View source for Hyderabad State

{{Short description|Princely state in southern India (1724–1948)}}
{{About|this princely state in India from 1724–1948|the superseding Indian State from 1948–1956|Hyderabad State (1948–1956)|the modern state|Telangana}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox former country
| conventional_long_name = Hyderabad State
| common_name            = Hyderabad
| native_name            = {{ubl|{{native name|ur|{{Nastaliq|ریاست حیدرآباد}}}}|{{small|{{transliteration|fa|Riyāsat-e-Haydarābād}}}}|{{native name|fa|{{Nastaliq|ایالت حیدرآباد}}}}|{{small|{{transliteration|fa|Eyālat-e-Haydarābād}}}}}}
| religion               = {{tree list}}
* 13% [[Islam]] ([[State religion|official]])<ref>Mi{{citation|last=O'Dwyer|first=Michael|title=India as I Knew it: 1885–1925|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2dW4yLJNw5oC&pg=PA137|year=1988|publisher=Mittal Publications|pages=137–|id=GGKEY:DB7YTGYWP7W}}</ref>
** [[Sunni Islam]]
** [[Shia Islam]]
** [[Non-denominational Muslim|Non-denominational Islam]]
* 81% [[Hinduism]] 
* 6% [[Christianity]]{{efn|(spread among [[Anglo-Indian]] population expanding to [[Secunderabad]] and [[Hyderabad]]){{Sfn|Smith|1950|pp=27–28}}}} and [[Hyderabad State#Demographics|others]]
{{tree list/end}}
| status                 = [[Vassal state]] of the [[Mughal Empire]] {{small|(''de jure'', 1724–1858)}}<br />[[Company rule in India|Semi-independent under British protection]] {{small|(1798–1858)}}<br />[[Princely state]] of [[British Raj|India]] {{small|(1858–1947)}}<br />[[List of historical unrecognized states|Unrecognised independent state]] {{small|(1947–1948)}}
| era                    = <!---Mughal Empire (1724–1798)<br /> 
Kingdom of Hyderabad (1798–1948)<br />  
Indian Union (1948–1950)<br /> 
Indian Republic (1950–1956)<br /> 
Dividing between Andhra Pradesh<br /> 
Merging Telangana part of Hyderabad State with Andhra State<br /> 
Mysore and the Bombay States.-->.
| government_type        = [[Absolute monarchy]]
| event_start            = 
| date_start             = 31 July
| year_start             = 1724
| event_end              = [[Annexation of Hyderabad|Annexation by India]]{{sfn|Benichou, Autocracy to Integration|2000|loc=Chapter 7|ps=: "'Operation Polo', the code name for the armed invasion of Hyderabad"}}
| date_end               = 18 September
| year_end               = 1948
| event1                 = [[Telangana Rebellion]]
| date_event1            = 1946
| p1                     = Hyderabad Subah{{!}}Hyderabad Subah, Mughal Empire
| p2                     = 
| flag_p1                = 
| border_p1              = no
| s1                     = Hyderabad State (1948–1956)
| flag_s1                = Flag of India.svg
| image_flag             = Asafia flag of Hyderabad State.svg
| flag_type              = {{ubl|[[#Flag|Flag]]|(1947–1948)}}
| image_coat             = State emblem of Hyderabad.svg
| symbol_type            = {{ubl|[[Coat of arms of Hyderabad State|Emblem]]|(1947–1948)}}
| image_map              = {{Switcher|[[File:Joppen1907India1805a-21.jpg|frameless]]|Show map of [[South Asia]] in 1805 as "[[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam's]] [[Dominions]]"|[[File:Hyderabad princely state 1909.svg|frameless]]|Map of Hyderabad State}}
| image_map_caption      = Hyderabad (dark green) and [[Berar Province]], not a part of Hyderabad State but also the Nizam's Dominion between 1853 and 1903 (light green)
| national_motto         = ''Al-ʿAẓmatu Lillāh'<br/>("Greatness belongs to God")<br />''Ya Osman''<br />("Oh Osman")
| capital                = [[Aurangabad]] (1724–1763)<br />[[Hyderabad]] (1763–1948)
| today                  = [[India]]
| common_languages       = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] (48.2%)<br /> [[Marathi language|Marathi]] (26.4%)<br /> [[Kannada]] (12.3%)<br /> [[Deccani language|Deccani Urdu]] (10.3%){{sfn|Beverley, Hyderabad, British India, and the World|2015|p=110}}{{sfn|Benichou, Autocracy to Integration|2000|p=20}}
| stat_year1             = 1941
| stat_area1             = {{convert|82,698|mi2|km2|0|disp=number}}
| ref_area1              = <ref name="1941Census">{{Cite book|last=Husain|first=Mazhar|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.101551/page/n11/mode/2up|title=Census Of India 1941 Vol-xxi H.e.h. The Nizams Dominions (hyd State)|date=1947}}</ref>
| stat_pop1              = 16,338,534
| ref_pop1               = <ref name="1941Census" />
| currency               = [[Hyderabadi rupee]]
| representative1        = Iwaz Khan (first)
| representative2        = [[Mir Laiq Ali]] (last)
| year_representative1   = 1724–1730
| year_representative2   = 1947–1948
| title_representative   = [[List of prime ministers of Hyderabad State|Prime Minister]]
| leader1                = [[Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I|Asaf Jah I]] (first)
| leader2                = [[Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII|Asaf Jah VII]] (last)
| year_leader1           = 1724–1748
| year_leader2           = 1911–1948
| title_leader           = [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam]]
| footnotes              = 
| official_languages     = [[Persian language|Persian]] (Court and revenue 1724–1886) and [[Urdu]] (dynastic)<ref>{{cite book |quote=The Nizams from Mīr Qamruíd-Dīn Khān (1724-48) until the sixth ruler of the house Mīr Maḥbūb ʿAlī Khān (1869-1911) used Persian as their court language, in common with the prevailing fashion of their times, though they spoke Urdu at home.|title=Urdu In hyderabad|author=Tariqh Rahman  |date=2008 |publisher=Department of Languages and cultures in Asia|page=36 |oclc=733407091 }}</ref>
<br />Urdu (For Court and revenue from 1886–1948)
}}
{{Princely States topics}}
'''Hyderabad State''' ({{audio|Hyderabad.ogg|pronunciation}})<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lFgoAAAAYAAJ&q=hyderabad+state+hyderabad+deccan|title=Hyderabad (Deccan) Under Sir Salar Jung|last=Ali|first=Cherágh|date=1886|publisher=Printed at the Education Society's Press|language=en}}</ref> was a [[princely state]] in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan region]] of south-central   [[India]] with its capital at the city of [[Hyderabad]]. It is now divided into the present-day state of [[Telangana]], the [[Kalyana-Karnataka]] region of [[Karnataka]], and the [[Marathwada|Marathwada region]] of [[Maharashtra]] in India.

