}</ref> |63,274,173
|2010<ref name="census2010">{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/t20110429_402722516.htm |title=Communiqué of the National Bureau of Statistics of People's Republic of China on Major Figures of the 2010 Population Census |publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727021210/http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/t20110429_402722516.htm |archive-date=July 27, 2013 }}</ref> |65,683,722
|2020<ref name=cens/>|66444864
}}
As of the 2000 [[census]], the population of Hunan is 64,400,700 consisting of forty-one [[List of Chinese ethnic groups|ethnic group]]s. Its population grew 6.17% (3,742,700) from its 1990 levels. According to the census, 89.79% (57,540,000) identified themselves as [[Han Chinese]] and 10.21% (6,575,300) as [[minority group]]s. The minority groups are [[Tujia people|Tujia]], [[Hmong people|Miao]], [[Dong people|Dong]], [[Yao people|Yao]], [[Bai people|Bai]], [[Hui people|Hui]], [[Zhuang people|Zhuang]], [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]] and so on.

In Hunan, ethnic minority languages are spoken in the following prefectures.

*[[Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture]]: [[Qo Xiong language]], [[Tujia language]]
*[[Huaihua]]: [[Qo Xiong language]], [[Dong language (China)|Dong language]], [[Hm Nai language]], [[Hmu language]]
*[[Shaoyang]]: [[Maojia dialect|Maojia language]], [[Hm Nai language]], [[Pa-Hng language]], [[Badong Yao language]]
*[[Yongzhou]]: [[Iu Mien language|Mien language]], [[Biao Min language]]
*[[Chenzhou]]: [[Dzao Min language]]

{{Pie chart
|caption = Religion in Hunan<ref name="Wang2015">China General Social Survey 2009, Chinese Spiritual Life Survey (CSLS) 2007. Report by: [https://baylor-ir.tdl.org/baylor-ir/bitstream/handle/2104/9326/WANG-THESIS-2015.pdf?sequence=1 Xiuhua Wang (2015, p. 15)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925123928/https://baylor-ir.tdl.org/baylor-ir/bitstream/handle/2104/9326/WANG-THESIS-2015.pdf?sequence=1 |date=September 25, 2015 }}</ref>{{refn|group=note|The data was collected by the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) of 2009 and by the Chinese Spiritual Life Survey (CSLS) of 2007, reported and assembled by Xiuhua Wang (2015)<ref name="Wang2015"/> in order to confront the proportion of people identifying with two similar social structures: ① Christian churches, and ② the traditional Chinese religion of the lineage (i. e. people believing and worshipping ancestral deities often organised into [[Chinese lineage associations|lineage "churches"]] and [[ancestral shrine]]s). Data for other religions with a significant presence in China (deity cults, Buddhism, Taoism, folk religious sects, Islam, et al.) was not reported by Wang.}}
|label1 = [[Chinese Buddhism]]，[[Taoism|Taoist traditions]] and [[Chinese folk religion]]s
|value1 = 20.19
|color1 = FireBrick
|label2 = [[Christianity]]
|value2 = 0.77
|color2 = DodgerBlue
|label3 = Other religions or not religious people{{refn|group=note|This may include:
* [[Buddhism|Buddhists]];
* [[Confucianism|Confucians]];
* [[Chinese folk religion|Deity worshippers]];
* [[Taoism|Taoists]];
* Members of [[Chinese salvationist religions|folk religious sects]];
* Small minorities of [[Muslim]]s;
* And people not bounded to, nor practicing any, institutional or diffuse religion.}}
|value3 = 79.04
|color3 = Honeydew
}}

