View source for Independence Day (Israel)

{{short description|Public holiday}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name  = Yom Ha'atzmaut<br />{{nobold|{{lang|he|{{Script/Hebrew|יוֹם הָעַצְמָאוּת}}|rtl=yes}}}}
| type          = National
| longtype      = 
| image         = PikiWiki Israel 2482 independence day aerial demonstration מטס יום העצמאות.JPG
| caption       = Aerobatics display over [[Tel Aviv]] on Israel's 61st Independence Day, 2009
| imagesize     = 300px
| official_name = 
| nickname      = 
| observedby    = [[Israelis]]
| begins        = 
| ends          = 
| date          = 5 [[Iyar]] ([[Hebrew calendar]]){{efn|This is the nominal date. The exact date depends the day of the week that the 5th of Iyar falls. See [[#exact timing|§Sabbath observance]] for additional details}}
| date{{LASTYEAR}} = {{Calendar date/infobox|holiday=Israeli Independence Day|year=last}}
| date{{CURRENTYEAR}} = {{Calendar date/infobox|holiday=Israeli Independence Day|year=current}}
| date{{NEXTYEAR}} = {{Calendar date/infobox|holiday=Israeli Independence Day|year=next}}
| date{{NEXTYEAR|2}} = {{Calendar date/infobox|holiday=Israeli Independence Day|year=next2}}
| celebrations  = Family gatherings, firework displays, public celebrations (barbecues, picnics, concerts, etc.), religious services
| observances   = [[Mount Herzl]] memorial ceremonies, [[Torch-lighting Ceremony (Israel)|Lighting of the Twelve Torches]], [[International Bible Contest]], awarding of the [[Israel Prize]] to recipients, etc.
| relatedto     = {{ublist|1=[[Yom HaZikaron]]|2=[[Nakba Day]]}}
| litcolor      = 
| alt           = Four aircraft fly in formation as an Israeli flag is visible facing towards the sky
| frequency     = Annual
}}

'''Yom Ha'atzmaut''' ({{langx|he|יוֹם הָעַצְמָאוּת}}, {{Langx|ar|عيد الاستقلال|ʿīd al-istiqlāli}}, {{Literal translation|Day of Independence}}) is Israel's [[national day]], commemorating the [[Israeli Declaration of Independence]] on 14 May 1948. It is marked by a variety of official and unofficial ceremonies and observances.

Because Israel declared independence on 14 May 1948, which corresponded with the 5th of [[Iyar]] on the [[Hebrew calendar]] in that year, Yom Ha'atzmaut was originally celebrated on that date. However, to avoid [[Sabbath desecration#Judaism|Sabbath desecration]], it may be commemorated one or two days before or after the 5th of Iyar if it falls too close to the [[Shabbat|Sabbath]]. The day preceding Israel's independence day is [[Yom HaZikaron]], which is dedicated to the memory of fallen Israeli soldiers and Israeli civilian victims of terrorism.

In the Hebrew calendar, days begin in the evening; Yom Ha'atzmaut is observed from nightfall until the following evening of the designated day.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t8VZga76bw4C&pg=PA169|title=The Torah For Dummies|first=Arthur|last=Kurzweil|date=9 February 2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9781118051832|via=Google Books}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Declaration of State of Israel 1948 2.jpg|thumb|David Ben-Gurion proclaiming independence beneath a large portrait of [[Theodor Herzl]], founder of modern [[Zionism]].]]