The state was ruled from 1724 to 1948 by the [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam]], who was initially a [[viceroy]] of the [[Mughal empire]] in the [[Deccan]]. Hyderabad gradually became the first princely state to come under [[British paramountcy]] signing a [[subsidiary alliance]] agreement. During the British rule in 1901, the state had a revenue of {{Indian Rupee}}4,17,00,000.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V13_283.gif |title = Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 13, page 277 – Imperial Gazetteer of India – Digital South Asia Library}}</ref> The native inhabitants of Hyderabad State, regardless of ethnic origin, are called "Mulki" (countryman), a term still used today.<ref name="auto">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HQCvgavbQjgC&q=mulki+deccan&pg=PA12 |title=Locating Home: India's Hyderabadis Abroad |last=Leonard |first=Karen Isaksen |date=2007 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-5442-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Reddy |first=Deepika |date=4 March 2019 |title=The 1952 Mulki agitation |url=https://telanganatoday.com/the-1952-mulki-agitation |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211010850/https://telanganatoday.com/the-1952-mulki-agitation |archive-date=11 December 2019 |access-date=11 December 2019 |website=[[Telangana Today]]}}</ref>

The dynasty declared itself an independent monarchy during the final years of the [[British Raj]]. After the [[Partition of India]], Hyderabad signed a [[Standstill agreement (India)|standstill agreement]] with the new [[dominion of India]], continuing all previous arrangements except for the stationing of Indian troops in the state. Hyderabad's location in the middle of the Indian Union, as well as its diverse cultural heritage led to [[Annexation of Hyderabad|India's annexation]] of the state in 1948.<ref>{{citation |last=Sherman |first=Taylor C. |title=The integration of the princely state of Hyderabad and the making of the postcolonial state in India, 1948–56 |journal=The Indian Economic and Social History Review |volume=44 |pages=489–516 |number=4 |year=2007 |doi=10.1177/001946460704400404 |s2cid=145000228 |url=http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/32805/1/Sherman_Integration_princely_state_2007.pdf}}</ref> Subsequently, [[Mir Osman Ali Khan]], the seventh Nizam, signed an [[instrument of accession]], joining India.{{sfn|Chandra|Mukherjee|Mukherjee|2008|p=96}}

[[File:Asaf Jah I.jpg|thumb|220px|''Painting of First Nizam ul Mulk'']]
[[File:NezamHaydarabad.jpg|thumb|220px|On 22 February 1937, a cover story by ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' called [[Osman Ali Khan, Asif Jah VII]] the wealthiest man in the world]]

==History==
===Early history===
Hyderabad State was founded by [[Qamar-ud-din Khan, Asif Jah I|Mir Qamar-ud-din Khan]] who was the governor of Deccan under the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] from 1713 to 1721. In 1724, following the [[Battle of Shakar Kheda]], he resumed rule from the Mughal provincial capital of Aurangabad, under the title of ''Asaf Jah'' (granted by Mughal Emperor [[Muhammad Shah]]). His other title, ''Nizam ul-Mulk'' (Order of the Realm), became the title of his position "Nizam of Hyderabad". By the end of his rule, the Nizam had become independent from the Mughals, and had founded the [[Asaf Jahi dynasty]].<ref name="Britannica">{{cite web |title=Hyderabad |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Hyderabad-historical-state-India |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Britannica |access-date=8 October 2016 |archive-date=10 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410171525/https://www.britannica.com/place/Hyderabad-historical-state-India |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Heitzman |first=James |title=Emporiums, empire, and the early colonial presence |date=31 March 2008 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203483282-9 |work=The City in South Asia |pages=102 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9780203483282-9 |isbn=9780203483282 |access-date=30 December 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=7 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207081658/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9780203483282-9/emporiums-empire-early-colonial-presence-james-heitzman |url-status=live }}</ref>

Following the decline of the Mughal power, the region of Deccan saw the rise of the [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha Empire]]. The Nizam himself saw many invasions by the Marathas in the 1720s, which resulted in the Nizam paying a regular ''[[Chauth]]'' (tax) to the Marathas. The major battles fought between the Marathas and the Nizam include [[Battle of Palkhed|Palkhed]], Rakshasbhuvan, and [[Battle of Kharda|Kharda]], all which the Nizam lost.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tW_eEVbVxpEC&pg=PA1049 |title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: P-Z |isbn=9780313335396 |last1=Jaques |first1=Tony |year=2007 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIIQhuAOGaIC&pg=PA64 |title=The State at War in South Asia |isbn=978-0803213449 |last1=Barua |first1=Pradeep |year=2005 |publisher=U of Nebraska Press }}</ref> Following the conquest of Deccan by [[Bajirao&nbsp;I]] and the imposition of ''Chauth'' by him, Nizam remained a tributary of the Marathas for all intent and purposes.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-kanqrtVhYC&q=anglo+maratha+treaty+1790&pg=PA198 |title=Anglo-Maratha Relations, 1785–96, Volume 2 |first=Sailendra |last=Nath Sen |isbn=9788171547890 |year=1994 |publisher=Popular Prakashan }}</ref>

In 1763, the Nizam shifted the capital to the city of [[Hyderabad]].<ref name=":0" /> From 1778, a British [[East India Company]] (EIC) resident and EIC soldiers were installed in his dominions. In 1795, the [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam]] lost some of his territories to the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]]. The territorial gains of the Nizam from [[Mysore]] as a British ally were ceded to the East India Company to meet the cost of maintaining the EIC garrison.<ref name="Britannica" />

===British suzerainty===
{{See also|Northern Circars}}
In 1768, the Nizam signed the ''Treaty of Masulipatam''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/facts/Treaty-of-Masulipatam|publisher=Britannica, The Information Architects of Encyclopaedia, Encyclopedia Britannica|title="Treaty of Masulipatam"|access-date=3 December 2024}}</ref> ceding the [[Northern Circars]] to British. Later in 1779, the Nizams along with Marathas and Hyder Ali Mysore came together and formed an alliance against the British. This resulted in British defeating the alliance and subsequently Nizam in 1788 had to cede [[Guntur]] to British. Subsequently the Nizams had to sign various treaties, the most important of this was the signing of Treaty of Subsidiary Alliance under which Nizams had ceded most of the power to the British. Gradually the entire coastal areas were lost to the British and Hyderabad became a landlocked kingdom.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.siasat.com/masulipatnam-a-forgotten-hook-in-shaping-hyderabads-destiny-2428927/|newspaper=[[Siasat Daily]]|title=Masulipatnam–A forgotten hook in shaping Hyderabad's destiny|first=Salma|last=Ahmed Farooqui|date=6 October 2022|access-date=3 December 2024}}</ref>
 
