View source for Independent State of Croatia

{{Short description|1941–1945 puppet state of Germany and Italy}}
{{Redirect|NDH}}
{{About|the puppet state during World War II|Croatia's 1991 independence|independence of Croatia}}
{{pp-pc|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox country
| native_name            = {{native name|hr|Nezavisna Država Hrvatska}}
| conventional_long_name = Independent State of Croatia
| common_name            = 
| era                    = [[World War II]]
| government_type        = {{nowrap|[[Fascist]] one-party dictatorship<ref name="fascism">{{cite web|title=fascism|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/fascism |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2025-04-20}}</ref><br>(1941–1945)
:under a [[constitutional monarchy]]<br>(1941–1943){{NoteTag|[[Aimone, Duke of Spoleto]], accepted nomination on 18 May 1941 as "Tomislav II", abdicated 31 July 1943 and renounced all claims on 12 October 1943.<ref name="Rodogno"/><ref name="Pavlowitch-p289">[[#Pavlowitch|Pavlowitch, 2008]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=R8d2409V9tEC&pg=PA289 p. 289]</ref><ref name="Massock">Massock, Richard G.; ''Italy from Within''; p. 306; Seabrook Press, 2007; {{ISBN|1-4067-2097-6}}</ref> Subsequently, the state was no longer a technical monarchy. [[Ante Pavelić]] became head of state, and his title as leader of the ruling [[Ustaše]] movement, ''Poglavnik'', officially became the title of the NDH head of state.}}}}
| status                 = [[Puppet state]]
| empire                 = 
| event_start            = [[Invasion of Yugoslavia|State proclaimed]]
| year_start             = 1941
| date_start             = 10 April
| event1                 = [[Treaties of Rome (1941)|Treaties of Rome]]
| date_event1            = 18 May 1941
| event2                 = [[Tripartite Pact]]
| date_event2            = 15 June 1941
| event3                 = {{nowrap|[[Governorate of Dalmatia|Dalmatia]] [[Italian Social Republic#Territorial losses|annexed]] }}
| date_event3            = {{nowrap|10 September 1943}}
| event4                 = [[Lorković–Vokić plot]]
| date_event4            = 30 August 1944
| event5                 = [[Government of the Independent State of Croatia|Government dissolved]]
| date_event5            = 8 May 1945
| event6                 = {{nowrap|[[Croatian Armed Forces (Independent State of Croatia)|Armed Forces]] [[Surrender at Bleiburg|surrender]] }}
| date_event6            = 15 May
| event_end              = [[Battle of Odžak]]
| year_end               = 1945
| date_end               = 25 May
| p1                     = Kingdom of Yugoslavia{{!}}{{nowrap|'''1941:'''<br>Kingdom of<br>Yugoslavia}}
| flag_p1                = Flag of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.svg
| p2                     = Governorate of Dalmatia{{!}}{{nowrap|'''1943:'''<br>Governorate<br>of Dalmatia}}
| flag_p2                = Flag of Italy (1861-1946) crowned.svg
| s1                     = Democratic Federal Yugoslavia
| flag_s1                = Flag of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia.svg
| image_flag             = Flag of Independent State of Croatia.svg
| flag                   = Flag of Croatia
| image_coat             = Coat of arms of Croatia (1941–1945).svg
| symbol_type_article    = Coat of arms of Croatia
| symbol_type            = Coat of arms
| coa_size               = 70px
| image_map              = Independent State of Croatia (1943).svg
| image_map_caption      = The Independent State of Croatia in 1943
| capital                = [[Zagreb]]
| motto                  = "[[Za dom spremni]]"<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dragčević |first1=Vitomir |title='Za dom spremni' je isto što i 'Sieg Heil'! |url=https://net.hr/danas/crna-kronika/za-dom-spremni-je-isto-sto-i-sieg-heil-b33811a0-b1c8-11eb-9e47-0242ac150023 |website=danas |date=9 January 2012}}</ref><br>"For the home—Ready!"
| national_anthem        = ''[[Lijepa naša domovino]]''<br>"Our Beautiful Homeland"<ref>{{cite book|last=Carmichael|first=Cathie|year=2015|title=A Concise History of Bosnia|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, England|isbn=978-1-10701-615-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rMfSCQAAQBAJ|page=105}}</ref>{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:Lijepa nasa domovino instrumental.ogg]]}}
| official_languages     = [[Croatian language|Croatian]]
| religion               = '''State religions:'''{{sfn|Ramet|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=FTw3lEqi2-oC&pg=PA118 118]|ps=: "For the Ustaše, religion and nationality were closely linked; Catholicism and Islam were declared to be the national religions of the Croatian people, while Orthodoxy was initially described as inherently incompatible with the Croatian state project. ... Starčević's idea that the Bosnian Muslims were the "purest" Croats was resurrected, and Muslims were given permission to build mosques in Zagreb and elsewhere in the country."}}<!--Based on the ethnic census listed later in the article. While "Muslim", "Jew" and "Serbian Orthodox" are ethnoreligious groups and thus should be mostly accurate, "Roman Catholic" and "other" numbers are almost certainly wrong, and a more precise source would be appreciated. -->
* ~56.2% [[Catholic Church in Croatia|Roman Catholicism]]
* 11.1% [[Islam in Croatia|Islam]]
'''Other religions:'''
* 30.6% [[Serbian Orthodox]]
* 0.6% [[History of the Jews in Croatia|Judaism]]
* ~1.5% other
| currency               = [[Independent State of Croatia kuna|NDH Kuna]]
| title_leader           = [[List_of_dukes_and_kings_of_Croatia#King_of_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia_(1941–1943)|King]]
| leader1                = [[Tomislav II]]<ref name="Rodogno">Rodogno, Davide; Fascism's European empire: Italian occupation during the Second World War; p. 95; Cambridge University Press, 2006 {{ISBN|0-521-84515-7}}</ref>
| year_leader1           = 1941–1943
| title_representative   = ''[[Poglavnik]]''
| representative1        = [[Ante Pavelić]]
| year_representative1   = 1941–1945
| title_deputy           = [[Prime Minister of the Independent State of Croatia|Prime Minister]]
| deputy1                = [[Ante Pavelić]]
| year_deputy1           = 1941–1943
| deputy2                = [[Nikola Mandić]]
| year_deputy2           = 1943–1945
| legislature            = 
| stat_year1             = 1941
| stat_area1             = 115133<ref name="Lohse">{{cite book|last=Lohse|first=Alexandra|editor1-last=Megargee|editor1-first=Geoffrey P.|editor2-last=White|editor2-first=Joseph R.|year=2018|series=The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945|title=Camps and Ghettos under European Regimes Aligned with Nazi Germany|chapter=Croatia|volume=III|publisher=Indiana University Press|location=Bloomington, Indiana|isbn=978-0-25302-386-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8nBTDwAAQBAJ|page=47}}</ref>
| stat_pop1              = 6,500,000<ref name="Lohse"/>
| today                  = {{ubl|[[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]|[[Croatia]]|[[Serbia]]|[[Slovenia]]}}
| demonym                = Croatian
}}

The '''Independent State of Croatia''' ({{langx|hr|Nezavisna Država Hrvatska}}, '''NDH''') was a [[World War&nbsp;II]]–era quasi-[[protectorate]] of [[Fascist Italy]] (1941–1943) and [[puppet state]] of [[Nazi Germany]] (1941–1945).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761577939_7/Croatia.html |title=Croatia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822010755/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761577939_7/Croatia.html |archive-date=22 August 2009 |website=Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia |access-date=8 September 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Palmberger |first1=Monica |title=How Generations Remember: Conflicting Histories and Shared Memories in Post-War Bosnia and Herzegovina |date=2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9781137450630 |page=53 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sSyuDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA53}}</ref> It was established in parts of [[Axis occupation of Yugoslavia|occupied Yugoslavia]] on 10 April 1941, after [[invasion of Yugoslavia|the invasion]] by the [[Axis powers]]. Its territory consisted mostly of modern-day [[Croatia]] and [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], as well as some parts of modern-day [[Serbia]] and [[Slovenia]], but also excluded many [[Croats|Croat]]-populated areas in [[Dalmatia]] (until late 1943), [[Istria]], and [[Međimurje (region)|Međimurje]] regions (which today are part of Croatia).

During its entire existence, the NDH was governed as a [[one-party state]] by the [[Fascism|fascist]] [[Ustaše]] organization. The Ustaše was led by its ''[[Poglavnik]],'' [[Ante Pavelić]]''.''<ref group="note"> "''[[Poglavnik]]''" was coined by the [[Ustaše]] and originally a title for the movement's leader. In 1941 it was institutionalized in the NDH as the title of first the Prime Minister (1941–1943), and then the head of state (1943–1945). It was at all times held by [[Ante Pavelić]] (1889–1959) and became synonymous with him. The translation of the term varies. The root of the word is the [[Croatian language|Croatian]] word "''glava''", meaning "head" ("''Po''-''glav(a)''-''nik''"). The more literal translation is "head-man", while "leader" captures more of the meaning of the term (in relation to the German "''[[Führer]]''" and Italian "''[[Duce]]''").</ref> The regime targeted [[Serbs]], [[Jews]] and [[Romani people|Roma]] as part of a large-scale campaign of genocide, as well as anti-fascist or dissident Croats and [[Muslims (ethnic group)|Bosnian Muslims]].<ref name="fischer">{{cite book|editor-last=Fischer|editor-first=Bernd J.|editor-link=Bernd Jürgen Fischer|year=2007|title=Balkan Strongmen: Dictators and Authoritarian Rulers of South-Eastern Europe|publisher=Purdue University Press|isbn=978-1-55753-455-2|pages=207–208, 210, 226}}</ref><ref>
* {{cite news |work=[[Balkan Insight]] |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2024/07/04/croatia-must-stop-downplaying-the-genocidal-crimes-of-the-ustasa |title=Croatia Must Stop Downplaying the Genocidal Crimes of the Ustasa |date=July 4, 2024 |access-date=October 18, 2024 |quote=[...] hundreds of thousands of Serbs, Jews, and [[Romani Holocaust#Independent State of Croatia|Roma]] as well as antifascists systematically murdered by the Croatian fascist Ustasa regime between 1941 and 1945 [...] majority of [[History of the Jews in Yugoslavia|Jews]] in the NDH had already been murdered in the [[Concentration camps in the Independent State of Croatia|concentration camps]] before the Nazi leadership had embarked on the '[[Final Solution]]'.}}
* {{cite web |website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ustasa |title=Ustaša |access-date=October 18, 2024}}
* {{cite news |work=[[El País]] |url=https://english.elpais.com/eps/2020-04-03/visnja-pavelic-the-daughter-of-a-croatian-dictator-who-spent-50-years-as-a-recluse-in-madrid.html |title=Višnja Pavelić: The daughter of a Croatian dictator who lived as a recluse in Madrid |date=April 3, 2020 |access-date=October 18, 2024 |quote=The 92-year-old woman worshiped her late father, [[Ante Pavelić]], whose regime was responsible for the [[Independent State of Croatia#Genocide policies|genocide]] of more than 300,000 people in the Nazi puppet state of Croatia. Before her death, she invited us into her home where there was no remorse, only a deeply entrenched hatred}}</ref> According to [[Stanley G. Payne]], "crimes in the NDH were proportionately surpassed only by Nazi Germany, the [[Khmer Rouge]] in [[Cambodia]] and several of the extremely [[Genocide|genocidal]] African regimes."{{sfn|Payne|2006|pp=409-415}} In the territory controlled by the NDH, between 1941 and 1945, there existed 22 concentration camps. The largest camp was [[Jasenovac concentration camp|Jasenovac]].<ref>
* {{harvnb|Dulić|2006}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/Jasenovac.html|title=Jasenovac |work=Jewish Virtual Library|access-date=3 June 2011}}
* [http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/othercamps/jasenovac.html Concentration camps other than Jasenovac in the Independent State of Croatia], Holocaustresearchproject.org; accessed 4 December 2015.
* {{cite journal|journal=Balcanica|title=The Role of Concentration Camps in the Policies of the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) in 1941|url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=308602|first=Milan|last=Koljanin|publisher=Balkanološki institut - Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti|year=2015|issue=46|pages=315–340|doi=10.2298/BALC1546315K |access-date=October 19, 2024}}</ref><ref>
* {{cite journal|journal=Genocide Studies and Prevention|title=The United States' Response to Genocide in the Independent State of Croatia, 1941–1945|url=https://www.utpjournals.press/doi/abs/10.3138/gsp.3.1.75|last=McCormick|first=Rob|volume=3|issue=1|year=2008|pages=75–98|doi=10.3138/gsp.3.1.75|access-date=October 19, 2024|url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite book|title=The Independent State of Croatia 1941-45|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9781003060970/independent-state-croatia-1941-45-sabrina-ramet|author=Sabrina P. Ramet|editor-first1=Sabrina P. |editor-last1=Ramet |edition=1|year=2008|isbn=9781003060970|publisher=[[Routledge]]|doi=10.4324/9781003060970|access-date=October 19, 2024}}
* {{cite book|title=The Routledge Handbook of Balkan and Southeast European History|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429464799-51/usta%C5%A1a-regime-politics-terror-independent-state-croatia|chapter=The Ustaša regime and the politics of terror in the independent state of Croatia, 1941–1945|last=Yeomans|first=Rory|year=2020|pages=383–391 |publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=9780429464799|edition=1|doi=10.4324/9780429464799-51 |access-date=October 19, 2024}}</ref> Two camps, [[Jastrebarsko children's camp|Jastrebarsko]] and [[Sisak concentration camp|Sisak]], held only children.<ref name="fischer"/><ref name="Pavlowitch-p34">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R8d2409V9tEC&pg=PA34|title=Hitler's New Disorder: The Second World War in Yugoslavia|first=Stevan K.|last=Pavlowitch|date=2017|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=9780231700504}}</ref>