Israelis observe Yom Ha'atzmaut to commemorate the [[Israeli Declaration of Independence]], which was proclaimed by future Israeli prime minister [[David Ben-Gurion]] on behalf of the [[Yishuv]] on 14 May 1948.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Sherzer |first=Adi |date=January 2021 |editor1-last=Kedourie |editor1-first=Helen |editor2-last=Kelly |editor2-first=Saul |title=The Jewish past and the 'birth' of the Israeli nation state: The case of Ben-Gurion's Independence Day speeches |journal=[[Middle Eastern Studies (journal)|Middle Eastern Studies]] |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=310–326 |doi=10.1080/00263206.2020.1862801 |issn=0026-3206 |eissn=1743-7881 |lccn=65009869 |oclc=875122033 |s2cid=231741621}}</ref>  The mood outside of Ben-Gurion's residence just prior to the announcement was joyous: <blockquote>The [[Palestinian Jews|Jews of Palestine]] ... were dancing because they were about to realize what was one of the most remarkable and inspiring achievements in human history: A people which had been [[Bar Kokhba revolt|exiled from its homeland two thousand years before]], which had endured countless [[Pogrom|pogroms]], [[Expulsions and exoduses of Jews|expulsions]], and [[Persecution of Jews|persecutions]], but which had refused to relinquish its identity—which had, on the contrary, substantially strengthened that identity; a people which only a few years before had been the victim of [[The Holocaust|mankind's largest single act of mass murder, killing a third of the world's Jews]], that people was returning home as sovereign citizens in their own independent state.<ref>{{cite book |last= Oren |first= Michael B. |author-link= Michael B. Oren |chapter= Ben-Gurion and the Return to Jewish Power |title= New Essays on Zionism |editor= David Hazony |editor2= Yoram Hazony |editor3= Michael B. Oren |place= Jerusalem & NY |publisher=[[Shalem Press]] |year= 2006 |pages= 405-415 [406] |url=http://www.shalempress.co.il/download/Products/1635NZEeng_gen.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184527/http://www.shalempress.co.il/download/Products/1635NZEeng_gen.pdf |archive-date= 3 March 2016}}</ref></blockquote> The [[State of Israel]] was founded eight hours before the termination of the [[British Mandate for Palestine]], which was due to finish on 15 May 1948.
[[File:המצעד הצבאי בגבעת רם בניהולו של יהודה אילן 1978.jpg|thumb|Independence Day, 1978]]

The operative paragraph of the ''Declaration of the Establishment of State of Israel'' of 14 May 1948<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace+Process/Guide+to+the+Peace+Process/Declaration+of+Establishment+of+State+of+Israel.htm |title=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Declaration of Establishment of State of Israel: 14 May 1948 |publisher=mfa.gov.il |access-date=26 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321213130/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace%20Process/Guide%20to%20the%20Peace%20Process/Declaration%20of%20Establishment%20of%20State%20of%20Israel.htm |archive-date= 21 March 2012 }}</ref> expresses the declaration to be ''by virtue of our natural and historic right and on the basis of [[United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine|the resolution of the United Nations General Assembly]]''. The operative paragraph concludes with the words of Ben-Gurion, where he thereby declares ''the establishment of a [[History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel|Jewish state in Eretz Israel]], to be known as the State of Israel''.

While Israel was quickly granted diplomatic recognition by many countries, including the [[Soviet Union]]<ref>{{cite web |title= Press Release Announcing U.S. Recognition of Israel (1948) |date= 14 May 1948 |website= ourdocuments.gov, "Milestone Documents" |publisher=[[The U.S. National Archives and Records]] Administration |url=http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?doc=83 |access-date= 9 April 2012}}</ref> and the [[United States]], it was not recognized by the [[Arab League]] and most [[Muslim world| Muslim-majority countries]]. On 15 May, Israel's neighbouring Arab countries declared war on it and invaded the territory of the former British Mandate, thus escalating the ongoing [[1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine]] into the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]]. However, this war ended with an Israeli victory amidst the [[1949 Armistice Agreements]], which established the [[Green Line (Israel) |Green Line]] as Israel's [[de facto]] border until 1967.{{cn |date=April 2025}}

== Events ==
[[File:PikiWiki Israel 1325 Israel 60th independence day יום העצמאות ה-60 למדינת ישראל.jpg|thumb|Independence Day celebrations in Tel Aviv's [[Rabin Square]], 2008]]
[[File:Flickr - Israel Defense Forces - IAF Flight for Israel's 63rd Independence Day.jpg|thumb|[[Israeli Air Force]] Independence Day flypast, 2011]]

=== Eve of Independence Day ===
Memorial Day, or Yom Hazikaron, ends at sunset, and is immediately followed by the onset of Independence Day, given that in the [[Hebrew calendar]] system, days end and begin at sunset.
 
