View source for Hurricane Camille

{{Short description|Category 5 Atlantic hurricane in 1969}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Other storms|List of storms named Camille}}
{{Infobox weather event
| image = Hurricane Camille 16 aug 1969 2340Z.jpg
| caption = Camille near peak intensity in the [[Gulf of Mexico]] on August 16
| formed = {{Start date|1969|8|14}}
| dissipated = {{End date|1969|8|22}}
}}{{Infobox weather event/NWS
| winds = 150
| pressure = 900
}}{{Infobox weather event/Effects
| year = 1969
| fatalities = >306
| damage = 1420000000
| areas = [[Cuba]], [[Yucatán Peninsula]], [[Southern United States]], [[Midwestern United States]], [[East Coast of the United States]]
| refs = 
}}{{Infobox weather event/Footer
| season = [[1969 Atlantic hurricane season]]
}}
'''Hurricane Camille''' was an extremely powerful and devastating [[tropical cyclone]] that was one of four [[Category&nbsp;5 Atlantic hurricane]]s to make [[landfall]] in the [[contiguous United States]], moving ashore in southern [[Mississippi]] in August 1969. The third [[Tropical cyclone naming|named storm]] of the [[1969 Atlantic hurricane season]], Camille originated as a tropical depression on August 14 south of [[Cuba]] from a long-tracked [[tropical wave]]. Amid favorable conditions, Camille strengthened and struck western Cuba the next day as a Category&nbsp;2 on the [[Saffir-Simpson scale]]. After it emerged into the [[Gulf of Mexico]], Camille strengthened further, first into a major hurricane,{{refn|A major hurricane is a storm that ranks as Category 3 or higher on the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale]].<ref name=BASIC>{{cite book|last1=Goldenburg|first1=Stan|chapter=A3) What is a super-typhoon? What is a major hurricane? What is an intense hurricane?|type=FAQ|title=Frequently Asked Questions|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/tcfaqHED.html|chapter-url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/A3.html|date=June 1, 2018|publisher=[[Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory]]|access-date=August 2, 2019|version=4.11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615212545/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/tcfaqHED.html|archive-date=June 15, 2006|url-status=live}}</ref>|group=nb}}  and later into a Category&nbsp;5 hurricane, late on August&nbsp;16. After briefly weakening, the hurricane intensified as it approached the northern gulf coastline, reaching [[maximum sustained winds]] of {{convert|175|mph}} and a [[barometric pressure|minimum pressure]] of {{convert|900|mbar|inHg|2|abbr=on}} as it moved ashore near [[Bay St. Louis, Mississippi]]. Camille's landfall intensity, as measured by pressure, was the second-lowest recorded for the continental United States, only behind the [[1935 Labor Day hurricane]]. Throughout the United States, Camille killed at least 301&nbsp;people, and contributed to 55 indirect fatalities, most of them from cardiovascular failure. The hurricane also caused at least $1.42&nbsp;billion in damages.{{refn|All currency totals are unadjusted for inflation.|group=nb}} This made it the most expensive hurricane in the country, just ahead of [[Hurricane Betsy]] in 1965. 

Before entering the Gulf of Mexico, Camille brought high winds and caused major river flooding to parts of Cuba, killing at least five people. After the hurricane intensified over the Gulf of Mexico, the [[United States Weather Bureau]] issued widespread [[hurricane warnings and watches]] from [[Louisiana]] to [[Florida]]. Off the coast, Camille's strong winds produced high waves that destroyed three oil platforms and flooded several others. In southern Mississippi where it moved ashore, the hurricane produced the largest [[storm surge]] in American history at the time, with a high tide of {{convert|24.6|ft|m|abbr=on}} recorded at [[Pass Christian, Mississippi|Pass Christian]]; it was later surpassed by [[Hurricane Katrina]] in 2005. The storm surge and high winds caused tremendous damage, flattening nearly everything along the Mississippi coast and portions of southeast Louisiana. In Mississippi, 137&nbsp;people died, while another nine died in Louisiana. The winds caused severe damage along its path in southwest Mississippi, damaging buildings and devastating the region's agriculture. 

The hurricane weakened quickly as it pushed inland, falling below hurricane strength north of [[Jackson, Mississippi]] and weakening further to a tropical depression over [[Tennessee]]. In parts of Mississippi and Tennessee, the rains helped end drought conditions. However, as Camille tracked through the [[Ohio Valley]] as a tropical depression, it generated severe thunderstorms that led to a [[cloudburst]] over parts of [[Virginia]]. The highest rainfall total was {{convert|27|in|mm|abbr=on}}, recorded in a trash barrel near [[Massies Mill, Virginia|Massies Mill]]; this was the [[List of the wettest tropical cyclones in the United States#Virginia|highest rainfall recorded in the state]] related to a tropical cyclone. The rains led to damaging floods across the [[Appalachian Mountains]], killing over 153&nbsp;people in Virginia and another two people in [[West Virginia]]. After emerging into the western Atlantic Ocean, Camille restrengthened to a strong tropical storm before becoming [[Extratropical cyclone|extratropical]] on August 22. The name Camille was [[List of retired Atlantic hurricane names|retired]] after its usage.

== Meteorological history ==
{{Storm path|Camille 1969 path.png|colors=new}}
Hurricane Camille originated from a [[tropical wave]] that emerged off the coast of [[West Africa]] near [[Dakar]], Senegal, on August&nbsp;5, 1969.<ref name="mwr"/><ref name="thebigmap">{{cite journal |author=DeAngelis, Richard M. |date=January 1970 |title=North Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1969 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.31205013488414&seq=13 |journal=Mariners Weather Log |volume=14 |page=2 |number=1}}</ref> The wave quickly moved westward along the [[15th parallel north]], tracked by [[satellite imagery]]. On August&nbsp;9, the associated thunderstorms concentrated into a circular area of [[convection (meteorology)|convection]] while located about 500&nbsp;mi (800&nbsp;km) east of the [[Lesser Antilles]]. On the next day, the wave moved through the island chain and continued into the [[Caribbean Sea]]. By August&nbsp;13, its convection spread from near Jamaica to the northeast through [[the Bahamas]], although there was no evidence of a circulation that day. The thunderstorm developed [[rainband|banding features]], and although it is unclear exactly when [[tropical cyclogenesis]] occurred, a tropical depression formed around 00:00&nbsp;[[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] on August&nbsp;14.{{refn|All times and dates are in [[Coordinated Universal Time]] unless otherwise indicated.|group=nb}} At the time, it was located roughly halfway between Jamaica and the [[Cayman Islands]].<ref name="mwr">{{cite journal|author1=Simpson, R. H.|author2=Arnold L. Sugg |date=April 1970 |volume=98 |issue=4 |pages=293 |title=The Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1969|journal=[[Monthly Weather Review]] |url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/mwr_pdf/1969.pdf |doi=10.1175/1520-0493-98.4.293 |access-date=January 1, 2014|bibcode = 1970MWRv...98..293S |s2cid=123713109 }}</ref><ref name=":1" /> The depression quickly intensified into a tropical storm, [[tropical cyclone naming|named]] ''Camille'' by the [[National Hurricane Center]] (NHC). The development was confirmed when the [[Hurricane Hunters]] observed an intensifying tropical storm on August&nbsp;14 with winds of 60&nbsp;mph (95&nbsp;km/h), located about {{convert|50|mi|km|abbr=on}} west-northwest of [[Grand Cayman]].<ref name="mwr"/><ref name="tcr">{{cite report|publisher=U.S. Department of Commerce|date=September 1969|title=Preliminary Report on Hurricane Camille|access-date=August 26, 2025|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1969-prelim/camille/TCR-1969Camille.pdf}}</ref> 

Upon being classified as a tropical storm, Camille was located within an area conducive for further strengthening, with light [[wind shear]] and warm, moist air coming from the south. The circulation to the north was amplified by a [[cold core low]] over the [[Mississippi Valley]], while a narrow [[ridge (meteorology)|ridge]] of high pressure existed northeast of the storm. The NHC later wrote that "it was apparent almost from the outset that Camille would be an [[rapid deepening|explosively deepening]] storm."<ref name="mwr"/> The storm attained hurricane status by 06:00&nbsp;UTC on August&nbsp;15. Camille moved northwestward toward western Cuba, described by the NHC as "small but potent", as it was tracked by [[radar]] from [[Havana]]. Late on August&nbsp;15, the hurricane attained its first peak intensity, with [[maximum sustained winds]] of {{convert|110|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}. At 22:00&nbsp;UTC that day, Camille struck western Cuba between [[Cape San Antonio, Cuba|Cape San Antonio]] and [[Guane]]. It weakened slightly over land, and within a few hours, the hurricane emerged into the [[Gulf of Mexico]], where it began re-intensifying. Initially, the NHC anticipated that Camille would turn to the north and northeast, forecasting that the hurricane would eventually move ashore the [[Florida panhandle]]. Instead, Camille continued northwestward and resumed its rapid intensification trend after leaving Cuba. The hurricane's structure evolved further as strong feeder rainbands developed in each direction. In the center of Camille, the hurricane's [[eye (cyclone)|eye]] contracted to a diameter of less than {{convert|10|mi|km}}, equating to a 9&nbsp;mi (15&nbsp;km) [[radius of maximum wind]]s. Late on August&nbsp;16, Camille attained peak winds of {{convert|175|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}, while located about 300&nbsp;mi (490&nbsp;km) west of [[Key West, Florida]]. This made it a Category&nbsp;5 on the modern-day Saffir-Simpson scale. The intensity was based on observations from the Hurricane Hunters, which initially had difficulty measuring the intensity in the eye due to the small size. The flight observed a minimum [[atmospheric pressure]] of {{convert|908|mbar|inHg|abbr=on}}, which at the time was the [[list of most intense tropical cyclones|lowest pressure]] recorded by reconnaissance aircraft. Another flight around 00:00&nbsp;UTC on August&nbsp;17 recorded a slightly deeper central pressure of {{convert|905|mb|inHg|2}}.<ref name="mwr"/><ref name=":1" /><ref name="tcr"/>

[[File:Hurricane_Camille_radar.gif|thumb|Radar loop of Hurricane Camille undergoing an [[eyewall replacement cycle]] before making landfall in Mississippi late on August 17]]
As it continued toward the [[Gulf Coast of the United States]], Camille maintained a small eye, which began to undergo an [[eyewall replacement cycle]]. Observations from the Hurricane Hunters indicated that Camille weakened slightly, dropping to Category&nbsp;4 status late on August&nbsp;17. The flight observed a central pressure of {{convert|919|mb|inHg|2}}, before the plane was forced to end its mission early due to a damaged engine.<ref name="mwr" /> Camille subsequently re-intensified as it neared the coast. From 02:30&ndash;03:30&nbsp;UTC on August&nbsp;18, the hurricane moved across marshlands in [[St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana]], while the center of Camille remained just offshore the state. At 04:30&nbsp;[[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] that day,{{refn|11:30&nbsp;p.m. [[Central daylight time]] on August&nbsp;17|group=nb}} Camille made [[landfall (meteorology)|landfall]] at [[Waveland, Mississippi]] with peak winds of {{convert|175|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}. As Camille moved ashore, an observer in Bay St. Louis measured a minimum pressure of {{convert|904|mb|inHg|2}} on the edge of the eye. Based on this data, a [[Atlantic hurricane reanalysis|reanalysis in 2014]] by the [[Hurricane Research Division]] concluded that Camille made landfall with a minimum central pressure of {{convert|900|mb|inHg|2}}.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last1=Kieper |first1=Margaret E. |last2=Landsea |first2=Christopher W. |last3=Beven |first3=John L. |title=A Reanalysis of Hurricane Camille |journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |date=1 March 2016 |volume=97 |issue=3 |pages=367–384 |doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00137.1 |bibcode=2016BAMS...97..367K |url=https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Landsea/kieper-landsea-beven-bams-2016.pdf |access-date=19 October 2024}}</ref> 