The state was officially a monarchy after the signing of the ''Laws of the [[Crown of Zvonimir]]'' on 15 May 1941.<ref name="Hrvatski Narod 2">Hrvatski Narod (newspaper)16.05.1941. no. 93. p. 1., Public proclamation of the''Zakonska odredba o kruni Zvonimirovoj'' (Decrees on the crown of Zvonimir), tri članka donesena 15.05.1941.</ref><ref name="Montashefte">Die Krone Zvonimirs, Monatshefte fur Auswartige Politik, Heft 6 (1941) p. 434.</ref> [[Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta]], who had been appointed by [[Victor Emmanuel III|King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy]], initially refused to assume the crown in opposition to the Italian annexation of the Croat-majority populated region of Dalmatia, annexed as part of the [[Italian irredentism|Italian irredentist]] agenda of creating a ''[[Mare Nostrum]]'' ("Our Sea").{{sfn|Tomasevich|2001|p=300}} The Duke later briefly accepted the throne due to pressure from Victor Emmanuel III and was titled [[Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta#Croatian throne|Tomislav II of Croatia]], but never moved from Italy to reside in Croatia.<ref name="Rodogno"/>

From the signing of the [[Treaties of Rome (1941)|Treaties of Rome]] on 18 May 1941 until the [[Armistice of Cassibile|Italian capitulation]] on 8 September 1943, the state was a [[Condominium (international law)|territorial condominium]] of Germany and Italy.{{sfn|Tomasevich|2001|p=60}} "Thus on 15 April 1941, Pavelić came to power, albeit a very limited power, in the new Ustasha state under the umbrella of German and Italian forces. On the same day German ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] and Italian ''[[Duce]]'' [[Benito Mussolini]] granted recognition to the Croatian state and declared that their governments would be glad to participate with the Croatian government in determining its frontiers."<ref>Graubard, Stephen R. (1993). ''Exit from Communism''. p. 153. Transaction Publishers; {{ISBN|1-56000-694-3}}<br>"Mussolini and Hitler installed the Ustašas in power in Zagreb, making them the nucleus of a dependent regime of the newly created Independent State of Croatia, an Italo-German condominium predicated on the abolition of Yugoslavia."</ref><ref name="Frucht-p. 429">Frucht, Richard C. (2005). ''Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture''. p. 429. ABC-CLIO; {{ISBN|1-57607-800-0}}<br>"The NDH was in fact an Italo-German condominium. Both Nazi Germany and fascist Italy had spheres of influence in the NDH and stationed their own troops there."</ref><ref>[[Ivo Banac|Banac, Ivo]] (1988). ''With Stalin Against Tito: Cominformist Splits in Yugoslav Communism''. Cornell University Press, p. 4; {{ISBN|0-8014-2186-1}}</ref> In its judgement in the [[Hostages Trial]], the [[Subsequent Nuremberg trials|Nuremberg Military Tribunal]] concluded that NDH was not a sovereign state. According to the Tribunal, "Croatia was at all times here involved an occupied country".{{sfn|Deutschland Military Tribunal|1950|pp=1302–1303}}

In 1942, Germany suggested Italy take military control of all of Croatia out of a desire to redirect German troops from Croatia to the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]]. Italy, however, rejected the offer as it did not believe that it could on its own handle the unstable situation in the Balkans.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Steinberg |first1=Jonathan |title=All or Nothing: The Axis and the Holocaust 1941-43 |date=2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781134436552 |page=44 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-lKBAgAAQBAJ}}</ref> After the [[Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy|ousting of Mussolini]] and the Kingdom of Italy's [[Armistice of Cassibile|armistice with the Allies]], Tomislav II abdicated from his Croatian throne: the NDH on 10 September 1943 declared that the Treaties of Rome were [[Void (law)|null and void]] and annexed the portion of Dalmatia that had been ceded to Italy. The NDH attempted to annex [[Province of Zara|Zara]] (modern-day [[Zadar]], Croatia), which had been a recognized territory of Italy since 1920 and long an object of Croatian irredentism, but Germany did not allow it.{{sfn|Tomasevich|2001|p=300}}<ref>
* {{cite book |title=The Independent State of Croatia 1941-45 |chapter=The NDH's Relations with Italy and Germany |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003060970-5/ndh-relations-italy-germany-mario-jareb |last=Jareb |first=Mario |year=2008 |edition=1 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=9781003060970 |access-date=October 19, 2024}}
* {{cite journal |title=A Recurrent Tragedy: Ethnic Cleansing as a Tool of State Building in the Yugoslav Multinational Setting |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/nationalities-papers/article/abs/recurrent-tragedy-ethnic-cleansing-as-a-tool-of-state-building-in-the-yugoslav-multinational-setting/E99E10EADF2B45F96147663BEDEACD87 |year=2008 |last=Mulaj |first=Klejda |journal=Nationalities Papers |volume=34 |pages=21–50 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |doi=10.1080/00905990500504830 |access-date=October 19, 2024|url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite journal |journal=Security Dimensions. International and National Studies |title=The creation of the Kingdom of Croatia in 1941 on the pages of the periodical "L'Illustrazione Italiana" |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=539349 |publisher=Wyższa Szkoła Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego i Indywidualnego "Apeiron" w Krakowie |last=Violante |first=Antonio |year=2013 |issue=10 |pages=46–58 |access-date=October 19, 2024}}</ref>

==Geography==
Geographically, the NDH encompassed most of modern-day [[Croatia]], all of [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], part of modern-day [[Serbia]],<ref name="Megargee & White">{{cite book |last1=Megargee |first1=Geoffrey P. |last2=White |first2=Joseph R. |title=The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945, Volume III: Camps and Ghettos under European Regimes Aligned with Nazi Germany |date=2018 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-02386-5 |page=47 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8nBTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA47}}</ref> and a small portion of modern-day [[Slovenia]] in the [[Municipality of Brežice]]. It bordered [[Nazi Germany]] to the north-west, the [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Kingdom of Hungary]] to the north-east, the [[Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia|Serbian administration]] (a joint German-Serb government) to the east, [[Italian governorate of Montenegro|Montenegro]] (an Italian protectorate) to the south-east and [[Fascist Italy (1922–1943)|Fascist Italy]] along its coastal area.<ref name="Megargee & White" />

=== Establishment of borders ===

The exact borders of the Independent State of Croatia were unclear when it was established.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://public.mzos.hr/fgs.axd?id=10921|title=Rise and fall of the NDH|access-date=3 June 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717114852/http://public.mzos.hr/fgs.axd?id=10921|archive-date=17 July 2011}}</ref> Approximately one month after its formation, significant areas of Croat-populated territory were ceded to its [[Axis powers|Axis]] partners, including the Kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Hungary (Regency)|Hungary]] and [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]].
*On 13 May 1941, the NDH government signed an agreement with [[Nazi Germany]] which demarcated their borders.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Documente über die Bildung des Unabhängigen Staates Kroatien|url=https://www.zaoerv.de/11_1942_43/11_1942_1_b_122_2_142.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Prebeg">{{cite web|url=http://povijest.net/v5/hrvatska/hrvatska-2-svjetski-rat/2007/gospodarstvo-nezavisne-drzave-hrvatske-1941-1945-1|title=Gospodarstvo Nezavisne Države Hrvatske 1941–1945. (1)|trans-title=Business of the Independent State of Croatia|language=hr|access-date=15 April 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416205706/http://povijest.net/v5/hrvatska/hrvatska-2-svjetski-rat/2007/gospodarstvo-nezavisne-drzave-hrvatske-1941-1945-1/|archive-date=16 April 2014}}</ref>
*On 18 May the [[Treaties of Rome (1941)|Treaties of Rome]] were signed by diplomats of the NDH and Italy. Large parts of Croatian lands were occupied (annexed) by Italy, including most of [[Dalmatia]] (including [[Split (city)|Split]] and [[Šibenik]]), nearly all the Adriatic islands (including [[Rab (island)|Rab]], [[Krk (island)|Krk]], [[Vis (island)|Vis]], [[Korčula (island)|Korčula]], [[Mljet]]), and some smaller areas such as the [[Bay of Kotor]], parts of the [[Croatian Littoral]] and [[Gorski kotar]] areas.<ref name=":0" />
*On 7 June the NDH government issued a decree that demarcated its eastern border with Serbia.<ref name="Prebeg"/>
*On 27 October the NDH and Italy reached an agreement on the Independent State of Croatia's border with [[Montenegro (World War II)|Montenegro]].<ref name=":0" />
*On 8 September 1943, Italy capitulated and the NDH officially considered the Treaties of Rome to be void, along with the [[Treaty of Rapallo, 1920|Treaty of Rapallo]] of 1920 which had given Italy [[Istria]], Fiume (now [[Rijeka]]) and Zara ([[Zadar]]).<ref name="Kisic">{{cite book |last1=Kisić Kolanović |first1=Nada |title=Mladen Lorković: ministar urotnik |date=1998 |publisher=Golden marketing |isbn=9789536168514 |pages=304–306}}</ref>

