View source for Idel-Ural State

{{Short description|1918 Tatar republic in Kazan and Ufa, Russia}}
{{Distinguish|Volga Confederation}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox former country
|conventional_long_name      = Idel-Ural State
|native_name                 = {{lang|tt-Arab|ادیل-اورال}}<br/>{{lang|tt|Идел-Урал}}
| life_span                  = 1918
|common_name                 = Idel-Ural
|status                      = Unrecognized state
|status_text                 =
|empire                      = Russian Republic
|government_type             = [[Republic]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idelreal.org/a/tatarskomu-parlamentu-100-let/28886696.html|title=Рожденный революцией. Татарскому парламенту исполнилось 100 лет|website=RFE/RL|date=30 November 2017 }}</ref>
|era                         = [[Russian Civil War]]
|event_start                 = Proclamation
|date_start                  = 1 March
|year_start                  = 1918 
|event1                      = Government in-exile
|date_event1                 = 1918
|event2                      = 
|date_event2                 = 
|event_end                   = Defeat by [[Red Army]]
|year_end                    = 1918
|date_end                    = 28 March
|capital                     = [[Ufa]]
|common_languages            = [[Tatar language|Tatar]], [[Russian language|Russian]]
|religion                    = 
|title_leader                = President
|leader1                     = [[Sadrí Maqsudí Arsal]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idelreal.org/a/29306275.html|title=Почему не удалось построить Идель-Уральскую республику|website=RFE/RL|date=4 August 2018 }}</ref>
|year_leader1                = 1918
|leader2                     = 
|year_leader2                =
|p1                          = Russian Republic{{!}}{{nobr|Russian Republic}}
|flag_p1                     = Flag of Russia.svg
|p2                          = Kazan Soviet Workers' and Peasants' Republic
|flag_p2                     = Socialist_red_flag.svg
|s1                          = Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic{{!}}{{nobr|Russian SFSR}}
|flag_s1                     = Flag of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1918–1937).svg
|s2                          = Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic{{!}}{{nobr|Tatar ASSR}}
|flag_s2                     = Flag of Tatar ASSR (1926-1937).svg
|s3                          = Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic{{!}}{{nobr|Bashkir ASSR}}
|flag_s3                     = Флаг Башкирской АССР (1925).svg
|s4                          = Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic{{!}}{{nobr|Chuvash ASSR}}
|flag_s4                     = Flag of the Chuvash ASSR (1926).svg
|image_flag                  = Flag of Idel-Ural State.svg
|image_map                   = File:Idel Ural State Proposed Borders SVG.svg
|image_map_caption           = Claimed borders of Idel-Ural
|stat_year1                  = 
|stat_pop1                   = 
|stat_year2                  = 
|stat_area1                  = 
|stat_pop2                   = 
|currency                    =
}}

The '''Idel-Ural State''' ({{langx|tt-Cyrl|Идел-Урал өлкәсе}},{{cn|date=November 2023}} {{lang|tt-Latn|İdel-Ural ölkäse}}, {{lang|tt-Arab|ادیل-اورال اولكسی}}, also İdel-Ural berlege İdel-Ural ştatı), also known as the '''Volga-Ural State''' or '''Idel-Ural Republic''',<ref> {{Cite web|title=Почему не удалось построить Идель-Уральскую республику|url=https://www.idelreal.org/a/29306275.html|access-date=2020-12-25|website=RFE/RL|date=4 August 2018 |language=ru}}</ref> was a short-lasting autonomy of [[Tatars|Tatar]] peoples that claimed to unite the [[Volga Tatars|Tatars]], [[Bashkirs]], and [[Chuvash people|Chuvash]] in the turmoil of the [[Russian Civil War]]. The republic was proclaimed on 1 March 1918, by a Congress of [[Muslims]] from [[Russian Empire|Russia]]'s interior and [[Siberia]], but defeated by [[Bolsheviks]] the same month.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Почему не удалось построить Идель-Уральскую республику|url=https://www.idelreal.org/a/29306275.html|access-date=2020-12-25|website=RFE/RL|date=4 August 2018 |language=ru}}</ref> ''Idel-Ural'' means "[[Volga]]-[[Ural Mountains|Ural]]" in the [[Tatar language]].

==History==
[[File:Идель-Уральская Республика (провозглашение).jpg|thumb|Proclamation of Idel-Ural Republic]]

[[File:ЦУМ (Уфа).JPG|thumb|Şämğulof's<!--Sabirzhan Shamgulov, Сабирҗан Шамгулов--> House in [[Ufa]], where the sessions of the National Parliament (Millät Mäclese) took place.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Милләт Мәҗлесен ачу тантанасы |url=https://www.azatliq.org/a/24441784.html |access-date=2022-07-25 |website=Азатлык Радиосы |date=9 January 2012 |language=tt}}</ref>]]