Within 14&nbsp;hours of moving ashore, Camille weakened to tropical storm status, as the track shifted to the north. It curved around the western periphery of the ridge near Bermuda. At 10:00&nbsp;UTC on August&nbsp;18, the NHC discontinued advisories while the center of Camille was located near [[Jackson, Mississippi]]. After moving across Mississippi, the storm weakened into a tropical depression over Tennessee on August&nbsp;19, by which time Camille began a turn to the northeast. By this time, the track was influenced by a stationary [[cold front]] that extended from [[Nebraska]] to [[North Dakota]]. On August&nbsp;20, the circulation accelerated eastward, moving through parts of Kentucky, West Virginia, and later Virginia.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="tcr"/><ref>{{cite journal|date=January 1977|title=Synoptic and Kinetic Energy Analyses of Hurricane Camille (1969) during Transit Across the Southeastern United States|author1=Harrison H. Chien|author2=Phillip J. Smith|journal=Monthly Weather Review|volume=105|issue=1|url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/mwre/105/1/1520-0493_1977_105_0067_sakeao_2_0_co_2.xml?rskey=bRvY9D&result=2&tab_body=pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=October 6, 2025|pages=69, 71}}</ref> After moving through the [[Blue Ridge Mountains]], Camille began to re-intensify despite still being over land as it encountered an area of higher moisture content.<ref name="usgs"/><ref name="thirty"/> Late on August&nbsp;20, it emerged into the Atlantic Ocean near [[Norfolk, Virginia|Norfolk]], and by 18:00&nbsp;that day Camille regained tropical storm intensity. On August&nbsp;21, Camille reached a secondary peak intensity of {{convert|70|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}, as it accelerated to the northeast. Affected by cooler, drier air, Camille weakened over the north Atlantic Ocean, before transitioning into an [[extratropical cyclone]] on August&nbsp;22. Later that day, the circulation became absorbed by a [[cold front]] while located south of [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]].<ref name="mwr"/><ref name="tcr" /><ref name=":1" />

=== Records ===
{{Most intense Atlantic hurricanes}}
Camille produced the eighth lowest official [[sea level pressure]] ever recorded in the Atlantic basin, at {{convert|900|mb|inHg|2}}.<ref name="HURDAT" /> This was also its landfall pressure; the only hurricane to hit the United States with a lower pressure at landfall was the Labor Day Hurricane of 1935.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="costliest"/> The wind speed of Camille can only be approximated, as no meteorological equipment survived the extreme conditions at landfall, but a reanalysis in April 2014 estimated that Camille had maximum sustained winds of {{convert|175|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name=":1"/> As of 2018, Camille was one of only four Category&nbsp;5 Atlantic hurricanes to make landfall on the continental United States at that intensity. The others were the 1935 Labor Day hurricane, [[Hurricane Andrew]] of 1992, and [[Hurricane Michael]] of 2018.<ref name="michael">{{cite report |last1=Beven |first1=John |last2=Berg |first2=Robbie |last3=Hagen |first3=Andrew |title=Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Michael |url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL142018_Michael.pdf |publisher=National Hurricane Center |access-date=August 17, 2020 |date=May 17, 2019 |archive-date=July 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729102708/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL142018_Michael.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

When Camille moved ashore Mississippi, it produced the highest [[storm surge]] recorded in the continental United States at the time. The powerful waves destroyed most tidal gauges near the coast. Based on the debris levels in [[Pass Christian, Mississippi|Pass Christian]], Camille produced tides as high as {{convert|24.6|ft|m|abbr=on}}. The [[high water mark]] for an enclosed building was {{convert|22.6|ft|m|abbr=on}}, recorded at a [[Veterans of Foreign Wars]] building in town.<ref name="usgs70"/> Camille's record storm surge was later surpassed by [[Hurricane Katrina]] in 2005, which produced a high water mark of {{convert|27.8|ft|mm|abbr=on}}, also in Pass Christian.<ref name="KatrinaTCR">{{cite report|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL122005_Katrina.pdf|title=Hurricane Katrina: August 23–30, 2005|author=Knabb, Richard D|author2=Rhome, Jamie R|date=December 20, 2005|publisher=United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service|author3=Brown, Daniel P|author4=National Hurricane Center|access-date=January 8, 2016|type=Tropical Cyclone Report|archive-date=October 2, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002011705/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL122005_Katrina.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> 

After moving across the south-central United States, Camille dropped torrential rainfall in central Virginia that reached at least {{convert|27|in|mm|abbr=on}}, recorded in a trash barrel near [[Massies Mill, Virginia|Massies Mill]]. This was the [[List of the wettest tropical cyclones in the United States#Virginia|highest rainfall recorded in the state from a tropical cyclone]].<ref name="rain"/><ref name="usgs"/>

===Naming background===
In the 1960s, there were four lists of feminine given names used for Atlantic hurricanes, with each list being used every fourth year.<ref name="GP August 07">{{cite web|url=https://australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2008/summ0708.htm|title=August 2007 Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary|author=Gary Padgett|date=November 30, 2007|access-date=October 7, 2025}}</ref> The practice of retiring hurricane names was meant to be temporary, with the guideline that a name be retired for ten years. When the name [[Hurricane Carla|Carla]] was retired in 1961, it was replaced on the 1965 list with Carol, a name retired in 1954 when [[Hurricane Carol|its namesake devastated New England]]. Since over a decade had passed, Carol was eligible for reuse. Carol entered the 1969 list, but scientists from the National Hurricane Research Laboratory (NHRL) asked the naming committee in January 1969 to permanently retire Carol, [[Hurricane Edna|Edna]], and [[Hurricane Hazel|Hazel]] since papers were still being written about the storms. The committee agreed but needed a replacement "C" name. [[John Hope (meteorologist)|John Hope]]'s daughter Camille was involved in an advanced science and math program in high school and had carried out a required independent research project. John Hope asked Banner Miller to mentor her in her investigation of hurricanes and long-term atmospheric trends. Miller was impressed by her project and suggested her name for the list. "We kept it quiet for many years," Camille said in a circa 2014 interview.<ref name="noaa hrd">{{cite web |date=August 14, 2014 |title=45th Anniversary of Hurricane Camille |url=https://noaahrd.wordpress.com/2014/08/14/45th-anniversary-of-hurricane-camille/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910040608/https://noaahrd.wordpress.com/2014/08/14/45th-anniversary-of-hurricane-camille/ |archive-date=September 10, 2016 |access-date=February 16, 2024 |publisher=[[NOAA]] [[Hurricane Research Division]] |location=Miami, Florida}}</ref>

== Preparations ==
[[File:CamilleTrackForecasts.png|thumb|National Hurricane Center Track Forecasts for Camille from western Cuba onward. The system's actual track is marked by the line farthest to the west.]]
Shortly after Camille formed, the National Hurricane Center advised residents on the [[Isla de la Juventud|Isle of Pines]] and in western Cuba to prepare for gale-force winds, heavy rains, and rising tides. The agency also recommended small boats to remain in harbor.<ref name="tcr"/> The threat of the storm prompted officials to evacuate thousands along the western coast of Cuba and on the Isle of Pines; on the island, 10,000&nbsp;cattle and 6,000&nbsp;turkeys were moved to safer areas.<ref name="ap817">{{cite web |author=Staff Writer |date=August 17, 1969 |title=Cuba Faces Big Problem From Storm |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-progress-index/86151910/ |access-date=August 11, 2025 |website=Newspapers.com |publisher=The Progress-Index}}</ref>

On August&nbsp;14 upon Camille's first advisories, the Weather Bureau alerted the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers|Army Corps]] Mobile District about a possible hurricane emergency in a few days. This gave days of warning to move offshore barges and other vessels to safer harbor.<ref name="usgs70"/> Power companies also began making plans upon the hurricane's formation, such as gathering electric repair workers from nearby states to be ready.<ref name="industry"/> Beginning on August&nbsp;15, the NHC warned small boats not to sail far from the southern Florida coasts, and later that day extended the same warnings to mariners along the Florida panhandle and Alabama coast. The agency's initial forecasts anticipated that Camille would move farther east than the hurricane's eventual track. On August&nbsp;16, the NHC issued a hurricane watch between [[Biloxi, Mississippi]] to [[St. Marks, Florida]]. Part of the region was upgraded to a hurricane warning between [[Fort Walton Beach, Florida|Fort Walton Beach]] and St. Marks, Florida. The hurricane warning was extended westward, first to Biloxi, and later to [[Grand Isle, Louisiana]], giving residents about 15&nbsp;hours of notice before landfall. The NHC warned for the potential of coastal flooding, heavy rainfall, tornadoes, and strong winds, warning for the potential of {{convert|15|to|20|ft|m|abbr=on}} storm tides along the Mississippi coast.<ref name="adm"/> 

Ahead of the storm, workers at [[Keesler Air Force Base]] (AFB) and the [[Naval Construction Battalion Center (Gulfport, Mississippi)|Naval Construction Battalion Center]] prepared by boarding up windows, securing vents, and moving outdoor furniture, before moving to the bases' shelters. All aircraft, including 17&nbsp;[[North American T-28 Trojan|T-28 Trojans]] and five [[Douglas C-47 Skytrain|C-47 Skytrains]], were flown to [[Perrin Air Force Station]] in Texas to avoid the hurricane.<ref name="keesler">{{Cite report |url=https://www.keesler.af.mil/Portals/14/Major%20Hurricanes%20and%20Their%20Effects%20on%20Keesler%20_Dale%20M%20Titler.pdf |title=Gulf Tempest: Major Hurricanes and Their Effects on Keesler Technical Training Center |last=Titler |first=Dale M. |date=1989 |access-date=August 29, 2025}}</ref> The Weather Bureau issued evacuation warnings on August&nbsp;17 between [[Bay St. Louis, Mississippi]] and [[Mobile, Alabama]].<ref name="adm"/> About 200,000&nbsp;people evacuated their homes in Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana. The evacuees utilized hotels, the houses of friends and relatives, or the 263&nbsp;shelters across the region.<ref name="usgs70"/> Among the evacuees were about 99% of residents along the Mississippi gulf coast below an elevation of {{convert|20|ft|m|abbr=on}}.<ref name="adm"/> Complications during evacuations included residents' skepticism of the predicted {{convert|190|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} winds or {{convert|20|ft|m|abbr=on}} storm tide, as well as confusion over the hurricane's anticipated landfall. Television coverage for the New Orleans media market underplayed the specifics of the impacts, while a few radio stations broadcast outdated weather reports.<ref name="adm"/><ref name="thirty"/> Several people were arrested for refusing to evacuate, while other residents stayed behind, riding out the storm in their attics.<ref name="upi818"/> As winds picked up, the mayor of Gulfport ordered all prisoners to be released from the city jail but none would leave.<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 26, 1969 |title=Jail Preferred To Hurricane By One And All |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/sun-herald-camille-gulfport-jail/182135035/ |access-date=October 1, 2025 |work=Sun Herald |pages=16}}</ref> More than 44,000&nbsp;people sheltered in Mississippi, including about 15,000&nbsp;people who stayed at Keesler AFB.<ref name="adm"/> Nearly all of [[Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana|Plaquemines]] and [[St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana|St. Bernard]] parishes in Louisiana were evacuated by the time Camille moved ashore.<ref name="usgs70"/> Police officers and volunteers helped warn residents of the approaching storm, while television and radio stations broadcast alerts.<ref name="adm">{{cite report|publisher=Environmental Science Services Administration|url=https://www.weather.gov/media/publications/assessments/Hurricane%20Camille.pdf|title=Hurricane Camille: A Report to the Administrator|date=September 1969|accessdate=August 23, 2025}}</ref> 