===Hunanese Uyghurs===
Around 5,000 Uyghurs live around [[Taoyuan County, Hunan|Taoyuan County]] and other parts of [[Changde]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=905wAAAAMAAJ&q=Uighurs+also+mention+the+5000+Uighurs+sent+to+Hunan+during+the+Ming+dynasty+who+today+live+in+Taoyuan+county,+northwest+of+Changsha+.+3+On+the+Dolans+see+Svanberg+1989.+Tor+linguistic+differences+among+the+Uighurs+see+Hahn|title=Bones in the sand: the struggle to create Uighur nationalist ideologies in Xinjiang, China|author=stin Jon Rudelson, Justin Ben-Adam Rudelson|year=1992|publisher=Harvard University|page=30|access-date=2010-06-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529030237/http://books.google.com/books?id=905wAAAAMAAJ&q=Uighurs+also+mention+the+5000+Uighurs+sent+to+Hunan+during+the+Ming+dynasty+who+today+live+in+Taoyuan+county,+northwest+of+Changsha+.+3+On+the+Dolans+see+Svanberg+1989.+Tor+linguistic+differences+among+the+Uighurs+see+Hahn&dq=Uighurs+also+mention+the+5000+Uighurs+sent+to+Hunan+during+the+Ming+dynasty+who+today+live+in+Taoyuan+county,+northwest+of+Changsha+.+3+On+the+Dolans+see+Svanberg+1989.+Tor+linguistic+differences+among+the+Uighurs+see+Hahn&hl=en&ei=rRi9TKPaL8L6lwfJ5Zm1DQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA|archive-date=2013-05-29|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UuEyAAAAIAAJ&q=taoyuan|title=The Altaic-speakers of China: numbers and distribution|author=Ingvar Svanberg|year=1988|publisher=Centre for Mult[i]ethnic Research, Uppsala University, Faculty of Arts|isbn=91-86624-20-2|page=7|access-date=2010-06-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528231903/http://books.google.com/books?ei=nw-9TPmTPMXflgfYjpWPDQ&ct=result&id=UuEyAAAAIAAJ&dq=taoyuan+uyghur&q=taoyuan|archive-date=2013-05-28|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UuEyAAAAIAAJ&q=Uighurs+are+the+largest+Turkic-speaking+Muslim+people+of+China.+Most+of+them+live+within+the+Xinjiang+Uighur+Autonomous+Region.+An+isolated+group+of+Uighurs+lives,+however,+in+Taoyuan+and+Changde+xian+of+the+Hunan+province.|title=The Altaic-speakers of China: numbers and distribution|author=Ingvar Svanberg|year=1988|publisher=Centre for Mult[i]ethnic Research, Uppsala University, Faculty of Arts|isbn=91-86624-20-2|page=7|access-date=2010-06-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529041548/http://books.google.com/books?id=UuEyAAAAIAAJ&q=Uighurs+are+the+largest+Turkic-speaking+Muslim+people+of+China.+Most+of+them+live+within+the+Xinjiang+Uighur+Autonomous+Region.+An+isolated+group+of+Uighurs+lives,+however,+in+Taoyuan+and+Changde+xian+of+the+Hunan+province.&dq=Uighurs+are+the+largest+Turkic-speaking+Muslim+people+of+China.+Most+of+them+live+within+the+Xinjiang+Uighur+Autonomous+Region.+An+isolated+group+of+Uighurs+lives,+however,+in+Taoyuan+and+Changde+xian+of+the+Hunan+province.&hl=en&ei=Ac-8TNDzIoH7lweZ-N3LDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA|archive-date=2013-05-29|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UlaBw3MUGBEC&q=taoyuan+uighur+hunan&pg=PA220|title=Muslim cultures today: a reference guide|author=Kathryn M. Coughlin|year=2006|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=0-313-32386-0|page=220|access-date=2010-06-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529015017/http://books.google.com/books?id=UlaBw3MUGBEC&pg=PA220&dq=taoyuan+uighur+hunan&hl=en&ei=WhW9TKTQOsT_lgeip5nMDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCQQ6AEwADgo#v=snippet&q=taoyuan%20uighur%20hunan&f=false|archive-date=2013-05-29|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Hui people|Hui]] and Uyghurs have intermarried in this area.