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{{Short description|Relational model database server}}
{{Redirect|DB2|other uses|DB2 (disambiguation)}}
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{{Infobox software
| name = IBM Db2 for Linux, UNIX and Windows
| logo = [[Image:IBM logo.svg|150px]]
| logo alt = IBM
| logo caption = 
| screenshot = <!-- Image name is enough. -->
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| developer = [[IBM]]
| released = {{Start date and age|1983}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/common/ssi/ShowDoc.wss?docURL=/common/ssi/rep_ca/6/877/ENUSZP83-0746/index.html&lang=en&request_locale=en|title=IBM Database 2 (DB2) Release 1 Is Announced|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=7 June 1983|website=IBM Offering Information|access-date=13 April 2023|archive-date=13 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413143250/https://www.ibm.com/common/ssi/ShowDoc.wss?docURL=/common/ssi/rep_ca/6/877/ENUSZP83-0746/index.html&lang=en&request_locale=en|url-status=live}}</ref><!-- {{Start date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} -->
| discontinued = <!-- Set to yes if software is discontinued, otherwise omit. -->
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| latest release version = {{Db2 version}}
| latest release date = {{Db2 version|releasedate}}
| repo = <!-- {{URL|example.org}} -->
| programming language = [[C (programming language)|C]], [[C++]], [[Assembly language|assembly]], [[Java (programming language)|Java]]
| operating system = [[Linux]], [[AIX]], [[Windows]]. [[Solaris (operating system)|Solaris]] and [[HP-UX]] before version 11.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/system-requirements-ibm-db2-linux-unix-and-windows|title=System requirements for IBM Db2 for Linux, UNIX, and Windows|date=February 6, 2025|publisher=[[IBM]]|accessdate=2025-05-19}}</ref>
| platform = Linux (x64, Power, Z), AIX, Windows x64<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/products/db2-database/pricing|title=Db2 Database Software|date=January 12, 2024|publisher=[[IBM]]|accessdate=2025-05-19}}</ref>
| size = 1.6 GB
| language = [[English language|English]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[French language|French]], [[German language|German]], [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]]
| language count = <!-- Number only -->
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| genre = [[Relational database management system|RDBMS]]
| license = [[Proprietary software|Proprietary]] [[commercial software]], [[Software license agreement|Proprietary EULA]]
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{{Infobox software
| name = IBM Db2 for z/OS
| logo = [[Image:IBM logo.svg|150px]]
| logo alt = IBM
| logo caption = 
| screenshot = <!-- Image name is enough. -->
| screenshot alt = 
| caption = 
| collapsible = <!-- Any text here will collapse the screenshot. -->
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| developer = [[IBM]]
| released = {{Start date and age|1983}}<!-- {{Start date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} -->
| discontinued = <!-- Set to yes if software is discontinued, otherwise omit. -->
| ver layout = <!-- simple (default) or stacked -->
| latest release version = 13.1 <!-- If you update this, remember to also update [[Comparison of relational database management systems]]-->
| latest release date = <!-- {{Start date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} -->
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| programming language = [[PL/X]], [[C (programming language)|C]], [[C++]], [[Assembly language|assembly]]
| operating system = [[z/OS]]
| platform = [[z/Architecture]]
| size = 
| language = [[English language|English]]
| language count = <!-- Number only -->
| language footnote = 
| genre = [[Relational database management system|RDBMS]]
| license = [[Software license agreement|Proprietary EULA]]
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| website = {{URL|ibm.com/products/db2-for-zos}}
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'''Db2''' is a family of [[data management]] products, including [[database server]]s, developed by [[IBM]]. It initially supported the [[relational model]], but was extended to support [[object–relational]] features and non-relational structures like [[JSON]] and [[XML]]. The brand name was originally styled as DB2<ref>{{cite book |title=A Complete Guide to DB2 Universal Database
|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1558604820 |isbn=1558604820 |author=Don Chamberlin |date=1998
| publisher=Morgan Kaufmann |quote=DB2 for MVS (later OS/390) in 1983}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=The Evolution of DB2 for z/OS Optimization |url=http://ibmsystemsmag.com/mainframe/administrator/db2/the-evolution-of-db2-for-z-os-optimization |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030090818/http://ibmsystemsmag.com/mainframe/administrator/db2/the-evolution-of-db2-for-z-os-optimization/ |archive-date=2018-10-30 |access-date=2018-10-29 |magazine=IBM Systems magazine |quote=Since the introduction of DB2 in 1983, IBM ...}}{{Unreliable source?|date=March 2024|reason=Not an independent source?}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |website=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/01/22/business/the-executive-computer-bringing-point-and-click-ease-to-corporate-computing.html |title=The Executive Computer; Bringing Point-and-Click Ease to ... |date=January 22, 1995 |quote=relational data base management ... I.B.M.'s DB2 |access-date=October 29, 2018 |archive-date=October 30, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030090653/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/01/22/business/the-executive-computer-bringing-point-and-click-ease-to-corporate-computing.html |url-status=live }}</ref> until 2017,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ibm.com/cloud/db2-on-cloud |title=Db2 on Cloud |website=[[IBM]] |access-date=2018-08-24 |archive-date=2018-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825002739/https://www.ibm.com/cloud/db2-on-cloud |url-status=live }}</ref> when it changed to its present form. In the early days, it was sometimes wrongly styled as DB/2 in a false derivation from the operating system OS/2.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kageyama |first1=Yukihisa |title=CICS Handbook |date=Dec 1, 1989 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Education (India) |isbn=0070336377}}</ref>