After Camille weakened and moved inland, local weather bureau offices continued to monitor the storm; however, the mountainous parts of Virginia were outside of the [[weather radar]] at the time. Forecasters predicted upwards of {{convert|2|in|mm|abbr=on}} of rainfall for the region.<ref name="virflo">{{cite report|title=The Virginia Floods August 19-22, 1969|date=September 1969|url=https://www.weather.gov/media/publications/assessments/Virginia%20Floods%20August%201969.pdf|publisher=Environmental Science Services Administration|accessdate=August 24, 2025}}</ref> Due to the lack of real-time rainfall information, forecasters were unable to issue flood warnings in mountainous regions of Virginia.<ref name="usgs"/> Downed telephone lines prevented reports from reaching the weather bureau office, leaving most communities unaware of the flood threat. Local police and volunteers warned people about the floods and assisted in evacuations. In [[Covington, Virginia|Covington]], the city evacuated due to a water gauge recording system, set up in 1958. Similarly, [[Buena Vista, Virginia|Buena Vista]] residents were able to evacuate due to reports from the river gauges.<ref name="virflo"/> [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]] had about 24&nbsp;hours of warning before the arrival of the floods. The city was able to implement its flood disaster plan, which included closing dykes and evacuating low-lying areas.<ref name="mwr"/><ref name="usgs"/><ref name="virflo"/>
<div style="clear:both;" class=></div>

==Impact==
{| class="wikitable sortable" align="right"
|+ Effects of Hurricane Camille by area
|- 
! scope="col" align="center"| Country
! scope="col" align="center"| Deaths
! scope="col" align="center"| Damage (USD)
! scope="col" align="center" class="unsortable"|Ref.
|-
!scope="row"| Cuba
|align="center"| {{nts|5}}
|align="center"| {{ntsp|5000000||$}}
|<ref name="pdfnoaa"/>
|-
!scope="row"| United States
|align="center"| >{{nts|301}}{{refn|There were 55 indirect fatalities related to Camille, most of them from cardiovascular failure<ref name=":2" />|group=nb}}
|align="center"| {{ntsp|1420700000||$}}
|<ref name="usgs70"/><ref name="vafl"/><ref name="costliest">{{cite report|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/nws-nhc-6.pdf|title=The Deadliest, Costliest, and Most Intense United States Tropical Cyclones from 1851 to 2010 (and Other Frequently Requested Hurricane Facts)|author1=Eric S. Blake|author2=Ethan J. Gibney |date=August 2011|accessdate=August 25, 2025|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref>
|-
|scope="row"| Mississippi
|align="center"| >{{nts|137}}
|align="center"| {{ntsp|950000000||$}}
|<ref name="usgs70"/><ref name="mwr"/>
|-
|scope="row"| Louisiana
|align="center"| {{nts|9}}
|align="center"| {{ntsp|322000000||$}}
|<ref name="usgs70"/><ref name="mwr"/>
|-
|scope="row"| Virginia
|align="center"| >{{nts|153}}
|align="center"| {{ntsp|140000000||$}}
|<ref name="vafl"/><ref name="mwr"/>
|-
|scope="row"| Offshore Gulf of Mexico
|align="center"| {{nts|0}}
|align="center"| {{ntsp|100000000||$}}
|<ref name="Oil&Gas"/>
|-
|scope="row"| Alabama
|align="center"| {{nts|0}}
|align="center"| {{ntsp|8000000||$}}
|<ref name="mwr"/>
|-
|scope="row"| West Virginia
|align="center"| {{nts|2}}
|align="center"| {{ntsp|750000||$}}
|<ref name="usgs70"/><ref name="mwr"/>
|-
|Florida
| align="center" |0
| align="center" |$500,000
|<ref name="mob" />
|-
|-class="sortbottom"
!scope="row"| Total
|align="center"| >{{nts|306}}
|align="center"| {{ntsp|1425700000||$}}
|
|-class="sortbottom"
|colspan="4"| <small>Because of differing sources, totals may not match.</small>
|}

Hurricane Camille caused damage and destruction from Cuba, the southeastern United States with a landfall in Mississippi, and into Virginia. The NHC described that Camille "[ranked] as the most destructive of all hurricanes." The total U.S. estimated cost of damage was $1,420,750,000, which made Camille the country's [[List of costliest Atlantic hurricanes|most expensive]] at the time, slightly surpassing 1965's [[Hurricane Betsy]] when unadjusted for inflation.<ref name="mwr"/><ref name="costliest"/> Throughout the United States, Camille killed 343&nbsp;people, including 288 directly, across Mississippi, Louisiana, Virginia, and West Virginia.<ref name=":2" /> There were many indirect deaths after the storm. A 2016 examination of death certificates in Mississippi and Virginia identified 55 indirect fatalities, most of them from cardiovascular failure.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Rappaport |first=Edward |last2=Blanchard |first2=B. Wayne |date=July 1, 2016 |title=Fatalities in the United States Indirectly Associated with Atlantic Tropical Cyclones |url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/bams/97/7/bams-d-15-00042.1.xml |journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |volume=97 |issue=7}}</ref> In addition, a plane crashed during takeoff at New Orleans' Lakefront Airport, killing four people, while carrying supplies to the Mississippi coast.<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 20, 1969 |title=Four die in crash of plane |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/hattiesburg-american-four-die-in-crash-o/179292168/ |access-date=August 20, 2025 |work=Hattiesburg American}}</ref>

Along the United States gulf coast, Camille had a variety of damaging effects that impacted agriculture, housing, transportation, and utilities.<ref name="tcr"/> From Alabama to Louisiana, the hurricane left an estimated 200,000&nbsp;people homeless.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rescuers Search for Bodies Believed Interred in Debris Camille Spread Along Gulf|agency=United Press International|page=1|url=https://www.newspaperarchive.com/us/maryland/cumberland/cumberland-evening-times/1969/08-20/page-1|newspaper=Cumberland Evening Times|accessdate=September 12, 2025}}</ref> From Louisiana to Mobile Bay, all [[United States Coast Guard|Coast Guard]] buoys were moved or damaged, which disrupted navigation and cost $1.2&nbsp;million to repair.<ref name="tcr"/><ref name="usgs70"/> The powerful waves submerged and eroded nearly all of the [[Mississippi–Alabama barrier islands|barrier islands offshore Mississippi and Alabama]]. Pelican Island, located off Alabama's Dauphin Island, completely disappeared following the hurricane.<ref name="usgs70"/> The waves cut Mississippi's [[Ship Island]] in two by creating an inlet later known as ''Camille Cut'', after about {{convert|251|acre|km2|abbr=on}} of land was eroded.<ref name="usgs70"/><ref name="camillecut">{{cite web|title=Mobile District Nears Completion of Ship Island Restoration|date=July 22, 2020|url=https://www.usace.army.mil/Media/News-Archive/Story-Article-View/Article/2290354/mobile-district-nears-completion-of-ship-island-restoration/|publisher=United States Army Corps of Engineers|author=Chuck Walker|accessdate=September 12, 2025}}</ref> Nearly every pier along the gulf in Alabama and Mississippi was destroyed, and many piers in Florida were damaged.<ref name="usgs70"/> The hurricane washed out about {{convert|20|mi|km|abbr=on}} of [[Louisville and Nashville Railroad]] (L&N) track from New Orleans to Pascagoula, Mississippi.<ref name="tcr"/>

===Caribbean and Offshore Gulf of Mexico===
While making its first landfall in Cuba, Camille produced winds of {{convert|92|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} in the city of [[Guane]].<ref name="usgs70"/> Rainfall reached {{convert|10|in|mm}} in western Cuba and nearby [[Isla de la Juventud]], also known as Isle of Pines.<ref name="tcr"/> On Isla de la Juventud, the storm inflicted damage to about 100&nbsp;houses.<ref name="ap817"/> Throughout [[Pinar del Río Province]], Camille caused heavy damage, primarily from river flooding;<ref name="ap818">{{cite web |date=August 18, 1969 |title=Hurricane Smashes Mississippi Coast |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-oil-city-derrick-hurricane-smashes-m/178705380/ |access-date=August 11, 2025 |website=newspapers.com |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> about 20,000&nbsp;people were left homeless in the province.<ref>{{Cite news |date=Aug 18, 1969 |title=20,000 Homeless |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/herald-express-20000-homeless/182480397/ |access-date=October 6, 2025 |work=Herald Express |pages=6}}</ref> Five people died in Cuba during Camille's passage, and damage was estimated at $5&nbsp;million.<ref name="pdfnoaa">{{cite journal|author=Pielke Jr., Roger A. |title=Hurricane Vulnerability in Latin America and the Caribbean: Normalized Damage and Loss Potentials |journal=Natural Hazards Review |date=2003 |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=101–114 |doi=10.1061/(ASCE)1527-6988(2003)4:3(101) |bibcode=2003NHRev...4..101P |url=https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Landsea/NHR-Cuba.pdf}}</ref>

In the open [[Gulf of Mexico]], the hurricane produced [[wave height]]s of {{convert|70|to|75|ft|m|abbr=on}}, as measured by [[Shell Oil Company]]. This greatly exceeded the predicted maximum wave heights of {{convert|20|ft|m|abbr=on}} when the oil platforms were first built. Along the ocean floor, the storm created mudslides, and the combination with strong waves and winds destroyed three oil platforms, including one that at the time was the deepest oil well. Property damages to the offshore oil industry were initially estimated at $100&nbsp;million.<ref name="Oil&Gas">{{cite web|author1=Diane Austin |author2=Tyler Priest|author3=Lauren Penney|author4=Joseph Pratt|author5=Allan G. Pulsipher|author6=Joseph Abel|author7=Jennifer Taylor |date=August 2008 |work=Minerals Management Service|publisher=United States Department of the Interior |url=https://espis.boem.gov/final%20reports/4530.pdf|page=133 |title=History of the Offshore Oil and Gas Industry in Southern Louisiana Interim Report: Volume I: Papers on the Evolving Offshore Industry |access-date=August 29, 2025}}</ref> The strongest winds associated with Camille were recorded by an anemometer on a drilling rig off the eastern Louisiana coast; the device recorded a gust of {{convert|172|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}, along with 10-minute sustained winds of {{convert|130|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}, before it failed.<ref name="usgs70"/><ref name=":1" /> Several oil platforms foundered, or filled with water, while pipelines were wrecked by the strong waves.<ref name="tcr"/>