An official ceremony is held every year on [[Mount Herzl]], [[Jerusalem]], on the evening of Independence Day.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=aBOTrPILb9YC&pg=PA75 |title= Israeli Judaism: The Sociology of Religion in Israel  |publisher= Transaction Publishers |year= 1995 |isbn= 9781412826747 |access-date= 1 May 2017}}</ref> The ceremony includes a speech by the speaker of the [[Knesset]] (the Israeli Parliament), artistic performances, a [[Flag of Israel]], forming elaborate structures (such as a [[Menorah (Temple)|Menorah]], [[Magen David]]) and the [[Torch-lighting Ceremony (Israel)|ceremonial lighting of twelve torches]], one for each of the [[Israelite|Tribes of Israel]]. Every year a dozen Israeli citizens, who made a significant social contribution in a selected area, are invited to light the torches.
Many cities hold outdoor performances in cities' squares featuring leading Israeli singers and [[fireworks]] displays. Streets around the squares are closed to cars, allowing people to sing and dance in the streets.<ref name="haaretz1">{{cite web|last=Cohen |first=Gili |url=https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/holidays/independence-day |title=Independence Day-Haaretz – Israel News |publisher=Haaretz.com |access-date=1 May 2017}}</ref>

=== Independence Day ===
[[File:Peresohad1985hidon.jpg|thumb|International Bible Contest, 1985]]
[[File:IndependenceDay2012-Israel 0006a.jpg|thumb|Visitors around an [[IDF Caterpillar D9]] at the [[Israel Defense Forces]] exhibition at [[Yad La-Shiryon]], Independence Day 2012.]]
* Reception of the [[President of Israel]] for honouring excellence in 120 [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]] soldiers. The event takes place in the President's official residence in [[Jerusalem]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Judy Maltz13 hours ago 3 comments 3 |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/1.719264 |title=Israeli president honors 120 outstanding soldiers on Independence Day – Israel News |publisher=Haaretz.com |date=12 May 2016 |access-date=1 May 2017}}</ref>
* [[International Bible Contest]] in [[Jerusalem]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/the-boy-who-beat-incredible-odds-to-win-the-bible-quiz/#.UXYc_fDVtQg.facebook|title=The boy who beat incredible odds to win the Bible Quiz|website=[[The Times of Israel]]}}</ref>
* [[Israel Prize]] ceremony in Jerusalem.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israeli-academic-uses-israel-prize-20000-award-money-to-help-palestinians-a7029516.html|title=Academic gives $20,000 prize from Israel to Palestinians|website=[[Independent.co.uk]]|date=14 May 2016}}</ref>
* [[Israel Defense Forces]] opens some of its bases to the public.<ref name="haaretz1"/>
* Israeli Song Festival<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iccjer.co.il/Hist.aspx?l=2&id=31|title=The Israel Song Festival|first=אוריון – שיווק|last=באינטרנט|website=iccjer.co.il|access-date=31 August 2017|archive-date=12 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212210135/http://iccjer.co.il/Hist.aspx?l=2&id=31|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kan.org.il/Item/?itemId=21848|title=10 דברים שלא ידעתם על המצעד השנתי הרשמי של ישראל בכאן גימל}}</ref>

From 1948 to 1973 the [[Israel Defense Forces parade]] was held on this day.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/no-thanks-miri-regev-israelis-dont-want-to-bring-back-military-parades-503202|title=No thanks, Miri Regev: Israelis don't want to bring back military parades|website=The Jerusalem Post &#124; JPost.com}}</ref>

Israeli families traditionally celebrate with picnics and barbecues.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.jweekly.com/2016/05/06/a-reason-to-celebrate-toasting-68-years-of-jewish-statehood/|title=A reason to celebrate: Toasting 68 years of Jewish statehood – J.|newspaper=J |date=6 May 2016}}</ref> Balconies are decorated with [[Israeli flag]]s, and small flags are attached to car windows. Some leave the flags hoisted until after [[Yom Yerushalayim]]. Israeli Television channels air the official events live, and classic [[Cult film|cult]] Israeli movies and skits are shown.<ref name="haaretz1"/>