==History==
DB2 traces its roots back to the beginning of the 1970s, when [[Edgar F. Codd]], a researcher working for IBM, described the theory of relational databases, and in June 1970, published the model for data manipulation.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Codd|first=E. F.|title=A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks|journal=Communications of the ACM|date=June 1970|volume=13|issue=6|pages=377–387|doi=10.1145/362384.362685|s2cid=207549016|url=http://www.seas.upenn.edu/~zives/03f/cis550/codd.pdf|access-date=2013-02-18|archive-date=2019-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809072659/https://www.seas.upenn.edu/~zives/03f/cis550/codd.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1974, the IBM San Jose Research Center developed a related [[database management system]] (DBMS) called [[IBM System R|System R]], to implement Codd's concepts.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Chamberlin|first=Donald D.|title=A History and Evaluation of System R|journal=Communications of the ACM|date=October 1981|volume=24|issue=10|pages=632–646|doi=10.1145/358769.358784|s2cid=1202171|url=http://www.cs.ubc.ca/~rap/teaching/504/2010/readings/history-of-system-r.pdf|display-authors=etal|access-date=2013-02-18|archive-date=2013-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001020621/http://www.cs.ubc.ca/%7Erap/teaching/504/2010/readings/history-of-system-r.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> A key development of the System R project was the Structured Query Language ([[SQL]]). To apply the relational model, Codd needed a relational-database language he named [[Alpha (programming language)|DSL/Alpha]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Codd|first=E.F. |title=Proceedings of the 1971 ACM SIGFIDET (Now SIGMOD) Workshop on Data Description, Access and Control - SIGFIDET '71 |chapter=A data base sublanguage founded on the relational calculus |year=1971|page=35|doi=10.1145/1734714.1734718|s2cid=32077291}}</ref> At the time, IBM did not believe in the potential of Codd's ideas, leaving the implementation to a group of programmers not under Codd's supervision. This led to an inexact interpretation of Codd's relational model that matched only part of the prescriptions of the theory; the result was Structured English QUEry Language or [[SQL|SEQUEL]].

IBM bought [[Metaphor Computer Systems]] to utilize their GUI interface and encapsulating SQL platform that had already been in use since the mid-80s.

In parallel with the development of SQL, IBM also developed [[Query by Example]] (QBE), the first graphical query language.

IBM's first commercial relational-database product, [[IBM SQL/DS|SQL/DS]], was released for the [[DOS/VSE]] and [[VM (operating system)|VM/CMS]] operating systems in 1981. In 1976, IBM released Query by Example for the VM platform where the table-oriented front-end produced a linear-syntax language that drove transactions to its relational database.<ref>{{cite news|last=Basu|first=Dipankar|title=Relational Models Viable in Commercial World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=75XGp5bJW1UC&q=IBM+%22query+by+example%22+announcement&pg=RA1-PA19|access-date=February 23, 2013|newspaper=Computerworld|date=October 25, 1982}}</ref>  Later, the QMF feature of DB2 produced real SQL, and brought the same "QBE" look and feel to DB2. The inspiration for the mainframe version of DB2's architecture came in part from IBM [[Information Management System|IMS]], a [[hierarchical database]], and its dedicated database-manipulation language, IBM [[Data Language Interface|DL/I]].

