View source for Ibrahim of Johor

{{About|the second modern Sultan of Johor|the incumbent Sultan of Johor and Yang di-Pertuan Agong XVII|Ibrahim Iskandar of Johor}}
{{short description|Sultan of Johor (r. 1895–1959)}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2014}}{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Ibrahim<br><small>{{nobold|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|GCMG|GBE|size=90%}}}}<br /> {{lang|ms|{{Script|Arab|إبراهيم}}}}</small>
| title        = Al-Masyhur (The Famous)
| image        = Johor-Ibrahim.jpg
| caption      = Portrait of Sultan Ibrahim in the 1950s
| succession   = [[Sultan of Johor]]
| reign        = 7 September 1895 – 8 May 1959
| regent       = {{List collapsed |title=''See list'' |1= [[Jaafar Muhammad|Ja'afar Muhammad]] <br /> Mohamed Mahbob <br /> Abdullah Ja'afar <br /> Mustapha Ja'afar <br /> Abdul Hamid Yusof <br /> ''Ungku'' Abdul Aziz ''Ungku'' Abdul Majid <br /> [[Onn Jaafar|Onn Ja'afar]] <br /> ''Syed'' Abdul Kadir Mohamed <br /> ''Wan'' Idris ''Wan'' Ibrahim}}
| reg-type     = {{nowrap|[[Menteri Besar of Johor|Chief Ministers]]}}
| coronation   = 2 November 1895
| predecessor  = [[Abu Bakar of Johor|Abu Bakar]]
| successor    = [[Ismail of Johor|Ismail]]
| succession1  = Tunku Mahkota of Johor
| reign1       = 23 May 1891 – 4 June 1895
| spouse       = {{Ublist
 |Sultanah Ungku Maimunah binti Ungku Abdul Majid
 |Sultanah Rogayah
 |Enche' Hasnah binti Dato' Jaafar
 |Ungku Intan binti Ungku Ahmad
 |[[Sultanah Helen|Sultanah Helen binti Abdullah]] (née Helen Bartholomew Wilson)
 |Sultanah Fawzia binti Abdullah (née Marcella Mendl)}}
| issue        = {{Plainlist|
*Tunku Muhammad Khalid (born and died in August 1893)
*[[Ismail of Johor|Tunku Ismail]]
*Tunku Haris Abu Bakar
*Tunku Ahmad
*Tunku Miriam
}}
| full name    = Daeng Ibrahim ibni Maharaja Sir Abu Bakar
| regnal name  = Sultan Sir Ibrahim ibni Almarhum Sultan Sir Abu Bakar Al-Khalil Ibrahim Shah
| house        = [[House of Temenggong|Temenggong]]
| father       = [[Abu Bakar of Johor|Sultan Abu Bakar Ibni Al-Marhum Dato' Temenggong Sri Maharaja Tun Daeng Ibrahim]]
| mother       = Inche Besar Zubaidah binti Abdullah (née Cecilia Catharina Lange)
| birth_date   = {{birth date|1873|9|17|df=yes}}
| birth_place  = [[Istana Bidadari]], [[Serangoon]], [[Singapore in the Straits Settlements|Singapore]], [[Straits Settlements]]
| death_date   = {{death date and age|1959|5|8|1873|9|17|df=yes}}
| death_place  = [[Grosvenor House Hotel]], [[London]], [[United Kingdom]]
| date of burial = 6 June 1959
| place of burial = [[Mahmoodiah Royal Mausoleum]], [[Johor Bahru]], [[Johor]]
| religion     = [[Sunni Islam]]
}}

'''Ibrahim Al-Masyhur ibni Almarhum Sultan Abu Bakar Al-Khalil Ibrahim Shah''' ([[Jawi script|Jawi]]: {{lang|ms-arab|سلطان سر إبراهيم المشهور ابن المرحوم سلطان أبو بكر الخليل إبراهيم شاه}}; 17 September 1873 – 8 May 1959) was a Malaysian sultan and the 2nd modern [[sultan of Johor]]. He was considered "fabulously wealthy." 

An [[Anglophile]], Ibrahim maintained close ties with the British crown and frequently leveraged his personal relationships with reigning monarchs to advocate for Johor's autonomy and resist the expansionist ambitions of the British [[Colonial Office]]. However, he became highly unpopular later in his native land for his opposition to Malayan independence. This led him to spend most of his time away from Johor, traveling extensively in Europe, particularly to Britain.

==Early life==
Wan Ibrahim was born 17 September 1873 in the [[Istana Bidadari]], Singapore, and received his education at a boarding school in England during his formative years. He was appointed a [[second lieutenant]] of the [[Johor Military Forces]] (JMF) during his teenage years and was formally installed as the first Tunku Mahkota of Johor on 23 May 1891<ref>''Basri, Johor, 1855–1917: Pentadbiran dan Perkembangannya'', page 64</ref> and was brought to Europe by his father where he was introduced to the European royal families.<ref name="Nadarajah48">Nadarajah, ''Johore and the Origins of British Control, 1895–1914'', page 48</ref> During his term as the Tunku Mahkota, Tunku Ibrahim occasionally acted as the state's regent and was delegated a few state duties whenever the Sultan was travelling overseas.<ref name="Nadarajah48"/> In his free time, Tunku Ibrahim spent most of his time in hunting and horseracing.<ref>Tate, ''The Making of Modern South-East Asia'', page 144</ref>

Tunku Ibrahim acted as one of the three signatories when Sultan Abu Bakar promogulated the [[Johor State Constitution]] in April 1895.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180819232839/https://www.nst.com.my/Current_News/JohorBuzz/Monday/MyJohor/2492960/Article/ Kings of old feared and revered], 1 March 2009, [[New Straits Times]]</ref> The following month, Tunku Ibrahim accompanied Abu Bakar to London, who had the intent of seeking further negotiations with the Colonial Office on state affairs. Abu Bakar was by then very ill when he reached England, and Tunku Ibrahim spent much of his time by his father's bedside before Abu Bakar died the following month.<ref>Noor, ''The Other Malaysia: Writings on Malaysia's Subaltern History'', page 51</ref>