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ePxMW066j8C&q=jian+uyghur+hunan&pg=PA133|title=Negotiating ethnicity in China: citizenship as a response to the state|author=[[Chih-yu Shih]], Zhiyu Shi|year=2002|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=0-415-28372-8|page=133|access-date=2010-06-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213230614/http://books.google.com/books?id=8ePxMW066j8C&pg=PA133&dq=jian+uyghur+hunan&hl=en&ei=-BO9TJ3BK4SBlAfLxZ2GDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ|archive-date=2011-12-13|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ePxMW066j8C&q=uygurs+hunan+10%2C000+xinjiang+islam&pg=PA133|title=Negotiating ethnicity in China: citizenship as a response to the state|author=Chih-yu Shih, Zhiyu Shi|year=2002|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=0-415-28372-8|page=137|access-date=2010-06-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213230614/http://books.google.com/books?id=8ePxMW066j8C&pg=PA133&dq=jian+uyghur+hunan&hl=en&ei=-BO9TJ3BK4SBlAfLxZ2GDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ#v=snippet&q=uygurs%20hunan%2010%2C000%20xinjiang%20islam&f=false|archive-date=2011-12-13|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ePxMW066j8C&q=senior+master+elder+mosque+uygur+allah+customs+koran&pg=PA133|title=Negotiating ethnicity in China: citizenship as a response to the state|author=Chih-yu Shih, Zhiyu Shi|year=2002|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=0-415-28372-8|page=138|access-date=2010-06-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213230614/http://books.google.com/books?id=8ePxMW066j8C&pg=PA133&dq=jian+uyghur+hunan&hl=en&ei=-BO9TJ3BK4SBlAfLxZ2GDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=senior%20master%20elder%20mosque%20uygur%20allah%20customs%20koran&f=false|archive-date=2011-12-13|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to eating pork, the Uygurs of Changde practice other Han Chinese customs, like [[Ancestor veneration in China|ancestor worship]] at graves. Some Uyghurs from [[Xinjiang]] visit the Hunan Uyghurs out of curiosity or interest.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0rhxU662vQsC&q=uygur+ancestor+worship+family+graveyard+changde+xinjiang+jian+hunan+stimulated&pg=PA121|title=Negotiating ethnicity in China: citizenship as a response to the state|author=Chih-yu Shih, Zhiyu Shi|year=2002|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=0-415-28372-8|page=136|access-date=2010-06-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529014449/http://books.google.com/books?id=0rhxU662vQsC&pg=PA121&vq=uygurs+intermarriage+with+muslims&dq=taoyuan+uighur+hunan&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=2#v=onepage&q=uygur%20ancestor%20worship%20family%20graveyard%20changde%20xinjiang%20jian%20hunan%20stimulated&f=false|archive-date=2013-05-29|url-status=live}}</ref> The Uyghurs of Hunan do not speak the [[Uyghur language]], instead, Mandarin Chinese is spoken as their native language.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0rhxU662vQsC&q=no+uygurs+in+changde+speak+arabic|title=Negotiating ethnicity in China: citizenship as a response to the state|author=Chih-yu Shih, Zhiyu Shi|year=2002|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=0-415-28372-8|page=133|access-date=2010-06-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529001653/http://books.google.com/books?id=0rhxU662vQsC&dq=taoyuan+uighur+hunan&q=speak+arabic#v=snippet&q=no%20uygurs%20in%20changde%20speak%20arabic&f=false|archive-date=2013-05-29|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Religion===
{{see also|Christianity in Hunan}}
The predominant religions in Hunan are [[Chinese Buddhism]], [[Taoism|Taoist traditions]] and [[Chinese folk religion]]s. According to surveys conducted in 2007 and 2009, 20.19% of the population believes and is involved in [[Chinese ancestral religion|ancestor veneration]], while 0.77% of the population identifies as Christian.<ref name="Wang2015"/> The reports didn't give figures for other types of religion; 79.04% of the population may be either irreligious or involved in [[Chinese folk religion|worship of nature deities]], Buddhism, [[Confucianism]], Taoism, [[Chinese salvationist religions|folk religious sects]].