German foreign minister [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] approved the NDH acquisition of the Dalmatian territories gained by Italy at the time of the Treaties of Rome.<ref name="Kisic"/> By now, most such territory was actually controlled by the [[Yugoslav Partisans]], since the ceding of those areas had made them strongly anti-NDH (more than one third of the total population of Split is documented to have joined the Partisans).<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120301114430/http://www.ratnakronikasplita.com/impresum/uvod Ratna kronika Splita 1941–1945]}}, Ratnakronikasplita.com; accessed 4 December 2015. {{in lang|hr}}</ref> By 11 September 1943, NDH foreign minister [[Mladen Lorković]] received word from German consul [[Siegfried Kasche]] that the NDH should wait before moving on Istria. Germany's central government had already annexed Istria and Fiume ([[Rijeka]]) into the [[Operational Zone Adriatic Coast]] a day earlier.<ref name="Kisic"/> [[Međimurje]] and southern [[Baranja region|Baranja]] were [[Hungarian occupation of Yugoslav territories|annexed (occupied) by the Kingdom of Hungary]]. NDH disputed this and continued to lay claim to both, naming the administrative province centred in Osijek as ''Great Parish Baranja''. This border was never legislated, although Hungary may have considered the [[Pacta conventa (Croatia)|Pacta conventa]] to be in effect, which delineated the two nation's borders along the [[Drava]] river.{{citation needed|reason=No such thing is mentioned in the Pacta Conventa article. Could it be an attempt to restore the pre-1918 border instead?|date=July 2012}}

When compared to the republic borders established in the [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|SFR Yugoslavia]] after the war, the NDH encompassed the whole of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with its non-Croat ([[Bosnian Serbs|Serb]] and [[Bosniaks|Bosniak]]) majority, as well as some 20&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> of Slovenia (the villages of [[Slovenska Vas, Brežice|Slovenska Vas]], [[Nova Vas pri Mokricah]], [[Jesenice, Brežice|Jesenice]], [[Obrežje]], and [[Čedem]])<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnevnik.si/tiskane_izdaje/dnevnik/121558|title=Mejo so zavarovali z žico in postavili mine|language=sl|trans-title=They Protected the Border with Wire and Set up Mines|newspaper=Dnevnik.si|first=Ernest|last=Sečen|date=16 April 2005|access-date=13 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321045008/http://www.dnevnik.si/tiskane_izdaje/dnevnik/121558|archive-date=21 March 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the whole of [[Syrmia]] (part of which was previously in the [[Danube Banovina]]).{{citation needed|date=October 2025}}

===Administrative divisions===
{{See also|Counties of the Independent State of Croatia|Districts of the Independent State of Croatia}}
The Independent State of Croatia had four levels of administrative divisions: great parishes (velike župe), districts (kotari), cities (gradovi) and municipalities (opcine). At the time of its foundation, the state had 22 great parishes, 142 districts, 31 cities<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jagor.srce.hr/~zheimer/flags/descr/hr-sub.htm|title=The FAME: Croatia – Subdivisions of Croatia through the History|date=10 February 2001|access-date=2 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010210045742/http://jagor.srce.hr/~zheimer/flags/descr/hr-sub.htm#ndh|archive-date=10 February 2001}}</ref> and 1006 municipalities.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pusić |first1=Eugen |title=Hrvatska središnja državna uprava i usporedni upravni sustavi |date=1997 |publisher=Školska knjiga |isbn=9789530304017 |page=173}}</ref>

The highest level of administration were the great parishes (Velike župe), each of which was headed by a [[Grand Župan]]. After the capitulation of Italy, NDH were permitted by the Germans to annex parts of the areas of Yugoslavia previously occupied by Italy. To accommodate this, parish boundaries were changed and the new parish of Sidraga-Ravni Kotari was created. In addition, on 29 October 1943, the Kommissariat of Sušak-Krk (Croatian: Građanska Sušak-Rijeka) was created separately by the Germans to act as a buffer zone between the NDH and RSI in the Fiume area to "perceive the special interests of the local population against the [I]talians"<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=4Yp6ApNCHj0C&dq=Kommissariat+Sušak-Krk&pg=PA307 ''Ein General im Zwielicht, Memoirs of General Edmund Glaise von Horstenau'', vol 76, p. 307], Books.google.com; accessed 4 December 2015.</ref>

{|
|- valign="top"
| <!--column 1-->
{|
|-
|  1 || '''Baranja'''</tr>
|  2 || '''Bilogora'''</tr>
|  3a || '''Bribir-Sidraga'''<ref name="Parish until 1943">Until 10/09/43</ref></tr>
|  3b || '''Bribir'''<ref name="Parish after 1943">After 10/09/43</ref></tr>
|  4 || '''Cetina'''</tr>
|  5 || '''Dubrava'''</tr>
|  6a || '''Gora'''<ref name="Parish until 1943" /></tr>
|  6b || '''Gora-Zagorje'''<ref name="Parish after 1943" /></tr>
|  7 || '''Hum'''</tr>
|}
| <!--column 2-->
{|
|-
|  8 || '''Krbava-Psat'''</tr>
|  9a || '''Lašva-Glaž'''<ref name="Parish until 1943" /></tr>
|  9b || '''Lašva-Pliva'''<ref name="Parish after 1943" /></tr>
| 10 || '''Lika-Gacka'''</tr>
| 11 || '''Livac-Zapolje'''</tr>
| 12 || '''Modruš'''</tr>
| 13 || '''Pliva-Rama'''<ref name="Parish until 1943" /></tr>
| 14 || '''Pokupje'''</tr>
| 15 || '''[[Posavje Great Parish|Posavje]]'''</tr>
|}
| <!--column 3-->
{|
|-
| 16 || '''Prigorje'''</tr>
| 17 || '''Sana-Luka'''</tr>
| 18 || '''Usora-Soli'''</tr>
| 19 || '''Vinodol-Podgorje'''</tr>
| 20 || '''Vrhbosna'''</tr>
| 21 || '''Vuka'''</tr>
| 22 || '''Zagorje'''<ref name="Parish until 1943" /></tr>
| 23 || '''Sidraga-Ravni Kotari'''<ref name="Parish after 1943" /></tr>
|}
|
{|
|-
| [[File:NezavisnaDrzavaHrvatska.png|right|thumb|200px|Administrative Divisions (1941–1943)]]|| [[File:NezavisnaDrzavaHrvatska1943.png|right|thumb|200px|Administrative Divisions (1943–1945)]]
|}
|}
[[File:1941 PASSPORT.jpg|thumb|Diplomatic passport issued in 1941 to Ante Šoša, employee of NDH's consulte in Vienna]]

==History==

===Influences on the rise of the Ustaše===
{{See also|Creation of Yugoslavia}}
In 1915 a group of political emigres from Austria-Hungary, predominantly Croats but including some Serbs and a Slovene, formed themselves into a [[Yugoslav Committee]], with a view to creating a South Slav state in the aftermath of World War I.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vuckoviv |first1=Gojko |title=Ethnic Cleavages and Conflict: The Sources of National Cohesion and Disintegration: the Case of Yugoslavia |date=1997 |publisher=Ashgate |isbn=978-1-85972-640-2 |page=74}}</ref> They saw this as a way to prevent Dalmatia being ceded to Italy under the [[Treaty of London (1915)]]. In 1918, the [[National Council of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs]] sent a delegation to the Serbian monarch to offer unification of the [[State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs]] with the [[Kingdom of Serbia]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bennett |first1=Christopher |title=Yugoslavia's Bloody Collapse: Causes, Course and Consequences |date=1997 |publisher=New York University Press |isbn=9780814712887 |page=29 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6mQVCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA29}}</ref> The leader of the [[Croatian Peasant Party]], [[Stjepan Radić]], warned on their departure for Belgrade that the council had no democratic legitimacy. But a new state, the [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]], was duly proclaimed on 1 December 1918, with no heed taken of legal protocols such as the signing of a new ''[[Pacta conventa (Croatia)|Pacta conventa]]'' in recognition of historic Croatian state rights.<ref>Ferdo Šišić: ''Ljetopis Jugoslavenske akademije'', Vol.49 (Zagreb 1936) p. 279</ref><ref>Srdja Trifkovic: ''Ustaša'', Lord Byron Foundation for Balkan Studies (London 1998)<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref>

Croats were at the outset politically disadvantaged with the centralized political structure of the kingdom, which was seen as favouring the Serb majority. The political situation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes was fractious and violent. In 1927, the [[Independent Democratic Party (Yugoslavia)|Independent Democratic Party]], which represented the [[Serbs of Croatia]], turned its back on the centralist policy of King Alexander and entered into a coalition with the Croatian Peasant Party.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Kideckel |editor1-first=David A. |editor2-last=Halpern |editor2-first=Joel M. |title=Neighbors at War: Anthropological Perspectives on Yugoslav Ethnicity, Culture, and History |date=2000 |publisher=Penn State Press |isbn=978-0-27104-435-4 |page=133 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EEBkON-ySQUC&pg=PA133}}</ref>

On 20 June 1928, Stjepan Radić and four other Croat deputies were shot while in the Belgrade parliament by a member of the [[People's Radical Party|Serbian People's Radical Party]]. Three of the deputies, including Radić, died. The outrage that resulted from the [[assassination of Stjepan Radić]] threatened to destabilise the kingdom.{{citation needed|date=September 2017}} In January 1929, [[Alexander I of Yugoslavia|King Alexander]] responded by proclaiming a royal dictatorship, under which all dissenting political activity was banned and the state was renamed the "Kingdom of Yugoslavia". The [[Ustaša]] was created in principle in 1929.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Meier |first1=Viktor |title=Yugoslavia: A History of Its Demise |date=2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-13466-511-2 |page=125 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lRCDR464ut0C&pg=PA125}}</ref>

One consequence of Alexander's 1929 proclamation and the repression and persecution of Croatian nationalists was a rise of support for the Croatian extreme nationalist, [[Ante Pavelić]], who had been a Zagreb deputy in the Yugoslav parliament, He was later implicated in Alexander's assassination in 1934, went into exile in Italy and gained support for his vision of liberating Croatia from Serb control and racially "purifying" Croatia. While residing in Italy, Pavelić and other Croatian exiles planned the Ustaša insurgency.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moljac.hr/biografije/pavelic.htm|title=Ante Pavelić on Croatian|publisher=Moljac.hr|access-date=3 June 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616044509/http://www.moljac.hr/biografije/pavelic.htm|archive-date=16 June 2011}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=September 2015}}

===Establishment of the NDH===
[[File:NDH poziv Zidovima i Srbima.JPG|thumb|left|Message calling on [[Jews]] and [[Serbs]] to surrender their weapons at the risk of being severely condemned]]
Following the attack of the Axis powers on the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]] in 1941, and the quick defeat of the [[Royal Yugoslav Army]] (''Jugoslavenska Vojska''), the country was occupied by Axis forces. The Axis powers offered [[Vladko Maček]] the opportunity to form a government, since Maček and his party, the Croatian Peasant Party ({{langx|hr|links=no|Hrvatska seljačka stranka – HSS}}) had the greatest electoral support among Yugoslavia's Croats – but Maček refused that offer.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/globus/knjiga-koje-se-boje-i-crveni-i-crni-4092738|language=hr|newspaper=[[Globus (weekly)|Globus]]|title=Knjiga koje se boje i crveni i crni|quote=Dr Jozo Tomasevich [...] "Rat i revolucija u Jugoslaviji 1941.-1945." [...] Vladko Maček, prvak HSS-a, koji je u travnju 1941. zastupao većinu Hrvata, nije bio voljan prihvatiti "nezavisnost" koja se tada nudila po cijeni koju je Hitler nametnuo|access-date=7 April 2021|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619221007/http://globus.jutarnji.hr/zivot/knjiga-koje-se-boje-i-crveni-i-crni|archive-date=19 June 2013}}</ref>