==Sultan of Johor==
===Early years (1895–1914)===
Tunku Ibrahim was proclaimed as the Sultan of Johor on the day of Abu Bakar's burial on 7 September 1895, while his one-year-old son, [[Ismail of Johor|Tunku Ismail]] was proclaimed as his heir-apparent.<ref>Puthucheary, ''The Politics of Administration: The Malaysian Experience'', page 29</ref> A formal coronation ceremony took place on 2 November 1895.<ref>Anon, ''European Settlements in the Far East'', page 265</ref> He took over the state government the following year, and one of his first reports was the financial difficulties which the state was facing.<ref>Gullick, ''Rulers and Residents: Influence and Power in the Malay States, 1870–1920'', page 131</ref> Many of his employees complained of delays in receiving their salaries; which were often paid in instalments. Sultan Ibrahim then took charge of closely supervising the state treasury, and personally witnessed the payment of the state's employees during payment day.<ref name="Winstedt141">Winstedt, ''A History of Johore (1365–1941)'', page 141</ref> In the same year, he also took on the task of appointing the committee members of the Johor Gambier and Pepper Society (also known as ''Kongkek'' in Malay).<ref>Trocki, ''Prince of Pirates: The Temenggongs and the Development of Johor and Singapore, 1784–1885'', page 179</ref> Sultan Ibrahim was inexperienced in public administration skills and heavily relied on his private secretary, Dato Amar DiRaja [[Abdul Rahman Andak|Abdul Rahman bin Andak]] on advice and assistance in running the affairs of the state.<ref>Winstedt, ''A History of Johore (1365–1941)'', page 142</ref>

The [[Resident (title)|Resident General]] of the [[Federated Malay States]], [[Frank Swettenham]] proposed to Sultan Ibrahim in November 1899 the construction of a railway line into Johor, in conjunction with his plan for the [[KTM Intercity#West Coast Line|North-South Main Trunk Railway]] down the [[Malay Peninsula]]. Sultan Ibrahim welcomed Swettenham's plan but was weary of British influence in Johor and insisted on financing the construction of the railway line himself. Swettenham was comfortable with Sultan Ibrahim's prospect of financing the railway line using the state's revenue, and submitted his proposals to the Colonial Office in England. The proposals drew scepticism from the Secretary of State for the Colonies, [[Joseph Chamberlain]], who was aware of Johor's financial difficulties and withheld decision. Sultan Ibrahim then sent his adviser Abdul Rahman Andak the following May to London to negotiate with the Colonial Office,<ref>Nadarajah, ''Johore and the Origins of British Control, 1895–1914'', pages 68–9</ref> and in April 1901, Sultan Ibrahim made a year-long trip to London to seek private English financiers to fund the construction of the railway line and negotiated with the Colonial Office for a railway loan.<ref name="Nadarajah57">Nadarajah, ''Johore and the Origins of British Control, 1895–1914'', page 57</ref> He managed to obtain a loan for the construction of the railway and the Johor Railway Convention was signed in July 1904 by his adviser, Abdul Rahman Andak, that gave provisions for an extension of the Malayan railway line to be extended into Johor.<ref name="Winstedt141"/>

[[Image:JMF Ibrahim.jpg|thumb|left|Sultan Ibrahim leading as Colonel of the Johor Military Forces at King's Birthday Parade of [[George V]] in Singapore, {{circa|1920}}]]

Sultan Ibrahim returned to Johor the following year, and expanded the state's military forces, JMF. He instituted the Johor Volunteer Forces, which consisted of young Malay boys and served as the state's reservist soldiers.<ref name="Winstedt141"/> In 1906, he granted land concessions to English capitalists and financiers for development purposes. This drew the concern of the Straits Governor, [[John Anderson (colonial administrator)|Sir John Anderson]], who was not very favourable with Sultan Ibrahim's intents to detach Johor's economic dependence from Singapore. He successfully pressured Sultan Ibrahim to dispense with the services of Abdul Rahman Andak<ref name="Nadarajah57"/> as well as ceding the administrative powers of the railway line to the colonial government the following year after reports of the state's troubled finances were revealed.<ref>Nadarajah, ''Johore and the Origins of British Control, 1895–1914'', page 192</ref>

Sultan Ibrahim was also facing political challenges from the British colonial government, who were ostensibly unhappy about his negligence in his state affairs and were seeking to extend greater political influence into the state. The [[Chief Secretary (Singapore)|Colonial Secretary of the Straits Settlements]], [[Victor Bruce, 9th Earl of Elgin|Victor Bruce]], [[Earl of Elgin|Lord Elgin]] had met Sultan Ibrahim in 1906 and advised him to administer the state in favour of British interests and to cut down on his overseas travels to Europe.<ref>Nadarajah, ''Johore and the Origins of British Control, 1895–1914'', page 128</ref> Sultan Ibrahim was adamant about Elgin's advice and was indignant to accept British advice, and was warned two years later by Lord Elgin on the possibility of the British enacting constitutional changes to the state administration.<ref>Nadarajah, ''Johore and the Origins of British Control, 1895–1914'', page 139</ref> In 1910, Sultan Ibrahim accepted a British adviser for Johor after immense pressure from the colonial government. The British were extremely unhappy with the condition of Johor's finances, which was depleted as a result of Sultan Ibrahim's extensive overseas travels. The British-Resident of [[Negeri Sembilan]], [[Douglas Graham Campbell]] was appointed as the first adviser of Johor.<ref name="Nadarajah51">Nadarajah, ''Johore and the Origins of British Control, 1895–1914'', page 51</ref>

Relations between Sultan Ibrahim and Campbell were excellent within Campbell's first year as an adviser, and Sultan Ibrahim gave him support to improve the state administrative system.<ref>Nadarajah, ''Johore and the Origins of British Control, 1895–1914'', page 150</ref> However, a tenacious relationship was develop as Campbell proposed numerous administrative reforms which were declined by the Sultan. A political scandal erupted in 1912 after Campbell publicly revealed malpractices in the [[Johor Bahru Prison]]. Campbell was particularly unhappy with the way the prisoners were incarcated and lobbied to the British authorities to take charge of the administrative affairs of the prison which caused protest from the Sultan.<ref>Nadarajah, ''Johore and the Origins of British Control, 1895–1914'', page 167</ref> Grievances between the Sultan's administration and the colonial government over the administrative control of the state railway remained unabated during this period, and the Menteri Besar of Johor, [[Malay titles#Datuk|Dato']] Abdullah bin Jaafar was delegated to handle these matters.<ref>Nadarajah, ''Johore and the Origins of British Control, 1895–1914'', page 165</ref>

Shortly after his fallout with Campbell, Sultan Ibrahim implemented a state executive council ([[Malay language|Malay]]: ''Masyurat Kerja'') to oversee the administration of state agricultural and mining activities.<ref>Straits Settlements. Statistical Office, Malayan Information Agency, ''Malayan Year Book, 1935'', page 25</ref> The Sultan distanced himself from the Campbell and the state's legal adviser, [[Michael Whitley]] and took administrative matters into his own hands. This incited worry and unhappiness in Campbell and Whitley, and they submitted a memorandum to the [[Governor of Straits Settlements|Governor of the Straits Settlements]], Sir [[Arthur Young (colonial administrator)|Arthur Henderson Young]] to appeal for greater British administrative control over the state. Young gave provisions to Campbell with the power similar to a British Resident-General from other states, but kept the title of "General Adviser" to show protocol deference to the Sultan.<ref>Nadarajah, ''Johore and the Origins of British Control, 1895–1914'', page 178</ref> Sultan Ibrahim was unhappy with the new proposals as the British adviser would have more direct control over the state affairs, but Young assured the Sultan that he would be available for consultation in the event that they had differing opinions. A treaty was signed on 12 May 1914, which formalised the powers of the state's General Adviser.<ref>Nadarajah, ''Johore and the Origins of British Control, 1895–1914'', page 179</ref>

===World War I and Interwar years (1914–1941)===
[[File:Stamp Malaya Johor 1921 4c.jpg|thumb|upright|Sultan Ibrahim as depicted on a postage stamp of 1921.]]