In 2010, there are 118.799 [[Muslims]] in Hunan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Muslim in China, Muslim Population & Distribution & Minority in China|url=https://www.topchinatravel.com/china-muslim/muslim-in-china.htm|access-date=2021-08-04|website=www.topchinatravel.com|archive-date=2021-11-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103193156/https://www.topchinatravel.com/china-muslim/muslim-in-china.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px" style="text-align:left">
File:Puguang chansi 0152.jpg|Puguang Buddhist Temple in [[Zhangjiajie]].
File:Confucius Temple of Liuyang 01.jpg|[[Temple of Confucius]] in [[Liuyang]].
File:Hunan traditional temple front.jpg|An [[ancestral shrine]] in the province.
</gallery>

== Notable people ==
{{see also|:Category:People from Hunan}}
During the late [[Qing dynasty|late Qing Era]], Hunan emerged as the epicenter of revolution and reform in China, giving rise to many of the nation's most renowned scholars, politicians, and military leaders, including the most influential and controversial figure of China in the 20th century, [[Mao Zedong]].

Hunanese were pioneers in embracing foreign ideas, as seen in the works of 19th-century thinkers like [[Wei Yuan]] (魏源). As the saying goes among Chinese historians: "Hunanese shaped half of modern Chinese history" (一部中国近代史，半部由湖南写就). Their profound and enduring influence on China's politics and society persisted well into recent times.

* [[Zhou Dunyi]] (1017–1073), Chinese scholar and philosopher
* [[Wang Fuzhi]] (1619–1692), Chinese essayist, historian, and philosopher of the late Ming, early Qing dynasties.
* [[Zeng Guofan]] (1811–1872)
* [[Zuo Zongtang]] (1812–1885), or General Tso, Chinese statesman and military leader of the late Qing dynasty.
* [[Taqibu]] (1816–1855)
* [[Huang Xing]] (1874–1916)
* [[Cai E]] (1882–1916), Chinese revolutionary leader, General and Governor of [[Yunnan]] (1911–1913)
* [[Jiang Xiaowan]] (?–1922), interpreter
* [[Mao Zedong]] (1893–1976)
* [[He Long]] (1896–1969)
* [[Peng Dehuai]] (1898–1974) 
* [[Liu Shaoqi]] (1898–1969)
* [[Ma Ying-jeou]] (born 1950)
* [[Yuet-ching Lee]] (1918–1997), Hong Kong actress{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}
* [[Ted Hui]] (born 1982), Hong Kong politician{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}
* [[Martin Cao]] (born 1993), racing driver
* [[Zhou Chengzhou]] (born 1982), Chinese film director and artist
* [[Lexie Liu]] (born 1998), singer
* [[Jackson Yee]] (born 2000), actor and singer

== Culture ==
{{main|Culture of Hunan}}As of 2022, Hunan's culture and related industries achieved an added value of CN¥250.65 billion (US$37.27 billion), accounting for 5.27% of the province's GDP. Among them, the added value of cultural services was CN¥150.20 billion (US$22.33 billion), the added value of cultural manufacturing was CN¥78.28 billion (US$11.64 billion), the added value of cultural wholesale and retail was CN¥22.17 billion (US$3.30 billion).<ref name="culture1">{{cite web|url=http://tjj.hunan.gov.cn/hntj/tjgz/tjyw/sjyw/202402/t20240219_32875292.html |title=zh: 2022年湖南文化及相关产业增加值占GDP比重为5.27% |publisher=hunan.gov.cn |date=February 19, 2024 |access-date=July 29, 2024}}</ref>