In 1798, [[Nizam Ali Khan, Asaf Jah II|Nizam ʿĀlī Khan]] (Asaf {{nowrap|Jah II}}) was forced to enter into an agreement that put Hyderabad under British protection. He was the first Indian prince to sign such an agreement. (Consequently, the ruler of Hyderabad rated a 23-gun [[salute state|salute]] during the period of [[British India]].){{Citation needed|date=July 2023}} The Crown retained the right to intervene in case of misrule.<ref name="Britannica" />

Hyderabad under [[Asaf Jah&nbsp;II]] was a British ally in the second and third [[Anglo-Maratha Wars (disambiguation)|Maratha Wars]] (1803–05, 1817–19), [[Anglo-Mysore wars]], and would remain loyal to the British during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] (1857–58).<ref name="Britannica" />{{sfn|Briggs|1861|pp=79}}

His son, [[Asaf Jah III|Asaf Jah III Mir Akbar Ali Khan]] (known as ''Sikandar Jah'') ruled from 1803 to 1829. During his rule, a British cantonment was built in Hyderabad and the area was named in his honour, [[Secunderabad]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/ips/h/hyderabad.html | title=The University of Queensland Homepage | access-date=28 June 2018 | archive-date=7 January 2003 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030107054442/http://www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/ips/h/hyderabad.html | url-status=live }}</ref> The British Residency at [[Koti, Hyderabad|Koti]] was also built during his reign by the then British Resident [[James Achilles Kirkpatrick]].{{sfnp|Dalrymple|2003|p=xxxv}}

Sikander Jah was succeeded by [[Asaf Jah IV]], who ruled from 1829 to 1857 and was succeeded by his son [[Asaf Jah V]].{{sfn|Briggs|1861|pp=104–115}}

==== Asaf Jah V ====
[[Asaf Jah V]]'s reign from 1857 to 1869 was marked by reforms by his [[Prime Minister of Hyderabad|Prime Minister]] [[Salar Jung&nbsp;I]]. Before this time, there was no regular or systematic form of administration, and the duties were in the hands of the ''Diwan'' (Prime Minister), and corruption was thus widespread.{{sfn|Briggs|1861|pp=155–158}}

In 1867, the State was divided into five divisions and seventeen districts, and subedars (governors) were appointed for the five Divisions and ''talukdars'' and ''tehsildars'' for the districts. The judicial, public works, medical, educational, municipal, and police departments were re-organised.{{sfn|Law|1914|pp=31–37}} In 1868, ''sadr-i-mahrams'' (Assistant Ministers) were appointed for the Judicial, Revenue, Police, and Miscellaneous Departments.{{Sfn|Law|1914|pp=140–143}}

Later on, Asaf Jah VI succeeded the position.

==== Asaf Jah VI ====
[[Asaf Jah VI|Asaf Jah VI Mir Mahbub Ali Khan]] became the Nizam at the age of three years. His [[regent]]s were [[Salar Jung&nbsp;I]] and Shams-ul-Umra III and later on [[Asman Jah]] and [[Viqar-ul-Umra]]. He assumed full rule at the age of 17 and ruled until he died in 1911.{{sfn|Law|1914|pp=26–28}}<ref>[https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0A1EFD3A5517738DDDA90B94D0405B818DF1D3 "Nizam of Hyderabad Dead"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029223303/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0A1EFD3A5517738DDDA90B94D0405B818DF1D3 |date=29 October 2013 }}, ''New York Times'', 30 August 1911</ref>{{sfn|Lynton, Days of the Beloved|1987|pp=13–19}} His reign saw the official language of Hyderabad State shift from Persian to Urdu, a change implemented in the 1880s during the short tenure of Prime Minister [[Salar Jung II]].<ref name="auto1">{{Cite book |last=Tariq |first=Rahman |title=Urdu in Hyderabad State |date=10 September 2008 |publisher=Department of Languages and Cultures of Asia, UW-Madison |pages=36 & 46 |oclc=733407091 }}</ref>

The [[Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway]] was established during his reign to connect Hyderabad State to the rest of [[British India]]. It was headquartered at [[Secunderabad Railway Station]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://steamindex.com/people/inspoff.htm#pringle |title=Inspecting Officers (Railways) |at=Pringle, [Sir] John Wallace |website=steamindex.com |access-date=10 July 2011}}</ref><ref>Nayeem, M. A.; ''The Splendour of Hyderabad''; Hyderabad ²2002 [Orig.: Bombay ¹1987]; {{ISBN|81-85492-20-4}}; S. 221</ref> The [[Rail transport|railway]] marked the beginning of industry in Hyderabad, and factories were built in Hyderabad city.{{sfn|Law|1914|pp=26–28}}{{sfn|Lynton, Days of the Beloved|1987|pp=56–57}}

During his rule, the [[Great Musi Flood of 1908]] struck the city of Hyderabad, which killed an estimated 50,000 people. The Nizam opened all his palaces for public asylum.{{sfn|Law|1914|pp=84–86}}<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://archive.siasat.com/news/hyderabad-observe-104th-anniversary-musi-flood-349446/ |title=Hyderabad to observe 104th anniversary of Musi flood |newspaper=The Siasat Daily |date=20 September 2012 |access-date=31 July 2018 |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625061137/https://archive.siasat.com/news/hyderabad-observe-104th-anniversary-musi-flood-349446/ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Lynton, Days of the Beloved|1987|pp=13–15}}

He also abolished [[Sati (practice)|Sati]] where women used to jump into their husband's burning pyre, by issuing a royal [[firman]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/100618/letters-leave-a-rich-legacy-of-rulers.html |title=Letters leave a rich legacy of rulers |first=CR Gowri |last=Shanker |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |date=10 June 2018 |archive-date=20 September 2018 |access-date=23 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920132535/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/100618/letters-leave-a-rich-legacy-of-rulers.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Asaf Jah VII ====
The last [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] [[Mir Osman Ali Khan]] ruled the state from 1911 until 1948. He was given the title "Faithful Ally of the British Empire".<ref name="Britannica" /> After Operation Polo, he continued to rule the state until January 1950, but in name only.<ref name="TimesInd1"/>