The state economy experienced a budget surplus as a result of an [[Amazon rubber cycle|increase in rubber prices]] for the rest of the 1910s. Campbell served as its General Adviser until his death in June 1918, and between June 1918 until December 1920, five General Advisers were appointed in succession, each of whom only took office for a few months. As the colonial government lacked decisiveness in the state administration, Sultan Ibrahim attempted to extend his influence in the state administration. Hayes Marriot was appointed as the state's new General Adviser in December 1920 and reorganised the state administration.<ref>Winstedt, ''A History of Johore (1365–1941)'', page 149</ref>

Sultan Ibrahim took on the role of a ceremonial monarch from the 1920s onwards, and his duties were largely limited to gracing various opening ceremonies around Johor. He occasionally expressed his views on the state administration and economic developments whenever he had grievances, which the British colonial government often took into account as a result of his political influence in the state.<ref>Winstedt, ''A History of Johore (1365–1941)'', page 180</ref> He began to take time off to travel abroad from 1928, after he began to suffer from chronic [[gout]] and myocardial degeneration.<ref>Winstedt, ''A History of Johore (1365–1941)'', page 175-6</ref> He would often visit London and frequented the Colonial Office whenever he had grievances with the state administration.<ref name="Winstedt, 1941 pg 178">Winstedt, ''A History of Johore (1365–1941)'', page 178</ref> As a result of his frequent complaints of maladministration of state affairs by the local British government, Sultan Ibrahim's relations with each General Adviser became strained.{{#tag:ref|Except for one, [[Richard Olaf Winstedt]], who served as Johor's Acting General Adviser from 1931–1933. Sultan Ibrahim had high regards for Winstedt, and requested for Winstedt to continue to serve as the Johor's General Adviser. Winstedt served in that capacity until 1935.<ref>Winstedt, ''A History of Johore (1365–1941)'', page 166</ref>|group=fn}} Sir [[Cecil Clementi]], who served as the governor of the Straits Settlements as well as the high commissioner of the Malay States from 1930 to 1934, remarked in December 1932 that Sultan Ibrahim was too independent in state affairs and proposed to the Sultan that he should approach Clementi in future under the capacity of the high commissioner instead of the Straits Governor. Clementi's proposals apparently angered the Sultan, who boycotted the [[Conference of Rulers|Durbar]] in February 1934.<ref name="Winstedt, 1941 pg 178"/>

[[File:sultanjohor.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Sultan Ibrahim was a close friend of [[Frank Buck (animal collector)|Frank Buck]] and often assisted Buck in his animal collecting endeavours.]]

[[Early Malay nationalism]] took root in Johor during the 1920s as a Malay aristocrat, [[Onn Jaafar]], whom the Sultan had treated as an adopted son, became a journalist and wrote articles on the welfare of the [[Malay people|Malays]]. Some of Onn's articles were critical of Sultan Ibrahim's policies, which strained their personal relations. Sultan Ibrahim expelled Onn from Johor after he published an article in the ''Sunday Mirror'', a Singapore-based English tabloid and criticised the Sultan's poor treatment of the Johor Military Forces personnel and the welfare of the [[Orang Asli]]. Onn became very popular after he continued to cover issues on Malay grievances, and Sultan Ibrahim invited Onn to return to Johor in 1936.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110604014858/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2007%2F6%2F18%2Ffocus%2F18037710&sec=focus Aristocrat who spoke his mind], 18 June 2007, [[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]</ref> Sultan Ibrahim became an active patron of the state's forestry department around 1930, and encouraged the state forestry department to designate some of the remaining virgin forests in the state as [[nature reserves]], as Johor had gone through a reduction in timber supplies due to extensive logging before. Nature reserves covered about 15 per cent of the state's land area by 1934, mainly in the northern regions of the state.<ref>Wells, ''Nature and Nation: Forests and Development in Peninsular Malaysia'', page 142-3</ref>

Sultan Ibrahim's relations with Clementi's successor, Sir [[Shenton Thomas]] did not fare well as Thomas attempted to form a centralised [[Malayan Union]] by bringing Johor and the other [[Unfederated Malay States]] under the direct authority of the Straits Governor.<ref>Newbury, ''Patrons, Clients, and Empire: Chieftaincy and Over-rule in Asia, Africa, and the Pacific'', page 167</ref> As the [[Second World War]] broke out in 1939, Thomas introduced the Pan-Malayan war tax scheme to fund for Britain's war efforts. Sultan Ibrahim's rejected the proposals, and made a £250,000 cash gift to [[George VI of the United Kingdom]] on his 44th birthday in 1939 during his trip to Europe in 1939.<ref>Stockwell, ''British policy and Malay Politics during the Malayan Union Experiment, 1945–1948'', page 1</ref> From 1934 to 1940 the Sultan's name was associated with that of the [[cabaret]] dancer [[Lydia Cecilia Hill|Cissie Hill]].<ref name="Argus-SillyHill-27may1938">{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article11158057/587431?zoomLevel=3|title=Glamour girl and sultan: engagement likely|date=27 May 1938|work=The Argus|access-date=30 January 2011|location=Melbourne, Victoria}}</ref>

===Japanese Occupation (1941–1945)===
[[File:CO 1069-501-5 (7892977184).jpg|thumb|upright|Sultan Ibrahim in 20 October 1945]]
Sultan Ibrahim became a personal friend of [[Yoshichika Tokugawa]] during the 1920s, a member of the [[Tokugawa clan]] whose ancestors included the [[Shogun|shoguns]] who [[Tokugawa shogunate|ruled Japan]] from the 16th to the 19th centuries. When the [[Japanese Invasion of Malaya|Japanese invaded Malaya]], Tokugawa accompanied General [[Tomoyuki Yamashita|Yamashita Tomoyuki]]'s troops and was warmly received by Sultan Ibrahim when they reached Johor Bahru at the end of January 1942. Yamashita and his officers then stationed themselves at the Sultan's residence, the [[Istana Bukit Serene]] and the state secretariat building, the [[Sultan Ibrahim Building]] to plan for the [[Battle of Singapore|invasion of Singapore]].<ref>Lee, ''Singapore: The Unexpected Nation'', page 37</ref>