During the [[Russian Revolution]], various regional political leaders convened in June 1917 in Kazan. The group declared the autonomy of "Muslim Turk-Tatars of Inner Russia and Siberia". Later on, in [[Ufa]], a parliament named the ''[[Millät Mäclese]]'' (National Council) was created, in which a draft for the creation of the state would be pushed through and accepted on 29 November 1917 following the [[Second All-Russia Muslim Congress]]. However, the Idel-Ural State was met with opposition from [[Zeki Velidi Togan]], a Bashkir revolutionary, who declared the autonomy of [[Bashkortostan|Bashkiria]], as well as from the [[Bolsheviks]], who had initially supported the creation of Idel-Ural but two months after denounced it as bourgeois nationalism<ref>IZMAIL I. SHARIFZHANOV (2007). ''"The parliament of Tatarstan, 1990–2005: vain hopes, or the Russian way towards parliamentary democracy in a regional dimension."'' Parliaments, Estates and Representation, 27:1, 239–250, DOI: 10.1080/02606755.2"007.9522264</ref><ref name=yemelianova/>{{rp|105}} and declared the creation of the {{ill|Tatar-Bashkir Soviet Republic|ru|Татаро-Башкирская Советская Республика}}, with around the same borders as Idel-Ural. This struggle between three different movements weakened the Idel-Ural State.<ref name=devlet>Devlet, Nadir. ''"A struggle for independence in the Russian Federation: the case of the Tatars."'' In: CEMOTI, n°16, 1993. Istanbul – Oulan Bator: autonomisation, mouvements identitaires et construction du politique. pp. 63–82. Accessed 13 April 2021. https://doi.org/10.3406/cemot.1993.1052</ref>

Members of the ''Tatar-Bashkir Committee of Idel-Ural'' based outside of Russia such as [[Ayaz İshaki]] participated in an anti-Bolshevik propaganda war. Some also joined the [[Prometey]] group, a circle of anti-Soviet Muslim intellectuals based in [[Warsaw]].<ref name=yemelianova>Yemelianova G.M. (2002) ''"Muslims under Soviet Rule: 1917–91."'' In: Russia and Islam. Studies in Russian and East European History and Society. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230288102_4</ref>{{rp|100}} The idea of Idel-Ural by its supporting nationalists included the territory of modern-day [[Tatarstan]], [[Bashkortostan]], and most of [[Orenburg Oblast]]. The nationalists also wished for expansion towards the [[Caspian Sea]]. In January 1918, the ''Millät Mäclese'' adopted a constitution written by [[Galimzian Sharaf]], [[Ilias Alkin|Ilias]] and [[Jangir Alkin]], [[Osman Tokumbetov]], and [[Y. Muzaffarov]]. 

The ''Millät Mäclese'' looked to declare the creation of Idel-Ural on 1 March 1918, a plan which never came to fruition due to Bolshevik arrests of deputies of the ''Millät Mäclese'' and their official declaration of the [[Tatar-Bashkir Soviet Socialist Republic]].<ref name=yemelianova/>{{rp|105}} After the arrested deputies were freed, they reconvened in the Tatar part of Kazan beyond the [[Bolaq]] stream (hence in [[Soviet historiography]] it was called "Transbolaq Republic" (Забулачная республика)<ref name=zabu/>). The republic, which in reality included only some sections of [[Kazan]] and [[Ufa]], was defeated by the [[Red Army]] on 28 March 1918.<ref name=zabu>{{Cite web|title=Забулачная республика – взгляд через 85 лет|url=http://history-kazan.ru/kazan-vchera-segodnya-zavtra/retrospektiva/1851-387|access-date=2020-12-25|website=Казанские истории|language=ru-ru}}</ref><ref>Commissar and Mullah: Soviet-Muslim Policy from 1917 to 1924, Glenn L. Roberts, Universal-Publishers, 2007, [https://books.google.com/books?id=rZ_jfMXuZLoC&dq=bulak+%22idel+ural%22&pg=PA22 p.178]</ref><ref>The New Central Asia: The Creation of Nations, Olivier Roy, I.B.Tauris, 2000, [https://archive.org/details/newcentralasiacr0000royo/page/44 <!-- quote=bulak "idel ural". --> p.44]</ref> The [[Milli İdärä|Its Parliament]] disbanded in April.<ref name=devlet/>

[[File:Turkistan-1931.png|thumb|[[Chagatai language|Chaghatay]]-language map depicting Idel-Ural ({{lang|chg-Arab|ایدیل-اورال}}) neighboring [[Turkestan]] ({{lang|chg-Arab|تورکستان}}), from the November 1931 issue of the [[Berlin]]-based {{ill|Yash Turkistan|uz|Yosh turkiston}} magazine]]

The president of Idel-Ural, [[Sadrí Maqsudí Arsal]], escaped to [[Finland]] in 1918. He was well received by the Finnish foreign minister [[Carl Enckell]], who remembered his valiant defence of the national [[self-determination]] and constitutional rights of Finland in the Russian [[Duma]].{{fact|date=February 2020}} The president-in-exile also met officials from [[Estonia]] before continuing in 1919 to [[Sweden]], [[Germany]], and [[France]], in a quest for Western support. Idel-Ural was listed among the "[[Captive Nations]]" in the [[Cold War]]-era public law (1959) of the [[United States]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Campbell |first=John Coert |year=1965 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T44nUbmBAD8C&q=%E2%80%9CCaptive+Nations%E2%80%9D&pg=RA1-PA116 |title=American Policy Toward Communist Eastern Europe: the Choices Ahead |page=116 |publisher=[[University of Minnesota Press]] |isbn=0-8166-0345-6}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Free Idel-Ural]]
* [[Idel-Ural]]
* [[Collegium for the implementation of the Idel-Ural State]]
* [[Zeki Validi Togan]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{ill|Indus Tagirov|ru|Тагиров, Индус Ризакович}}:
**«Очерки истории Татарстана и татарского народа», [[Tatar Book Publishers]], 1999
**«История национальной государственности татарского народа и Татарстана», Tatar Book Publishers 2008
*{{ill|Alter Litvin|ru|Литвин, Алтер Львович}}, «Казань: время гражданской войны», 1991

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[[Category:Post–Russian Empire states]]
[[Category:1910s in Tatarstan]]
[[Category:Islam in Europe]]
[[Category:Kazan in the Russian Civil War]]
[[Category:Separatism in Russia]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1918]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1918]]
[[Category:1918 in Russia]]