The Nizam established the [[Hyderabad State Bank]]. Hyderabad was the only independent state in the [[Indian subcontinent]] that had its own currency, the [[Hyderabadi rupee]].<ref>Pagdi, Raghavendra Rao (1987) Short History of Banking in Hyderabad District, 1879–1950. In M. Radhakrishna Sarma, K.D. Abhyankar, and V.G. Bilolikar, eds. ''History of Hyderabad District, 1879-1950AD (Yugabda 4981–5052)''. (Hyderabad : Bharatiya Itihasa Sankalana Samiti), Vol. 2, pp.85–87.</ref> The [[Begumpet Airport]] was established in the 1930s with formation of [[Hyderabad Aero Club]] by the Nizam. Initially, it was used as a domestic and international airport for Nizam's [[Deccan Airways Limited|Deccan Airways]], the earliest airline in British India. The terminal building was created in 1937.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Museum/Begumpet.html |title=Begumpeet Airport History |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051221081504/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Museum/Begumpet.html |archive-date=21 December 2005}}</ref>

To prevent another [[Great Musi Flood of 1908|great flood]], the Nizam also constructed two lakes, namely the [[Osman Sagar]] and [[Himayath Sagar]]. The [[Osmania General Hospital]], [[Jubilee Hall, Hyderabad|Jubilee Hall]], [[State Central Library, Hyderabad|State Library]] (then known as ''Asifia Kutubkhana'') and [[Public Gardens, Hyderabad|Public Gardens]] (then known as ''Bagh e Aam'') were constructed during this period.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://spaceandculture.in/index.php/spaceandculture/article/view/121/78 |title=View of Changing Facets of Hyderabadi Tehzeeb: Are we missing anything? |journal=Space and Culture, India |date=18 June 2015 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=17–29 |doi=10.20896/saci.v3i1.121 |access-date=12 December 2018 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/ips/h/hyderabad.html |title=Changing Facets of Hyderabadi Tehzeeb: Are We Missing Anything? |last=Pandey |first=Dr. Vinita |access-date=28 June 2018 |archive-date=7 January 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030107054442/http://www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/ips/h/hyderabad.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===After Indian Independence (1947–1948)===
{{Main|Operation Polo}}
In 1947 [[Dominion of India|India]] gained independence and [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]] came into existence. The British left the local rulers of the [[princely states]] the choice of whether to join one or the other or to remain independent. On 11 June 1947, the Nizam issued a declaration to the effect that he had decided not to participate in the Constituent Assembly of either Pakistan or India.

However, the Nizams were Muslim ruling over a predominantly Hindu population.<ref name="Britannica" />
India insisted that the great majority of residents wanted to join India.<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Purushotham |first1 = Sunil |year = 2015 |title = Internal Violence: The "Police Action" in Hyderabad |journal = Comparative Studies in Society and History |volume = 57 |issue = 2 |pages = 435–466 |doi=10.1017/s0010417515000092 |s2cid = 145147551 }}</ref>

The Nizam was in a weak position as his army numbered only 24,000 men, of whom only some 6,000 were fully trained and equipped.{{sfn|Benichou, Autocracy to Integration|2000|p=229}}

On 21 August 1948, the Secretary-General of the Hyderabad Department of External Affairs requested the President of the United Nations Security Council, under Article 35(2) of the [[United Nations Charter]], to consider the "grave dispute, which, unless settled by [[international law]] and justice, is likely to endanger the maintenance of international peace and security".<ref>{{cite web |title=The Hyderabad Question |url=https://www.un.org/en/sc/repertoire/46-51/Chapter%208/46-51_08-19-The%20Hyderabad%20question.pdf |website=United Nations |access-date=23 September 2014 |archive-date=2 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160902193432/http://www.un.org/en/sc/repertoire/46-51/Chapter%208/46-51_08-19-The%20Hyderabad%20question.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>{{primary source inline |date=October 2016}}

On 4 September the Prime Minister of Hyderabad [[Mir Laiq Ali]] announced to the Hyderabad Assembly that a delegation was about to leave for [[Lake Success, New York|Lake Success]], headed by [[Moin Nawaz Jung]].{{sfn|Benichou, Autocracy to Integration|2000|p=230}} The Nizam also appealed, without success, to the British [[Labour Government 1945–1951|Labour Government]] and to [[George VI of the United Kingdom|the King]] for assistance, to fulfil their obligations and promises to Hyderabad by "immediate intervention". Hyderabad only had the support of [[Winston Churchill]] and the British [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservatives]].{{sfn|Benichou, Autocracy to Integration|2000|p=231}}
[[File:OsmanNehruJN.jpg|thumb|220px|(From left to right): Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Osman Ali Khan|Nizam VII]] and army chief [[Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri]] after Hyderabad's accession to India]]
[[File:Hyderabad State reorganization 1956.png|thumb|right|220px|[[Hyderabad state]] in 1956 (in yellowish-green). After the reorganisation in 1956, Regions of the state west of Red and Blue lines merged with [[Bombay State|Bombay]] and [[Mysore state]]s respectively and the rest of the state ([[Telangana]]) was merged with [[Andhra State]] to form the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].]]

At 4 a.m. on 13 September 1948, India's Hyderabad Campaign, code-named "[[Operation Polo]]" by the [[Indian Army]], began. Indian troops invaded Hyderabad from all points of the compass. On 13 September 1948, the Secretary-General of the Hyderabad Department of External Affairs in a cablegram informed the United Nations Security Council that Hyderabad was being invaded by Indian forces and that hostilities had broken out. The Security Council took notice of it on 16 September in Paris. The representative of Hyderabad called for immediate action by the Security Council under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter. The Hyderabad representative responded to India's excuse for the intervention by pointing out that the Stand-still Agreement between the two countries had expressly provided that nothing in it should give India the right to send in troops to assist in the maintenance of internal order.<ref>United Nations Document S/986</ref>{{primary source inline|date=October 2016}}

At 5 p.m. on 17 September, the Nizam's army surrendered. The Government of Hyderabad resigned, and military [[governor]]s and chief ministers were appointed by the Nizam at India's direction.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.judiciary.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/pakistan-v-prince-muffakham-jah-judgment-021019-1.pdf |page=66 |quote="On 17 September 1948, the troops of Hyderabad surrendered and the Government of Hyderabad administration headed by Laik Ali (and including Moin) resigned." |title=High Commissioner of Pakistan v Natwest Bank |access-date=6 October 2021 |archive-date=6 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006201114/https://www.judiciary.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/pakistan-v-prince-muffakham-jah-judgment-021019-1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.judiciary.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/pakistan-v-prince-muffakham-jah-judgment-021019-1.pdf |page=69 |quote="... Government of India had purposely avoided any question of accession and maintained until that date Nizam’s authority as source from which military Governors' and chief Ministers' powers were derived." |title=High Commissioner of Pakistan v Natwest Bank }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The new military government was headed by [[Joyanto Nath Chaudhuri|Major General J. N. Chaudhuri]] who had led Operation Polo. A ''[[firman]]'' issued by the Nizam on November 24, 1949, accepted that the Indian Constitution applied to the State of Hyderabad.<ref name="TimesInd1">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/nizam-writ-ran-after-police-action-till-1950-accession/articleshow/103486501.cms|title=Nizam writ ran after police action till 1950 accession|publisher=[[Times of India]]|first=Syded|last=Akbar|date=2023-09-08|access-date=2025-10-29}}</ref>