=== Religious customs ===
<!-- This section requires revision and citation in order to be considered a factual reality --><!-- do NOT remove this, instead look at the article's description; AvihooI. -->
[[File:Day to Praise Jerusalem 2015.jpg|thumb|Hallel recited at the [[Day to Praise]] Israel Independence Day event in Jerusalem, 23 April 2015]]
In response to widespread public feeling, the Chief Rabbinate in Israel decided during 1950–51 that Independence Day should be given the status of a minor [[Jewish holiday]] on which [[Hallel]] be recited. Their decision that it be recited (without a blessing) gave rise to a bitter public dispute, with [[Agudat Yisrael|Agudath Israel]] rejecting the notion of imbuing the day with any religious significance whatsoever, and religious Zionists believing the blessing should be obligatory.<ref name="Kimmerling1989">{{cite book|author=Baruch Kimmerling|title=The Israeli State and Society: Boundaries and Frontiers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BphaWb-aug0C&pg=PA192|date=1 January 1989|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-88706-850-8|pages=191–193}}</ref> The Rabbinate also ruled that they were "unable to sanction instrumental music and dances on this day which occurs during the ''[[Counting of the Omer#As a period of semi-mourning|sephirah]]'' period."<ref name="Jakobovits1966">{{cite book|author=Sir Immanuel Jakobovits|author-link=Immanuel Jakobovits|title=Journal of a Rabbi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VrM0AQAAIAAJ|year=1966|publisher=Living Books|page=441|chapter=Controversy: Letters To The Editor}}</ref>  The recitation of the blessing over Hallel was introduced in 1973 by Israeli Chief Rabbi [[Shlomo Goren]]. The innovation was strongly denounced by his Sephardic counterpart, Rabbi [[Ovadia Yosef]]<ref>{{cite book|editor=Alfred S. Cohen|title=Journal of Halacha and Contemporary Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VgwmAQAAIAAJ|volume=7–10|year=1984|publisher=Yeshiva Rabbi Jacob Joseph School|page=17|chapter=Reciting Hallel on Yom Haatzmaut}}</ref> and by Rabbi [[Joseph B. Soloveitchik]], leader of [[Modern Orthodox Judaism]] in America.<ref name="Eleff2008">{{cite book|author=Shalom Carmy|editor=Zev Eleff|title=Mentor of Generations: Reflections on Rabbi Joseph B. Soloveitchik|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sa06PAem-SgC&pg=PA246|year=2008|publisher=KTAV Publishing House, Inc.|isbn=978-1-60280-011-3|page=246|chapter=Teacher Not a Spokesman|quote=He strictly prohibited reciting a berakha [blessing] on the Hallel.}}</ref>

The [[Religious Zionism|Religious Zionist]] movement created a liturgy for the holiday which sometimes includes the recitation of some psalms and the reading of the [[haftarah]] of {{bibleverse||Isaiah|10:32–12:6|HE}}, which is also read on the last day of [[Pesach]] in the [[Jewish diaspora|Diaspora]], on the holiday morning. Other changes to the daily prayers include reciting Hallel, saying the expanded ''Pesukei D'Zimrah'' of Shabbat (the same practice that is observed almost universally on [[Hoshanah Rabbah]]), and/or blowing the [[Shofar]]. Rabbi [[Joseph Soloveitchik]] questioned the Halachic imperative in canonising these changes<ref>{{cite book|title=Jewish Action|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7kERAQAAIAAJ|volume=66|year=2005|publisher=Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America|page=93|quote=The Rav's famous outburst on Yom Ha'atzamaut 1978 when he called the ceremony for Yom Ha'atzamaut "acute halachic mental retardation" was a result of a deeply held antagonism to all changes in the siddur.}}</ref> (it is not clear what his personal practice was regarding the recital of Hallel). In any case, the majority of his students recite Hallel without the blessings.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Meiselman|first=Rabbi Moshe|date=Fall 2005|title=Review of Soleveitchik, Rabbi Joseph B., 'Community, Covenant and Commitment: Selected Letters and Communications,' edited by Nathaniel Helfgot|url=https://jewishaction.com/books/reviews/community-covenant-commitment-selected-letters-communications/|magazine=Jewish Action|publisher=Orthodox Union|access-date=26 Apr 2023}}</ref> A number of authorities have promoted the inclusion of a version of ''[[Al HaNissim|Al Hanisim]]'' (for the miracles...) in the Amidah prayer.<ref>This segment includes Rav [[David Bar Hayim]] of the [[Hardal]] camp who heads Machon Shilo Institute, ([http://machonshilo.org/PDF/Machon_Shilo_Al-HaNissim_YA_YY.pdf Machon Shilo  Al HaNisim for Yom Ha'atzmaut and Yom Yerushalyim]), and [[The Temple Institute]], as well as Avi Shmidman and [[Ben-Tzion Spitz]] ([http://meromtzion.files.wordpress.com/2010/04/alhanisimbig.pdf Shmidman Al HaNissim]).</ref> In 2015 [[Koren Publishers Jerusalem]] published a [[machzor]] dedicated to observance of Independence Day, in addition to [[Jerusalem Day]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.korenpub.com/koren_en_usd/the-koren-mahzor-for-yom-ha-atzmaut-yom-yerushalyim.html|title=The Koren Mahzor for Yom Ha'atzmaut & Yom Yerushalayim}}{{Dead link|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Most [[Haredi Judaism|Haredim]] make no changes in their daily prayers. People affiliated to the [[Edah HaChareidis]] mourn the establishment of Israel on Independence Day, claiming that the establishment of a Jewish state before the coming of the Messiah is a sin and heresy. Some even fast on this day and recite prayers for fast days.<ref>''Mishpacha Magazine'', "Zealots and Zionism", Moishe Guttman. 14 March 2007</ref>