The name DB2 (IBM Database 2), was first given to the database management system in 1983 when IBM released DB2 on its [[MVS]] mainframe platform.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Introduction to DB2 UDB
|url=http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=375536
|quote=Since the 1970s, when IBM Research invented the Relational Model and the Structured Query Language (SQL), IBM has developed a complete family of RDBMS software. Development started on mainframe platforms such as Virtual Machine (VM), Virtual Storage Extended (VSE), and Multiple Virtual Storage (MVS). In 1983, DB2 for MVS Version 1 was born. "DB2" was used to indicate a shift from hierarchical databases, like the Information Management System (IMS) popular at the time, to the new relational databases.
|date=Apr 22, 2005
|access-date=2010-03-29
|archive-date=2012-01-13
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113225112/http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=375536
|url-status=live
}}</ref> IBM's endorsement of SQL in Db2 caused the industry to move to it from alternatives like [[Ingres (database)|Ingres]]'s [[QUEL query languages|QUEL]].<ref name="morgenthaler20051208">{{Cite interview |last=Morgenthaler |first=Gary |interviewer=Luann Johnson |title=Oral History of Gary Morgenthaler |url=https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Oral_History/Morgenthaler_Gary/Morgenthaler_Gary_1.oral_history.2005.102658005.pdf |access-date=2025-05-30 |format=PDF |publisher=Computer History Museum |date=2005-12-08 |page=18}}</ref> Db2 became generally available to customers in 1985,<ref name="rdbmsgrowingandselling20070613">{{Cite interview |interviewer=Luanne Johnson |title=RDBMS Workshop: Growing and Selling |url=https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2013/05/102702567-05-01-acc.pdf |access-date=2025-05-30 |publisher=Computer History Museum |date=2007-06-13}}</ref> and by 1989 revenue of about $1 billion had grown to equal IMS's.<ref name="rdbmslateryears20070612">{{Cite interview |interviewer=Burton Grad |title=RDBMS Plenary Session: The Later Years |url=https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2013/05/102701921-05-01-acc.pdf |access-date=2025-05-30 |publisher=Computer History Museum |date=2007-06-12}}</ref>{{r|rdbmsgrowingandselling20070613}}

For some years DB2, as a full-function DBMS, was exclusively available on [[IBM mainframe]]s. Later, IBM brought DB2 to other platforms, including [[OS/2]], [[Unix|UNIX]], and [[Microsoft Windows|MS Windows]] servers, and then [[Linux]] (including [[Linux on IBM Z]]) and [[Personal digital assistant|PDAs]]. This process occurred through the 1990s. An implementation of DB2 is also available for [[z/VSE]] and [[z/VM]]. An earlier version of the code that would become DB2 LUW (Linux, Unix, Windows) was part of an Extended Edition component of [[OS/2]] called Database Manager.

IBM extended the functionality of Database Manager a number of times, including the addition of distributed database functionality by means of [[DRDA|Distributed Relational Database Architecture]] (DRDA) that allowed shared access to a database in a remote location on a [[local area network|LAN]]. (Note that DRDA is based on objects and protocols defined by [[Distributed Data Management Architecture]] (DDM).)

Eventually, IBM decided to rewrite the software completely. The new version of Database Manager were called DB2/2 and DB2/6000 respectively. Other versions of DB2, with different code bases, followed the same '/' naming convention and became DB2/400 (for the AS/400), DB2/VSE (for the DOS/VSE environment), and DB2/VM (for the VM operating system). IBM lawyers stopped this handy naming convention from being used and decided that all products needed to be called "product FOR platform" (for example, DB2 for OS/390). The next iteration of the mainframe and the server-based products was named DB2 Universal Database (or DB2 UDB).

=== Db2 for LUW ===
In the mid-1990s, IBM released a clustered DB2 implementation called DB2 Parallel Edition, which initially ran on AIX. This edition allowed scalability by providing a [[shared-nothing architecture]], in which a single large database is partitioned across multiple DB2 servers that communicate over a high-speed interconnect. This DB2 edition was eventually ported to all Linux, UNIX, and Windows (LUW) platforms, and was renamed to DB2 Extended Enterprise Edition (EEE). IBM now refers to this product as the Database Partitioning Feature (DPF) and bundles it with their flagship DB2 Enterprise product.

When [[Informix Corporation]] acquired [[Illustra]] and made their database engine an [[object–relational database|object-SQL DBMS]] by introducing their Universal Server, both [[Oracle Corporation]] and IBM followed suit by changing their database engines to be capable of object–relational extensions. In 2001, IBM bought [[Informix Software]], and in the following years incorporated Informix technology into the DB2 product suite. DB2 can technically be considered to be an [[object–relational database|object–SQL DBMS]].