The Japanese established a military government in February, shortly after they settled down in [[British Malaya|Malaya]]. Tokugawa was appointed as its political adviser at the recommendation of Sultan Ibrahim. Relations between the military government and the monarchy were initially cordial throughout the Japanese occupation, and Tokugawa briefly envisioned a plan for a united Malay Sultanate over the [[Malay Peninsula]] (including [[Patani (historical region)|Pattani]]) with Sultan Ibrahim as its [[figurehead]]. However, as the Japanese began to experience economic difficulties and military defeats in the [[Pacific War]] from 1943 onwards, these plans were dropped and the military government channelled its efforts towards state agriculture. The Japanese continued the British policy of appointing a state adviser in Johor, and Sultan Ibrahim spent most of his time doing leisure activities.<ref>Bayly, Harper, ''Forgotten Armies: The Fall of British Asia, 1941–1945'', page 220–221</ref>

Sultan Ibrahim, on his part, became resentful of the Japanese military government during the later part of the occupation. The Japanese gave orders to the Malay Sultans to contribute an annual stipend of $10,000 to support the Japanese war efforts, and public speeches which the rulers made were drafted by the propaganda department.<ref>Cheah, ''Red Star Over Malaya: Resistance and Social Conflict during and after the Japanese occupation of Malaya, 1941–1946'', pages 267–268</ref> In particular, Sultan Ibrahim was once publicly criticised, for leaning on his walking stick before Japanese officers.<ref>Bayly, Harper, ''Forgotten Armies: The Fall of British Asia, 1941–1945'', page 221</ref> Shortly before the Japanese surrendered in 1945, Sultan Ibrahim was expelled from his residence at the Istana Bukit Serene and was forced to reside at the [[Istana Pasir Pelangi]], the crown prince's palace.<ref name="Bayly132">Bayly, Harper, ''Forgotten wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia'', page 132</ref>

===Malay nationalism (1946–1948)===
The [[British Military Administration (Malaya)|British Military Administration]] set to task of reviving [[British Malaya|pre-war plans]] for centralised control over the Malay states within days after British [[Allies of World War II|Allied forces]] [[Post-war Singapore|landed in Singapore]] on 5 September 1945. A former Malayan Civil Service legal officer, H.C. Willan, was ordered to interview the Malay rulers and Willan approached Sultan Ibrahim on 8 September. Sultan Ibrahim was living at the Istana Pasir Pelangi with his Romanian wife, and reportedly warmed up to Willan when he first saw him.<ref>Stockwell, ''Malaya: The Malayan Union Experiment'', page 132</ref> During the interview with Willan, Sultan Ibrahim spoke bitterly of his experiences during the Japanese occupation, and offered to serve under the British Military Administration. The Sultan asked Willan's permission to fly the [[Union Jack]] on his car to attend the surrender ceremony on 12 September, and the British military government granted his requests.<ref>Stockwell, ''Malaya: The Malayan Union Experiment'', page 140</ref>

Willan made further interviews with other Malay rulers over the next few days, and made assessments of the political situation in each state. His studies were forwarded to the military administration, and Sir [[Harold MacMichael]], the former high commissioner of [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] was empowered to sign official treaties with the Malay rulers over the [[Malayan Union]] proposal. MacMichael made several visits to the Malay rulers, beginning with Sultan Ibrahim in October 1945. The Sultan quickly consented to MacMichael's proposal, which was motivated by his strong desire to visit England at the end of the year. MacMichael paid further visits to other Malay rulers over the proposal, and sought their consent on it. Many Malay rulers expressed strong reluctance to signing the treaties with MacMichael, partly because they feared losing their royal status and the prospect of their states falling under [[Thailand|Thai]] political influence.<ref name="Bayly, Harper pg 133-4">Bayly, Harper, ''Forgotten wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia'', page 133-4</ref>

The treaties provided that United Kingdom had full administrative powers over the Malay states except in areas pertaining to [[Islam in Malaysia|Islamic customs]]. The [[Malay people|Malays]] strongly protested the treaties, as the treaties restricted the spiritual and [[moral authority]] of the Malay rulers, which the Malays held in high regard. Communal tensions between the Malays and [[Malaysian Chinese|Chinese]] were high, and the prospect of granting citizenship to non-Malays was deemed unacceptable to the Malays.<ref name="Bayly, Harper pg 133-4"/> In particular, politicians in Johor were extremely unhappy with the willingness of Sultan Ibrahim to sign the treaties with MacMichael, and voiced that the Sultan Ibrahim had violated the [[Johor State Constitution]] which explicitly forbade any foreign powers to assume legitimate control over the state. In early February 1946, seven political dissidents led by [[Awang bin Hassan]] organised a rally to protest against the Sultan's decision to sign the treaties, and [[Onn Jaafar]], who was then serving as a [[district officer]] in [[Batu Pahat]], was invited to attend the rally.<ref>Bayly, Harper, ''Forgotten wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia'', page 211</ref>

The rally was held on 1 February 1946 at the [[Sultan Abu Bakar State Mosque]], and protesters shouted nationalistic slogans and called for the dethronement of Sultan Ibrahim and accused him for committing treason against the [[Malay race]] by signing the treaties. News of the rally reached Sultan Ibrahim on 22 February, who was then residing at [[Grosvenor House Hotel]] in London. Sultan Ibrahim approached the colonial office and withdrew his support of the proposal, but this did not appease the political dissidents and Onn continued to organise more rallies in the other Malay states to muster further support for his calls against the Malayan Union, and formed [[United Malays National Organisation]] (UMNO) in May.<ref>Bayly, Harper, ''Forgotten wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia'', pages 211–2</ref>

Sultan Ibrahim returned to Johor in early September 1947 and attended UMNO's second general meeting at the [[Istana Besar]]. Although many Johorean politicians still held critical opinions of Sultan Ibrahim over the treaties with MacMichael, the UMNO delegates gave him a rousing welcome when he arrived at the palace.<ref>Stockwell, British policy and Malay politics during the Malayan Union Experiment, 1945–1948, page 99</ref> Critical opinions against the Sultan waned after the [[Federation of Malaya]] was established the following January, which restored the rulers' powers. Shortly before Sultan Ibrahim left for England in May, he personally donated $5,000 to UMNO, hoping to improve relations with UMNO leaders and Onn himself, who had been appointed the [[Menteri Besar of Johor]] in 1946.<ref>Bayly, Harper, ''Forgotten wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia'', page 361</ref>