The [[Conservative Judaism|Conservative Movement]] read the [[Torah]] portion of {{bibleverse||Deuteronomy|7:12–8:18|HE}}, and include a version of ''Al Hanisim'' as well as recite full Hallel with the blessings.<ref name="Lucas">{{cite web|url=http://www.rabbinicalassembly.org/story/yom-ha-atzmaut-laws-customs?tp=374|title=Yom Ha-atzmaut: Laws & Customs|last=Lucas|first=Lucas|work=Jewish Law|publisher=The Rabbinical Assembly|access-date=16 April 2013}}</ref> The [[Reform Judaism|Reform Movement]] suggests the inclusion of ''Ya'aleh V'yavo'' in the Amidah prayer.

In 2015, Rabbi [[Shlomo Riskin]] of [[Efrat (Israeli settlement)|Efrat]] founded ''[[Day to Praise]]'', a global initiative which calls on [[Christians]] around the world to join in reciting the [[Hallel]] (Psalms 113–118), with the Jewish people, on Israel's Independence Day.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.breakingisraelnews.com/33579/day-to-praise-calls-christians-jews-worldwide-unite-prayer-biblical-zionism/|title="Day to Praise" Calls on Christians, Jews Worldwide to Unite in Prayer|first=Raphael|last=Poch|publisher=Breaking Israel News|date=23 March 2015|access-date=5 May 2017}}</ref>

[[File:Sderot in Independence Day 2019 IZE-281.jpg|thumb|Families celebrating in [[Israel Defense Force]] fair in [[Sderot]], 2019]]

== Timing ==
Independence Day is designated to be on the 5th day of [[Iyar]] (ה' באייר) in the [[Hebrew calendar]], the anniversary of the day on which Israeli independence was proclaimed, when [[David Ben-Gurion]] publicly read the [[Israeli Declaration of Independence]]. The corresponding Gregorian date was 14 May 1948.<ref name="knessetil">{{cite web|url=https://www.knesset.gov.il/holidays/eng/independence_day_law_eng.htm|title=Independence Day Law – 5709|date=1949|publisher=The State of Israel|website=knesset.gov.il|access-date=7 July 2017}}</ref>