In mid-2006, IBM announced "Viper", the codename for DB2 9 on both [[distributed computing|distributed platforms]] and z/OS. DB2 9 for [[z/OS]] was announced in early 2007. IBM claimed that the new DB2 was the first relational database to store [[XML]] "natively". Other enhancements include [[OLTP]]-related improvements for distributed platforms, [[business intelligence]]/[[data warehousing]]-related improvements for z/OS, more self-tuning and self-managing features, additional 64-bit exploitation (especially for virtual storage on z/OS), [[stored procedure]] performance enhancements for z/OS, and continued convergence of the SQL vocabularies between z/OS and distributed platforms.

In October 2007, IBM announced "Viper 2", the codename for DB2 9.5 on the [[distributed computing|distributed platforms]]. There were three [http://www.ibm.com/software/data/db2/9/labchats.html#14 key themes for the release], Simplified Management, Business Critical Reliability, and Agile XML development.

In June 2009, IBM announced "Cobra", the codename for DB2 9.7 for LUW.<ref>{{cite web |last1=IBM Corporation |url=http://www.ibm.com/software/data/db2/9/labchats.html#31 |website=ibm.com
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425223145/http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/wikis/display/DB2/Chat+with+the+Lab |archive-date=2012-04-25 |date=2012-04-25 |title=Technical Tour of DB2 10 and InfoSphere Warehouse 10}}</ref> DB2 9.7 added data compression for database indexes, temporary tables, and large objects. DB2 9.7 also supported native XML data in hash partitioning (database partitioning), range partitioning (table partitioning), and multi-dimensional clustering. These native XML features allow users to directly work with XML in data warehouse environments. DB2 9.7 also added several features that make it easier for Oracle Database users to work with DB2. These include support for the most commonly used SQL syntax, [[PL/SQL]] syntax, scripting syntax, and data types from Oracle Database. DB2 9.7 also enhanced its concurrency model to exhibit behavior that is familiar to users of Oracle Database and Microsoft SQL Server.

In October 2009, IBM introduced its second major release of the year when it announced [https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/data/products/db2/purescale/ DB2 pureScale]. DB2 pureScale is a cluster database for non-mainframe platforms, suitable for [[online transaction processing]] (OLTP) workloads. IBM based the design of DB2 pureScale on the [[IBM Parallel Sysplex|Parallel Sysplex]] implementation of DB2 data sharing on the mainframe. DB2 pureScale provides a fault-tolerant architecture and shared-disk storage. A DB2 pureScale system can grow to 128 database servers, and provides continuous availability and automatic load balancing.

In 2009, it was announced that DB2 can be an engine in [[MySQL]]. This allows users on the IBM i platform and users on other platforms to access these files through the MySQL interface. On IBM i and its predecessor OS/400, DB2 is tightly integrated into the operating system, and comes as part of the operating system. It provides journaling, triggers and other features.

In early 2012, IBM announced the next version of DB2, DB2 10.1 (code name Galileo) for Linux, UNIX, and Windows. DB2 10.1 contained a number of new data management capabilities including row and column access control which enables 'fine-grained' control of the database and multi-temperature data management that moves data to cost effective storage based on how "hot" or "cold" (how frequently the data is accessed) the data is. IBM also introduced "adaptive compression" capability in DB2 10.1, a new approach to compressing data tables.

In June 2013, IBM released DB2 10.5 (code name "Kepler").

On 12 April 2016, IBM announced DB2<!--an exception? DB2 too be used here?--> LUW 11.1, and in June 2016, it was released.

In mid-2017, IBM re-branded its DB2 and dashDB product offerings and amended their names to "Db2".

On June 27, 2019, IBM released Db2 11.5, the AI Database.  It added AI functionality to improve query performance as well as capabilities to facilitate AI application development.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.informationweek.com/big-data/ai-machine-learning/ibm-db2-joins-the-ai-age/d/d-id/1334868|title=IBM Db2 Joins the AI Age|website=InformationWeek|date=4 June 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-08-20|archive-date=2019-08-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820203111/https://www.informationweek.com/big-data/ai-machine-learning/ibm-db2-joins-the-ai-age/d/d-id/1334868|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.datanami.com/2019/06/03/how-ibm-is-turning-db2-into-an-ai-database/|title=How IBM Is Turning Db2 into an 'AI Database'|date=2019-06-04|website=Datanami|access-date=2019-08-20|archive-date=2019-06-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190616194545/https://www.datanami.com/2019/06/03/how-ibm-is-turning-db2-into-an-ai-database/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/ibm-aims-to-meld-db2-with-machine-learning-data-science-workflows/|title=IBM aims to meld Db2 with machine learning, data science workflows|last=Dignan|first=Larry|website=ZDNet|language=en|access-date=2019-08-20|archive-date=2019-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001193620/https://www.zdnet.com/article/ibm-aims-to-meld-db2-with-machine-learning-data-science-workflows/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Db2 for z/OS - evolution ===
In 1995, GA (general availability) of V4. It introduced "data sharing": several DB2 engines access the same data. Advantages: performance and availability (if one DB2 engine fails or is migrated to the next version).