===Louisiana===
[[File:Camille1969Hwy90Damage.png|thumb|right|Road damage along [[U.S. Route 90|U.S. Highway 90]]]]
While near peak intensity, Camille's eye crossed over the marshlands of eastern [[St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana|St. Bernard Parish]]. Due to the lack of dry land in the vicinity, it was not considered a landfall, although Camille still produced Category&nbsp;5 hurricane-force winds in eastern Louisiana.<ref name=":1"/> Wind gusts were estimated as high as {{convert|160|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} in [[Slidell, Louisiana|Slidell]].<ref name="usgs70"/> The city also recorded the state's highest rainfall from Camille, totaling {{convert|5.23|in|mm|abbr=on}}.<ref name="lahur">{{cite report|url=https://www.weather.gov/media/lch/events/lahurricanehistory.pdf|author=David Roth|page=42|title=Louisiana Hurricane History|accessdate=August 28, 2025}}</ref>{{Tropical Cyclone Rainfall for the Gulf Coast}} Two people drowned in Slidell after driving into a flooded canal during the hurricane.<Ref name="sd869"/> Near [[New Orleans]], [[Lakefront Airport]] recorded wind gusts of {{convert|109|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name="mwr"/> Aside from eastern sections of the city, most of New Orleans only experienced tropical storm-force winds.<ref name="tcr"/> Two levees broke in the city, forcing residents across twelve blocks to evacuate.<ref name="upi818"/> Outside of the city, wind gusts in [[Boothville, Louisiana|Boothville]] reached {{convert|107|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} before the instrument lost power.<ref name="mwr"/> In Boothville, floodwaters reached {{Convert|17|ft|m|abbr=on}} deep,<ref name="tcr"/> while the Ostrica Lock near [[Buras, Louisiana|Buras]] recorded a storm surge of {{convert|16|ft|m|abbr=on}}.<ref name="lahur"/> Camille's storm surge reached several hundred miles inland along the Mississippi River.<ref>{{cite conference|date=May 1985|title=Real-time hydrodynamic modeling of coastal rivers|author1=D.L. Fread|author2=M. Lewis|page=8|url=https://hdsc.nws.noaa.gov/pub/hdsc/data/papers/articles/HRL_Pubs_PDF_May12_2009/HRL_PUBS_201-250/219_REAL-TIME_HYDRODYNAMIC_MODELING_OF_COASTAL.pdf|format=PDF|conference=Proceedings of Applications of Real-Time Oceanographic Circulation Modeling Symposium|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|accessdate=October 9, 2025}}</ref> The barometric pressure fell to {{convert|27.80|inHg|hPa}} at Garden Island.<ref name="mwr"/> 

Throughout Louisiana, the hurricane killed nine people, and left $322&nbsp;million in damage.<ref name="usgs70"/><ref name="mwr"/> The combination of strong northerly winds and floodwaters nearly destroyed everything from [[Venice, Louisiana|Venice]] to [[Buras, Louisiana|Buras]], "removing almost all traces of civilization", according to the weather bureau.<ref name="tcr"/> Statewide, Camille damaged 8,175&nbsp;homes and trailers, including 2,435 that were destroyed. The hurricane also damaged or destroyed 211&nbsp;farm buildings and 110&nbsp;businesses.<ref name="mwr"/> Strong winds knocked down trees and power lines across the region.<ref name="lahur"/> Agriculture industries experienced damage, while at least 5,000&nbsp;cows drowned.<ref name="tcr"/> The state's citrus industry failed to produce any output in 1969, a continuation of the dearth of citrus production since Hurricane Betsy in 1965.<ref>{{cite journal|title=History of Gulf Coast Citrus|journal=HortScience|url=https://journals.ashs.org/view/journals/hortsci/52/6/article-p806.xml|accessdate=October 8, 2025|author1=James A. Spears|author2=Claudine A. Jenda|author3=Bridget S. Farrell|volume=52|issue=6|date=June 2017}}</ref> At least 94&nbsp;ships in the Mississippi River sank or washed ashore.<ref name="tcr"/> Water washed over portions of [[U.S. Route 90 in Louisiana|U.S. Highway 90]] to a depth of {{convert|10|ft|m|abbr=on}}.<ref name="lahur"/> The worst storm surge flooding occurred in Plaquemines Parish and lower St. Bernard Parish. Several feet of surge also occurred along the shores of Lake Pontchartrain and around Grand Isle.<ref name="usgs70">{{Cite web |last=U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Mobile District |date=May 1970 |title=Report on Hurricane Camille August 14-22 1969|url=https://coast.noaa.gov/data/hes/docs/postStorm/H_CAMILLE.pdf |access-date=August 7, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=US Department of Commerce |first=NOAA |title=Camille Storm Surge: Measured and High Water Marks Louisiana Map |url=https://www.weather.gov/lch/1969Camille-Surge |access-date=2025-08-10 |website=www.weather.gov |language=EN-US}}</ref> In [[Boothville-Venice, Louisiana|Boothville-Venice]], the combination of winds and storm surge destroyed the local weather bureau office, fire station, and school.<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 29, 1969 |title=Parish Restoration Is Underway|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-plaquemines-gazette-boothville-venic/178853583/ |access-date=August 14, 2025 |work=The Plaquemines Gazette}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=August 29, 1969 |title=New Law Assures Federal Funds for School Repairs |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-plaquemines-gazette-new-law-assures/178853801/ |access-date=August 13, 2025 |work=The Plaquemines Gazette}}</ref><ref name="mwr" /> The storm turned in time to avoid a direct hit to the City of [[New Orleans]], which was devastated just four years prior by Hurricane Betsy. New Orleans still saw impacts from the storm despite it missing the city. A break in the uptown side of the [[Industrial Canal]] levee caused up to {{convert|3|ft|m|abbr=on}} of flooding.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1969-08-23 |title=Hurricane Most Vicious in History |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-louisiana-weekly/127717707/ |access-date=2025-08-04 |work=The Louisiana Weekly |pages=9}}</ref> Strong winds damaged storefronts in the downtown area and small planes at Lakefront Airport.<ref name="nola"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Louisiana Digital Media Archive |url=https://ladigitalmedia.org/video_v2/asset-detail/WWL-0053-11-33-00 |access-date=2025-08-04 |website=ladigitalmedia.org |language=en}}</ref>

===Mississippi===
[[File:Camille Hulda and Alamo Victory.jpg|right|thumb|Two large ships &ndash; the ''[[SS Alamo Victory|Alamo Victory]]'' and the ''Hulda'', beached in [[Gulfport, Mississippi]]]]
Camille made landfall in southern Mississippi as a Category&nbsp;5 hurricane, producing powerful winds and a significant [[storm surge]].<ref name=":1"/> The powerful waves destroyed most tidal gauges near the coast. Based on the debris levels in [[Pass Christian, Mississippi|Pass Christian]], Camille produced tides as high as {{convert|24.6|ft|m|abbr=on}}. The high water mark for an enclosed building was {{convert|22.6|ft|m|abbr=on}}, recorded at a [[Veterans of Foreign Wars]] building in town.<ref name="mwr"/><ref name=":1"/><ref name="usgs70"/> Camille produced the highest ever storm surge in American history until it was surpassed by Hurricane Katrina in 2005.<ref name="agupubs">{{cite journal|title=A review of tropical cyclone-generated storm surges: Global data sources, observations, and impacts|url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2014RG000477|volume=53|number=2|author1=Hal F. Needham|author2=Barry D. Keim|author3=David Sathiaraj|date=June 2015|journal=Reviews of Geophysics|pages=545–591 |doi=10.1002/2014RG000477 |bibcode=2015RvGeo..53..545N |accessdate=August 29, 2025|doi-access=free}}</ref> Floodwaters reached {{convert|20|mi|km|abbr=on}} upstream the lower [[Pascagoula River|Pascagoula]] and [[Jourdan River|Jourdan]] rivers.<ref name="usgs70"/> In addition to its high tides, the hurricane produced heavy rainfall as it moved ashore. A station at the [[Stennis Space Center|NASA Mississippi Test Operations]] site near [[Picayune, Mississippi|Picayune]] measured {{convert|10.06|in|mm|abbr=on}} of precipitation, which was the highest rainfall total in the state.<ref name="mwr" />{{Tropical Cyclone Rainfall for the Gulf Coast}} An anemometer near the site measured  winds of {{convert|115|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} at a height of {{convert|200|ft|m|abbr=on}} for an extended period and the facility also estimated wind gusts as high as {{convert|160|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/cdmp/ |title=Notes from Phone Conversation with Ken Seal and John Ryan of NASA Mississippi Test Facility Regarding "Camille"|last=Hope |first=J. |date=August 22, 1969 |access-date=September 26, 2025}}</ref><ref name="usgs70"/> There were no direct wind observations near the landfall location; however, researchers estimated that wind gusts might have reached {{convert|190|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name="usgs70"/> The [[Monthly Weather Review]] described the resulting impacts as "characteristic of the wind damage ordinarily associated with major tornadoes." Keesler AFB in Biloxi recorded {{convert|129|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} wind gusts.<ref name="mwr" /> About four hours after landfall, an anemometer in [[Columbia, Mississippi|Columbia]] recorded sustained winds of {{convert|114|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name=":1"/> Farther inland, wind gusts in [[Jackson, Mississippi|Jackson]] reached {{convert|67|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name="mwr"/> Camille also produced a tornado that touched down in [[Waynesboro, Mississippi|Waynesboro]].<ref name="mob">{{Cite web |publisher=Mobile/Pensacola National Weather Service |title=Hurricane Camille - August 17, 1969 |author1=Morgan Barry|author2=Jason Beaman|author3=Don Shepherd|url=https://www.weather.gov/mob/camille |access-date=August 31, 2025|language=EN-US}}</ref>

<!--Statewide impacts-->In Mississippi, Camille killed 137&nbsp;people, while also inflicting about $950&nbsp;million worth of damage.<ref name="usgs70"/><ref name="mwr"/> There were at least 116&nbsp;deaths in [[Harrison County, Mississippi|Harrison County]] alone.<Ref name="sd869"/> Within the immediate landfall vicinity, the hurricane's winds and floodwaters swept away all homes and structures down to their foundations.<ref name="usgs70"/><ref name="mwr"/> The hurricane destroyed nearly everything along the entire coast in the state for at least three blocks inland, while the entire towns of Pass Christian and [[Long Beach, Mississippi|Long Beach]] were nearly destroyed. Other communities amongst the hardest hit were [[Clermont Harbor, Mississippi|Clermont Harbor]], [[Lakeshore, Mississippi|Lakeshore]], and Waveland, along with coastal portions of [[Gulfport, Mississippi|Gulfport]], [[Mississippi City, Mississippi|Mississippi City]], and Biloxi.<ref name="usgs70"/> The hurricane produced widespread power outages, affecting 20&nbsp;[[List of Mississippi counties|counties]] in the state, including some that lost power for 15&nbsp;days.<Ref name="usgs70"/> Downed power lines produced several small fires.<ref name="industry"/> [[Mississippi Power|Mississippi Power Company]] lost parts of its transmission network, and restorations were hampered by downed trees and debris. About 15% of telephone users across the state lost service during the hurricane.<ref name="usgs70"/> Statewide, the hurricane damaged 46,460&nbsp;homes and trailers, including 4,287 that were destroyed. Camile also destroyed or severely damaged 2,647&nbsp;farm buildings and 569&nbsp;businesses in the state.<ref name="mwr" /> In Gulfport alone, over 5,000 automobiles were damaged beyond repair.<ref name=":0">{{Cite report |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008515039 |title=Federal response to hurricane Camille: hearings, Ninety-first Congress, second session. |last=United States Congress |date=1970 |volume=1 |pages=11, 40, 62, 85 |access-date=September 30, 2025}}</ref> Across Mississippi's southernmost 15&nbsp;counties, the hurricane damaged {{convert|1900000|acre|ha|abbr=on}} of commercial forestlands to some degree.<ref name="usgs70"/> Most affected was the tung industry, as the hurricane destroyed more than 35,000 acres of&nbsp;[[Vernicia fordii|tung trees]],<ref name="usgs70"/> which contributed to the end of the tung oil industry in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|title=Assessment of the tung tree (Vernicia fordii) germplasm collection and latest cultivar release at the USDA-ARS Southern Horticultural Research Unit in Poplarville, MS|publisher=United States Department of Agriculture|url=https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=296722|accessdate=September 12, 2025}}</ref> Strong winds knocked down the equivalent of about 1.2&nbsp;billion [[board feet]] (2.8&nbsp;million km<sup>2</sup>) worth of [[lumber]], of which more than 85% was salvageable. Many pecan orchards were also damaged.<ref name="usgs70"/> Near the coast, more than 6,000&nbsp;oak trees died due to the combination of waves, winds, and salt spray.<ref name="eco"/> Crop damage occurred as far north as Hattiesburg.<ref name="survey">{{Cite report |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/AD0707941.pdf |title=Survey of Gulf Coast Structural Damage Resulting from Hurricane Camille, August 1969 |publisher=U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station |date=April 1, 1970 |access-date=September 4, 2025}}</ref>   