In 2023, there are 655 art groups, 149 mass art galleries and cultural centers, 148 public libraries, 180 museums and memorial halls, 108 radio and television stations, 5.853 million cable TV users, and 27.441 million fiber optic Internet broadband users all connected to cable TV. The comprehensive population coverage rate of radio is 99.43%, and the comprehensive population coverage rate of television is 99.77%. There are 137 national intangible cultural heritage protection lists and 410 provincial [[intangible cultural heritage]] protection lists. 12,078 books, 235 periodicals, and 44 newspapers have been published, with a total print run of 590 million books, 80 million periodicals, and 500 million newspapers.<ref name="GDPdata" />

=== Language ===
Hunan is a region with complex dialects. The dialects in the province include [[Xiang Chinese|Xiang]], [[Southwestern Mandarin]], [[Gan Chinese|Gan]], [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]], and some local dialects whose identities have not yet been determined, such as [[Xiangnan Tuhua]] and [[Waxiang Chinese|Waxiang dialect]]. In areas where ethnic minorities live, many people can speak their own ethnic language and communicate in Chinese.
[[File:辣椒酱.jpg|left|thumb|248x248px|[[Yongfeng chili sauce]]]]

=== Cuisine ===
[[Hunan cuisine|Hunanese cuisine]] is noted for its near-ubiquitous use of [[chili pepper]]s, [[garlic]], and [[shallot]]s. These ingredients give rise to a distinctive dry-and-spicy ({{lang-zh|labels=no|c=干辣 |p=gānlà}}) taste,<ref name="Eats">{{Cite web|url=https://www.seriouseats.com/2015/02/introduction-hunan-chinese-cuisine.html|title=A Song of Spice and Fire: The Real Deal With Hunan Cuisine|last=Eats|first=Serious|website=www.seriouseats.com|language=en|access-date=2019-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605003426/https://www.seriouseats.com/2015/02/introduction-hunan-chinese-cuisine.html|archive-date=2019-06-05|url-status=live}}</ref> with dishes such as smoked cured [[ham]] and stir-fried spicy beef being prime examples of the flavor.<ref name="Eats"/>

=== Music ===
[[Huaguxi]] is a local form of [[Chinese opera]] that is very popular in Hunan province.

== Tourism ==
Located in the south central part of the Chinese mainland, Hunan has long been known for its natural environment. It is surrounded by mountains on the east, west, and south, and by the Yangtze River on the north. For thousands of years, the region has been a major center of agriculture, growing rice, tea, and oranges. China's first all glass suspension bridge was also opened in Hunan, in [[Shiniuzhai National Geological Park]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = China's first glass-bottom bridge opens |url = http://www.cnn.com/2015/09/27/travel/china-glass-bridge-shiniuzhai/index.html|website = CNN| date=28 September 2015 |access-date = 2015-09-29|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150930010707/http://www.cnn.com/2015/09/27/travel/china-glass-bridge-shiniuzhai/index.html|archive-date = 2015-09-30|url-status = live}}</ref>

*[[Wulingyuan]] is a [[World Heritage Site]] and a [[AAAAA Tourist Attractions of China|5A Scenic Area]]. Located in south-central Hunan, Wulingyuan is noted for its thousands of [[quartzite]] [[sandstone]] pillars, caves, and waterfalls. The area also contains [[Zhangjiajie National Forest Park]].
* [[Shaoshan|Shaoshan County]], known for being the [[Mao Zedong's Former Residence|birthplace of Mao Zedong]]
* [[Yueyang Tower]], on the shores of [[Dongting Lake|Lake Dongting]], was built in the [[Han dynasty|Han]] and [[Jin dynasty (265–420)|Jin dynasties]], and has existed in its current state since the [[Qing dynasty|Qing Dynasty]]. Alongside the [[Pavilion of Prince Teng]] and [[Yellow Crane Tower]], it is one of the Three Great Towers of [[Jiangnan]].
* [[Mount Heng (Hunan)|Mount Heng]], in [[Hengyang]], is one of the [[Sacred Mountains of China|Five Great Mountains of China]], and is home to the [[Grand Temple of Mount Heng|largest temple in southern China]].
* [[Fenghuang County]], in [[Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture|Xiangxi Prefecture]], has been placed on the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage]] Tentative List for its ancient town. Fenghuang is known for its incorporation of mountain features and water flow into city design, and the ancient syncretism between the local [[Han Chinese|Han]] and [[Miao people|Miao]] cultures.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5337/|title=Fenghuang Ancient City|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en|access-date=2019-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605003414/https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5337/|archive-date=2019-06-05|url-status=live}}</ref>
<br>
{{Wide image|Hunan Hengshan summit ridge banner.jpg|1150px|Panoramic view of [[Mount Heng (Hunan)|Mount Heng]]}}