In 1997, GA of V5. It added, e.g., online reorganization of tablespaces.

In 1999, GA of V6. It added object-relational support. "Objects" here mean data items longer than 32K (up to then the maximal length of a table row, more precisely a table record), such as images, videos, or text. DB2 could now store and handle such objects. Furthermore, it added trigger support.

In 2001, GA of V7. It added, e.g., dynamic allocation of data sets (~files on z/OS), and the ability to let utilities run on lists of tablespaces. Furthermore, real-time statistics, scrollable cursors, and initial Unicode support.

In 2004, GA of V8. It added, e.g., 64-bit support. New index types (notably DPSI), recursive SQL. Internal catalog is converted to Unicode.

In 2007, GA of V9. It added, e.g., Trusted Context (a security feature), and "native XML" support.

In 2010, GA of V10. It added, e.g., Temporal Tables (e.g., row history), security features like separation of system and security administrators, and RCAC (row column access control).

In 2013, GA of V11. It added, e.g., JSON support.

In 2016, GA of V12. It added, e.g., RESTful services; and usage of AI to optimize the selection of the access path to the data, thus enhancing performance.

On May 31, 2022, IBM released Db2 13 for z/OS.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-05 |title=IBM Db2 13 for z/OS delivers leading-edge AI innovations and enhancements, reinforcing it as the foundation for enterprise computing within the hybrid cloud and digital world |url=https://www.ibm.com/common/ssi/ShowDoc.wss?docURL=/common/ssi/rep_ca/3/897/ENUS222-003/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817000108/https://www.ibm.com/common/ssi/ShowDoc.wss?docURL=/common/ssi/rep_ca/3/897/ENUS222-003/index.html |archive-date=2022-08-17 |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=www.ibm.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Db2 Warehouse===
"Data warehousing" was first mentioned in a 1988 IBM Systems Journal article entitled, "An Architecture for Business Information Systems."<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/c22c/e1eeafb01f0682e194a2a22349aa141b78f6.pdf|title=An Architecture for a Business and Information System|year=1988|doi=10.1147/sj.271.0060|s2cid=5401521|last1=Devlin|first1=B. A.|last2=Murphy|first2=P. T.|journal=IBM Systems Journal|volume=27|pages=60–80|access-date=2019-09-07|archive-date=2023-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813122614/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/An-Architecture-for-a-Business-and-Information-Devlin-Murphy/c22ce1eeafb01f0682e194a2a22349aa141b78f6?p2df|url-status=live}}</ref> This article illustrated the first use-case for data warehousing in a business setting as well as the results of its application.

Traditional transaction processing databases were not able to provide the insight business leaders needed to make data-informed decisions. A new approach was needed to aggregate and analyze data from multiple transactional sources to deliver new insights, uncover patterns, and find hidden relationships among the data. Db2 Warehouse, with its capabilities to normalize data from multiple sources, performs sophisticated analytic and statistical modeling, provides businesses these features at speed and scale.

Increases in computational power resulted in an explosion of data inside businesses generally and data warehouses specifically. Warehouses grew from being measured in GBs to TBs and PBs. As both the volume and variety of data grew, Db2 Warehouse adapted as well. Initially purposed for star and snowflake schemas, Db2 Warehouse now includes support for the following data types and analytical models, among others:

* Relational data
* Non-Relational data
* XML data
* Geospatial data{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}
* RStudio<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rstudio.com/|title=RStudio|website=RStudio|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-09|archive-date=2019-09-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910041235/https://www.rstudio.com/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Apache Spark<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://spark.apache.org/|title=Apache Spark - Unified Analytics Engine for Big Data|website=spark.apache.org|access-date=2019-09-09|archive-date=2020-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902160955/https://spark.apache.org/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Embedded Spark Analytics engine
* Multi-Parallel Processing
* In-memory analytical processing
* Predictive Modeling algorithms

Db2 Warehouse uses Docker containers to run in multiple environments: on-premise, private cloud and a variety of public clouds, both managed and unmanaged. Db2 Warehouse can be deployed as software only, as an appliance and in Intel x86, Linux and mainframe platforms. Built upon IBM's Common SQL engine, Db2 Warehouse queries data from multiple sources—Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server, Teradata, open source, Netezza and others. Users write a query once and data returns from multiple sources quickly and efficiently.