{{Multiple image
| direction         = vertical
| total_width       = 240
| image1            = Richeliu Apartments Before Camille.jpg
| image2            = Richeliu Apartments After Camille.jpg
| caption2          = Richeliu Apartments before and after Hurricane Camille
}}
<!--Coastal impacts-->

Camille had its most significant impacts near the coast. Large portions of [[U.S._Route_90#Mississippi|U.S. 90]] were damaged or blocked by sand and debris. At Pass Christian, the waves destroyed about 35% of the town's seawall.<Ref name="usgs70"/> The Richelieu Manor Apartments were destroyed, killing eight people there; the apartments inspired an [[urban legend]] that 24&nbsp;residents rode out the storm and held a [[hurricane party]].<ref name="party">{{cite news|title=That infamous Hurricane Camille party on Aug. 17, 1969? It never happened.|url=https://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/the-1969-hurricane-camille-hurricane-party-it-never-happened.html|date=March 4, 2015|publisher=[[Weather Underground (weather service)|Weather Underground]]|accessdate=October 10, 2025|author=Jeff Masters}}</ref> The hurricane also destroyed the town's Trinity Episcopal church, originally built in 1849, which killed 15 of the 16&nbsp;people who took shelter there.<ref name="nola">{{Cite web |date=August 16, 2019|publisher=[[The Times-Picayune/The New Orleans Advocate]] |title=See vintage photos of Hurricane Camille from 1969 |url=https://www.nola.com/multimedia/photos/see-vintage-photos-of-hurricane-camille-from-1969/collection_a3d2536a-c039-11e9-abe8-7727bb925be0.html |access-date=September 15, 2025}}</ref> The Dixie White House, where President [[Woodrow Wilson]] and his family once stayed, was badly damaged, and subsequently torn down after the hurricane.<ref>{{cite news|author=Allen Frazier|title=Woodrow Wilson once stayed at Pass Christian mansion known as Dixie White House|accessdate=September 15, 2025|date=November 21, 2023|url=https://www.sunherald.com/living/home-garden/article282164748.html|publisher=[[Sun Herald]]}}</ref> Also in town, the hurricane destroyed a house designed by architect [[Frank Lloyd Wright]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Joel Anderson|title=How Katrina Destroyed A Town — And Its Mayor|date=August 17, 2015|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/joelanderson/how-katrina-destroyed-a-town-and-its-mayor|accessdate=September 15, 2025}}</ref> In Bay St. Louis, the hurricane destroyed a L&N railroad bridge. The port at Gulfport was largely destroyed, with only a portion of one wharf available for use after the hurricane. Also in Gulfport, the high waves beached a barge, leaving it on the median of U.S. 90, while also washing ashore three large cargo ships &ndash; the [[SS Alamo Victory|Alamo Victory]], the ''Hulda'', and the [[SS Skagway Victory|Silver Hawk]]. Of the three ships, only the Alamo Victory was refloated.<ref name="usgs"/> The Memorial Hospital at Gulfport was damaged, forcing 729&nbsp;patients to be evacuated. The Biloxi hospital was damaged, but remained operational.<ref name="usgs70"/><ref>{{cite news|author=Jimmie Bell|date=August 22, 1969|url=https://www.newspaperarchive.com/us/mississippi/biloxi/biloxi-daily-herald/1969/08-22/page-14|page=14|title=Memorial Evacuates 100 By Air; Stork Also Flies|newspaper=The Biloxi Daily Herald|accessdate=September 28, 2025}}</ref> The Keesler AFB sustained about $4.8&nbsp;million in damage. Due to power outages and roofing damage at five buildings, training was halted for 15&nbsp;days.<ref name="usgs70"/><ref name="keesler"/> Also in Biloxi, the hurricane destroyed the Episcopal Church of the Redeemer.<ref name="bilox">{{cite news|title=Efforts underway to save Hurricane Camille Memorial in Biloxi|author=Miya Turner|date=March 15, 2024|accessdate=September 15, 2025|url=https://www.wlox.com/2024/03/15/efforts-underway-save-hurricane-camille-memorial-biloxi/|publisher=[[WLOX]]}}</ref> In Long Beach, 36&nbsp;buildings at the U.S. Naval Construction Center were destroyed, while hundreds of structures required new roofs, estimated at around 90% of the buildings at the complex.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/cdmp/dvd0003-jpg/1969/atlantic/camille/postevents%20publications/saffirreport.12.jpg |title=The Nature and Extend of Structural Damage caused by Hurricane Camille |last=Saffir |first=Herbert S. |date=September 1, 1972 |access-date=September 4, 2025|page=12}}</ref> In Pascagoula, the hurricane washed ashore the [[SS Wright|SS Mormacsun]].<ref name="usgs70"/> 

<!--inland impacts-->Though Camille weakened as it moved inland, Camille's winds continued to cause major damage. A high school north of Waveland suffered roof and window damage and several mobile homes being used as temporary classrooms were destroyed.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/TN/nbstechnicalnote569.pdf |title=Hurricane Camille - August 1969 |date=March 1971 |publisher=National Bureau of Standards |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=55}}</ref> [[Pearl River County, Mississippi|Pearl River County]] was hit hard by the storm, with total damage in the county exceeding $36 million.<ref name="usgs70" /> Every building on the campus of [[Pearl River Community College]] was damaged, one of them being totally destroyed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-30 |title=Pearl River College Timeline {{!}} Pearl River Community College |url=https://prcc.edu/about/pearl-river-college-timeline/ |access-date=2025-08-17 |language=en-US}}</ref> In Picayune, a high school was heavily damaged by a collapsed smokestack.<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 21, 1969 |title=Supt. Akers Hopes Schools Can Open For Classes on Sept. 8 |url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/cdmp/dvd0003-jpg/1969/atlantic/camille/news/pi0821p1.jpg |work=The Picayune Item}}</ref>  In [[Poplarville, Mississippi|Poplarville]], an estimated 90% of homes were damaged. Two schools in the city and a manufacturing plant were heavily damaged. A steel [[Fire lookout tower|forestry service observation tower]] was uprooted by its foundation. The tung crop in the county was a near total loss.<ref>*{{Cite news |date=August 21, 1969 |title=Hurricane Camille Causes Possible $40 Million in Damages to County Last Sunday Night |work=The Weekly Democrat |pages=1–3}}
*https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-weekly-democrat-camille-poplarville/172070101/
*https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-weekly-democrat-hurricane-camille-po/171987038/
*https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-weekly-democrat-camille-clip-2/182366681/
</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=August 21, 1969 |title=Area to the south took ugly beating |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/hattiesburg-american-poplarville-forestr/172071722/ |access-date=May 10, 2025 |work=Hattiesburg American |pages=1}}</ref> In [[Columbia, Mississippi|Columbia]], the storm caused extensive damage, unroofing buildings and knocking down large numbers of trees.<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 14, 1969 |title=Camille Causes Extensive Damage Here |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/columbian-progress/34871467/ |access-date=September 21, 2025 |work=Columbian-Progress}}</ref> Camille blew out storefront windows and damaged buildings in [[Simpson County, Mississippi|Simpson County]], including the county courthouse.<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 21, 1969 |title=Mendenhall, Mt. Olive Feel Hurricane Camille |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-magee-courier-simpson-county-camille/180001381/ |access-date=August 30, 2025 |work=The Magee Courier |pages=12}}</ref> The storm passed over the [[Ross Barnett Reservoir]], causing a pileup of {{convert|1|ft|m|||adj=on}} of water at the dam, leading to slight damage.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sandusky |first=Herb |date=October 5, 1969 |title=Damaged by Camille |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/clarion-ledger-barnett-reservoir-camille/180002255/ |access-date=August 30, 2025 |work=Clarion Ledger |pages=38}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=USGS WSP-2375, Mississippi |url=https://md.water.usgs.gov/publications/wsp-2375/ms/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012045114/https://md.water.usgs.gov/publications/wsp-2375/ms/ |archive-date=2017-10-12 |access-date=2025-08-30 |website=md.water.usgs.gov |language=en}}</ref>

===Alabama and Florida===
[[File:Camille 1969 rainfall.png|thumb|right|200px|Map of rainfall associated with Hurricane Camille in the United States]]
The hurricane's high floodwaters extended into Alabama, reaching {{convert|30|mi|km|abbr=on}} upstream the [[Mobile River]] from [[Mobile Bay]].<ref name="usgs70"/> Storm surge in Alabama peaked at {{convert|9.2|ft|m|abbr=on}} on Dauphin Island and {{convert|9.1|ft|m|abbr=on}} at Gulf Shores.<ref name="mob" /> Across southern Alabama, the floods washed out or left sand on many roads. All offshore islands were completely inundated except for [[Dauphin Island, Alabama|Dauphin Island]], of which around 70% was covered with floodwaters. An Air Force radar on the island sustained damage during the storm.<ref name="usgs70"/> The high waters damaged parts of the [[Battleship Parkway|causeway across Mobile Bay]], while also damaging the adjacent businesses and fishing camps. Five bridges in [[Mobile County, Alabama|Mobile County]] had minor damage.<ref name="usgs70"/> Hurricane-force winds from Camille extended into far southwestern Alabama, estimated at Category&nbsp;1 intensity.<ref name=":1"/> Mobile recorded a peak wind gust of {{convert|74|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name="mwr"/> The highest rainfall report received within Alabama was {{convert|6.52|in|mm}}, recorded near [[Fairhope, Alabama|Fairhope]].{{Tropical Cyclone Rainfall for the Gulf Coast}} Statewide, damage reached $8&nbsp;million.<ref name="mwr" /> The hurricane damaged 578&nbsp;houses or trailers, including 10&nbsp;homes and 12&nbsp;trailers that were destroyed. Camille also destroyed or severely damaged 14&nbsp;businesses.<ref name="mwr" /> Camille's high winds knocked down trees and affected agriculture industries in the state, including pecan and soybean.<ref name="mob" /> The hurricane also flattened about {{convert|20000|acre|km2|abbr=on}} of corn fields in the state.<ref name="tcr"/>

The large circulation of Camille resulted in tides {{convert|3|to|5|ft|m|abbr=on|adj=on}} above normal as far east as [[Apalachicola, Florida]].<ref name="tcr"/> A bridge carrying [[Florida State Road 292|State Road 292]] in Pensacola recorded a peak tide of {{convert|4.8|ft|m|abbr=on}}.<ref name="usgs70"/>  Areas as far as Tampa Bay reported tides about {{convert|1|ft|m|abbr=off}} above normal.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/cdmp/ |title=Special Weather Statement Tampa Weather Bureau |date=August 17, 1969 |access-date=October 2, 2025}}</ref> Across the western [[Florida panhandle]], [[Pensacola Naval Air Station]] measured {{convert|4.16|in|mm}} of rain, while a station in the city recorded wind gusts of {{convert|71|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.{{Tropical Cyclone Rainfall in Florida}}<ref name="mwr"/> Ahead of its landfall, Camille spawned an F0&nbsp;tornado in Pensacola, which damaged a building and a car.<ref name="tcr"/><ref>{{cite web|author1=National Centers for Environmental Information|title=Escambia County Tornado Event Report|url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=9999090|website=Storm Event Database|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|accessdate=August 31, 2025}}</ref> Another F0 tornado touched down in [[Santa Rosa County, Florida|Santa Rosa]] County.<ref>{{cite web|author1=National Centers for Environmental Information|title=Escambia County Tornado Event Report|url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=9999091|website=Storm Event Database|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|accessdate=August 31, 2025}}</ref> Camille's damage across Florida was estimated to be around $500,000. This included beach erosion and crop damage, with pecan and corn the most affected.<ref name="mob" /><Ref name="tcr"/>