On 10 April 1941 the German army took control in Zagreb. With their support, retired lieutenant-colonel [[Slavko Kvaternik]], deputy leader of the Ustaše, declared the creation of the Independent State of Croatia (Nezavisna Država Hrvatska – NDH) "in the name of Croats and the header{{sic}} (poglavnik) Ante Pavelić".<ref name="Logos 16">{{Cite web|last=Logos|first=Aleksandar A.|title=Jasenovac in Croatia or a short story about a war and mass killing in it|page=16|url=https://www.academia.edu/83102584|access-date=2022-09-28}}</ref> A few days later on 15 April 1941, Ante Pavelić returned to Zagreb from exile in Italy, and on 16 April 1941 he took power as the State Leader, or the "Leader" (Poglavnik), holding the office of prime minister.<ref name="Logos 16"/>

Acceding to the demands of [[Benito Mussolini]] and the Fascist regime in the [[Kingdom of Italy]], Pavelić reluctantly accepted [[Tomislav II of Croatia, 4th Duke of Aosta|Aimone the 4th Duke of Aosta]] as a [[figurehead]] King of the NDH under his new royal name, Tomislav II. Aosta was not interested in being the figurehead King of Croatia:<ref name="autogenerated5"/>
Upon learning he had been named King of Croatia, he told close colleagues that he thought his nomination was a bad joke by his cousin King [[Victor Emmanuel III of Italy|Victor Emmanuel III]] though he accepted the crown out of a sense of duty.<ref name="Petacco">{{cite book|last=Petacco|first=Arrigo|title=A Tragedy Revealed: The Story of the Italian Population of Istria, Dalmatia, and Venezia Giulia| publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=2005|pages=26–27|isbn=0-8020-3921-9}}</ref> He never visited the NDH and had no influence over the government, which was dominated by Pavelić.

From a strategic perspective, the establishment of the NDH was an attempt by Mussolini and Hitler to pacify the Croats, while reducing the use of Axis resources, which were more urgently needed for [[Operation Barbarossa]]. Meanwhile, Mussolini used his long-established support for Croatian independence as leverage to coerce Pavelić into signing an agreement on 18 May 1941 at 12:30, under which central Dalmatia and parts of [[Hrvatsko primorje]] and [[Gorski kotar]] were ceded to Italy.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,765632,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626132957/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,765632,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 June 2007|title=Foreign News: Crown of Zvonimir|magazine=TIME|date=26 May 1941|access-date=3 June 2011}}</ref>

Under the same agreement, the NDH was restricted to a minimal [[Navy of the Independent State of Croatia|navy]] and Italian forces were granted military control of the entire [[Geography of Croatia#Adriatic Basin|Croatian coastline]]. After Pavelić signed the agreement, other Croatian politicians rebuked him. Pavelić publicly defended the decision and thanked Germany and Italy for supporting Croatian independence.<ref name="Tanner-p147">[[#Tanner|Tanner, 1997]], p. 147</ref> After refusing leadership of the NDH, Maček called on all to obey and cooperate with the new government. The [[Roman Catholic Church]] was also openly supportive of the government. According to Maček, the new state was greeted with a "wave of enthusiasm" in Zagreb, often by people "blinded and intoxicated" by the fact that the Nazi Germany had "gift-wrapped their occupation under the euphemistic title of ''Independent State of Croatia''". But in the villages, Maček wrote, the [[peasant]]ry believed that "their struggle over the past 30 years to become masters of their homes and their country had suffered a tremendous setback".<ref>Maček, pp. 220–231</ref>

[[File:Židovi izložba ndh 1942.jpg|thumb|right|190px|An antisemitic poster in Zagreb, advertising an exhibition about the "destructive work of the Jews in Croatia" and the "solution to the Jewish question in the NDH."]]

On 16 August 1941, the [[Ustaše Surveillance Service]] was established, consisting of four departments, the ''Ustasha Police'', the ''Ustasha Intelligence Service'', ''Ustasha Defense'', and ''Personnel'', for the suppression of activities against the Ustasha, the Independent State of Croatia, and the Croatian people. The Service was eliminated as a separate agency in January 1943 and functions were transferred to the Ministry of Interior under the ''Directorate of Public Order''.{{sfn|Tomasevich|2001|p=341}} Dissatisfied with the Pavelić regime in its early months, the Axis Powers in September 1941 asked Maček to take over, but Maček again refused. Perceiving Maček as a potential rival, Pavelić subsequently had him arrested and interned in the [[Jasenovac concentration camp]]. The Ustaše initially did not have an army or administration capable of controlling all the territory of the NDH. The Ustaše movement had fewer than 12,000 members when the war started. While the Ustaše's own estimates put the number of their sympathizers even in the early phase at around 40,000.<ref>[[#Pavlowitch|Pavlowitch, 2008]] {{page needed|date=July 2012}}</ref>

{{History of Croatia}}
To act against Serbs and Jews with genocidal measures, the Ustase introduced widespread measures that Croats themselves were victim to. Jozo Tomasevich in his book, ''War and Revolution in Yugoslavia: 1941–1945'', states, ''"never before in history had Croats been exposed to such legalized administrative, police and judicial brutality and abuse as during the Ustasha regime."'' Decrees enacted by the regime allowed it to get rid of all 'unwanted' employees in state and local government and in state enterprises. The 'unwanted' (being all Jews, Serbs, and Yugoslav-oriented Croats) were all thrown out except for some deemed specifically needed by the government. This left a multitude of jobs to be filled by Ustashas and pro-Ustasha adherents and led to government jobs being filled by people with no professional qualifications.{{sfn|Tomasevich|2001|pp=381–382}}

===Italian influence===
[[File:Mussolini and Pavelic 1941.jpg|thumb|left|''[[Poglavnik]]'' [[Ante Pavelic]] (left) with Italy's ''[[Duce]]'' [[Benito Mussolini]] (right) in Rome, Italy on 18 May 1941, during the ceremony of Italy's recognition of Croatia as a sovereign state under official Italian protection, and to agree upon Croatia's borders with Italy]]
Mussolini and Ante Pavelić had close relations prior to the war. Mussolini and Pavelić both despised the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Italy had been promised, in the Treaty of London (1915), that it would receive Dalmatia from Austria-Hungary at the end of World War I. The peace negotiations in 1919, however, influenced by the [[Fourteen Points]] proclaimed by US President [[Woodrow Wilson]] (1856–1924), called for national self-determination and determined that the Yugoslavs rightfully deserved the territory in question. Italian nationalists were enraged. Italian nationalist [[Gabriele D'Annunzio]] raided [[Fiume]] (which held a mixed population of Croats and Italians) and proclaimed it part of the [[Italian Regency of Carnaro]]. D'Annunzio declared himself "[[Duce]]" of Carnaro and his [[Blackshirts|blackshirted]] revolutionaries held control over the town. D'Annunzio was known for engaging in passionate speeches aimed to draw Croatian nationalists to support his actions and to oppose Yugoslavia.<ref>Bosworth, Richard J.B. ''Mussolini's Italy'' (2005). New Work: Allen Lane. pp. 112–113.<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref>

Croatian nationalists, such as Pavelić, opposed the border changes that occurred after World War I. Not only was D'Annunzio's symbolism copied by Mussolini but also D'Annunzio's appeal to Croatian support for the dismantling of Yugoslavia, as a foreign policy approach to Yugoslavia by Mussolini. Pavelić had been in negotiations with Italy since 1927 that included advocating a territory-for-sovereignty swap in which he would tolerate Italy annexing its claimed territory in Dalmatia in exchange for Italy supporting the sovereignty of an independent Croatia.<ref>Bernd Jürgen Fischer (ed.). ''Balkan strongmen: dictators and authoritarian rulers of South Eastern Europe''. Purdue University Press, 2007, p. 210.<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref>

In the 1930s, upon Pavelić and the Ustaše being forced into exile by the Yugoslav government, they were offered sanctuary in Italy by Mussolini, who allowed them to use training grounds to prepare for war against Yugoslavia. In exchange for this support, Mussolini demanded that Pavelić agree that Dalmatia would become part of Italy if Italy and the Ustaše successfully waged war on Yugoslavia. Although Dalmatia was a largely Croat-populated territory, it had been part of various Italian states, such as the [[Roman Empire]] and the [[Republic of Venice]] in prior centuries and was part of [[Italian nationalism]]'s irredentist claims.

In exchange for this concession, Mussolini offered Pavelić the right for Croatia to annex all of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which had only a minority Croat population. Pavelić agreed. After the invasion and occupation of Yugoslavia, Italy annexed numerous [[List of islands in the Adriatic|Adriatic islands]] and a portion of Dalmatia, which all combined to become the Italian [[Governorship of Dalmatia]] including territory from the provinces of [[Split (city)|Split]], [[Zadar]], and [[Kotor]].<ref name="Davide Rodogno 2006. Pp. 80-81">Rodogno, Davide. ''Fascism's European empire: Italian occupation during the Second World War'', Cambridge University Press, UK (2006), pp. 80–81.<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref>

Although Italy had initially larger territorial aims that extended from the [[Velebit|Velebit mountains]] to the [[Albanian Alps]], Mussolini decided against annexing further territories due to a number of factors, including that Italy held the economically valuable portion of that territory within its possession while the northern Adriatic coast had no important railways or roads and because a larger annexation would have included hundreds of thousands of Slavs who were hostile to Italy, within its national borders.<ref name="Davide Rodogno 2006. Pp. 80-81"/>

Italy intended to keep the NDH within its sphere of influence by forbidding it to build any significant navy.<ref name="Tanner-p147"/> Italy only permitted small patrol boats to be used by NDH forces. This policy forbidding the creation of NDH warships was part of the Italian Fascists' policy of ''[[Mare Nostrum]]'' (Latin for "Our Sea") in which Italy was to dominate the [[Mediterranean Sea]] as the Roman Empire had done centuries earlier. Italian armed forces assisted the Ustaše government in persecuting Serbs. In 1941, Italian forces captured and interned the [[Serbian Orthodox Church|Serbian Orthodox]] Bishop Irinej (Đorđević) of [[Eparchy of Dalmatia|Dalmatia]].<ref name="Tanner-p151">Tanner, p. 151</ref>

===Influence of Nazi Germany===
[[File:Adolf Hitler meets Ante Pavelić.1941.jpg|thumb|left|Adolf Hitler (left) with Ante Pavelić (right) at the [[Berghof (residence)|Berghof]], outside the [[Berchtesgaden]], Germany]]
At the time of the invasion of Yugoslavia by Nazi Germany, [[Adolf Hitler]] was uneasy with Mussolini's agenda of creating a puppet Croatian state, and preferred that areas outside of Italian territorial aims become part of [[Hungary in World War II|Hungary]] as an autonomous territory. This would appease Nazi Germany's ally Hungary and its nationalist territorial claims. Germany's position on Croatia changed after its [[invasion of Yugoslavia]] in 1941. The invasion was spearheaded by a strong German invasion force which was largely responsible for the [[Invasion of Yugoslavia#Armistice and surrender|capture of Yugoslavia]]. Military forces from other Axis powers, including [[Royal Italian Army (1940–1946)|Italy]], [[Royal Hungarian Army|Hungary]], and [[Military history of Bulgaria during World War II|Bulgaria]] made few gains during the invasion.{{citation needed|date=September 2017}}

