View source for Ice beer

{{Short description|Beer style}}
{{Infobox beer style
| name             = Ice beer
| image            = 
| caption          = Ice beer
| origin           =
| yeast            = 
| alcohol          = 5.5-12%
| color            = 
| bitterness       = 
| originalgravity  = 1.061
| finalgravity     = 
| maltpercentage   =
}}
'''Ice beer''' is a [[beer]] that has undergone some degree of [[freezing]] during production. These beers generally have a higher alcohol content, and lower price relative to it.<ref name=AverageEthanol/>

The process of "icing" beer involves lowering the temperature until [[ice|ice crystals]] form. Since [[ethanol]] has a much lower freezing point (-114&nbsp;°C; -173.2&nbsp;°F) than [[water]] (0&nbsp;°C; 32&nbsp;°F), when the ice is removed the alcohol concentration of the beer increases. The process is known as [[fractional freezing]] or freeze distillation.<ref>[http://www.popsci.com/science/article/2013-01/beersci-how-make-strong-beer-stronger Popular Science]</ref>

==History==
[[File:Aventinus Weizen-Eisbock.jpg|thumb|right|[[bock#Eisbock|Eisbock]] beer (12% alcohol) created via freeze distillation of doppelbock beer. Barrels of beer were originally left outdoors to partially freeze, then the ice removed.]]

Ice beer was developed by brewing a strong, dark lager, then freezing the beer and removing some of the ice. This concentrates the aroma and taste of the beer, and also raises the alcoholic strength of the finished beer.<ref name=rhodes>{{cite book | last = Rhodes | first = Christine P. | title = The Encyclopedia of Beer: The Beer Lover's Bible - A Complete Reference To Beer Styles and Brewing | publisher = Henry Holt & Co. | date = 2014 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=yoA5BAAAQBAJ&q=niagara+falls+eisbock&pg=PT285 | isbn = 9781466881952 }}</ref> This produces a beer with 12 to 15 per cent alcohol. In North America, water would be added to lower the alcohol level.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-11-12 |title=Hofstettner Granitbock Ice: The History of Eisbock, the Original 'Ice Beer' |url=https://www.alcoholprofessor.com/blog-posts/blog/2013/11/12/hofstettner-granitbock-ice-the-history-of-eisbock-the-original-ice-beer |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=Alcohol Professor |language=en-US}}</ref>

Eisbock was introduced to Canada in 1989 by the microbrewery Niagara Falls Brewing Company. The brewers started with a strong dark lager (15.3 degrees Plato/1.061 original gravity, 6% [[alcohol by volume]]), then used the traditional method of freezing and removing ice to concentrate aroma and flavours while increasing the alcoholic strength to 8% ABV.<ref name=rhodes /> Niagara Falls Eisbock was released annually as a seasonal winter beer; each year the label would feature a different historic view of nearby [[Niagara Falls]] in winter. This continued each year until the company was sold in 1994.

Despite this precedent, the large Canadian brewer [[Molson]] (now part of [[Molson Coors Brewing Company|Molson Coors]]) claimed to have made the first ice beer in North America when it introduced ''Canadian Ice'' in April 1993.<ref name=NYT93>{{cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE2DD1E38F930A3575BC0A965958260 |title=Company News: New Brew From Molson; U.S.'s Northern Neighbor Is Putting Ice in the Beer |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=August 3, 1993}}</ref> However, Molson's main competitor in Canada, [[Labatt Brewing Company|Labatt]] (now part of [[Anheuser-Busch InBev]]), claimed to have patented the ice beer process earlier. When Labatt introduced an ice beer in August 1993, capturing a 10% market share in Canada,<ref name=NYT93/> this instigated the so-called "Ice Beer Wars" of the 1990s.<ref>[http://archives.cbc.ca/economy_business/business/clip/8736/ Ice Beer Wars] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506121444/http://archives.cbc.ca/economy_business/business/clip/8736/ |date=2008-05-06 }}, [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]], April 14, 1993.</ref>

Labatt had patented a specific method for making ice beer in 1997, 1998 and 2000, "A process for chill-treating, which is exemplified by a process for preparing a fermented malt beverage wherein brewing materials are mashed with water and the resulting mash is heated and wort separated therefrom. The wort is boiled cooled and fermented, and the beer is subjected to a finishing stage, which includes aging, to produce the final beverage. The improvement comprises subjecting the beer to a cold stage comprising rapidly cooling the beer to a temperature of about its freezing point in such a manner that ice crystals are formed therein in only minimal amounts. The resulting cooled beer is then mixed for a short period of time with a beer slurry containing ice crystals, without any appreciable collateral increase in the amount of ice crystals in the resulting mixture. Finally, the so-treated beer is extracted from the mixture."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://patents.justia.com/patents-by-us-classification/426/16?page=4 |title=Of Malt Wort Patents (Class 426/16) |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=2017 |website=Pantents, Justia |publisher=Justia |access-date=27 January 2017}}</ref>

[[Miller Brewing Company|Miller]] acquired the U.S. marketing and distribution rights to Molson's products, and first introduced the Molson product in the United States in August 1993 as ''Molson Ice''.<ref name=NYT93/> Miller also introduced the ''Icehouse'' brand under the ''Plank Road Brewery'' brand name shortly thereafter, and it is still sold nationwide.

[[Anheuser-Busch]] introduced ''Bud Ice'' (5.5% ABV) in 1994, and it remains one of the country's top selling ice beers. ''Bud Ice'' has a somewhat lower alcohol content than most other ice beer brands. In 1995, Anheuser-Busch also introduced two other major brands: ''Busch Ice'' (5.9% ABV, introduced 1995)<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.busch.com/history |access-date=16 June 2024 |website=Busch Light}}</ref> and ''Natural Ice'' (also 5.9% ABV, also introduced in 1995).<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Natural Light |url=https://www.naturallight.com/history |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=www.naturallight.com}}</ref> ''Natural Ice'' is the No. 1 selling ice beer brand in the United States; its low price makes it very popular on college campuses all over the country. 

Common ice beer brands in Canada in 2017, with approximately 5.5 to 6 per cent alcohol content, include Carling Ice, Molson's Black Ice, Busch Ice, Old Milwaukee Ice, Brick's Laker Ice and Labatt Ice. There is a Labatt Maximum Ice too, with 7.1 per cent alcohol.

==Characteristics and regulation==
Ice beers are typically known for their high alcohol-to-price ratio.<ref name=AverageEthanol>The Average Ethanol Content of Beer in the U.S. and Individual States: Estimates for Use in Aggregate Consumption Statistics; William C. Kerr, Thomas K. Greenfield; Journal of Studies on Alcohol, Vol. 64, 2003.</ref> In some areas, a substantial number of ice beer products are considered to often be bought by "street drunks," and are prohibited for sale.<ref>McNerthney, Casey, [http://www.seattlepi.com/local/article/City-looks-at-banning-high-octane-booze-in-more-3419060.php City Looks at Banning High-Octane Booze in More Areas], ''[[Seattle Post-Intelligencer]]'', March 21, 2012.</ref> For example, most of the products that are explicitly listed as prohibited in the beer and malt liquor category in the [[Seattle]] area are ice beers.<ref>[https://lcb.wa.gov/sites/default/files/publications/seattle09banprodlist.pdf Amended Banned Products List, Seattle Alcohol Impact Areas], Washington State Liquor Control Board, effective date March 1, 2009.</ref>

==See also==
* [[Applejack (drink)]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==

{{Beer Styles}}

[[Category:Beer styles]]
[[Category:Beer in Canada]]