===Db2 on Cloud/Db2 Hosted===
Db2 on Cloud: Formerly named "dashDB for Transactions", [https://www.ibm.com/cloud/db2-on-cloud Db2 on Cloud] is a fully managed, cloud SQL database with a high-availability option featuring a 99.99 percent [[Uptime|uptime SLA]]. Db2 on Cloud offers independent scaling of storage and compute, and rolling security updates.

Db2 on Cloud is deployable on both [[IBM cloud computing|IBM Cloud]] and Amazon Web Services (AWS).

Key features include:

* Elasticity: Db2 on Cloud offers independent scaling of storage and compute through the user interface and API, so businesses can burst on compute during peak demand and scale down when demand falls. Storage is also scalable, so organizations can scale up as their storage needs grow.
* Backups and Recovery: Db2 on Cloud provides several disaster recovery options: (1) Fourteen days' worth of back-ups, (2) point in time restore options, (3) 1-click failover to the DR node at an offsite data center of user's choice.
* Encryption: Db2 on Cloud complies with data protection laws and includes at-rest database encryption and SSL connections. The Db2 on Cloud high availability plans offer rolling security updates and all database instances include daily backups. Security patching and maintenance is managed by the database administrator. 
* High availability options: Db2 on Cloud provides a 99.99% uptime service level agreement on the high availability option. Highly available option allows for updates and scaling operations without downtime to applications running on Db2 on Cloud, using Db2's HADR technology.
* Data federation: A single query displays a view of all data by accessing data distributed across Db2 on-premises or Db2 Warehouse on-premises or in the cloud. 
* Private networking: Db2 on Cloud can be deployed on an isolated network that is accessible through a secure [[Virtual private network|Virtual Private Network (VPN)]].

Db2 Hosted: Formally named "DB2 on Cloud", [https://www.ibm.com/cloud/db2-hosted Db2 Hosted] is an unmanaged, hosted version of Db2 on Cloud's transactional, SQL cloud database.

Key features:

* Server control: Db2 Hosted provides custom software for direct server installation. This reduces application latency and integrates with a business's current data management setup. Db2 Hosted offers exact server configuration based on the needs of the business.
* Encryption: Db2 Hosted supports SSL connections. 
* Elasticity: Db2 Hosted allows for independent scaling of compute and storage to meet changing business needs.

===Db2 Warehouse on Cloud===
Formerly named "dashDB for Analytics", [https://www.ibm.com/cloud/db2-warehouse-on-cloud Db2 Warehouse on Cloud] is a fully managed, elastic, cloud data warehouse built for high-performance analytics and [[machine learning]] workloads.

Key features include:

* Autonomous cloud service: Db2 Warehouse on Cloud runs on an autonomous platform-as-a-service, and is powered by Db2's autonomous self-tuning engine. Day-to-day operations, including database monitoring, uptime checks and failovers, are fully automated. Operations are supplemented by a DevOps team that are on-call to handle unexpected system failures.
* Optimized for analytics: Db2 Warehouse on Cloud delivers high performance on complex analytics workloads by utilizing [[IBM BLU Acceleration]], a collection of technologies pioneered by [[IBM Research]] that features four key optimizations: (1) a columnar organized storage model, (2) in-memory processing, (3) querying of compressed data sets, and (4) data skipping.
* Manage highly concurrent workloads: Db2 Warehouse on Cloud includes an Adaptive Workload Management technology that automatically manages resources between concurrent workloads, given user-defined resource targets. This technology ensures stable and reliable performance when tackling highly concurrent workloads.
* Built-in machine learning and geospatial capabilities: Db2 Warehouse on Cloud comes with in-database machine learning capabilities that allow users to train and run machine learning models on Db2 Warehouse data without the need for data movement. Examples of algorithms include [[Association rule learning|Association Rules]], [[Analysis of variance|ANOVA]], [[K-means clustering|k-means]], [[Regression analysis|Regression]], and [[Naive Bayes classifier|Naïve Bayes]]. Db2 Warehouse on Cloud also supports spatial analytics with Esri compatibility, supporting Esri data types such as GML, and supports native Python drivers and native Db2 Python integration into Jupyter Notebooks. 
* Elasticity: Db2 Warehouse on Cloud offers independent scaling of storage and compute, so organizations can customize their data warehouses to meet the needs of their businesses. For example, customers can burst on compute during peak demand, and scale down when demand falls. Users can also expand storage capacity as their data volumes grow. Customers can scale their data warehouse through the Db2 Warehouse on Cloud web console or API. 
* Data security: Data is encrypted at-rest and in-motion by default. Administrators can also restrict access to sensitive data through data masking, row permissions, and role-based security, and can utilize database audit utilities to maintain audit trails for their data warehouse.
* [[Polyglot persistence]]: Db2 Warehouse on Cloud is optimized for polyglot persistence of data, and supports relational (columnar and row-oriented tables), geospatial, and [[NoSQL]] document ([[XML]], [[JSON]], [[BSON]]) models. All data is subject to advanced data compression.
* Deployable on multiple cloud providers: Db2 Warehouse on Cloud is currently deployable on [[IBM cloud computing|IBM Cloud]] and Amazon Web Services (AWS).