===Pre-independence Malaya (1948–1957)===
[[File:CO 1069-504-08 (7893277368).jpg|thumb|upright|Ibrahim of Johor signs the [[Federation of Malaya]] and Johor State Agreements, 1948.]]
The establishment of the federation did not go down well with the Chinese, as favourable conditions for obtaining citizenship for the Chinese and other non-Malays were withdrawn. The [[Malaysian Chinese Association]] (MCA) was formed in 1949 under the leadership of a [[Straits Chinese]] businessman, [[Tan Cheng Lock]] who frequently raised grievances over the citizenship terms that were set when the federation was established.<ref>Bayly, Harper, ''Forgotten wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia'', pages 502–3</ref> As a result, communal tensions between the Malays and Chinese surfaced, and Onn kept his distance from Tan. Tan encountered initial difficulties with meeting the Sultan, who was not accustomed to working with Chinese businessmen. Sultan Ibrahim also became increasingly disappointed in Onn's work commitment, whom he saw as neglecting state affairs as a result of his commitments towards the UMNO. In early 1950, Sultan Ibrahim approached Onn, who was asked to choose between committing his efforts to the state or the UMNO. Onn chose to the latter, and resigned as the Menteri Besar of Johor in May.<ref>Ong, ''One Man's Will: A Portrait of Dato' Sir Onn bin Ja'afar'', page 184</ref>

Sultan Ibrahim became increasingly uncomfortable with the idea of Johor as a state within the Federation of Malaya, particularly when the prospect of an independent federation free from British interference became increasingly clear under [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]]'s leadership. In a letter which he wrote to ''[[The Straits Times]]'' in 1953, "Straits Settlement Forever", Sultan Ibrahim expressed a sceptical opinion of Johor's future as part of an independent Malaya, and voiced support for the continuation of British Adviser system in Johor.<ref>[[University of Malaya]], ''Journal of Malaysian and Comparative Law (Jernal Undang-undang), Volume 14'', page 142</ref> At his [[Diamond Jubilee]] celebrations in September 1955, Sultan Ibrahim publicly called for Johor's secession from the Federation.<ref>Sopiee, ''From Malayan Union to Singapore Separation: Political Unification in the Malaysia region, 1945–65'', page 77</ref> Sultan Ibrahim's calls for secession inspired the formation of the ''Persatuan Kebangsaan Melayu Johor'' (PKMJ) the following month, a secessionist movement led by Ungku Abdullah bin Omar, a relative of Sultan Ibrahim who was serving as one of Johor's state executive councillor. The Sultan voiced public support for the PKMJ during a public gathering in mid-December 1955, and the PKMJ courted considerable grassroot support from in first half of 1956.<ref name="Sopiee78">Sopiee, ''From Malayan Union to Singapore Separation: Political Unification in the Malaysia region, 1945–65'', page 78</ref>

The [[Alliance Party (Malaysia)|Alliance Party]] reacted strongly to the events which motivated the formation of the PKMJ, and called for the Alliance-dominated [[Johor State Executive Council|Johor state executive council]] to vet all future state-policy speeches that will be made by the Sultan or members of the royal family.<ref name="Sopiee78"/> In particular, the Alliance Party reacted with great hostility to the existence of the PKMJ, and actively attempted to suppress and discredit the party. The PKMJ rapidly lost most of its members to UMNO, and by mid-1957 Ungku Abdullah only had ten members left in the party. Meanwhile, at the [[Conference of Rulers]] in March 1957, Tunku Abdul Rahman expressed his desire to elect Sultan Ibrahim as the first [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]] of Malaysia, but Sultan Ibrahim declined on grounds of his old age and desire to lead his final years in retirement.<ref>Tate, The Making of Modern South-East Asia, page 145</ref>

Four months later in July 1957, Ungku Abdullah made one last call to urge Sultan Ibrahim not to sign the [[Constitution of Malaysia|Malayan Federal Constitution]]. The Sultan, who was now residing in London, replied to Ungku Abdullah that he had empowered the Tunku Mahkota, Tunku Ismail (later Sultan [[Ismail of Johor|Ismail]]) to decide on the matter. Ungku Abdullah then called upon Tunku Ismail not to sign the constitution, but his calls were ignored and Tunku Ismail proceeded to sign the constitution at the ruler's meeting. Following the ordeal, Ungku Abdullah formally disbanded the party a few days before Malaya's declaration of independence on 31 August.<ref name="Sopiee78"/>

==Foreign relations==
Sultan Ibrahim spent much of his time residing in England, often dealing with the colonial office in London over state affairs. His relations with the United Kingdom were often strained over both state and personal matters, especially with leading figures from the colonial office.<ref>Tate, The Making of Modern South-East Asia, page 130</ref> From the mid-1930s onwards, Sultan Ibrahim fostered personal friends with the British monarchs, and made a cash donation of £500,000 for the [[Silver Jubilee]] of [[George V of the United Kingdom|King George V]], much of which was used to fund the construction of the [[Singapore Naval Base]] at [[Sembawang]].<ref>[http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/about_us/history/maturing_saf/v08n04_history.html 1991 – The Johore Battery, Volume 8 Issue 4] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007060004/http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/about_us/history/maturing_saf/v08n04_history.html |date=7 October 2007}}, 7 April 2004, Germaine Foo-Tan, [[MINDEF]]</ref> Three years later, Sultan Ibrahim made a detour to Germany during his visit to Europe and met with [[Adolf Hitler]] and was briefly detained by the French police following the visit when they mistook him for a spy.<ref>Bayly, Harper, ''Forgotten Armies: The Fall of British Asia, 1941–1945'', page 46-7</ref>

Sultan Ibrahim also became a close acquaintance with Yoshichika Tokugawa after the latter visited Johor in 1921. They became friends, partly due to their shared interest in [[tiger]] hunting, as well as Tokugawa's ability to communicate in fluent Malay. Tokugawa's personal friendship with the Sultan encouraged Japanese businessmen to invest in the state's rubber plantations from the 1920s onwards. The Sultan visited Japan in 1934, at the invitation of Tokugawa.<ref>Lim, Wong, ''War and Memory in Malaysia and Singapore'', pages 143–4</ref>