[[File:SS recrutiment poster used in NDH.png|thumb|''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) recruitment propaganda poster used in the NDH]]
The invasion was precipitated by the need for German forces to reach Greece to save Italian forces, which were failing on the battlefield against the [[Military history of Greece during World War II|Greek armed forces]]. Upon rescuing Italian forces in Greece and having conquered Yugoslavia and Greece almost single-handedly, Hitler became frustrated with Mussolini and Italy's military incompetence. Germany improved relations with the Ustaše and supported the NDH claims to annex the Adriatic Coast in order reduce Italy's planned territorial gains. Nevertheless, Italy annexed a significant central portion of Dalmatia and various Adriatic Islands. This was not what had been agreed with Pavelić prior to the invasion; Italy had expected to annex all of Dalmatia as part of its irredentist claims.{{cn|date=May 2024}}

Hitler sparred with his army commanders over what policy should be undertaken in Croatia regarding the Serbs. German military officials thought that Serbs could be rallied to fight against the Partisans. Hitler disagreed with his commanders, but pointed out to Pavelić that the NDH could create a completely Croat state only if it followed a constant policy of persecution of the non-Croat population for at least fifty years.<ref name="Tanner-p147"/> The NDH was never fully sovereign, but it was a [[puppet state]] that enjoyed greater autonomy than any other regime in [[German-occupied Europe]].{{sfn|Payne|2006|p=}}

As early as 10 July 1941, Wehrmacht General [[Edmund Glaise-Horstenau|Edmund Glaise von Horstenau]] reported the following to the German High Command, the [[Oberkommando der Wehrmacht]] (OKW):{{blockquote|Our troops have to be mute witnesses of such events; it does not reflect well on their otherwise high reputation [...] I am frequently told that German occupation troops would finally have to intervene against Ustaše crimes. This may happen eventually. Right now, with the available forces, I could not ask for such action. Ad hoc intervention in individual cases could make the German Army look responsible for countless crimes which it could not prevent in the past.|General Edmund Glaise von Horstenau, German military attaché in Zagreb}}
The [[Gestapo]] report to Reichsführer SS [[Heinrich Himmler]], dated 17 February 1942, states:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Goñi |first1=Uki |title=The Real Odessa: Smuggling the Nazis to Perón's Argentina |date=2002 |publisher=Granta |isbn=9781862075818 |page=202}}</ref> {{blockquote|Increased activity of the bands is chiefly due to atrocities carried out by Ustaše units in Croatia against the Orthodox population. The Ustaše committed their deeds in a bestial manner not only against males of conscript age, but especially against helpless old people, women and children. The number of the Orthodox that the Croats have [[massacre]]d and sadistically tortured to death is about three hundred thousand.|Gestapo report to Reichsführer SS Heinrich Himmler, 17 February 1942.}}

According to reports by General Glaise-Horstenau, Hitler was angry with Pavelić, whose policy inflamed the rebellion in Croatia, thwarting any prospect of deploying NDH forces on the Eastern Front.<ref name="zvonko">Ivanković, Zvonko. ''Hebrang'', Scientia Yugoslavica 1988, pp. 169–170<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref> Moreover, Hitler was forced to engage large forces of his own to keep the rebellion in check. For that reason, Hitler summoned Pavelić to his war headquarters in [[Vinnytsia]] (Ukraine) on 23 September 1942. Consequently, Pavelić replaced his minister of the Armed Forces, Slavko Kvaternik, with the less zealous Jure Francetić. Kvaternik was sent into exile in Slovakia – along with his son [[Eugen Dido Kvaternik|Eugen]], who was blamed for the persecution of the Serbs in Croatia.{{sfn|Tomasevich|2001|p=440}} Before meeting Hitler, to appease the public,{{clarify|date=September 2017}} Pavelić published an "Important Government Announcement" (»Važna obavijest Vlade«), in which he threatened those who were spreading the news "about non-existent threats of disarmament of the Ustashe units by representatives of one foreign power, about the Croatian Army replacement by a foreign army, about the possibility that a foreign power would seize the power in Croatia [...] "<ref>Hrvatski narod, 3 September 1942.</ref>
[[File:Borba udružene Europe na istoku.jpg|thumb|200px|World War II propaganda poster: "The battle of the united Europe in the east"]]

<!--See talk. Hans Helm, the appointed head of the [[Gestapo]] in the Independent State of Croatia, wrote in his confidential 14 January 1943 report (titled as "Basis of the partisan danger" and sent to General Kasche):{{cquote|The new regime in Croatia started programs of annihilation and destruction of the Serbs, which ''[the programs]'' are publicly supported by the highest ranks of the Croatian government, and adopted as the main government goal. The fact that different talk is coming from the official Ustaše side – under pressure by the rebellion and due to the course of events, even a reconciliation was mentioned – leaves no possibility to compensate the harm caused by, for example, Dr. [[Mile Budak]], the actual ''[Croatian]'' minister in Berlin [...] <ref name="zvonko"/>}}-->
General Glaise-Horstenau reported: "The Ustaše movement is, due to the mistakes and atrocities they have committed and the corruption, so compromised that the government executive branch (the home guard and the police) shall be separated from the government – even for the price of breaking any possible connection with the government."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zukunft-braucht-erinnerung.de/das-kroatische-kz-jasenovac/|title=Das kroatische Konzentrationslager Jasenovac – ZbE|website=Zukunft-braucht-erinnerung.de|date=6 November 2004|access-date=2 September 2017}}</ref>

Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler is quoted characterizing the Independent State of Croatia as "ridiculous": "our beloved German settlements will be secured. I hope that the area south of Srem will be liberated by [...] the [[13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian)|Bosnian division]] [...] so that we can at least restore partial order in this ridiculous (Croatian) state."<ref>Georg Lepre, ''Himmler's Bosnian Division'', p. 17.<!-- ISSN/ISBN, publishing info needed --></ref> The Ustaše gained German support for plans to eliminate the Serb population in Croatia. One plan involved an exchange in 1941 between Germany and the NDH, in which 20,000 Catholic Slovenes would be deported from [[Slovene Lands in World War II#Under the Nazi occupation|German-held Slovenia]] and sent to the NDH where they would be assimilated as Croats. In exchange, 20,000 Serbs would be deported from the NDH and sent to the German-occupied territory of Serbia.<ref name="Tanner-p151" /> On the meeting with Hitler on 6 June 1941 in [[Salzburg]], Pavelić agreed to receive 175,000 deported Slovenes. The agreement provided that the number of Serbs deported from NDH to Serbia could exceed the number of Slovenes received by 30,000. During the talks, Hitler stressed the necessity and desirability of deportations of Slovenes and Serbs, and advised Pavelic that NDH, in order to become stable, should carry on ethnically intolerant policy for the next 50 years.{{sfn|Krizman|1980|pp=47–49}} The German occupation forces allowed the expulsion of Serbs to Serbia, but instead of sending the Slovenes to Croatia, they were also deported to Serbia. In total, about 300,000 Serbs had been deported or fled from the NDH to Serbia by the end of World War II.<ref name="Tanner-p151"/>

The atrocities committed by the Ustaše stunned observers; Brigadier [[Sir Fitzroy Maclean, 1st Baronet|Sir Fitzroy Maclean]], Chief of the British military mission to the Partisans, commented "Some Ustaše collected the eyes of Serbs they had killed, sending them, when they had enough, to the Poglavnik ''['head-man']'' for his inspection or proudly displaying them and other human organs in the cafés of Zagreb."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pyle |first1=Christopher H. |title=Extradition, Politics, and Human Rights |date=2001 |publisher=Temple University Press |isbn=978-1-56639-823-7 |page=132 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8iEWsWUjHA8C&pg=PA132}}</ref>

The Nazi regime demanded that the Ustaše adopt [[Antisemitism|antisemitic]] racial policies, persecute [[Jews]] and set up [[Concentration camps in the Independent State of Croatia|several concentration camps]]. Pavelic and the Ustaše accepted Nazi demands, but their racial policy focused primarily on eliminating the Serb population. When the Ustaše needed more recruits to help exterminate the Serbs, the state broke away from Nazi antisemitic policy by promising honorary Aryan citizenship, and, thus, freedom from persecution, to Jews who were willing to fight for the NDH.<ref name="Tanner-149">[[#Tanner|Tanner, 1997]], p. 149</ref> As this was the only legal means allowing Jews to escape persecution, a number of Jews joined the NDH's armed forces. This aggravated the German SS, which claimed that the NDH let 5,000 Jews survive via service in the NDH's armed forces. German anti-Semitic objectives for Croatia were further undermined by Italy's reluctance to adhere to a strict antisemitic policy, which resulted in Jews in Italian-held parts of Croatia avoiding the same persecution facing Jews in German-held eastern Croatia.<ref>[[#Tanner|Tanner, 1997]], pp. 149–150</ref> After Italy abandoned the war in 1943, German forces occupied western Croatia and the NDH annexed the territory ceded to Italy in 1941.{{citation needed|date=September 2017}}

Within just a few days of the creation of the NDH, Croatian workers were requisitioned by the Reich for cheap forced labour and slave labour. From 1942 onward, German and Croat authorities cooperated more closely in deporting "unwanted" Croats and Serbs to concentration camps in the Reich and Norway for forced labour, such people were to be rounded up and deported by the General [[Plenipotentiary]] for Labour Deployment to the Reich ([[Arbeitseinsatz]]).<ref name="HS">{{cite book |author1=Alexander von Plato |author2=Almut Leh |author3=Christoph Thonfeld |year=2010 |title=Hitler's Slaves: Life Stories of Forced Labourers in Nazi-Occupied Europe |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-1845459901 |pages=153–156|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FUjRhscAaToC&q=Blitzkrieg+1941&pg=PA251}}</ref>

Between 1941 and 1945, some 200,000<ref name="Goldstein">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/croatia00ivog|url-access=registration|title=Croatia: A History|first=Ivo|last=Goldstein|author-link=Ivo Goldstein|year=1999|publisher=[[McGill-Queen's University Press]]|location=Montreal, Quebec|isbn=978-0-7735-2017-2|page=139 [https://archive.org/details/croatia00ivog/page/139]}}</ref> Croatian citizens of the NDH (including ethnic Croats as well as ethnic Serbs with Croatian nationality and Slovenes) were sent to Germany to work as slave and forced labourers, mostly working in mining, agriculture and forestry. It is estimated that 153,000 of these labourers were said to have been "voluntarily" recruited, however in many instances this was not the case, as the workers that may have initially volunteered were forced to work longer hours and were paid less than their contracts had stipulated, they were also not allowed to return home after their yearly contract had ended, at which point their labour was no longer voluntary, but forced. Forced and slave labour were also conducted in Nazi concentration camps, such as in [[Buchenwald concentration camp|Buchenwald]] and [[Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp|Mittelbau-Dora]].<ref name="HS"/> From 1941 to 1945, 3.8% of the population of Croatia had been sent to the Reich to work, which was higher than the European average.<ref name="HS"/>

===Partisan resistance===
{{Main|Croatian Partisans}}

On 22 June 1941, the [[Sisak People's Liberation Partisan Detachment|Sisak Partisan Detachment]] was formed in [[Brezovica forest]] near [[Sisak]]; this was to be celebrated as the first armed resistance unit formed in occupied Yugoslavia during World War II. Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks, and citizens of all nationalities and backgrounds began joining the pan-Yugoslav Partisans led by [[Josip Broz Tito]]. The Partisan movement was soon able to control a large percentage of the NDH (and Yugoslavia) and before long the cities of occupied Bosnia and Dalmatia in particular were surrounded by these Partisan-controlled areas, with their garrisons living in a ''de facto'' state of siege and constantly trying to maintain control of the rail-links.{{citation needed|date=September 2016}}