===Db2 BigSQL===
In 2018, the IBM SQL product was renamed and is now known as IBM Db2 Big SQL (Big SQL). Big SQL is an enterprise-grade, hybrid ANSI-compliant SQL on the [[Hadoop]] engine delivering massively parallel processing (MPP) and advanced data query. Additional benefits include low latency, high performance, security, SQL compatibility and federation capabilities.

Big SQL offers a single database connection or query for disparate sources such as HDFS, RDMS, NoSQL databases, object stores and WebHDFS. Exploit Hive, Or to exploit Hbase and Spark and whether on the cloud, on premises or both, access data across Hadoop and relational data bases.

Users (data scientists and analysts) can run smarter ad hoc and complex queries supporting more concurrent users with less hardware compared to other SQL options for Hadoop.{{Citation needed|date=September 2020}} Big SQL provides an ANSI-compliant SQL parser to run queries from unstructured streaming data using new APIs.

Through the integration with the IBM Common SQL Engine, Big SQL was designed to work with all the Db2 family of offerings, as well as with the IBM Integrated Analytics System. Big SQL is a part of the IBM Hybrid Data Management Platform, a comprehensive IBM strategy for flexibility and portability, strong data integration and flexible licensing.

==Db2 for IBM i==
{{Main|IBM i#Database management}}

In 1994, IBM renamed the integrated relational database of the [[OS/400]] to ''DB2/400'' to indicate comparable functionality to DB2 on other platforms.<ref name="inside-as400">{{cite book|title=Inside the AS/400, Second Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5DoPAAAACAAJ|isbn=978-1882419661|author=Frank G. Soltis|year=1997|publisher=Duke Press}}</ref> Despite this name, it is not based on Db2 code, but instead it evolved from the [[IBM System/38]] integrated database. The product is currently named ''IBM Db2 for i''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/i/7.4?topic=overview-db2-i|title=Db2 for i|publisher=IBM|date=2019|access-date=2021-12-14|archive-date=2021-12-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214105449/https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/i/7.4?topic=overview-db2-i|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Other Platforms==
* Db2 for Linux, UNIX and Windows (informally known as Db2 LUW)
* Db2 for [[z/OS]] (mainframe)<ref>{{cite web
   |title=Db2 for z/OS
   |website=[[IBM]]
   |quote=Db2 for z/OS is a relational database that you can use to maintain large volumes of data with a high level of availability, security, and performance.
   |url=https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/en/SSEPEK/db2z_prodhome.html
   |access-date=2018-08-24
   |archive-date=2019-05-03
   |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503200439/https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/en/SSEPEK/db2z_prodhome.html
   |url-status=live
   }}</ref>

* Db2 on [[IBM Cloud]].<ref name=DBaaS>{{cite magazine | title=IBM Db2 on Cloud Review & Rating | magazine=PC Magazine | url=https://www.pcmag.com/review/362131/ibm-db2-on-cloud | first=Pam | last=Baker | date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>

==Editions==
IBM offers four editions of Db2: Community Edition, Starter Edition, Standard Edition, and Advanced Server Edition.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/db2/11.5?topic=editions-db2-database-product-offerings|title=Db2 database product editions and Db2 offerings|date=January 12, 2024|publisher=[[IBM]]|accessdate=2024-06-07}}</ref>

===IBM Db2 Community Edition===
'''IBM Db2 Community Edition''' is a free-to-download, free-to-use edition of the IBM Db2 database. Version 11.5 provides all core capabilities of Db2 but is limited to 4 virtual processor cores, 16 GB of instance memory, has no enterprise-level support, and no fix packs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/db2/11.5?topic=editions-db2-database-product-offerings|title=Db2 database product editions and Db2 offerings|date=January 12, 2024|publisher=[[IBM]]|accessdate=2024-06-07}}</ref> Version 12.1, on the other hand, further limits the server memory to only 8 GB per virtual or physical server,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/db2/12.1?topic=editions-functionality-in-db2-product|title=Functionality in Db2 product editions|date=January 1, 2025|publisher=[[IBM]]|accessdate=2025-05-15}}</ref> and  restricts use to non-production environments.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/db2/12.1.0?topic=editions-db2-database-product-deployment-options|title=Db2 database product editions and deployment options
|date=January 8, 2025|publisher=[[IBM]]|accessdate=2025-05-15}}</ref>