The Nizam signed an [[Instrument of Accession]] to India on January 25, 1950. The next day, India became a [[Republic Day (India)|Republic]], and the Nizam was given the new title of ''[[Rajpramukh]]''.<ref name="TimesInd1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.judiciary.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/pakistan-v-prince-muffakham-jah-judgment-021019-1.pdf |page=66 |quote="Further, on 26 January 1950 there came into being the Union of India and a new State of the Union of India, the Union State of Hyderabad." |title=High Commissioner of Pakistan v Natwest Bank }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.judiciary.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/pakistan-v-prince-muffakham-jah-judgment-021019-1.pdf |page=697 |quote="... Firman issued by Nizam on 24 November 1949…which suggests that accession became effective on 26 January 1950." |title=High Commissioner of Pakistan v Natwest Bank }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> India formally incorporated the state of Hyderabad into the Union of India and ended the rule of the Nizams.{{sfn|Benichou, Autocracy to Integration|2000|p=232}}

=== Hyderabad State (1948–1956) ===
{{main|Hyderabad State (1948–1956)}}
After the incorporation of Hyderabad State into India, [[M. K. Vellodi]] was appointed as Chief Minister of the state. The Rajpramukh now had little power and the administration of the state was with the help of bureaucrats from [[Madras state]] and [[Bombay state]].<ref>[http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history_post.html APonline – History and Culture – History-Post-Independence Era] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220113947/http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history_post.html |date=20 December 2013}}</ref>

In the [[1952 Hyderabad Legislative Assembly election|1952 Legislative Assembly election]], [[Burgula Ramakrishna Rao]] was elected Chief Minister of Hyderabad State. During this time there were violent agitations by some [[Telangana|Telanganites]] to send back bureaucrats from Madras state, and to strictly implement 'Mulki-rules' (local jobs for locals only), which was part of Hyderabad state law since 1919.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/09/06/stories/2002090603210900.htm |title=Mulki agitation in Hyderabad state |publisher=Hinduonnet.com |access-date=9 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100826122139/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/09/06/stories/2002090603210900.htm |archive-date=26 August 2010 |url-status=usurped}}</ref>

===Dissolution===
In 1956 during the [[States Reorganisation Act|reorganisation of the Indian States]] based along linguistic lines, the state of Hyderabad was split up among [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Bombay state]] (later [[Maharashtra]]) and [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/01/stories/2005100100040900.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060301045415/http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/01/stories/2005100100040900.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 March 2006 |title=SRC submits report |date= 1 October 2005 |access-date=9 October 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai}}</ref>

On 2 June 2014, the state of [[Telangana]] was formed splitting from the rest of [[Andhra Pradesh]] state and formed the 29th state of India, with [[Hyderabad]] as its capital.

==Government and politics==
===Government===
[[File:Hyderabad State 1901.jpg|thumb|Hyderabad State 1901 with districts]]
[[File:Hyderabad state from the Imperial Gazetteer of India, 1909.jpg|thumb|Hyderabad State in 1909 with divisions and new districts]]
[[Wilfred Cantwell Smith]] states that Hyderabad was an area where the political and social structure from medieval Muslim rule had been preserved more or less intact into modern times.{{sfn|Smith|1950|p=28}} The last Nizam was reputed to be the wealthiest man in the world.{{sfn|Guha|2008|p=51}} He was supported by an [[aristocracy (class)|aristocracy]] of 1,100 feudal lords who owned a further 30% of the state's land, with some 4 million tenant farmers. The state also owned 50% or more of the capital in all the major enterprises, allowing the Nizam to earn further profits and control their affairs.{{sfn|Smith|1950|p=29}}

Next in the social structure were the administrative and official classes, comprising about 1,500 officials. A number of them were recruited from outside the state. The lower-level government employees were also predominantly Muslim. Effectively, the Muslims of Hyderabad represented an 'upper caste' of the social structure.{{sfn|Smith|1950|pp=29–30}}{{efn|However some Hindus served in high government posts such as [[Prime Minister of Hyderabad]] {{mdash}} Raja Ragunath Das, [[Vitthal Sundar|Vitthal Sundar Parshurami]], [[Renuka Das Bhalerao|Raja Sham Raj Rai Rayan]], [[Maharaja Chandu Lal]], Ram Baksh, Ganesh Rao, [[Maharaja Sir Kishen Pershad]]; [[Kotwal]] of Hyderabad ([[Venkatarama Reddy]]); and [[Sham Raj II|Raja Shamraj Rajwant Bahadur]], member of [[His Exalted Highness|H. E. H]] the [[Nizam]]'s Executive Council.}}

All power was vested in the Nizam. He ruled with the help of an Executive Council or Cabinet, established in 1893, whose members he was free to appoint and dismiss. The government of the Nizam recruited heavily from the North Indian Hindu [[Kayastha]] caste for administrative posts.<ref>Leonard, K.I., 1994. Social History of an Indian Caste: The Kayasths of Hyderabad. Orient Blackswan.[https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1525/aa.1980.82.1.02a00990] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127031004/https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1525/aa.1980.82.1.02a00990|date=27 January 2020}}</ref> There was also an Assembly, whose role was mostly advisory. More than half of its members were appointed by the Nizam and the rest were elected from a carefully limited franchise. There were representatives of Hindus, [[Parsi]]s, Christians and Depressed Classes in the Assembly. Their influence was however limited due to their small numbers.{{sfn|Smith|1950|pp=30–31}}{{sfn|Benichou, Autocracy to Integration|2000|loc=Chapter 2}}

The state government also had a large number of outsiders (called ''non-mulkhis'') – 46,800 of them in 1933, including all the members of the Nizam's Executive Council. Hindus and Muslims united in protesting against the practice which robbed the locals of government employment. The movement, however, fizzled out after the Hindu members raised the issue of 'responsible government', which was of no interest to the Muslim members and led to their resignation.{{sfn|Benichou, Autocracy to Integration|2000|pp=39–40}}