In 1944, the third year of the war in Yugoslavia, Croats formed 61% of the Partisan operational units originating from the [[Federal State of Croatia]].<ref name=strugar>{{cite book|last=Strugar|first=Vlado|title=Jugoslavija 1941–1945|publisher= Vojnoizdavački zavod|year=1969}}</ref><ref name=anic>{{cite book|last1=Anić|first1=Nikola|last2= Joksimović|first2=Sekula|last3=Gutić|first3=Mirko|title=Narodnooslobodilačka vojska Jugoslavije| publisher=Vojnoistorijski institut|year=1982}}</ref><ref name=vukovic>{{cite book|last1=Vuković| first1=Božidar|last2=Vidaković|first2=Josip|title=Putevim Glavnog štaba Hrvatske|year=1976}}</ref>

The Federal State of Croatia also had the highest number of detachments and brigades{{citation needed|date=August 2017}} among the federal units, and together with the forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Partisan resistance in the NDH made up the majority of the movement's military strength.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}}

===Relations with the Chetniks===
{{See also|Chetniks}}
[[File:Chetniks, Ustasa, and Domobrani.jpg|thumb|Representatives of the [[Chetniks]], [[Ustaše]], and [[Army of the Independent State of Croatia|Croatian Home Guard]] meet in occupied Bosnia]]
After the 1941 split between the Partisans and the [[Chetniks]] in Serbia, the Chetnik groups in central, eastern and northwestern Bosnia found themselves caught between the German and Ustaše (NDH) forces on one side and the Partisans on the other. In early 1942 Chetnik Major [[Jezdimir Dangić]] approached the Germans in an attempt to arrive at an understanding, but was unsuccessful, and the local Chetnik leaders were forced to look for another solution. Although the Ustaše and Chetniks were rival nationalists (Croatian and Serbian), they found a common enemy in the Partisans, and thwarting Partisan advances became the overriding reason for the collaboration which ensued between the Ustaše authorities of the Independent State of Croatia and Chetnik detachments in Bosnia.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Christia |first1=Fotini |title=Alliance Formation in Civil Wars |date=2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-13985-175-6 |pages=206–207 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=psYgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA206}}</ref>

The first formal agreement between Bosnian Chetniks and the Ustaše was concluded on 28 May 1942, in which Chetnik leaders expressed their loyalty as "citizens of the Independent State of Croatia" both to the state and its Poglavnik (Ante Pavelić). During the next three weeks, three additional agreements were signed, covering a large part of the area of Bosnia (along with the Chetnik detachments within it). By the provision of these agreements, the Chetniks were to cease hostilities against the Ustaše state, and the Ustaše would establish regular administration in these areas.{{sfn|Tomasevich|1975|p=226}} The main provision, Article 5 of the agreement, states as follows:<blockquote>As long as there is danger from the Partisan armed bands, the Chetnik formations will cooperate voluntarily with the Croatian military in fighting and destroying the Partisans and in those operations they will be under the overall command of the Croatian armed forces. [...] Chetnik formations may engage in operations against the Partisans on their own, but this they will have to report, on time, to the Croatian military commanders.{{sfn|Tomasevich|1975|p=226}}</blockquote>

The necessary ammunition and provisions were supplied to the Chetniks by the Ustaše military. Chetniks who were wounded in such operations would be cared for in NDH hospitals, while the orphans and widows of Chetniks killed in action would be supported by the Ustaše state. Persons specifically recommended by Chetnik commanders would be returned home from the Ustaše concentration camps. These agreements covered the majority of Chetnik forces in Bosnia east of the German-Italian demarcation line, and lasted throughout most of the war. Since Croatian forces were immediately subordinate to the German military occupation, collaboration with Croatian forces was, in fact, indirect collaboration with the Germans.{{sfn|Tomasevich|1975|p=226}}{{sfn|Cohen|1996|p=40}}

===End of the war===
In August 1944, there was an attempt by the NDH Foreign [[Political minister|Minister]] Mladen Lorković and Minister of War [[Ante Vokić]] to execute a [[coup d'état]] against Ante Pavelić so as to separate from the Axis and align with the Allies. The [[Lorković-Vokić coup]] failed and its conspirators were executed. By early 1945, the NDH army withdrew towards Zagreb with German and [[Cossacks|Cossack]] troops. They were overpowered and the advance of Tito's Partisan forces, joined by the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[Red Army]], caused a mass retreat of the Ustaše towards Austria and effectively an end to the Independent State of Croatia.{{citation needed|date=September 2016}} Pavelić himself, too, fled, even though he had vowed to fight in Zagreb till the bitter end.<ref>''Croatia Under Ante Pavelić: America, the Ustase and Croatian Genocide'' by Robert B. McCormick, 2014, Publisher: I.B. Tauris {{ISBN|9780857725356}}</ref>

In May 1945, a large column composed of NDH Home Guard troops, Ustaša, Cossacks, [[Serbian State Guard]], some Chetniks and the [[Slovene Home Guard]], as well as numerous civilians, retreated from the Partisan forces heading northwest towards Italy and Austria. The [[German Instrument of Surrender]] was signed on 8 May, but the Germans put Pavelić in sole command of NDH forces, and he ordered to continue fighting as the columns tried to reach the British forces to negotiate passage into [[Allied-occupied Austria]]. The British Army, however, refused them entry and turned them over to the Partisan forces. The [[Bleiburg repatriations]] from Austria resulted in mass executions. On 25 May 1945, the final battle of the Second World War in Europe, the [[Battle of Odžak]], ended with the fall of the Independent State of Croatia, whose territory became part of the [[Democratic Federal Yugoslavia]], and the demise of the Independent State of Croatia.

Meanwhile, Pavelić had detached from the group and fled to Austria, Italy, [[Argentina]] and finally Spain, where he would die in 1959. Several other members of the NDH government were captured in May and June 1945, and sentenced to death or long-term imprisonment in the [[trial of Mile Budak]]. The end of the war resulted in the establishment of the Democratic Republic of Yugoslavia, which later became the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, with the [[1946 Yugoslav Constitution|Constitution of 1946]] officially making the [[People's Republic of Croatia]] and the [[People's Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] two of the six constituent republics of the new state.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Walker |first1=Gregory Piers Mountford |title=Official Publications of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, 1945-1980: A Select Annotated Bibliography |date=1982 |publisher=Mansell |isbn=9780720116410 |page=152}}</ref>

===Aftermath===
Although [[far right in Croatia|far right movements in Croatia]] inspired by the former NDH reemerged during the [[Croatian War of Independence]], the current [[Constitution of Croatia]] does not officially recognize the Independent State of Croatia as the historical or legitimate [[predecessor state]] of the current Croatian republic.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?art=2406&sec=729|work=The Constitution of the Republic of Croatia (consolidated text)|title=Historical Foundations|quote=[I]n the establishment of the foundations of state sovereignty during the course of the Second World War, as expressed in the decision of the Territorial Antifascist Council of the National Liberation of Croatia (1943) in opposition to proclamation of the Independent State of Croatia (1941), and then in the Constitution of the People's Republic of Croatia (1947) and in all subsequent constitutions of the Socialist Republic of Croatia (1963–1990), at the historic turning-point characterized by the rejection of the communist system and changes in the international order in Europe, in the first democratic elections (1990), the Croatian nation reaffirmed, by its freely expressed will, its millennial statehood|publisher=[[Croatian Parliament]]|access-date=16 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721102014/http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?art=2406&sec=729|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>  Despite this, upon declaring independence from Yugoslavia in 1991, the Republic of Croatia rehabilitated the [[Army of the Independent State of Croatia|Croatian Home Guard]], whose veterans have since received state pensions.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/file/25853|title=The Political Economy of Pension Reforms in Croatia 1991–2006|via=[[Hrčak]]|access-date=3 June 2011 |journal=Financial Theory and Practice |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=96–151 |year=2007}}{{better source needed|date=April 2021}}</ref>{{Synthesis inline|date=April 2021}}  German soldiers who died on Croatian territory were not commemorated until Germany and Croatia reached an agreement on marking their grave sites in 1996.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://hidra.srce.hr/webpac-hidra-murh2-pregled/?rm=results&last_PAGER_offset=0&filter=hidra-murh&show_full=1&v=Njema%E8ka%20%5Bkao%20potpisnik%5D%20025313&f=SubjectIndexHR&path=hidra-murh%231240|language=hr|title=Ugovor između Vlade Republike Hrvatske i Vlade Savezne Republike Njemačke o njemačkim ratnim grobovima u Republici Hrvatskoj – (Uredba o potvrđivanju Ugovora između Vlade Republike Hrvatske i Vlade Savezne Republike Njemačke o njemačkim ratnim grobovima u Republici Hrvatskoj, NN-MU 017/1997)|journal=[[Narodne novine]]|issue=17/1997|access-date=23 July 2012}}</ref> The [[German War Graves Commission]] maintains two large cemeteries, in Zagreb and Split.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

==Government==
{{main|Government of the Independent State of Croatia}}
The absolute leader of the NDH was Ante Pavelić, who was known by his Ustaše title, ''[[Poglavnik]]'', throughout the war, regardless of his official government post. From 1941 to 1943, while the country was a ''[[de jure]]'' monarchy, Pavelić was its powerful Prime Minister (or "President of the Government"). After the capitulation of Italy, Pavelić became the [[head of state]] in the place of [[Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta|Aimone, Duke of Aosta]] (also known as Tomislav II){{citation needed|date=June 2021}} and retained the position of Prime Minister until September 1943, when he appointed [[Nikola Mandić]] to replace him.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roszkowski |first1=Wojciech |title=Biographical Dictionary of Central and Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-31747-593-4 |page=1997 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RnKlDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1997}}</ref>

===Monarchy===
{|style="margin: 0 auto;"
| [[File:Designacija Aimone Tomislava II. 18.05.1941.jpg|thumb|Designation of Aimone Tomislav II as king of Croatia on 18 May 1941. In front of him, ''Poglavnik'' Pavelić stands with the Croatian delegation.]]
| [[File:Zakon o kruni zvonimirovoj.jpg|thumb|Public declaration of the laws on the crown of Zvonimir, which made the state a kingdom, 15 May 1941]]
| [[File:Hrvatski Narod o dinastiji Savoj 19.05.1941.jpg|thumb|Public proclamation of the new Croatian dynasty (Hrvatski Narod, no. 96, 19 May 1941)]]
|}

Upon the formation of the NDH, Pavelić conceded to the accession of Aimone, the 4th Duke of Aosta, as a figurehead King of Croatia under his new royal name, Tomislav II. Tomislav II was not interested in being the figurehead King of Croatia,<ref name="autogenerated5">The Marshall Cavendish Illustrated Encyclopedia of World War II, New York – London, 1980, pp. 394–395</ref> never actually visited the country and had no influence over the government. In the summer of 1941, Tomislav II declared that he would accept his position as King, only if certain demands were met:
#that he should be informed about all Italian activities on NDH territory;
#that his reign should be confirmed by the NDH Croatian State Parliament; and
#that politics should play no part in the Croatian armed forces.<ref>Stevan K. Pavlowich: The King Who</ref>
The demands for German and Italian military departures were obviously impossible to be met by the Italian and German governments, and Tomislav II thus avoided taking up his position in Croatia. Aimone initially refused to assume the crown in opposition to the Italian annexation of the Croat-majority populated region of Dalmatia, however he later accepted the throne upon being pressured to do so by Victor Emmanuel III; however he never moved from Italy to reside in Croatia.<ref name="Rodogno"/>
{{Fascism sidebar}} Following the [[Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy|dismissal of Mussolini]] on 25 July 1943, Tomislav II abdicated on 31 July on the orders of Victor Emmanuel III.<ref name="STPT">{{cite news |title = Duke gives up puppet throne|newspaper=[[The St. Petersburg Times (Russia)|The St. Petersburg Times]]|date=21 August 1943|page=10}}</ref><ref name="Lawbook Exchange">{{cite book|last1=Lemkin|first1= Raphael|last2=Power |first2= Samantha |title= Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation, Analysis of Government, Proposals For Redress|year=2005|publisher=Lawbook Exchange|isbn=1584775769|page=253 }}</ref><ref name="Foreign News: Hotel Balkania">{{cite news|title=Foreign News: Hotel Balkania |newspaper=[[Time Magazine]]|date=9 August 1943|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,766956,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308122825/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,766956,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 March 2008|access-date=4 December 2009 }}</ref>{{sfn|Krizman|1980|p=102}} Shortly after the [[Armistice of Cassibile|armistice with Italy]] in September 1943, Ante Pavelić declared that Tomislav II was no longer King of Croatia.<ref>International documents of NDH</ref> Tomislav II formally renounced his title, "King of Croatia, Prince of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Voivode of Dalmatia, Tuzla and Knin, Duke of Aosta (from 1942), Prince of Cisterna and of Belriguardo, Marquess of Voghera, and Count of Ponderano",{{citation needed|date=August 2017}} in October 1943 after the birth of his son, [[Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta (born 1943)|Amedeo]].