===Ohio Valley and West Virginia===
As Camille moved inland, it produced rainfall across the southeastern United States and into the Ohio Valley. Near [[Lake Toxaway]] in North Carolina, rainfall reached {{convert|4.92|in|mm|abbr=on}}, while the highest rainfall in Tennessee was {{convert|4.5|in|mm|abbr=on}}, recorded in [[Bolivar, Tennessee|Bolivar]]. The rains relieved severe drought conditions in western Tennessee, proving beneficial, although there was minor street flooding. [[Memphis International Airport]] recorded wind gusts of {{convert|32|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}. The winds were strong enough to knock down a tree onto a power line.<ref name="mwr"/>{{Tropical Cyclone Rainfall in the Southeastern United States}}<ref>{{Cite report|title=Hurricane Camille Event Report|publisher=National Climatic Data Center|url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=10123581|accessdate=October 9, 2025}}</ref> West of the storm's center, rainfall reached {{convert|2.63|in|mm|abbr=on}} in [[Eudora, Arkansas]], the highest precipitation total in the state.{{Tropical Cyclone Rainfall for the Gulf Coast}} Rainfall totals over {{convert|1|in|mm|abbr=on}} reached southeastern Missouri and into southern Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio.<ref name="rain"/> Heavier rainfall occurred in central Kentucky, reaching {{convert|4.25|in|mm|abbr=on}} in [[West Liberty, Kentucky|West Liberty]].<ref name="tcr"/> 

In West Virginia, the highest recorded precipitation was {{convert|5.04|in|mm|abbr=on}} in [[McRoss, West Virginia|McRoss]].{{Tropical Cyclone Rainfall in the Mid Atlantic United States}} The rains caused damaging flash flooding in [[Nicholas County, West Virginia|Nicholas]], [[Greenbrier County, West Virginia|Greenbrier]], and [[Summers County, West Virginia|Summers]] counties. The [[Greenbrier River]] crested at {{convert|17.1|ft|m|abbr=on}}, or {{convert|3.1|ft|m|abbr=on}} above flood stage. Two people died in [[Falling Spring, West Virginia|Renick, West Virginia]], when floods trapped them in their house. In [[Anjean, West Virginia|Anjean]], floods washed out 30&nbsp;homes. Statewide, the floods damaged or destroyed 356&nbsp;houses and trailers, including 48 that were destroyed. The floods also damaged or destroyed five businesses, along with 315&nbsp;farm buildings. Statewide damage totaled $750,000.<ref name="mwr" /><ref name="tcr"/><Ref name="sd869"/>

===Virginia===
[[File:Rt. 626 at the Rockfish River (7797529596).jpg|thumb|left|Flooding damage at [[Howardsville, Albemarle County, Virginia|Howardsville, Virginia]]; the bridge formerly carried Virginia Route 626 over the [[Rockfish River]].]]
When Camille entered Virginia as a tropical depression, it drew moisture from the south, which concentrated as the circulation moved through the [[Appalachian Mountains]]. The thunderstorms intensified and concentrated north and east of the circulation center as they approached the western slope of the [[Blue Ridge Mountains]], which developed into "catastrophic cloudburst proportions", as described by a report conducted by the [[United States Geological Survey]] (USGS). The highest rainfall total was {{convert|27|in|mm|abbr=on}}, recorded near Massies Mill. Several other locations in the county recorded more than {{convert|1|ft|mm|abbr=on}} of rainfall. The Weather Bureau also received an unconfirmed report of {{convert|31|in|mm|abbr=on}} of precipitation over five hours, recorded at the junction of the [[Tye River|Tye]] and [[Piney River (Tye River tributary)|Piney]] rivers. Most of the heavy rainfall occurred over an eight hour period. Researchers estimated that the rainfall totals represented more than 80% of the maximum potential precipitation for the area. The heavy rains produced [[landslide]]s as well as [[flash flood]]ing along creeks and rivers. The landslides occurred on hillsides with a slope greater than 35%, with lidar scans indicating that nearly 3,800&nbsp;landslides occurred in [[Nelson County, Virginia|Nelson County]] alone. Flooding and landslides caused significant damage across [[Albemarle County, Virginia|Albemarle]], [[Amherst County, Virginia|Amherst]], [[Fluvanna County, Virginia|Fluvanna]], Nelson, and [[Rockbridge County, Virginia|Rockbridge]] counties. Record-breaking flooding occurred along the [[York River (Virginia)|York River]], while floodwaters along the [[James River]] were the highest in more than a century.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Unprecedented Rains in Virginia Associated with the Remnants of Hurricane Camille|author=Francis K. Schwarz|date=November 1970|url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/mwre/98/11/1520-0493_1970_098_0851_turiva_2_3_co_2.xml?tab_body=pdf|format=PDF|volume=98|issue=11|journal=Monthly Weather Review |page=851 |doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1970)098<0851:TURIVA>2.3.CO;2 |bibcode=1970MWRv...98..851S }}</ref><ref name="usgs">{{cite report|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0051/report.pdf|page=6-7, 11|title=Flood of August 1969 in Virginia|year=1970|editor=J. D. Camp|editor2=E. M. Miller|accessdate=August 18, 2025}}</ref><ref name="rain">{{cite web|author=David Roth|url=https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/camille1969.html|title=Hurricane Camille|access-date=August 18, 2025|publisher=[[Weather Prediction Center]]}}</ref><ref name="CamilleErosion1"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hurricane Camille (1969): From Major Hurricane to Catastrophic Inland Flood |url=https://noaa.maps.arcgis.com/apps/MapJournal/index.html?appid=33861c5d64d04dcd8a1529430a37c363 |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=noaa.maps.arcgis.com}}</ref>

Camille's floods produced what the USGS described as "the worst natural disaster ever to strike Virginia."<ref name="usgs"/><ref name="usgs70"/> There were 153&nbsp;deaths in the state, including 123 in Nelson County alone.<ref name="vafl">{{cite web|publisher=National Weather Service|title=Flooding in Virginia|accessdate=October 12, 2025|url=https://www.weather.gov/safety/flood-states-va}}</ref> Most of the deaths were due to [[blunt trauma]] from mudslides.<ref name="CamilleErosion1">{{cite report|author=Garnett P. Williams|author2=Harold P. Guy|title=Erosional and Depositional Aspects of Hurricane Camille in Virginia, 1969|publisher=[[United States Government Printing Office]]|year=1973|page=1|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0804/report.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref> There were eight fatalities that were [[Unidentified decedent|unidentified]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Remembering the victims of Hurricane Camille in Nelson County|url=https://newsadvance.com/news/local/remembering-the-victims-of-hurricane-camille-in-nelson-county/article_fab7a328-62a9-5a8d-8ea9-4c6eb62939a6.html|access-date=December 10, 2020|website=NewsAdvance.com|date=August 10, 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Statewide, the floods destroyed 313&nbsp;homes along with 31&nbsp;trailers, while also causing severe damage to another 415&nbsp;homes and 65&nbsp;trailers. An additional 1,870&nbsp;homes had minor damage. The monetary costs of Camille in Virginia totaled $140&nbsp;million.<ref name="mwr"/> This included $54.635&nbsp;million in damaged businesses, industries, or commercial buildings. Floods and landslides damaged or washed out {{convert|200|mi|km|abbr=on}} of state highways, while damaging or destroying 133&nbsp;bridges. Among the three destroyed bridges were state highways along the James River &ndash; routes [[Virginia State Route 602|602]], [[Virginia State Route 603|603]], and [[Virginia State Route 690|690]]. About {{convert|3|mi|km|abbr=on}} of [[U.S. Route 29 in Virginia|U.S. 29]] was damaged and shut down. Damage along the [[List of Interstate Highways in Virginia|state's interstate highways]] was confined to gutters, guardrails, ditches, and shoulders, and a portion of [[Interstate 95 in Virginia|I-95]] was temporarily closed in [[Caroline County, Virginia|Caroline County]]. Road damage totaled $17.48&nbsp;million. Railroads in the state experienced $4.1&nbsp;million in damage. Power, phone, and gas utilities collectively had over $2.5&nbsp;million in damage from the storm. Agriculture and farming industries suffered $23.8&nbsp;million in damage; this including 950&nbsp;farm buildings that were damaged or destroyed, along with fields that were washed away, and lost livestock.<ref name="usgs"/>

In Nelson County, the rains were so heavy that birds drowned in trees, according to newspaper reports.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nelson Officials Are Pondering Future of Stricken County|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-progress-nelson-county-camille/182360471/|author=Jerry Simpson|date=September 1, 1969|newspaper=The Daily Progress|location=Charlottesville, Virginia|accessdate=October 6, 2025}}</ref> In the Davis Creek community in the county, the floods swept away 23&nbsp;houses, leaving only two standing, resulting in at least 27&nbsp;fatalities. Most of the community of [[Massies Mill, Virginia|Massies Mill]] was destroyed, sparing only two houses and a church.<ref name="usgs"/> In [[Buena Vista, Virginia|Buena Vista]], floodwaters reached {{convert|30|ft|m|abbr=on}} deep, sweeping away vehicles and covering entire factories. Businesses and industry in the city incurred more than $26&nbsp;million in damage. In [[Lovingston, Virginia|Lovingston]], the [[Discharge (hydrology)|flood discharge]] along the Tye River was eight times the greatest on the 31&nbsp;year record. The [[Rivanna River]] at [[Palmyra, Virginia|Palmyra]] rose {{convert|35|ft|m|abbr=on}}, while the [[North Anna River]] near [[Doswell, Virginia|Doswell]] rose {{convert|27|ft|m|abbr=on}} over seven hours.<ref name="usgs"/> Floodwaters reached nearly {{convert|14|ft|m|abbr=on}} deep in parts of [[Glasgow, Virginia|Glasgow]], largely destroying the town's business district.<ref name="usgs"/><ref name="tcr"/> In [[Scottsville, Virginia|Scottsville]] and [[Waynesboro, Virginia|Waynesboro]], floodwaters reached {{convert|8|ft|m|abbr=on}} deep.<ref name="usgs"/> Tributaries and mountain streams collected in the James River to produce record or near-record flood conditions, which nearly destroyed all of the river settlements between [[Lynchburg, Virginia|Lynchburg]] and Richmond. In the former city, the James River crested at {{convert|26|ft|m|abbr=on}}, which was the highest water level since 1877. In Richmond, the James River reached a peak of {{convert|28.64|ft|m|abbr=on}}, which equaled the record crest set in 1936 and surpassed all other floods in at least a century.<ref name="tcr"/><ref name="usgs"/> In the city, the James River had a peak flow of {{convert|220000|ft3|m3|abbr=on}} per second, the second-highest on record. The floodwaters inundated low-lying parts of Richmond, including areas near the James River that flooded after a pumping station failed. Citywide damage was slightly over $9&nbsp;million.<ref name="usgs"/><ref name="virflo"/> At [[Schuyler, Virginia|Schuyler]], a hydroelectric dam on the Rockfish River was overtopped, destroying the dam's powerhouse and washing out a bridge downstream.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Devastation of Hurricane Camille, Schuyler Dam Incident, August 1969, Nelson County, VA {{!}} Association of State Dam Safety |url=https://damsafety.org/content/devastation-hurricane-camille-schuyler-dam-incident-august-1969-nelson-county-va |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=damsafety.org}}</ref>