While there is no limit on the database size since version 11.5.1, some previous releases imposed a limit of 100 GB. A prior free Db2 version, the IBM DB2 Express-C, supported up to 16&nbsp;GB RAM and two CPU cores.{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}}

===Db2 Starter Edition===
The Starter edition was introduced with Db2 version 12.1. It is a paid product, and has several limitations, including a limitation to 4 cores and 16 GB of memory, and restrictions on advanced functionality such as native encryption, audit logging, federation, Db2 pureScale, etc.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/db2/12.1?topic=editions-db2-database-product-deployment-options#c0058536__db2_starter|title=Db2 database product editions and deployment options|date=November 11, 2024|publisher=[[IBM]]|accessdate=2024-12-06}}</ref>

===IBM Db2 Standard Edition===
The Db2 Standard Edition is available as a perpetual software license for production and non-production use for up to 16 processor cores and 128 GB RAM with IBM support. For production use, Db2 Standard Edition can be licensed based on a Virtual Processor Core metric, wherein it is licensed by the total count of processor cores in a non-partitioned physical server, or virtual cores assigned to a virtual server. For non-production use, Db2 Standard Edition can be licensed based on the total count of authorized users.

===IBM Db2 Advanced Edition===
The Db2 Advanced Edition is available only as a component of the IBM Hybrid Data Management Platform (HDMP). Within HDMP, Db2 is available both as a perpetual software license AND a monthly subscription for unrestricted production and non-production use with premium IBM support. For both HDMP perpetual license and subscription offerings, FlexPoints need to be bought. FlexPoints are generic licensing credits that can be used to deploy any Db2-family software product or cloud service offering.

==Technical information==
Db2 can be administered from either the command-line or a GUI. Db2 supports both SQL and [[XQuery]]. DB2 has a native implementation of XML data storage, where XML data is stored as XML (not as relational data or CLOB data) for faster access using XQuery.{{clarify|date=December 2024}}

Db2 has APIs for [[Rexx]], [[PL/I]], [[COBOL]], [[IBM RPG|RPG]], [[Fortran]], [[C++]], [[C (programming language)|C]], [[Delphi (programming language)|Delphi]], [[.NET Framework|.NET]] [[Common Language Infrastructure|CLI]], [[Java (programming language)|Java]], [[Python (programming language)|Python]], [[Perl]], [[PHP]], [[Ruby (programming language)|Ruby]], and many other programming languages. Db2 also supports integration into the [[Eclipse (computing)|Eclipse]] and [[Microsoft Visual Studio|Visual Studio]] [[integrated development environment]]s.

pureQuery is [[IBM]]'s data access [[Computing platform|platform]] focused on applications that access data.{{clarify|date=October 2024}} pureQuery supports both [[Java platform|Java]] and [[.NET Framework|.NET]]. pureQuery provides access to data in [[database]]s and in-memory Java [[Object (computer science)|objects]] via its [[programming tool|tool]]s, [[API]]s, and [[Run-time system|runtime]] environment as delivered in IBM Data Studio Developer and IBM Data Studio pureQuery Runtime.<ref>{{cite web|title=Getting Started with pureQuery|url=https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/community/wikis/home?lang=en#!/wiki/Big+Data+University/page/FREE+ebook+-+Getting+Started+with+pureQuery|website=www.ibm.com|publisher=IBM|access-date=11 June 2016|language=en|date=20 October 2009|archive-date=28 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128224502/https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/community/wikis/home?lang=en#!/wiki/Big+Data+University/page/FREE+ebook+-+Getting+Started+with+pureQuery|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Comparison of relational database management systems]]
* [[Comparison of database administration tools]]
* [[List of relational database management systems]]
* [[List of column-oriented DBMSes]]
* [[Data Language Interface]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikibooks|Structured Query Language/Return Codes}}
* {{Official website}}
* [https://developer.ibm.com/components/ibm-db2-database/ Db2 - IBM Data for developers]

{{Databases|cat=no}}
{{IBM Db2 product family}}
{{IBM}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Db2}}
[[Category:IBM DB2]]
[[Category:Cross-platform software]]
[[Category:Relational database management systems]]
[[Category:IBM software]]
[[Category:Relational database management software for Linux]]
[[Category:Client-server database management systems]]
[[Category:Proprietary database management systems]]
[[Category:IBM Information Management software|Db2 Express-C]]