==Education and research==
{{see also|List of universities and colleges in Hunan}}As of 2023, Hunan hosts 137 institutions of higher education, ranking fifth together with [[Sichuan]] (137) among all Chinese provinces after [[Jiangsu]] (168), [[Henan]] (168), [[Guangdong]] (162), and [[Shandong]] (156).<ref name="全国普通高等学校名单 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=全国高等学校名单 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站 |url=http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xxgk/s5743/s5744/A03/202306/t20230619_1064976.html |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=www.moe.gov.cn}}</ref> Hunan is also the seat of 12 adult higher education institutions.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=全国高等学校名单 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站 |url=http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xxgk/s5743/s5744/A03/202206/t20220617_638352.html |access-date=2022-06-18 |website=www.moe.gov.cn |archive-date=2022-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619182535/http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xxgk/s5743/s5744/A03/202206/t20220617_638352.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Two major cities in Hunan (Changsha and [[Xiangtan]]) were ranked in the top 200 [[List of cities by scientific output|cities in the world by scientific research output]], as tracked by the [[Nature Index]] in 2024.<ref name=":7" /> There are three [[National Key Universities|national key universities]] under [[Project 985]] ([[Hunan University]], [[Central South University]] and the [[National University of Defense Technology]]) in Hunan, the third highest after [[Beijing]] and [[Shanghai]]. [[Hunan Normal University]] in Changsha is the key construction university of the national [[Project 211|211 Project]], and [[Xiangtan University]] in [[Xiangtan]] is a key university jointly built by Hunan Province and the Ministry of Education and a member of national Project 111. These five national key universities are included in the [[Double First-Class Construction]] of Hunan Province. As of 2024, they are ranked among the top 500 globally by the [[Nature Index]]. Among them, Hunan University and Central South University are in the top 50.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 Research Leaders: Leading academic institutions {{!}} Nature Index |url=https://www.nature.com/nature-index/research-leaders/2024/institution/academic/all/all |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=www.nature.com}}</ref>

Hunan University and Central South University are the only two [[Project 985]] universities in Changsha, Hunan to appear in the world's top 200 of the ''[[Academic Ranking of World Universities]] and the [[U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking]]''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-20 |title=US News Best Global Universities Rankings in Changsha |url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/search?region=&city=changsha&subject=&name= |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=U.S. News & World Report |archive-date=2022-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416074210/https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/search?region=&city=changsha&subject=&name= |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="shanghairanking.com">{{Cite web |title=ShanghaiRanking's Academic Ranking of World Universities |url=https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2023 |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=www.shanghairanking.com |archive-date=2023-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929224804/https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2023 |url-status=live }}</ref> Hunan Normal University, the National University of Defense and Technology and [[Changsha University of Science and Technology]] located in Changsha, were ranked in the world's top 701 of the ''[[Academic Ranking of World Universities]]''.<ref name="shanghairanking.com"/>