=== Elsewhere ===
In Maryland, Camille brought heavy rains, peaking at {{convert|6.55|in|mm|abbr=on}} at [[Princess Anne, Maryland|Princess Anne]]. The rains caused localized flooding, which closed roads and washed out a few bridges. The rains damaged a junior high school in Princess Anne after floodwaters reached {{convert|15|ft|m|abbr=on}} deep. Near [[Great Mills, Maryland|Great Mills]], 14&nbsp;residents evacuated by helicopter due to the floods. Minor flooding occurred in Delaware. Precipitation from Camille reached as far north as Pennsylvania, with a total of {{convert|3.25|in|mm|abbr=on}} recorded in [[Somerset, Pennsylvania|Somerset]]. [[Cape May, New Jersey]], recorded {{convert|1.62|in|mm|abbr=on}} of rainfall as well.{{Tropical Cyclone Rainfall in the Mid Atlantic United States}}<Ref name="sd869">{{cite report|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729081415/https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/orders/IPS/IPS-83617A72-C33B-4303-B49F-8AA4C897CDBF.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=October 17, 2025|title=Storm Data and Other Unusual Weather Phenomena|date=August 1969|publisher=Environmental Science Services Administration|volume=11|number=8}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|page=1|url=https://www.newspaperarchive.com/us/pennsylvania/hanover/hanover-evening-sun/1969/08-21/page-82|title=Rainfall Causes Flooding|date=August 21, 1969|newspaper=Hanover Evening Sun|accessdate=October 9, 2025}}</ref> 

==Aftermath==
{{See also|List of retired Atlantic hurricane names}}
[[File:Camille Cinder Block Debris.jpg|thumb|Damage from Camille]]In the days after the storm struck Cuba, the government deployed medical teams to affected regions to provide [[typhoid]] vaccine shots. Officials noted the potential for the spread of disease, due to flooding from Camille as well as previously wet conditions.<ref name="ap817"/>

Across the Gulf Coast of the United States, the response to the hurricane involved many federal, state, and local agencies and volunteer organizations. By May 1970, the federal government spent more than $25&nbsp;million toward relief efforts, including reimbursing state and local governments.<ref name="usgs70"/> Then-president [[Richard Nixon]] declared 26&nbsp;Mississippi counties as disaster areas, along with two counties in Alabama four parishes in Louisiana, and 27&nbsp;counties in Virginia.<ref name="usgs70"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 28, 2025 |title=Designated Areas: Disaster 272 |url=https://www.fema.gov/disaster/272/designated-areas |access-date=September 28, 2025 |website=FEMA.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 28, 2025 |title=Designated Areas: Disaster 274 |url=https://www.fema.gov/disaster/274/designated-areas |access-date=September 28, 2025 |website=FEMA.gov}}</ref> Federal agencies that assisted in the relief efforts included the [[Economic Development Administration]] (EDA), the [[General Services Administration]] (GSA), the [[Office of Economic Opportunity]], the [[Small Business Administration]] (SBA), and the departments of [[United States Department of Health and Human Services|Health, Education, and Welfare]] (HEW) and [[United States Department of Housing and Urban Development|Housing and Urban Development]] (HUD).<ref name="usgs70"/> The Department of Defense contributed $34&nbsp;million and 16,500&nbsp;military troops that helped in the recovery, such as clearing debris or distributing food.<ref name="thirty"/> The United States Coast Guard surveyed coastal areas by helicopter to search for survivors.<ref name="upi818">{{Cite news|page=1|agency=United Press International|url=https://www.newspaperarchive.com/us/texas/del-rio/del-rio-news-herald/1969/08-18/page-1|title=Hurricane Wipes Out Entire Cities|author=William L. Vaughn|newspaper=Del Rio News Herald|location=Del Rio, Texas}}</ref> Rescues occurred as late as August&nbsp;24, when a helicopter spotted a family of 12&nbsp;people that was without food or water for days.<ref>{{cite news|page=1|agency=United Press International|title=National Guard Aids Rescue Of Stranded Camille Victims|url=https://www.newspaperarchive.com/us/florida/panama-city/panama-city-news/1969/08-25|date=August 25, 1969|accessdate=September 28, 2025|newspaper=Panama City News}}</ref>  The [[Federal Highway Administration]] helped fund repairs to roads, paying the entire cost of federal highway repair and reconstruction. By January 1970, over $13.71 million worth of highway projects had been approved. The Federal Water Pollution Control Administration assisted with sewage treatment in Mississippi and Virginia and helped clean up an oil spill in the Boothville-Venice area of Louisiana.<ref name=":0" /> After the base was cleared of debris and emergency power was restored, Keesler AFB became a hub for search and rescue operations, for aerial damage assessments, and as a point for distributing aid. Helicopters from the base flew food and medicine to storm-damaged communities until early September.<ref name="keesler"/> After Vice President [[Spiro Agnew]] surveyed disaster areas, Nixon visited [[Gulfport–Biloxi International Airport|Gulfport–Biloxi Airport]] on September&nbsp;8, speaking to a crowd of more than 35,000&nbsp;attendees.<ref name="keesler"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspaperarchive.com/us/mississippi/biloxi/biloxi-daily-herald/1969/09-09/page-1|page=1|author=Tom Cook|newspaper=Biloxi Daily-Herald|date=September 9, 1969|title=President Nixon Predicts Coast Will Grow in Wealth in Spirit}}</ref> 

Other federal agencies included the Department of Health, which provided $4&nbsp;million towards medicine, vaccines and other health related needs.<ref name="thirty">{{cite web|title=Thirty Years After Hurricane Camille: Lessons Learned, Lessons Lost|date=July 12, 1999|author1=Roger A. Pielke Jr. |author2=Chantal Simonpietri |author3=Jennifer Oxelson |publisher=[[University of Colorado system|University of Colorado]]|access-date=September 24, 2025|url=https://sciencepolicy.colorado.edu/about_us/meet_us/roger_pielke/camille/report.html}}</ref> The [[Farmers Home Administration]] designated 33&nbsp;counties in Mississippi as emergency areas.<ref name="tcr"/> The Department of Agriculture's Consumer and Marketing Service provided over {{convert|4687000|lb|kg|abbr=on}} of surplus food to victims of Camille.<ref name="month">{{Cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349305833_Hurricane_Camille/fulltext/6029cbb14585158939a6508d/Hurricane-Camille.pdf |title=Hurricane Camille: A Month of Federal Action |last=Office of Emergency Preparedness |date=September 25, 1969 |access-date=September 26, 2025}}</ref> The [[United States Postal Service|Post Office Department]] spent over $100,000 restoring service and repairing 46 post offices affected by the storm.<ref name=":0" /> NASA's [[Marshall Space Flight Center]] in Huntsville, Alabama sent a team along with a 200&ndash;bed mobile hospitals to the hardest hit areas. HUD provided 5,000&nbsp;temporary homes to disaster areas, while the NASA facility near Picayune, Mississippi served as a temporary shelter for about 1,500&nbsp;people.<ref name="usgs70"/> Representatives from HEW informed Mississippi schools that they would not receive federal funding unless they [[School integration in the United States|integrated]] their schools.<ref name="ap828"/> [[Camp Shelby]] opened and temporarily housed about 5,000&nbsp;residents, and was likewise forced to integrate; this was despite the [[New York Times]] describing the camp as, "one of the least integrated of all of the U.S. military bases". The [[University of Southern Mississippi]] held 5,000&nbsp;people displaced by Camille, while 1,000&nbsp;people were transferred from Pass Christian to the [[Robert E. Lee Building|Robert E. Lee Hotel]] in Jackson.<ref>{{cite news|title=Camille provides lesson in integration|agency=New York Times|newspaper=Arizona Republic|date=August 23, 1969|url=https://www.newspaperarchive.com/us/arizona/phoenix/phoenix-arizona-republic/1969/08-23/page-12|page=12}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ghastly Body Hunt Follows in Hurricane Wake|url=https://www.newspaperarchive.com/us/california/bakersfield/bakersfield-californian/1969/08-22/page-2|page=2|newspaper=The Bakersfield Californian|date=August 22, 1969|accessdate=September 28, 2025|agency=United Press International}}</ref>

[[File:Gas_Station_Camille_Aftermath.jpg|thumb|left|Ruins of a gas station in Biloxi, Mississippi]]
Mississippi Governor [[John Bell Williams]] activated more than 1,200&nbsp;[[Mississippi National Guard|National Guardsmen]] to help protect against looting and look for survivors.<ref name="upi818"/> The governor also activated [[martial law]] for parts of the coast, which lasted until August&nbsp;27.<ref name="ap828">{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|title=Martial Law Comes to End On Mississippi Coast|url=https://www.newspaperarchive.com/us/louisiana/monroe/monroe-morning-world/1969/08-28/page-12|page=12|newspaper=Monroe Morning World|location=Monroe, Louisiana}}</ref> Martial law was declared for Plaquemines Parish and the city of [[Bogalusa, Louisiana]].<ref name="ap828"/> Power and water companies brought workers from other states to assist in the restoration of utilities. By a week after the storm, water service was restored in Gulfport, Mississippi, followed by Biloxi a week later.<ref name="industry"/> Following the hurricane, Governor Williams established the Gulf Regional Planning Commission, which created stricter building codes along the Mississippi coast.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/1765/chapter/5|title=Natural Disaster Studies Volume Two Hurricane ELena, Gulf Coast|year=1991|publisher=The National Academies Press|author=Peter Sparks|author2=Earl J. Baker|author3=James Belville|author4=Dale C. Perry|accessdate=September 28, 2025}}</ref> Various nongovernmental agencies and volunteers helped in the aftermath of the hurricane. The [[American Red Cross]] opened up 29&nbsp;relief centers, operated 27&nbsp;mobile units, and set up seven food kitchens.<ref name="usgs70"/> In Jackson, Mississippi, comedian [[Bob Hope]] hosted a [[telethon]] that raised more than $1.3&nbsp;million toward helping storm victims.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspaperarchive.com/us/kansas/arkansas-city/arkansas-city-traveler/1969/08-27/page-31|page=31|date=August 27, 1969|newspaper=Arkansas City Traveler|agency=Associated Press|title=$1.3 Million Raised By Telethon}}</ref> 