==Wealth==
[[File:CO 1069-506-04 (7893303848) 03.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Sultan Ibrahim and [[Sultanah Helen]] Ibrahim in [[Singapore]], 1935.]]
During his reign, the Sultan was considered to be "fabulously wealthy."<ref name=NYTimes-12oct1940>{{cite news|title=Bomb kills entertainer: Lydia Cecily Hill, friend of the Sultan of Jahore, is slain|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1940/10/12/112768928.pdf|access-date=18 February 2011|newspaper=New York Times|date=12 October 1940}}</ref> He also had a reputation as a wild international playboy. His exploits included changing the colour of his racing horse to present it as an unknown with better odds and going to the [[Red-light district|red-light]] area of [[Vienna]]. He gave a pair of [[Malayan tigers]] to the [[Edinburgh Zoo]] and sent a huge cash present to [[George V of the United Kingdom|King George V]] on his Jubilee.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

The Sultan was an [[Anglophile]] and spent much of his life away from Johor, preferring the more liberal delights of Europe. He sent his sons, by his Malay wives, to be educated in Britain.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

The Sultan was reported to have given Sultanah [[Lady Helen Ibrahim|Helen Ibrahim]] a spectacular jewel collection, reputedly giving her an emerald on her birthday and a diamond on their wedding anniversary, even after the divorce.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}}

==Family==
Sultan Ibrahim was the only son of Che Wan Abu Bakar, [[Temenggung]] of Johor by Che Puan Besar Zubaidah (née Cecilia Catharina Lange, 1848–1936).<ref>{{cite news | title=Johore Mourns Sultan's Mother | work=Morning Tribune | date=3 June 1936 | pages=23}}</ref> Zubaidah was the daughter of [[Mads Johansen Lange]]; a [[Bali]]nese-based Danish businessman<ref>Braginsky, Murtagh, Harrison, page 137</ref> and his Chinese wife, Nonna Sang Nio<ref>Andresen, pages 7, 42, 48, 184; Schefold, Vermeulen, page 118</ref> (born Ong Sang Nio). Nonna, who was born in Southern China, lived in East Java for a time prior to her marriage to Lange.<ref>Mabbett, ''In Praise of Kuta: From Slave Port to Fishing Village to the Most Popular Resort in Bali'', page 140</ref> He had one sister, Mariam (born 1871).<ref>{{cite news | title=Johore Sultan's Sister Passes | work=Singapore Standard | date=25 October 1952 | pages=7}}</ref>

===Marriage===
[[File:CO 1069-501-6 (7892976972).jpg|thumb|upright|Lady Marcella Ibrahim, 20 October 1945.]]
Sultan Ibrahim married at least four official wives who became [[sultana (title)|sultana]]hs of Johor. They were:
 
# Ungku Maimunah Binti Ungku Abdul Majid (died 1909); married 5 October 1892, they had one son, [[Ismail of Johor|Tunku Ismail]] (Sultan of Johor) (28 October 1894–10 May 1981).{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}
# Enche' Rogayah (died 1926); married in 1920, they had one son, Tunku Haris Abu Bakar (Tunku Aris Bendahara of Johor) (17 February 1898–1 May 1956).{{citation needed|date=June 2021}} 
# Enche' Hasnah Binti Dato' Ja'afar: Hasnah was the daughter of Dato' Ja'afar bin Haji Muhammad, the first Johor Menteri Besar, and the younger sister of [[Onn Jaafar|Dato' Onn Bin Ja'afar]], He also had a son by Hasnah Binti Dato' Ja'afar: Tunku Ahmad (Tunku Temenggong of Johor) (28 July 1898–26 October 1983).{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}
# Ungku Intan Binti Ungku Ahmad: Married in 1926, Ungku Intan was the daughter of Ungku Ahmad bin Ungku Muhammad.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}
# [[Sultanah Helen Ibrahim|Helen Bartholomew Wilson]] (1899–1977), former wife of William Brockie Wilson; married 15 October 1930, divorced 30 March 1938.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}
# Marcella Mendl (1915–1982), daughter of Edgar Mendl from [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]] and cousin of British diplomat [[Elsie de Wolfe|Sir Charles Mendl]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110529223520/http://205.188.238.109/time/magazine/article/0,9171,777520,00.html Time Magazine]</ref> Upon converting to Islam, she took the name ''Fawzia binti 'Abdu'llah'' and was known as ''Lady Marcella Ibrahim'' (1940–1955) and Her Highness Sultana Fawzia binti 'Abdu'llah (1955–1982). Married in 1940, they had one daughter, Tunku Meriam (18 September 1950–4 July 2014)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Clifford|first=Naomi|date=2020-07-16|title=Marcella Mendl|url=https://ambulance.naomiclifford.com/marcella-mendl/|url-status=dead|access-date=2021-10-02|website=Chelsea Vignette|language=en-GB|archive-date=13 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813044739/https://ambulance.naomiclifford.com/marcella-mendl/}}</ref><ref>[http://aolsvc.timeforkids.kol.aol.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,817864-1,00.html Magazine]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> (married, 1976–1980, to British rock star Barry Sapherson, aka [[Barry Ryan (singer)|Barry Ryan]])<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rouse|first=Sabina|date=2021-09-30|title=Barry Ryan dead: Eloise singer who performed with twin Paul dies as Cat Stevens speaks out|url=https://www.express.co.uk/celebrity-news/1498912/Barry-Ryan-dead-death-cause-Paul-Ryan-singer-Cat-Stevens-news-latest-update|access-date=2021-10-02|website=Express.co.uk|language=en}}</ref> Besides Malay, she was fluent in several European languages such as German, French, and English.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=SOpaCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT338 Feir 2014 Google.com].</ref>

==Death==
Sultan Ibrahim spent the last two years of his life at his apartment at [[Grosvenor House Hotel]] in London. He spent most of his time watching television and visiting theatres and enjoyed the company of his sixth wife, Marcella Mendl and their beloved daughter, Tunku Meriam.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110201101938/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869059,00.html Shrubs in the Fairway], [[TIME Magazine]], 18 May 1959</ref> The Sultan died on 8 May 1959 at his apartment, with his wife reportedly at his bedside during his last hours.<ref>[http://www.gibbonsstampmonthly.com/Journals/GSM/Gibbons_Stamp_Monthly/September_2007/attachments/johore.pdf The Sultana of Johore–The Story Behind the Stamp] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409033413/http://www.gibbonsstampmonthly.com/Journals/GSM/Gibbons_Stamp_Monthly/September_2007/attachments/johore.pdf |date=9 April 2011}}, Gibbons Stamp Monthly, September 2007</ref> Tunku Ismail succeeded his father as the Sultan of Johor, and many Malay and British leaders who worked with him publicly expressed their condolences to the late Sultan within the first two weeks of his death.<ref>Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Malaysian Branch, ''Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society'', page 41</ref> The Sultan's body was shipped back to Johor Bahru and arrived the following month, where he was given a state funeral and with body laying in state between 4 and 6 June at the [[Istana Besar]].<ref>[http://johor.nst.com.my/Current_News/JohorBuzz/Monday/MyJohor/2511704/Article/index_html Istana Besar, birthplace of Umno] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607033714/http://johor.nst.com.my/Current_News/JohorBuzz/Monday/MyJohor/2511704/Article/index_html |date=7 June 2009}}, Fauziah Ismail, 22 March 2009, [[New Straits Times]]</ref><ref>[http://www.users.waitrose.com/~g8jan/html%20files/sultans%20funeral.html The Sultan of Johore's Funeral] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219225318/http://www.users.waitrose.com/~g8jan/html%20files/sultans%20funeral.html |date=19 December 2008}}, The Janvinsion Gallery, retrieved 14 June 2009</ref>