===Parliament===
The NDH Parliament was established by the ''Legal Decree on the Croatian State Parliament'' on 24 January 1942.<ref name="Peric259">{{cite book |last1=Perić |first1=Ivo |title=Vladko Maček: politički portret |date=2003 |publisher=Golden marketing-Tehnička knjiga |isbn=9789532121551 |pages=259–260 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C3AtAQAAIAAJ}}</ref> The parliamentarians were not elected and meetings were convened just over a dozen times after the initial session in 1942. Its president was [[Marko Došen]]. This decree established five categories of individuals who would receive an invitation to be a member of parliament from the Ustaše-appointed government: (1) living Croatian representatives from the Croatian Parliament of 1918, (2) living Croatian representatives elected in the [[1938 Yugoslavian parliamentary election|1938 Yugoslavian election]], (3) members of the [[Party of Rights]] prior to 1919, (4) certain officials of the Supreme Ustaše Headquarters and (5) two members of the German national assembly.<ref name="Peric259"/> The responsibility for assembling all eligible members of parliament was given to the head of the Supreme Court, Nikola Vukelić, who found 204 people to be eligible.<ref name="Peric259" /> In accordance with the decree, Vukelić ruled that those who had received the position of senator in 1939, had been part of [[Dušan Simović]]'s government, or had been part of the Yugoslav government-in-exile forfeited their eligibility.<ref name="Peric259" /> Two hundred and four people were declared eligible for the parliament, with 141 actually attending parliamentary meetings. Of the 204 eligible parliament members, 93 were members of the Croatian Peasant Party, 56 of whom attended meetings.<ref name="Peric259" />

The Parliament was only a deliberatory body and was not empowered to enact legislation. However, during the eighth session of the parliament in February 1942, the Ustaše regime was put on the defensive when a joint Croatian Peasant Party-[[Croatian Party of Rights]] motion, supported by 39 members of parliament, questioned about the whereabouts of the Peasant Party's leader Vladko Maček.<ref name="Peric259"/> The following session, Ante Pavelić responded that Maček was being kept in isolation to prevent him from coming into contact with Yugoslav government officials. In less than a month, Maček was moved from the Jasenovac concentration camp and put on house arrest at his property in Kupinec.<ref name="Peric259"/> Maček was later called upon by foreigners to take a stand and counteract the Pavelić government, but he refused. Maček fled the country in 1945, with the help of Ustaše General Ante Moškov. After its February 1942 session, the Parliament met only a few more times, and the decree was not renewed in 1943.{{citation needed|date=September 2017}}

===Court system===
{{Main|Invasion of Yugoslavia}}
{{multiple image
|align=right
|direction=vertical
|width=220
|header=
|image1=Axis occupation of Yugoslavia 1941-43.png|caption1=Occupation and partition of Yugoslavia, 1941–1943
|image2=Axis occupation of Yugoslavia 1943-44.png|caption2=Occupation and partition of Yugoslavia, 1943–1944}}
The NDH retained the court system of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, but restored the courts' names to their original forms. The state had 172 local courts (''kotar''), 19 district courts (''judicial tables''), an administrative court and an appellate court (''Ban's Table'') in both Zagreb and [[Sarajevo]], as well as a supreme court (Table of Seven) in Zagreb and a supreme court in Sarajevo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pravst.hr/zbornik.php?p=12&s=40 |title=Pravni fakultet Split – Zbornik|publisher=Pravst.hr|access-date=3 June 2011}}</ref> The state maintained men's penitentiaries in [[Lepoglava prison|Lepoglava]], Hrvatska Mitrovica, Stara Gradiška and Zenica, and a women's penitentiary in Zagreb.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/file/68151|author=Davor Kovačić|title=KAZNENO ZAKONODAVSTVO I SUSTAV KAZNIONICA I ODGOJNIH ZAVODA U NEZAVISNOJ DRŽAVI HRVATSKOJ|via=[[Hrčak]]|access-date=2 September 2017 |journal=Scrinia Slavonica |issue=8 |year=2008 |pages=280–300}}</ref>

===Military===
{{Main|Croatian Armed Forces (Independent State of Croatia)|Croatian Home Guard (World War II)|Ustaše Militia|Air Force of the Independent State of Croatia|
Navy of the Independent State of Croatia|Hadžiefendić Legion}}
The NDH founded the Army of the Independent State of Croatia ({{langx|sh|Hrvatsko domobranstvo}}) and Navy of the Independent State of Croatia in April 1941 with the consent of the German armed forces (''[[Wehrmacht]]''). The task of the armed forces was to defend the state against both foreign and domestic enemies.{{sfn|Tomasevich|2001|p=419}} The Army included an [[Air Force of the Independent State of Croatia|air force]]. The NDH also created the ''Ustaška Vojnica'' ([[Ustaše Militia]]) which was conceived as a party militia, and a [[gendarmerie]].{{citation needed|date=September 2016}} The Army was originally limited to 16 [[infantry]] [[battalion]]s and 2 [[cavalry]] [[Squadron (cavalry)|squadrons]] – 16,000 men in total. The original 16 battalions were soon enlarged to 15 infantry [[regiment]]s of two battalions each between May and June 1941, organised into five [[Division (military)|divisional]] commands, some 55,000 men.<ref>Thomas, 1995, p. 12</ref> Support units included 35 light tanks supplied by Italy,{{sfn|Tomasevich|2001|p=420}} 10 artillery battalions (equipped with captured Royal Yugoslav Army weapons of Czech origin), a cavalry regiment in Zagreb and an independent cavalry battalion at Sarajevo. Two independent [[motorised infantry]] battalions were based at Zagreb and Sarajevo respectively.<ref>Thomas, 1995, p. 13</ref> Under the terms of the [[Treaties of Rome (1941)]] with Italy, the NDH navy was restricted to a few coastal and patrol craft, which mostly patrolled [[inland waterway]]s.

When established in 1941, the Air Force of the Independent State of Croatia ({{langx|sh|Zrakoplovstvo Nezavisne Države Hrvatske}}) (ZNDH), consisted of captured Royal Yugoslav aircraft (seven operational fighters, 20 bombers and about 180 auxiliary and training aircraft) as well as paratroop, training and anti-aircraft artillery commands. During the course of [[World War II in Yugoslavia]], it was supplemented with several hundred new or overhauled German, Italian and French fighters and bombers, until receiving the final deliveries of new aircraft from Germany in April 1945.<ref>Likso & Čanak 1998{{page needed|date=April 2021}}</ref> The [[Croatian Air Force Legion]] ({{langx|sh|Hrvatska Zrakoplovna Legija}}), or HZL, was a military unit of the Air Force of the Independent State of Croatia which fought alongside the [[Luftwaffe]] on the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]] from 1941 to 1943 and then back on Croatian soil. The unit was sent to Germany for training on 15 July 1941 before heading to the Eastern Front. Many of the pilots and crews had previously served in the [[Royal Yugoslav Air Force]] during the Invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941. Some of them also had experience in the two main types that they would operate, the [[Messerschmitt Bf 109]] and [[Dornier Do 17]], with two fighter pilots having actually shot down Luftwaffe aircraft.<ref>Savic, D. and Ciglic, B. ''Croatian Aces of World War II Osprey Aircraft of the Aces – 49'', Oxford, 2002<!-- ISSN/ISBN, page(s) needed --></ref>

During operations over the Eastern Front, the unit's fighters scored a total of 283 kills while its bombers participated in some 1,500 combat missions. Upon return to Croatia from December 1942, the unit's aircraft proved a strong addition to the strike power of the Axis forces fighting the Partisans right up to the end of 1944.<ref>Likso & Čanak 1998, p. 34</ref> Because of low morale among army conscripts and their increasing disaffection with the Ustaša regime as the war progressed, the Partisans came to regard them as a key element in their supply line. According to William Deakin, who led one of the British missions to the Partisan commander-in-chief Josip Broz Tito, in some areas, Partisans would release army soldiers after disarming them, so they could come back into the field with replacement weapons, which would again be seized.<ref>Deakin, FWD. ''Embattled Mountain'', Oxford University Press (London 1971)<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref> Other army soldiers either defected or actively channelled supplies to the Partisans{{snd}}particularly after the NDH ceded Dalmatia to Italy. Army troop numbers dwindled from 130,000 in early 1943 to 70,000 by late 1944, at which point the NDH government amalgamated the army with the Ustaše army and was organised into eighteen divisions, including artillery and armoured units.<ref>[[#Tomasevich-OaC|Tomasevich, 2001]], p. 459</ref> Despite these difficulties, the army, along with the German-commanded [[XV SS Cossack Cavalry Corps]], was able to assist the Wehrmacht to hold its lines in Syrmia, [[Slavonia]] and Bosnia against the combined Soviet, Bulgarian and Partisan offensives from late 1944 to shortly before the NDH collapse in May 1945.