Across coastal areas, roads were closed for several days due to a combination of building debris and fallen trees, with {{convert|2400|mi|km|abbr=on}} of roads and streets affected. The Army Corps of Engineers coordinated debris removal, and within a week of the hurricane, all major roads were opened. Over a three-month period, more than 300,000&nbsp;truck loads were transported to one of 17&nbsp;emergency dump sights.<ref name="usgs70"/><ref name="industry">{{cite report|title=The Effects of Hurricane Camille on Industry, Public Utilities, and Public Works Operations|url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/AD0708568.pdf|format=PDF|author=R.H. Black|date=March 1970|publisher=Office of Civil Defense|accessdate=September 25, 2025}}</ref> Efforts to salvage timber in the affected region began a few days after Camille passed, producing over 100&nbsp;million board-feet of pine wood.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nonnemacher |first=Robert M. |date=November 1, 1970 |title=Storm and the Forester |url=https://academic.oup.com/jof/article/68/11/712/4659551 |journal=[[Journal of Forestry]] |volume=68 |issue=11 |via=Oxford Academic}}</ref> The reduced tree coverage across southern Mississippi decreased squirrel and bird populations in the area.<ref name="eco"/> Concurrently, the snake population increased in southeastern Mississippi, forcing residents to organize and hunt.<ref name="ap918">{{cite news|title=128 Dead Along Ravaged Coast|url=https://www.newspaperarchive.com/us/texas/port-arthur/port-arthur-news/1969/08-19|date=August 19, 1969|newspaper=Port Arthur News|agency=Associated Press|page=1|accessdate=October 8, 2025}}</ref> The [[43rd Engineer Battalion (United States)|43rd Engineer Battalion]] of the Army Corps cleared Mississippi beaches from deceased animals, removing {{convert|28|ST|kg|abbr=on}} worth of carcasses by August&nbsp;24. The odor of decaying animals persisted for about a week after the storm.<ref name="eco">{{cite journal|journal=Gulf and Caribbean Research|title=Some Effects of Hurricanes on the Terrestrial Biota, With Special Some Effects of Hurricanes on the Terrestrial Biota, With Special Reference to Camille|date=January 1973|url=https://aquila.usm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1041&context=gcr|author=Gordon Gunter |author2=Lionel N. Eleuterius|accessdate=September 15, 2025}}</ref> [[Seabee]]s also shot stray, starving dogs, while the local shelter in Harrison County helped care for cats and dogs displaced by the storm.<ref>{{cite news|title=A Measure of Order Returns to Areas Ravished by Camille|url=https://www.newspaperarchive.com/us/indiana/brazil/brazil-daily-times/1969/08-22/page-1|page=1|date=August 22, 1969|agency=United Press International|newspaper=Brazil Daily Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Animal Lovers Aid Pet Storm Victims|url=https://www.newspaperarchive.com/us/mississippi/biloxi/biloxi-daily-herald/1969/09-25/page-21|page=21|newspaper=Biloxi Daily Herald|author=Jimmie Bell|accessdate=September 15, 2025}}</ref> To control the spread of mosquitos, four aircraft from Keesler AFB sprayed [[malathion]] at a low altitude between Pascagoula and Waveland, Mississippi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Aerial Spraying Started Against Insect Spread|url=https://www.newspaperarchive.com/us/mississippi/biloxi/biloxi-daily-herald/1969/08-25/page-10|page=10|date=August 25, 1969|newspaper=Biloxi Daily Herald}}</ref> The storm had long-lasting effects on agricultural products in the region. The [[Tung oil|tung]] industry, already reeling from freezes in previous years and unfavorable economic conditions, never recovered from losses inflicted by the storm and tung was largely replaced by other crops.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Robb |first=Jeffrey |date=April 1, 2014 |title=The Rise and Fall of the Gulf Coast Tung Oil Industry |url=https://foresthistory.org/periodicals/springfall-2013/ |journal=Forest History Today |volume=19 |issue=1–2 |pages=14–22}}</ref> Pecan production in Mississippi saw a significant decline following the storm, with the 1970 crop yielding 27% of the previous 5-year average.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wood |first=Bruce W. |date=January 1, 2001 |title=Pecans and Hurricanes |url=https://journals.ashs.org/view/journals/hortsci/36/2/article-p253.xml?tab_body=pdf |journal=HortScience |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=253–258 |doi=10.21273/HORTSCI.36.2.253 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Following Camille's passage in Virginia, an orchard in Lovingston produced a new variety of apple that became known as the [[Ginger Gold]].<ref>{{cite news|title=The Ginger Gold apple: Hurricane Camille's tasty legacy|author=Kristin Ketchell|date=August 30, 2022|publisher=Spectrum News 1|url=https://spectrumnews1.com/wi/milwaukee/weather/2022/08/30/ginger-gold-apple-history|accessdate=September 28, 2025}}</ref>

Insured losses from the storm were estimated to be at least $135 million. Most insurance policies in the affected areas did not cover damage due to flooding or waves,<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 28, 1969 |title=Insurance: Stormy Settlement |url=https://time.com/archive/6634540/insurance-stormy-settlement/ |access-date=October 3, 2025 |work=[[Time Magazine]]}}</ref> and ultimately, only 20% of flood damage was covered by insurance.<ref name="thirty" /> The lack of flood insurance became a major obstacle to redevelopment, especially in low-lying areas of Harrison County.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/concern/parent/9880vs87m/articles/f4752j29r |title=Redevelopment After The Storm: Hazard Mitigation Opportunities and Obstacles in the Post-Disaster Setting |last=Hegenbarth |first=Jane L. |last2=Brower |first2=David J. |date=1985 |access-date=October 3, 2025}}</ref> The hurricane affected local economies. Economic activity in Harrison County spiked following the storm, with a significant increase in sales of lumber and building materials. However, much of this increase occurred in rural areas outside the cities of Biloxi and Gulfport. Unemployment in the county spiked to 12% the month after the storm and did not return to pre-Camille levels until August 1970.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/44497 |title=Effects Of Hurricane Camille On The Economy Of Harrison County |last=Williams |first=D. C. Jr |date=1979 |publisher=Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Consortium |access-date=October 5, 2025}}</ref>

Long-term redevelopment was overseen by the Department of Commerce, which contributed $30&nbsp;million towards planned and coordinated redevelopment of affected areas. NOAA Weather Radio was expanded to coastal locations during the 1970s, based upon recommendations made by the Department of Commerce in September 1969.<ref name="adm" /> The devastation of Camille, following a series of other damaging hurricanes, led engineer [[Herbert Saffir]] and then-NHC director [[Robert Simpson (meteorologist)|Robert Simpson]] to develop the [[Saffir–Simpson scale]].<ref name="time">{{cite web|title=How America Forgot a Crucial Lesson From Hurricane Disasters of the Past|date=October 9, 2024|publisher=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|accessdate=September 28, 2025|author=Justin McBrien|url=https://time.com/7072620/hurricane-lesson-helene-camille-history/}}</ref><ref name="farmbry">{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Crisis_Disaster_and_Risk/-HZsBgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22hurricane+camille%22+%22herbert+saffir%22+%22scale%22&pg=PT51&printsec=frontcover|title=Crisis, Disaster and Risk|author=Kyle Farmbry|year=2015|isbn=9781317473596|publisher=Taylor & Francis}}</ref> In 1973, the hurricane hunters and their associated reconnaissance aircraft relocated to Keesler AFB, following the closure of their previous headquarters in [[Ramey, Puerto Rico]].<ref name="keesler" /> Concerns about the adequacy of aerial weather reconnaissance after Camille led to the U.S. Air Force and NOAA taking steps to modernize their reconnaissance aircraft.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Federal_Plan_for_Meteorological_Serv.html?id=AYRH6BQ1UY4C |title=The Federal Plan for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research |date=April 1, 1975 |volume=11 |access-date=October 11, 2025}}</ref> Prior to Camille, only two communities had been made eligible for the [[National Flood Insurance Program]]. In December 1969, the [[National Flood Insurance Act of 1968]] was amended with an emergency program to extend federally subsidized flood insurance to communities that had not undergone rate making studies.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://biotech.law.lsu.edu/blog/hist_fpm.pdf |title=The Nation’s Responses To Flood Disasters: A Historical Account |last=Wright |first=James M. |date=April 1, 2000 |page=35 |access-date=October 2, 2025}}</ref> Partly due to Camille's aftermath and the need for more federal coordination, the United States Congress passed the [[Disaster Relief Act of 1974]]. Five years later, President [[Jimmy Carter]] issued an executive order establishing the [[Federal Emergency Management Agency]] (FEMA).<ref name="time" /><ref name="farmbry" />

In 2004, the city of Biloxi opened the Hurricane Camille Memorial, which was damaged a year later by Hurricane Katrina.<ref name="bilox"/> In 2009, federal agencies including the National Park Service and the United States Geological Survey developed the Mississippi Coastal Improvements Program. Part of the project included filling the Camille Cut in Ship Island, which began in 2017. The project finished in 2019, reconnecting the east and west side of the island and restoring vegetation at the former inlet. It was the second-largest in the history of the National Park Service.<ref name="camillecut"/><ref>{{cite web|date=December 18, 2020|title=Mobile District Completes Ship Island Restoration|author=Chuck Walker|publisher=United States Army Corps of Engineers|accessdate=September 12, 2025|url=https://www.sam.usace.army.mil/Media/News-Stories/Article/2451959/mobile-district-completes-ship-island-restoration/}}</ref> 

Camille and its effects were depicted in several pieces of media, including ''Hurricane'', a 1974 [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] made-for-TV [[disaster movie]] starring [[Frank Sutton]] and [[Larry Hagman]], ''The Bluest Water: A Hurricane Camille Story,'' an original play about the storm in Nelson County, a [[List of Nova episodes#Season 17: 1989–1990|1989 episode]] of ''[[Nova (American TV program)|Nova]]'', and a 1991 episode of the [[NBC]] series ''[[Quantum Leap (1989 TV series)|Quantum Leap]]'', titled "[[Quantum Leap (season 4)#ep56|Hurricane]]."<ref>{{cite web |date=2009 |title=Nelson County Historical Society |url=http://www.nelsonhistorical.com |website=nchsva}}</ref><ref name="party"/><ref name="Hurricane">{{cite AV media |url=https://www.nbc.com/classic-tv/quantum-leap/video/hurricane-august-17-1969/2925678 |title=Hurricane |publisher=NBC |series=Quantum Leap}}</ref><ref>{{tcmdb title|466331|Hurricane}}</ref>

Due to the high death toll and major destruction the hurricane caused in much of the Southern United States, the name ''Camille'' was retired after the 1969 season, and will never again be used for an Atlantic basin tropical cyclone.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tropical Cyclone Naming History and Retired Names |url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutnames_history.shtml |access-date=February 16, 2024 |publisher=National Hurricane Center |location=Miami, Florida}}</ref> The name ''Cindy'' was selected to replace ''Camille'' in 1973.<ref name="noaa hrd" /> However, the 4{{nbh}}year lists were replaced in 1971 by a new series of lists running though 1980.<ref name="NHOP 71">{{cite report |url=https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/lib1/nhclib/Publications/NatHurricaneOpsPlans/HOPs-1971.pdf |title=National Hurricane Operations Plan |date=May 1971 |publisher=[[NOAA]] Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research |location=Washington, D.C. |page=96 |access-date=February 16, 2024}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
* [[List of Mississippi hurricanes]]
* [[List of Virginia hurricanes]]
* [[List of Atlantic hurricane records]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group="nb"}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |title=Roar Of The Heavens: Surviving Hurricane Camille |last=Bechtel |first=Stefan |year=2006 |publisher=Citadel Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8065-2706-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/roarofheavens00bech }}
*{{cite book |title=Hurricane Camille: Monster Storm of the Gulf Coast |last=Hearn |first=Philip D. |year=2004 |publisher=Univ. Press of Mississippi |location=Jackson, Mississippi |isbn=978-1-57806-655-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/hurricanecamille00hear }}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090901113359/http://www.harrison.lib.ms.us/library_services/camille.htm Harrison County Library's Camille Page]
*[https://da.mdah.ms.gov/series/camille Hurricane Camille Photograph Collection], Mississippi Department of Archives and History

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| before = [[Hurricane Betsy|Betsy]]
| title = [[List of costliest Atlantic hurricanes|Costliest Atlantic hurricanes on Record]]
| years = [[1969 Atlantic hurricane season|1969]]
| after = [[Hurricane Agnes|Agnes]]
}}
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{{Retired Atlantic hurricanes}}
{{Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes}}
{{1969 Atlantic hurricane season buttons}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Hurricane Camille}}
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in 1969]]
[[Category:1969 Atlantic hurricane season|Camille]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in Alabama|Camille]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in Virginia|Camille]]
[[Category:Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes|Camille]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in Louisiana|Camille]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in Mississippi|Camille]]
[[Category:Retired Atlantic hurricanes|Camille]]
[[Category:1969 natural disasters in the United States]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in Tennessee|Camille]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in West Virginia|Camille]]