At the time of his death, Sultan Ibrahim was the longest reigning Sultan of Johor, having ruled for 64 years.

==Legacy==
In recent years, efforts have been made by the Sultan's heirs to rehabilitate his image and paint him as a benevolent ruler. Critics claim that he is largely remembered as an anti-independence figure, a wastrel and a close ally of the British. Even with that view, he is viewed as the man whom continued his father's legacy of investing in pepper, gambier and rubber, which largely improved the economic situation of Johor. The posthumous title of "the Famous" (in Malay, ''mil Masyhur'') conferred on him by his grandson [[Iskandar of Johor|Sultan Iskandar]], never caught on.{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}}

==Honours==
*{{flag|Malaya}}
**[[File:MY Darjah Utama Seri Mahkota Negara (Crown of the Realm) - DMN.svg|50px]] Recipient of the [[Order of the Crown of the Realm]] (DMN) (31 August 1958)<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.istiadat.gov.my/v8/images/stories/1958.pdf|title=Senarai Penuh Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat Persekutuan Tahun 1958}}</ref>
*{{flag|Johor}}
**[[File:Most Esteemed Royal Family Order of Johor - ribbon bar.svg|50px]] Grand Commander (DK I) (23 May 1891) and Grand Master (1895) of the [[Royal Family Order of Johor]] 
**[[File:Order of the Crown of Johor ribbon bar.svg|50px]] Knight Grand Commander (SPMJ) (23 May 1891) and Grand Master (1895) of the [[Order of the Crown of Johor]]
*{{flag|Kelantan}} 
**[[File:MY-KEL Royal_Family_Order_-_Star_of_Yunus_-_DK.svg|50px]] Recipient of the [[Royal Family Order of Kelantan]] (DK) (9 October 1953)
*{{flag|United Kingdom}}
**[[File:Queen Victoria_Golden_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.png|50px]] Recipient of the [[Queen Victoria Diamond Jubilee Medal]] (1897)
**[[File:UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg|50px]] Honorary Knight Commander of the [[Order of St Michael and St George]] (KCMG) – '''Sir''' (22 June 1897)
** [[File:UK King_Edward_VII_Coronation_Medal_ribbon.svg|50px]] Recipient of the [[King Edward VII Coronation Medal]] (1902)
**[[File:King George V Coronation Medal ribbon.svg|50px]] Recipient of the [[King George V Coronation Medal]] (1911)
** [[File:UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg|50px]] Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of St Michael and St George]] (GCMG) – '''Sir''' (1 January 1916)<ref name="GCMG">{{London Gazette|issue=29423|page=82 |supp=y|date=31 December 1915}}</ref>
**[[File:Order_of_the_British_Empire_(Civil)_Ribbon.svg|50px]] Knight Commander of the [[Order of the British Empire]] (KBE) – '''Sir''' (1 January 1918)
**[[File:UK_King_George_V_Silver_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg|50px]] [[King George V Silver Jubilee Medal]] (1935)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitsbudget19350530-1.2.91|title=KING'S JUBILEE MEDAL AWARDS IN MALAYA|work=[[Straits Budget]]|date=30 May 1935|pages=16}}</ref>
**[[File:Order_of_the_British_Empire_(Civil)_Ribbon.svg|50px]] Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of the British Empire]] (GBE) – '''Sir''' (3 June 1935)<ref name="GBE">{{London Gazette|issue=34166|page=3613 |supp=y|date=3 June 1935}}</ref>
**[[File:UK_King_George_VI_Coronation_Medal_ribbon.svg|50px]] [[King George VI Coronation Medal]] (1937)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/morningtribune19370526-1.2.94|title=CORONATION MEDALS FOR MALAYA|work=[[Morning Tribune]]|date=26 May 1937|pages=23}}</ref>
** [[File:UK Queen EII Coronation Medal ribbon.svg|50px]] Recipient of the [[Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal]] (1953)
*{{flag|Ottoman Empire}}
** [[File:Order_of_the_Osmanie_lenta.png|50x50px]] 1st Class of the Imperial [[Order of Osminieh]] (''Nishan-e-Osmanieh'') (1898)
*{{flag|Italy|1861}}
**[[File:Cavaliere di Gran Croce OCI Kingdom BAR.svg|50px]] Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Crown of Italy]] (1938)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/morningtribune19381230-1.2.87|title=Italian Honours For Johore Sultan & Officials|work=[[Morning Tribune]]|date=30 December 1938|pages=21}}</ref>
*{{flag|Romania}} 
**[[File:Ro1ocr.gif|50px]] Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Crown of Romania]] (1920)
* {{Flag|Thailand}} 
**[[File:Order of the White Elephant - Special Class (Thailand) ribbon.svg|50px]] Knight Grand Cordon (Special Class) of the [[Order of the White Elephant]] (KGE) (1924)
**[[File:Order of the Crown of Thailand - Special Class (Thailand) ribbon.svg|50px]] Knight Grand Cordon (Special Class) of the [[Order of the Crown of Thailand|Order of the Crown of Siam]]
*{{Flag|Annam (French protectorate)}}
**[[File:Order_of_the_Dragon_of_Annam_Knight_ribbon.svg|50px]] Grand Cordon of the [[Order of the Dragon of Annam]] (1933)
*{{flag|Cambodia}} 
**[[File:KHM_Ordre_Royal_du_Cambodge_-_Grand_Croix_BAR.svg|50px]] Grand Cross of the [[Royal Order of Cambodia]] (1933)
*{{flag|Japan}} 
**[[File:JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_1Class_BAR.svg|50px]] Grand Cordon of the [[Order of the Rising Sun]] (1934)
*{{flag|Zanzibar}} 
**[[File:Order_of_the_Brilliant_Star_of_Zanzibar_-_ribbon_bar.gif|50px]] Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Brilliant Star of Zanzibar]]