Various properties and wealth owned by the Nizam as part of Hyderabad State are now succeeded by his descendants, including his grandsons Prince Mukarram Jah, Prince Mufakkam Jah & Prince Shahmat Jah and his great-grandson Himayat Ali Mirza among others.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |author=Syed Akbar|date=30 July 2020 |title=Nizam's case: Great-grandson claims Rs 121 crore |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/nizams-case-great-grandson-claims-rs-121-crore/articleshow/77250515.cms |access-date=4 March 2022 |newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Himayat Ali Mirza raises voice against negligence, illegal encroachments towards Nizam's properties |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=875626 |access-date=4 March 2022 |website=www.daijiworld.com |archive-date=18 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118194107/https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=875626 |url-status=live }}</ref> Himayat Ali Mirza, great-grandson of the Nizam, remarked that his stake in the English state sums up to 36% of the total amount.<ref name=":1" /> For claiming the total share of £35 million, Nizam's great-grandson, Himayat Ali Mirza, reached the London High Court.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nizam set to get possession of £35 million after London court rules in favour |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/692002-london-court-rules-in-favour-of-nizam-set-to-get-possession-of-35-million |access-date=4 March 2022 |website=www.thenews.com.pk |date=25 July 2020 }}</ref>

===Political movements===
Up to 1920, there was no political organisation of any kind in Hyderabad. In that year, following British pressure, the Nizam issued a ''firman'' appointing a special officer to investigate constitutional reforms. It was welcomed enthusiastically by a section of the populace, who formed the Hyderabad State Reforms Association. However, the Nizam and the Special Officer ignored all their demands for consultation. Meanwhile, the Nizam banned the [[Khilafat movement]] in the State as well as all political meetings and the entry of "political outsiders". Nevertheless, some political activity did take place and witnessed cooperation between Hindus and Muslims. The abolition of the Sultanate in Turkey and Gandhi's suspension of the [[Non-co-operation movement]] in British India ended this period of cooperation.{{sfn|Benichou, Autocracy to Integration|2000|loc=Chapter 2}}

An organisation called [[Andhra Jana Sangham]] (later renamed ''Andhra Mahasabha'') was formed in November 1921 and focused on educating the masses of [[Telangana]] in political awareness. With leading members such as [[Madapati Hanumantha Rao]], [[Burgula Ramakrishna Rao]] and M. Narsing Rao, its activities included urging merchants to resist offering freebies to government officials and encouraging labourers to resist the system of ''[[begar]]'' (free labour requested at the behest of state). Alarmed by its activities, the Nizam passed a powerful gagging order in 1929, requiring all public meetings to obtain prior permission. But the organisation persisted by mobilising on social issues such as the protection of ''ryots'', women's rights, abolition of the [[devadasi]] system and [[purdah]], uplifting of [[Dalit]]s etc. It turned to politics again in 1937, passing a resolution calling for responsible government. Soon afterwards, it split along the moderate–extremist lines. The Andhra Mahasabha's move towards politics also inspired similar movements in [[Marathwada]] and [[Karnataka]] in 1937, giving rise to the ''Maharashtra Parishad'' and ''Karnataka Parishad'' respectively.{{sfn|Benichou, Autocracy to Integration|2000|loc=Chapter 2}}

==Military==
{{main|Hyderabad State Forces}}

Hyderabad's first ruler, [[Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I|Asaf Jah I]] (r. 1724–1748) was a talented commander and assembled a powerful army that allowed Hyderabad to become one of the preeminent states in southern India.{{sfnp|Dalrymple|2003|p=86}} After his death, the military was crippled by the succession wars of his sons. It was restored under [[Nizam Ali Khan, Asaf Jah II|Asaf Jah II]] (r. 1762–1803) who modernised the army.{{sfnp|Dalrymple|2003|p=87}} Notable units during his reign included [[East India Company|British]]-trained battalions,{{sfnp|Dalrymple|2003|p=129}} the French-trained ''Corps Français de Raymond'' which was led by [[Michel Joachim Marie Raymond]] and fought under the [[Flag of France|French ''Tricolour'']], and the Victorious Battalion, an elite infantry unit entirely composed of women.{{sfnp|Dalrymple|2003|p=94}}

== Culture ==
=== Symbols ===
==== Coat of arms ====
<gallery>
File:CoA Nizam 1893.png|Coat of arms of Nizam of Hyderabad (1869–1911)
File:In-hyderabad47.png|Coat of arms of Nizam of Hyderabad (1911–1947)
File:The Royal arms of Hyderabad State.svg|Coat of arms of Nizam of Hyderabad (1947–1948)
File:State Emblem of Hyderabad.jpg|State Emblem of Hyderabad (1947–1948)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh |url=http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaAndhraP.htm |access-date=2021-07-13 |website=www.hubert-herald.nl |archive-date=11 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911074413/http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaAndhraP.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
</gallery>The coat of arms features the full titles of the Nizam at the bottom, and a [[dastar]]{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

==== Flag ====
<gallery>
File:Flag of the State of Hyderabad (18th century-1900).svg|Flag of State of Hyderabad (18th century–1900)
File:Flag of Hyderabad (1900–1947).svg|Flag of State of Hyderabad (1900–1947)<ref>{{cite web|title=British Princely States Flags|url=http://tmg110.tripod.com/braj_flags.htm}}</ref>
File:Asafia flag of Hyderabad State.svg|Flag of State of Hyderabad (1947–1948)
</gallery>
Under the leadership of [[Asaf Jah V]] the state changed its traditional heraldic flag.
The Asafia flag of Hyderabad. The script along the top reads ''Al Azmatulillah'' meaning "All greatness is for God". The bottom script reads ''Ya Uthman'' which translates to "Oh [[Mir Osman Ali Khan|Osman]]". The writing in the middle reads "Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah"

==== Stamps ====
[[File:1937_Hyderabad_State_stamp_featuring_the_Osmania_General_Hospital.jpg|thumb|275px|1937 Hyderabad State stamp featuring the [[Osmania General Hospital]].]]
The stamps of the Hyderabad State featured the [[Golconda fort|Golconda Fort]], [[Ajanta Caves]], and the [[Charminar]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2019/mar/06/a-stamp-of-history-from-the-nizams-era-1947452.html |title=A stamp of history from the Nizam's era |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=6 March 2019 |access-date=2 September 2019}}</ref>