=== {{anchor|exact timing}} Sabbath observance ===
In order to avoid conflicts with the [[Jewish Sabbath]], Independence Day is rarely celebrated on the 5th of Iyar itself, and on most years is celebrated a day or two before or after. According to the rules of the Jewish calendar explained in [[Days of week on Hebrew calendar]], the 5th of Iyar can fall on a Monday, a Wednesday, a Friday, or a Saturday. To avoid [[Sabbath desecration]], it was decided in 1951 that if the 5th of Iyar falls on a Friday or Saturday, the celebrations would be moved up to the preceding Thursday (3 or 4 of Iyar). Additionally, since 2004, if the 5th of Iyar is on a Monday, the festival is postponed to Tuesday (6 of Iyar). Monday is avoided in order to avoid potential violation of Sabbath laws by preparing for [[Yom Hazikaron]] (which is one day before Independence Day) on a [[Shabbat]]. As a result, Independence Day falls between 3 and 6 of Iyar, and can be on a Tuesday, Wednesday, or Thursday. Consequently, the holiday is celebrated on the 5th of Iyar only in years in which the date happens to fall on a Wednesday.<ref name="knessetil"/>

Upcoming Gregorian dates for Independence Day:
{{Div col}}
* {{Moveable date |holiday=Israeli Independence Day |year={{NEXTYEAR}}}}
* {{Moveable date |holiday=Israeli Independence Day |year={{NEXTYEAR|2}}}}
* {{Moveable date |holiday=Israeli Independence Day |year={{NEXTYEAR|3}}}}
* {{Moveable date |holiday=Israeli Independence Day |year={{NEXTYEAR|4}}}}
{{Div col end}}

== Israeli Arabs  ==
While some [[Arab citizens of Israel|Israeli Arabs]] celebrate Yom Ha'atzmaut, others regard it as a tragic day in their history, and refer to it as the [[Nakba]] ("the catastrophe").<ref>[http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART1/079/396.html ''Maariv'' article (in Hebrew)].</ref><ref>[http://www.ijn.com/features/3126-how-does-an-arab-israeli-school-confront-independence-day 'How does an Arab-Israeli school confront independence day?'] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411190054/http://www.ijn.com/features/3126-how-does-an-arab-israeli-school-confront-independence-day |date=11 April 2013 }} EETTA PRINCE-GIBSON, 26 April 2012</ref><ref>[http://www.ijn.com/features/3126-how-does-an-arab-israeli-school-confront-independence-day 'The Nakba Hoax in Retrospect'] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411190054/http://www.ijn.com/features/3126-how-does-an-arab-israeli-school-confront-independence-day |date=11 April 2013 }} Isi Leibler, 25 May 2012</ref> Since [[Yasser Arafat]] declared in 1998 an annual [[Nakba Day]] to be observed on May 15, some Israeli Arabs have been commemorating Nakba Day instead of Yom Ha'atzmaut. Nakba Day and Yom Ha'atzmaut rarely fall on the same day, but fall within a few weeks of each other.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gladstone|first=Rick|date=15 May 2021|title=An annual day of Palestinian grievance comes amid the upheaval.|work=[[New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/15/world/middleeast/nakba-day.html|access-date=15 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517043620/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/15/world/middleeast/nakba-day.html|archive-date=2021-05-17|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Footnotes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Yom Ha'atzmaut}}
* [https://www.knesset.gov.il/holidays/eng/independence_day.htm Independence Day] Knesset
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120726154452/http://renaissance.jewishagency.org/2012/04/23/study-sheet-for-yom-haatzmaut-the-passover-hagada-and-israels-declaration-of-independence/ Study Sheet for Yom HaAtzmaut: the Passover Hagada and Israel's Declaration of Independence]
* [http://www.rabbinicalassembly.org/sites/default/files/public/jewish-law/holidays/atzmaut/al-hanissim-yom-ha-atzmaut.pdf Conservative Movement's Al HaNisim for Yom Haatzmaut]
* Rabbi [[Eliezer Melamed]], [[Peninei Halachah]] – Zmanim, [https://web.archive.org/web/20130329152858/http://ph.yhb.org.il/en/category/zmanim/04-yom-haatzmaut-yom-yerushalayim-yom-hazikaron/ Yom HaAtzmaut]
* Adi Sherzer. [http://tlv1.fm/the-tel-aviv-review/2015/12/25/civil-religion-israel-style-independence-day-case-study/ Civil Religion, Israel Style: Independence Day Case Study], TLV1 Radio

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[[Category:Hallel]]
[[Category:Israeli Declaration of Independence]]
[[Category:Iyar observances]]
[[Category:Independence days]]
[[Category:Public holidays in Israel]]
[[Category:Annual events in Israel]]