==Footnotes==
{{reflist|1|group=fn}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|35em}}

==References==
{{refbegin|35em}}
*Andresen, Paul, ''Mads Lange fra Bali: Og Hans Efterslaegt Sultanerne af Johor'', [[Odense Universitetsforlag]], 1992, {{ISBN|87-7492-851-1}}
*Anon, ''European Settlements in the Far East'', published by READ BOOKS, 2008, {{ISBN|1-4437-2292-8}}
*Basri, M. A. Fawzi Mohd., ''Johor, 1855–1917: Pentadbiran dan Perkembangannya'', published by Fajar Bakti, 1988, {{ISBN|967-933-717-0}}
*Braginsky, Vladimir, Murtagh, Ben, Harrison, Rachel (FRW, ''The Portrayal of Foreigners in Indonesian and Malay Literatures: Essays on the Ethnic "other"'', Edwin Mellen Press, 2007, {{ISBN|0-7734-5365-2}}
*Bayly, Christopher Alan; Harper, Timothy Norman, ''Forgotten armies: the fall of British Asia, 1941–1945'', [[Harvard University Press]], 2005, {{ISBN|0-674-01748-X}}
*Bayly, Christopher Alan; Harper, Timothy Norman, ''Forgotten wars: freedom and revolution in Southeast Asia'', Harvard University Press, 2007, {{ISBN|0-674-02153-3}}
*Cheah, Boon Keng, ''Red Star Over Malaya: Resistance and Social Conflict during and after the Japanese occupation of Malaya, 1941–1946'', NUS Press, 2003, {{ISBN|9971-69-274-0}}
*Gullick, J.M., ''Rulers and Residents: Influence and Power in the Malay States, 1870–1920'', [[Oxford University Press]], 1992, {{ISBN|0-19-588567-8}}
*Lee, Edwin Siew Cheng, ''Singapore: The Unexpected Nation'', Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2008, {{ISBN|981-230-796-6}}
*Lim, Patricia Pui Huen; Wong, Diana, ''War and Memory in Malaysia and Singapore'', Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2000, {{ISBN|981-230-037-6}}
*Mabbett, Hugh, ''In Praise of Kuta: From Slave Port to Fishing Village to the Most Popular Resort in Bali'', January Books, 1987, {{ISBN|0-9597806-0-2}}
*Nadarajah, Nesalamar, ''Johore and the Origins of British Control, 1895–1914'', Arenabuku, 2000, {{ISBN|967-970-318-5}}
*Newbury, Colin Walter, ''Patrons, Clients, and Empire: Chieftaincy and Over-rule in Asia, Africa, and the Pacific'', [[Oxford University Press]], 2003, {{ISBN|0-19-925781-7}}
*Noor, Farish A.,''The Other Malaysia: Writings on Malaysia's Subaltern History'', Silverfishbooks, 2002, {{ISBN|983-40816-3-4}}
*Ong, Pamela Siew Im, ''One Man's Will: A Portrait of Dato' Sir Onn bin Ja'afar'', 1998, {{ISBN|983-808-053-5}}
*Puthucheary, Marvis, ''The Politics of Administration: The Malaysian Experience'', [[Oxford University Press]], 1978, {{ISBN|0-19-580387-6}}
*Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Malaysian Branch, ''Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society'', 1966
*Schefold, Reimar, Vermeulen, Han F., ''Treasure Hunting?: Collectors and Collections of Indonesian Artefacts'', Published by CNWS, 2002, {{ISBN|90-5789-078-X}}
*Sopiee, Mohammed Nordin, ''From Malayan Union to Singapore Separation: Political Unification in the Malaysia region, 1945–65'', University Malaya Press, 2005, {{ISBN|983-100-194-X}}
*Stockwell, A.J., ''British policy and Malay Politics during the Malayan Union Experiment, 1945–1948'', Council of the MBRAS by Art Printing Works, 1979
*Stockwell, A.J., ''Malaya: The Malayan Union Experiment'', 1942–1948, Council of the MBRAS by Art Printing Works, 1995, {{ISBN|0-11-290540-4}}
*Straits Settlements. Statistical Office, Malayan Information Agency, ''Malayan Year Book, 1935'', Government Printing Office, 1939
*Tate, D.J.M, ''The Making of Modern South-East Asia'', [[Oxford University Press]], 1971
*Trocki, Carl A., ''Prince of Pirates: The Temenggongs and the Development of Johor and Singapore, 1784–1885'', Singapore University Press, 1979
*[[Richard Olaf Winstedt|Winstedt R.O.]], ''A History of Johore (1365–1941)'', (M.B.R.A.S. Reprints, 6.) Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1992, {{ISBN|983-99614-6-2}}
*[[University of Malaya]], ''Journal of Malaysian and Comparative Law (Jernal Undang-undang), Volume 14'', 1984, [[Kuala Lumpur]], Universiti Malaya, Fakulti Undang-undang
*Wells, J. Kathirithamby, ''Nature and Nation: Forests and Development in Peninsular Malaysia'', [[University of Hawaiʻi Press]], 2005, {{ISBN|0-8248-2863-1}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070105225240/http://heritage.scotsman.com/people.cfm?id=1464422006 Glasgow girl and the Sultan of Johore]
*{{YouTube|NUfFnSJMGLU|Video: Sultan Ibrahim assists Frank Buck in capturing a man eating tiger}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-reg}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Abu Bakar of Johor|Sultan Abu Bakar]]
| title  = [[Sultan of Johor]]
| years  = 1895–1959
| after  = [[Ismail of Johor|Sultan Ismail]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Commons category|Sultan Ibrahim of Johor}}
{{Portal bar|Malaysia|Biography|Royalty|Monarchy|Politics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ibrahim of Johor}}
[[Category:1873 births]]
[[Category:1959 deaths]]
[[Category:House of Temenggong of Johor|Ibrahim]]
[[Category:Malaysian Muslims]]
[[Category:Malaysian people of Malay descent]]
[[Category:Malaysian people of Chinese descent]]
[[Category:Malaysian people of Danish descent]]
[[Category:Sultans of Johor|Ibrahim]]
[[Category:People from Singapore]]
[[Category:Malayan collaborators with Imperial Japan]]
<!-- Honours of Johor -->
[[Category:First Classes of the Royal Family Order of Johor|Ibrahim]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Johor|Ibrahim]]
<!-- Honours of Malaysia -->
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[[Category:Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Grand Cordons of the Order of the Rising Sun]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Crown (Romania)]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Crown (Romania)]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Cambodia]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Dragon of Annam]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Crown of the Realm]]
[[Category:Sons of sultans]]