==== Orders and decorations ====
The [[Hilal-i-Osmania]], [[Tamgha-i-Khusrow-i-Deccan]], and [[Tamgha-i-Asafia]] were orders and decorations conferred by the [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K_YvAQAAIAAJ |title=Encyclopaedia Indica: Princely States in colonial India |date=1996 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-7041-859-7 |pages=99–100 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=McClenaghan |first=Tony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YQdZlHJ2WTAC |title=Indian Princely Medals: A Record of the Orders, Decorations, and Medals of the Indian Princely States |date=1996 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-1-897829-19-6 |pages=135 |language=en}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
=== Mulki ===
Mulkis, or Mulkhis, are the native inhabitants of the erstwhile Hyderabad State, regardless of ethnic differences.<ref name="auto" /> The term was popularly used during the [[1952 Mulkhi Agitation (Telangana)]], which saw protests demanding job reservations for Mulki people, and demanding non-Mulkis to leave.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d8Ydxc66NrIC&q=agitation+mulkhi&pg=PA84 |title=Public Administration, Steel Or Plastic Frame |last=Rao |first=V. Bhaskara |date=2008 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7835-617-4}}</ref>

{{Pie chart|
| caption = Languages in Hyderabad State<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qw3UBwAAQBAJ |title=Hyderabad, British India, and the World |first=Eric Lewis |last=Beverley |date=10 June 2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781107091191 |via=Google Books}}</ref>
| label1 =Telugu
| value1 =48.2
| color1 =steelblue 
| label2 =Marathi
| value2 =26.4
| color2 =red 
| label3 =Kannada
| value3 =12.3
| color3 =darkslateblue
| label4 =Urdu 
| value4 =10.3
| color4 =green
| label5 =Others
| value5 =2.8
| color5 =grey
}}
As per the 1941 Hyderabad State Census, 2,187,005 people spoke [[Urdu]], 7,529,229 people spoke [[Telugu language|Telugu]], 3,947,089 people spoke [[Marathi language|Marathi]], 1,724,180 people spoke Kanarese ([[Kannada]]) as native languages.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.101551 |title=Census Of India 1941 Vol-xxi H.e.h. The Nizams Dominions (hyd State) |last=Mazhar_hussain_m.a__b.sc |date=1947}}</ref> The [[Hyderabadi Muslim]] population, including the ruling [[Asaf Jahi dynasty]] numbered around 2,097,475 people, while Hindus numbered around 9,171,318 people.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.101551 |title=Census Of India 1941 Vol-xxi H.e.h. The Nizams Dominions (hyd State) |date=10 April 1947 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref>

== Architecture ==

The architecture of Hyderabad State is very cosmopolitan, and heavily influenced by European and Islamic styles. The Nizam's palaces and several public buildings were built in a distinctive style. The earliest surviving buildings are purely European, examples being the [[Neoclassical architecture|neoclassical]] [[British Residency, Hyderabad|British Residency]] (1798) and [[Falaknuma Palace]] (1893). In the early 20th century, the [[Osmania General Hospital]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/osmania-general-hospital-gasps-for-attention-heritage-building-crumbling-roofs-caving-in/articleshow/56846559.cms |title=Osmania general hospital gasps for attention: Heritage building crumbling, roofs caving in &#124; Hyderabad News – Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=29 January 2017 |archive-date=31 August 2024 |access-date=21 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831072723/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/osmania-general-hospital-gasps-for-attention-heritage-building-crumbling-roofs-caving-in/articleshow/56846559.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[City College Hyderabad|City College]], [[Telangana High Court|High Court]], and [[Kacheguda railway station|Kacheguda Railway station]] were designed in the [[Indo-Saracenic architecture|Indo-Saracenic]] style by [[Vincent Esch]]. The [[Moazzam Jahi Market]] was also built in a similar style.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/once-pride-nizam-hyderabads-iconic-osmania-hospital-now-lies-shambles-56184 |title=Once the pride of the Nizam, Hyderabad's iconic Osmania hospital now lies in shambles |date=24 January 2017 |website=The News Minute |access-date=18 June 2020 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202120825/http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/once-pride-nizam-hyderabads-iconic-osmania-hospital-now-lies-shambles-56184 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<gallery class="center" widths="180" heights="180">
File:Falaknuma Palace 01.jpg|''Falaknuma Palace''
File:Falaknuma Palace - Entrance - 2.jpg|''The entrance to the Palace''
File:Interiors, Falaknuma Palace - 1.jpg|''The reception room of the Falaknuma Palace''
British Residency of Hyderabad 3.jpg|''British Residency of Hyderabad''
</gallery>