[[Hunan Agricultural University]] in Changsha, the [[University of South China]] in [[Hengyang]], [[Hunan University of Technology]] in [[Zhuzhou]] and [[Xiangtan University]] in [[Xiangtan]] were ranked in the top 801–900 globally by the ''[[Academic Ranking of World Universities]].''<ref>{{Cite web |title=ShanghaiRanking-Hunan Agricultural University |url=https://www.shanghairanking.com/institution/hunan-agricultural-university |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=www.shanghairanking.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ShanghaiRanking-Hunan University of Technology |url=https://www.shanghairanking.com/institution/hunan-university-of-technology |access-date=2022-08-15 |website=www.shanghairanking.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ShanghaiRanking-Xiangtan University |url=https://www.shanghairanking.com/institution/xiangtan-university |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=www.shanghairanking.com |archive-date=2022-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819032212/https://www.shanghairanking.com/institution/xiangtan-university |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ShanghaiRanking-University of South China |url=https://www.shanghairanking.com/institution/university-of-south-china |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=www.shanghairanking.com |archive-date=2023-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815090333/https://www.shanghairanking.com/institution/university-of-south-china |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Hunan University of Science and Technology]] in Xiangtan and [[Central South University of Forestry and Technology]] in Changsha were ranked number 988 and number 1429 respectively in the 2022 Best Global Universities by ''the [[U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name="US News">{{Cite web |date=2021-10-26 |title=Best Global Universities Rankings: Xiangtan City |url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/search?city=xiangtan |access-date=2022-08-15 |website=U.S. News & World Report}}</ref>'' As of 2023, [[Hunan University of Chinese Medicine]] in Changsha ranked the best in the [[Central China]] region and 26th nationwide among Chinese Medical Universities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ShanghaiRanking's Best Chinese Universities Ranking |url=http://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/bcur/202321 |access-date=2023-07-21 |website=www.shanghairanking.com |archive-date=2023-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721034947/http://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/bcur/202321 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== National key public universities ===

==== Changsha City ====
* [[Central South University]] (Project 211, Project 985, Double First Class University)
* [[Hunan University]] (Project 211, Project 985, Double First Class University)
* [[Hunan Normal University]] (Project 211, Double First Class University)
* [[National University of Defense Technology]] (Project 211, Project 985, Double First Class University)

==== Xiangtan City ====
* [[Xiangtan University]] (Project 111, Double First Class University)

=== Provincial key public universities ===

==== Changsha City ====
* [[Central South University of Forestry and Technology]]
* [[Changsha University of Science and Technology]]
* [[Hunan Agricultural University]]
* [[Hunan First Normal University]]
* [[Hunan University of Chinese Medicine]]
* [[Hunan University of Technology and Commerce]]

==== Hengyang City ====
* [[Hengyang Normal University]]
* [[University of South China]]

==== Jishou City ====
* [[Jishou University]]

==== Loudi City ====
* [[Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology]]

==== Shaoyang City ====
* [[Shaoyang University]]

==== Xiangtan City ====
* [[Hunan Institute of Engineering]]
* [[Hunan University of Science and Technology]]

==== Yueyang City ====
* [[Hunan Institute of Science and Technology]]

==== Zhuzhou City ====
* [[Hunan University of Technology]]

=== General undergraduate universities (public) ===

==== Changsha City ====
* [[Changsha Normal University]]
* [[Changsha University]]
* [[Hunan University of Finance and Economics]]
* [[Hunan Police Academy]]
* [[Hunan Women's University]]

==== Hengyang City ====
* [[Hunan Institute of Technology]]

==== Xiangtan City ====
* [[Xiangtan Institute of Technology]]

==== Yongzhou City ====
* [[Hunan University of Science and Engineering]]

==== Chenzhou City ====
* [[Xiangnan University]]

=== General undergraduate universities (private) ===
* [[Changsha Medical University]]
* [[Hunan International Economics University]]
* [[Hunan Institute of Information Technology]]
* [[Hunan Institute of Traffic Engineering]]
* [[Hunan Applied Technology University]]