==Industries==
[[File:Secbad Stn hist.jpg|thumb|200px|A locomotive at the Secunderabad Station (circa 1928)]]
Various major industries emerged in various parts of the State of Hyderabad before its incorporation into the Union of India, especially during the first half of the twentieth century. Hyderabad city had a separate power plant for electricity. However, the Nizams focused on industrial development in the region of [[Sanathnagar]], housing several industries there with transportation facilities by both road and rail.<ref name="Kaleidoscopic view of Deccan">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/br/2009/08/25/stories/2009082550041600.htm |location=Chennai, India |work=The Hindu |title=Kaleidoscopic view of Deccan |date=25 August 2009 |access-date=4 August 2010 |archive-date=30 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930134719/http://www.hindu.com/br/2009/08/25/stories/2009082550041600.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Industries in pre-Independence Hyderabad<ref name="Kaleidoscopic view of Deccan" />
! Company!!Year
|-
| [[Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway]] || 1875
|-
| [[Karkhana Zinda Tilismat]] || 1920
|-
| [[Singareni Collieries Company|Singareni Collieries]] || 1920
|-
| [[Hussain Sagar Thermal Power Station]] || 1920
|-
| [[Hyderabad Deccan Cigarette Factory]] || 1930
|-
| [[VST Industries|Vazir Sultan Tobacco Company, Charminar cigarette factory]] || 1930
|-
| [[Azam Jahi Mills Warangal]] || 1934
|-
| [[Nizam Sugar Factory]] || 1937
|-
|-
| [[Sirpur Paper Mills]] || 1938
|-
| [[Hyderabad Allwyn|Allwyn Metal Works]] || 1942
|-
|[[Praga Tools]]|| 1943
|-
| [[Deccan Airways Limited]] || 1945
|-
|Hyderabad Asbestos || 1946
|-
|[[Kagaznagar, Telengana|Sirsilk]] || 1946
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Hyderabad}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* [[Hyderabad State (1948–1956)]]
* Regions of former Nizam's Dominion on linguistic basis: 
**[[Telangana]]
**[[Marathwada]] 
**[[Kalyana-Karnataka]]
* [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] for a list of Nizams and other information
* [[Hyderabad State Forces]], the armed forces of Hyderabad State
* [[Hyderabadi Muslim]]
* [[Hyderabadi Urdu]], the local dialect of Urdu
* [[Dakhini]]
* [[Hyderabad]], India, the Indian city that served as capital of Hyderabad State
* [[Hyderabad Police Action]], the military invasion that resulted in the annexation of Hyderabad state into India
* [[Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb]]
* [[Sawānih-i-Deccan]]
* [[Rajamundry Sarkar]]
}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation |first=Lucien D. |last=Benichou |title=From Autocracy to Integration: Political Developments in Hyderabad State, 1938–1948 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Loiq3YrFy40C |date=2000 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-1847-6 |ref={{sfnref|Benichou, Autocracy to Integration|2000}} }}
* {{citation |last=Beverley |first=Eric Lewis |title=Hyderabad, British India, and the World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qw3UBwAAQBAJ |date=2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-09119-1 |ref={{sfnref|Beverley, Hyderabad, British India, and the World|2015}} }}
* {{citation |last1=Chandra |first1=Bipan |author-link=Bipan Chandra |last2=Mukherjee |first2=Aditya |last3=Mukherjee |first3=Mridula |title=India Since Independence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dE9qEg-NgHMC |year=2008 |orig-year=first published 1999 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-310409-4 }}
* {{citation |last=Faruqi |first=Munis D. |chapter=At Empire's End: The Nizam, Hyderabad and Eighteenth-century India |editor1=Richard M. Eaton |editor2=Munis D. Faruqui |editor3=David Gilmartin |editor4=Sunil Kumar |title=Expanding Frontiers in South Asian and World History: Essays in Honour of John F. Richards |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h0_xhdCScQkC&pg=PA1 |date=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-03428-0 |pages=1–38 }}
*{{cite book |last=Noorani |first=A. G. |title=The Destruction of Hyderabad |publisher=Hurst & Co |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-84904-439-4 }}
* {{citation |first=Ramachandra |last=Guha |title=India after Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy |publisher=Pan Macmillan |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-330-39611-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=29lXtwoeA44C }}
* {{citation |first=Wilfred Cantwell |last=Smith |author-link=Wilfred Cantwell Smith |title=Hyderabad: Muslim Tragedy |journal=Middle East Journal |volume=4 |pages=27–51 |number=1 |date=January 1950 |jstor=4322137}}
* {{citation|author=Ram Narayan Kumar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WD9uAAAAMAAJ|title=The Sikh unrest and the Indian state: politics, personalities, and historical retrospective|date=1 April 1997|publisher=[[University of Michigan]]|isbn=978-81-202-0453-9|page=99|ref={{sfnref|Ram Narayan Kuma|1997}}}}
* {{citation |author=Jayanta Kumar Ray|title=Aspects of India's International Relations, 1700 to 2000: South Asia and the World|date=2007|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-0834-7|page=206}}
*{{citation |last=Law |first=John |title=Modern Hyderabad (Deccan) |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Modern_Hyderabad_(Deccan) |year=1914 |publisher=Thacker, Spink & Company |access-date=19 October 2018 |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625061709/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Modern_Hyderabad_(Deccan) |url-status=live }}
* {{citation |last=Lynton |first=Harriet Ronken |title=Days of the Beloved |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f5w9_mkaCYkC |year=1987 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-0863112690 |ref={{sfnref|Lynton, Days of the Beloved|1987}} }}
* {{citation |last=Briggs |first=Henry George |title=The Nizam, his history and relations with the British Government |url=https://archive.org/details/nizamhishistoryr01brig/page/n25 |year=1861 }}
* {{cite book| last = Dalrymple| first = William| author-link = William Dalrymple (historian)| title = White Mughals: love and betrayal in eighteenth-century India| publisher = Flamingo (HarperCollins)| date = 2003| orig-year = 1st pub. 2002| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=W1b5h0NlnL8C| isbn = 978-0-14-200412-8}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |title=Hyderabad State |series=Imperial Gazetteer of India Provincial Series |publisher=Atlantic Publishers |location=New Delhi |year=1989 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zXBB1nZYoLIC }}
*{{cite book |last=Iyengar |first=Kesava |title=Economic Investigations in the Hyderabad State 1939–1930 |volume=1 |publisher=Read Books |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4067-6435-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SZfFJn3UQqsC }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Leonard |first1=Karen |year=1971 |title=The Hyderabad Political System and its Participants |journal=Journal of Asian Studies |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=569–582 |jstor=2052461 |doi=10.2307/2052461 |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/454191gp |archive-date=25 January 2020 |access-date=30 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125040952/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/454191gp |url-status=live }}
*{{cite book |last=Pernau |first=Margrit |title=The Passing of Patrimonialism: Politics and Political Culture in Hyderabad, 1911–1948 |year=2000 |publisher=Manohar |location=Delhi |isbn=978-81-7304-362-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jnJuAAAAMAAJ |ref=Pernau00 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Purushotham |first1=Sunil |year=2015 |title=Internal Violence: The "Police Action" in Hyderabad |journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=435–466 |doi=10.1017/S0010417515000092 |s2cid=145147551 }}
* Sherman, Taylor C. "Migration, citizenship and belonging in Hyderabad (Deccan), 1946–1956." ''Modern Asian Studies'' 45#1 (2011): 81–107.
* Sherman, Taylor C. "The integration of the princely state of Hyderabad and the making of the postcolonial state in India, 1948–56." ''Indian Economic & Social History Review'' 44#4 (2007): 489–516.
*{{cite book |last=Various |title=Hyderabad State List of Leading Officials, Nobles and Personages |publisher=Read Books |year=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UM-HUdTLTWAC |isbn=978-1-4067-3137-8 }}
*{{cite book |last=Zubrzycki |first=John |title=The Last Nizam: An Indian Prince in the Australian Outback |publisher=[[Pan Macmillan]] |location=Australia |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-330-42321-2}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Hyderabad State}}
* {{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20090112003648/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fline/fl1805/18051140.htm From the Sundarlal Report – Muslim Genocide in 1948]}} (archived 12 January 2009)
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7DZmJfVx8Ws Old Hyderabad video]
* [https://www.youtube.com/shorts/wiaMXm4QVuM Nizam of Hyderabad]

{{Hyderabad topics}}
{{Telangana}}
{{Salute states}}
{{Authority control}}

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[[Category:Hyderabad State|*]]
[[Category:History of Telangana]]
[[Category:Princely states of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:1948 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:1724 establishments in India]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1724]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1948]]
[[Category:Historical Indian regions]]
[[Category:Former monarchies of India]]
[[Category:Gun salute princely states]]
[[Category:Vassal and tributary states of the Mughal Empire]]