=== Vocational and technical colleges/universities ===
* [[Changsha Aeronautical Vocational and Technical College]]
* [[Changsha Social Work College]]
* [[Hunan Mass Media Vocational and Technical College]]
* [[Changde Vocational and Technical College]]

== Transport ==

=== Airports ===
There are several airports in Hunan province, including [[Changsha Huanghua International Airport]], [[Zhangjiajie Hehua International Airport]], [[Changde Taohuayuan Airport]], [[Chenzhou Beihu Airport]], [[Huaihua Zhijiang Airport]], [[Shaoyang Wugang Airport]], [[Yongzhou Lingling Airport]], and [[Yueyang Sanhe Airport]]. The [[List of the busiest airports in China|busiest airports]] serve domestic and international flights for Hunan, including Changsha Huanghua International Airport, Zhangjiajie Hehua International Airport and Changde Taohuayuan Airport.<ref name=":8" /> Notably, as of 2021, Changsha Huanghua International Airport was one of the 50 [[List of busiest airports by passenger traffic|busiest airports]] in the world,<ref name="PANYNJ 2021 report">{{cite web |date=April 2022 |title=2021 Airport Traffic Report |url=https://www.panynj.gov/content/dam/airports/statistics/statistics-general-info/annual-atr/ATR_2021.pdf |work=Port Authority of New York and New Jersey |page=32 |access-date=2022-11-19 |archive-date=2023-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605173423/https://www.panynj.gov/content/dam/airports/statistics/statistics-general-info/annual-atr/ATR_2021.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[List of the busiest airports in China#2016 preliminary statistics|12th busiest civil airport]] in China, the second busiest in [[South Central China]] after [[Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport]] and the busiest in [[Central China]].<ref name=":8"/>

=== Railways ===
{{expand section|date=November 2022}}
The [[Beijing–Guangzhou high-speed railway]] passes through Hunan.

== Sports ==
{{expand section|date=December 2020}}
[[File:Yiyang Stadium, Hunan, China 2012-04-14 10.56.37.jpg|thumb|[[Yiyang Stadium|Yiyang Olympic Stadium]]]]
{{see also|Helong Sports Center Stadium}}

Professional sports teams in Hunan include:
* [[China League One|Chinese Football Association League One]]
** [[Hunan Billows F.C.]]

== See also ==
*[[Major national historical and cultural sites (Hunan)|Major national historical and cultural sites in Hunan]]
*[[Xiaoxiang]], the "lakes and rivers" region of south-central China
*[[Chu (state)|State of Chu]], ancient Chinese state partly in modern-day Hunan
*[[Hunanese people]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}
{{reflist|group=note|1}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary|Hunan}}
*{{Wikivoyage inline}}
*[http://www.enghunan.gov.cn/ Hunan Government website]
*{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Hu-nan|volume=13|pages=892–893}}
*[http://info.hktdc.com/mktprof/china/hunan.htm Economic profile for Hunan] at [[Hong Kong Trade Development Council|HKTDC]]
*"[https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3A%E6%B9%98%E8%B0%B1%EF%BC%9A%E6%B9%96%E6%B9%98%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E%E7%AE%80%E5%8F%B2%EF%BC%88History_of_Hunanese%2C_Phoelanese%EF%BC%89.pdf&page=1 History of Hunanese]", the first book on the history of Hunanese(Phoelanese) civilization and nation from the perspective of we the Hunanese (phoelanese) people.

{{Geographic location
|Centre    = Hunan
|North     = [[Hubei]]
|Northeast =
|East      = [[Jiangxi]]
|Southeast = [[Guangdong]]
|South     =
|Southwest = [[Guangxi]]
|West      = [[Guizhou]]
|Northwest = [[Chongqing]]
}}

{{Hunan topics}}
{{Hunan}}
{{Province-level divisions of the People's Republic of China}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hunan| ]]
[[Category:Provinces of China]]
[[Category:Central China|.]]