The Air Force of the Independent State of Croatia provided some level of air support (attack, fighter and transport) right up until May 1945, encountering and sometimes defeating opposing aircraft from the British [[Royal Air Force]], [[United States Air Force]] and the [[Soviet Air Force]]. The final deliveries of up-to-date German Messerschmitt Bf 109G and K fighter aircraft were still taking place in April 1945.<ref>Ciglic, et al., 2007, p. 150</ref> By the end of March 1945, it was obvious to the Croatian Army Command that, although the front remained intact, they would eventually be defeated by sheer lack of ammunition. For this reason, the decision was made to retreat into Austria, in order to surrender to the British forces advancing north from Italy.<ref>Shaw, 1973, p. 101</ref> The German Army was in the process of disintegration and the supply system lay in ruins.<ref>Ambrose, 1998, p.  335</ref> However, the British, not having resources to accommodate non-German POWs, forced them to surrender to the [[Yugoslav Partisans]]. About 120,000 NDH troops surrendered that way, and about half of these were killed shortly afterward (see [[Bleiburg repatriations]]).<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last=Moore |first=Bob |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/43087 |title=Prisoners of War: Europe: 1939-1956 |date=2022-05-05 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-187597-7 |language=en |doi=10.1093/oso/9780198840398.001.0001}}</ref>{{Rp|page=281}}

===Currency===
The NDH currency was the [[Independent State of Croatia kuna]]. The Croatian State Bank was the [[central bank]], responsible for issuing currency. The kuna adhered to the [[gold standard]] at approximately 17.91 milligrams of [[fineness|fine]] gold per kuna. The State Bank authorized the exchange of defunct [[Yugoslav Dinar]] banknotes at par to kuna banknotes. Only Croat nationals could have held bank accounts in the NDH.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lemkin |first1=Raphael |last2=Power |first2=Samantha |title=Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation, Analysis of Government, Proposals for Redress |date=2005 |publisher=The Lawbook Exchange |location=United States of America |isbn=9781584775768 |page=259}}</ref> On 10 December 1941, postal bank accounts belonging to Serbs, Jews and Gypsies were confiscated.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Weiss-Wendt |first1=Anton |title=The Nazi Genocide of the Roma: Reassessment and Commemoration |date=2013 |publisher=Berghahn Books |location=United States of America |isbn=978-0-85745-842-1 |page=93}}</ref> From April 1941 to May 1945, there was a thirty-two-fold increase in the currency circulation across the NDH.{{sfn|Pavlowitch|2008|p=243}} Up until 1942, 7.55 billion [[Yugoslav dinar]]s were replaced by the [[Independent State of Croatia kuna|NDH kuna]] at an exchange rate of 1 dinar for 1 kuna. Afterwards, the government kept printing money and its amount in circulation increased rapidly, resulting in high inflation rates. By the end of 1943 there were 43.6 billion kunas in circulation and in August 1944, 76.8 billion kuna.<ref>Tomašević, Jozo. ''Rat i revolucija u Jugoslaviji 1941–1945'', 2010, p. 783</ref> Constant printing of money was a way of financing huge government spending, especially on the upkeep of German and Italian troops in the NDH, which could not be covered by increased taxation and long-term borrowing.<ref>Tomašević, p. 785</ref> The NDH inherited 42% or 32.5 million [[reichsmark]]s of the total debt which Yugoslavia owed to Germany.<ref>Jozo Tomašević: Rat i revolucija u Jugoslaviji 1941–1945, 2010, p. 697</ref> According to official data, the total debt of NDH on clearing accounts at the end of 1944 amounted to 969.8 million kunas.<ref name=Tomasevic>Tomašević, pp. 765–766</ref>

On 6 May 1945, days prior to the dissolution of the NDH government, the Ustaše regime cleared out the vaults of the National Bank of Croatia, including the NDH [[gold reserve]]. In total, approximately 200 kilograms of gold bars, 12 thousand [[Napoléon (coin)|Napoléon gold coins]], [[Turkish lira]] gold coins, two thousand gold plates, foreign banknotes worth several million kunas and diamonds of various sizes was taken.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bulajić |first1=Milan |title=Jasenovac: The Jewish Serbian Holocaust (the Role of the Vatican) in Nazi-Ustasha Croatia (1941-1945) |date=2002 |publisher=Fund for Genocide Research |location=Serbia |isbn=9788641902211 |page=242}}</ref>

===Railways===
The NDH formed the Croatian State Railways after the [[Yugoslav Railways]] was dissolved, and Serbian State Railways in Serbia was devolved.<ref>[http://www.slo-zeleznice.si/en/about_us/the_history_of_slovenske_zeleznice/ The history of Slovenske železnice] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917164401/http://www.slo-zeleznice.si/en/about_us/the_history_of_slovenske_zeleznice/ |date=17 September 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/file/11118 |title=Organization of the Croatian State Railways|via=[[Hrčak]] |access-date=3 June 2011 |journal=Archival Gazette |volume=46 |issue=1 |year=2003 |pages=101–129}}</ref> In May 1943, German authorities began deporting Croatian Jews from the NDH by [[Holocaust trains|cattle car]] to [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]], where nearly all victims were gassed upon arrival.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.yadvashem.org/righteous/stories/the-holocaust-in-croatia.html | title=The Holocaust in Croatia }}</ref>

=={{anchor|Occupation zones}} Zones of influence==
From 1941 to 1943, territory of the Independent State of Croatia was divided into German and Italian zones, sometimes described as zones of influence{{sfn|Baumann|Gawrych|Kretchik|2004|p=13}}<ref name="Frucht-p. 429"/><ref>[[#Pavlowitch_2008|Pavlowitch (2008)]], p. 15</ref> and sometimes as occupation zones:{{sfn|Cohen|1996|p=91}}<ref>[[#Hoare_2006|Hoare (2006)]], p. 15</ref>
*The German zone, which included the northeastern part of NDH, bordering [[Hungary during World War II|Hungary]] in the north, [[German-occupied Serbia]] in the east, the Italian zone in the south, and [[Nazi Germany]] in the north-west.<ref name="demarcation-map">{{cite web|url=http://terkepek.adatbank.transindex.ro/kepek/netre/211.gif|format=GIF|title=Map of the zone|language=hu|website=Terkepek.adatbank.transindex.ro|access-date=2 September 2017}}</ref> There, the German armed forces (''[[Wehrmacht]]'') exercised ''de facto'' control. 
*The Italian zone, which included the southwestern part of the NDH, bordering the German zone in the north-east, [[Italian governorate of Montenegro|Italian-occupied Montenegro]] in the east, and Yugoslav territories annexed by [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]] in the south-west.<ref name="demarcation-map"/>

After the capitulation of Italy in 1943, the Italian zone of influence was abolished and the German zone of influence was expanded to the whole Independent State of Croatia. At the same time, the NDH acquired control of northern Dalmatia (Split and [[Šibenik]]).{{citation needed|date=September 2016}}

==Politics==
Under the Independent State of Croatia all parties but the Ustaše party were banned.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bosworth |first=R.J.B.|title=The Oxford Handbook of Fascism|year=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-929131-1|page=431}}</ref>

===Foreign relations===
The NDH was granted full recognition by the Axis Powers and by countries under Axis occupation, it was also recognized by [[Francoist Spain|Spain]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lauterpacht |first1=Hersch |title=International Law Reports, Volume 18 |date=1957 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=57 |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/International_Law_Reports.html?id=cuOQg_S58DQC}}</ref> The state [[Diplomatic missions of the Independent State of Croatia|maintained diplomatic missions]] in several countries, all in Europe. The countries that maintained embassies in Zagreb were Nazi Germany, Italy, [[Slovak Republic (1939–1945)|Tiso's Slovakia]], Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Finland, Spain, and Japan.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions |title=The NDH's Relations with Southeast European Countries, Turkey and Japan, 1941–45 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14690760600963248 |author=Nada Kisić Kolanović |date=2006 |pages=473–492 |volume=7 |issue=4 |doi=10.1080/14690760600963248 |access-date=October 19, 2024|url-access=subscription }}</ref> There were also consulates of Italy, Sweden, Switzerland, Denmark, Portugal, Argentina and [[Vichy France]].<ref name="Vojinovic">Vojinović, Aleksandar. '' NDH u Beogradu'', P.I.P, Zagreb 1995. (pp. 18–20)</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vjesnik.hr/Html/2002/05/23/Clanak.asp?r=sta&c=2|title=Vjesnik on-line – Stajališta|date=11 April 2008|access-date=2 September 2017|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411223943/http://www.vjesnik.hr/Html/2002/05/23/Clanak.asp?r=sta&c=2|archive-date=11 April 2008}}</ref>{{better source|date=October 2024}}<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Balcanica |title=A Croatian and Catholic State. The Ustasha Regime and Religious Communities in the Independent State of Croatia |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=1208985 |last=Stojanović |first=Aleksandar |publisher=Balkanološki institut - Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti |issue=54 |pages=193–222 |isbn=9781003060970 |year=2023 |doi=10.2298/BALC2354193S |access-date=October 19, 2024|doi-access=free }}</ref> Despite fears by the [[Yugoslav government-in-exile]] that the Soviet Union would establish diplomatic relations with the NDH after it broke diplomatic ties with [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]], full recognition by the Soviet Union never came to fruition.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Životić |first1=Aleksandar |title=Sovjetska diplomacija o nastanku Nezavisne Države Hrvatske |journal=Časopis za suvremenu povijest |date=2019 |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=465–479 |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/clanak/328262 |access-date=14 February 2024}}</ref>

In 1941, the country was admitted to the [[Universal Postal Union]]. On 10 August 1942 an agreement was signed at [[Brijuni]] which re-established the Society of Railways Danube-Sava-Adriatic between the Independent State of Croatia, [[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Germany]], [[Hungarian State Railways|Hungary]] and [[Ferrovie dello Stato|Italy]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/file/11118 |title=Makeup of Croatian State Railways|via=[[Hrčak]] |access-date=3 June 2011 |journal=Archival Gazette |volume=46 |issue=1 |year=2003 |pages=101–129}}</ref> After the 11 December 1941 [[German declaration of war against the United States]], the Independent State of Croatia declared war on the United States and the United Kingdom on 14 December.<ref>Nada Kisić-Kolanović. ''NDH i Italija: političke veze i diplomatski odnosi''. Ljevak. Zagreb, 2001. (p. 119)<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref> The [[Croatian Red Cross]] was established in 1941, with Kurt Hühn serving as its president.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hck.hr/?path=hr/static/page/Tko_smo.Povijest|title=History of the Croatian Red Cross|publisher=Hck.hr|access-date=3 June 2011}}</ref><ref name="Kevo">{{cite journal|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/file/48460|title=Posjet poslanika Međunarodnog odbora Crvenog križa logorima Jasenovac i Stara Gradiška u ljeto 1944|author=Mario Kevo|via=[[Hrčak]] |access-date=2 September 2017 |journal=Časopis za suvremenu povijest |volume=40 |issue=2 |year=2008 |pages=547–584}}</ref> The NDH signed the [[Geneva Conventions]] on 20 January 1943,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pravnadatoteka.hr/pdf/Kaznenopravni%20aspekti%20bleiburskog%20zlocina.pdf|title=Kaznenopravni i povijesni aspekti Bleiburškog zlocina|access-date=3 June 2011|archive-date=21 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721101843/http://www.pravnadatoteka.hr/pdf/Kaznenopravni%20aspekti%20bleiburskog%20zlocina.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> after which the [[International Committee of the Red Cross]] named Julius Schmidlin as its representative to the country.<ref name="Kevo"/>

==Genocide policies==
{{See also|Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia|The Holocaust in Croatia|Genocide of Romani people in the Independent State of Croatia|Concentration camps in the Independent State of Croatia}}
[[File:Ustasa guard, Jasenovac.jpg|thumb|An Ustase guard stands among the bodies of prisoners murdered in the Jasenovac concentration camp, 1942]]
Historian Irina Ognyanova stated that the similarities between the NDH and the Third Reich included the assumption that terror and genocide were necessary for the preservation of the state.{{sfn|Ognyanova|2000|p=22}} [[Michael Phayer]] explained that the genocide in Croatia began before the Nazis decided to kill Europe's Jews, while [[Jonathan Steinberg (historian)|Jonathan Steinberg]] stated that the crimes against Serbs in the NDH were the "earliest total genocide to be attempted during the World War II".{{sfn|Phayer|2000|p=31}} On the first day of his arrival in Zagreb, Ante Pavelić proclaimed a law that remained in effect during the entire period of the Independent State of Croatia. The law, which was enacted on 17 April 1941, declared that all people who offended, or tried to offend, the Croatian nation were guilty of treason{{snd}}a crime punishable by death.<ref name="crohis">{{cite web|url=http://www.crohis.com/izvori/ustzk.pdf|title=Independent State of Croatia laws on Croatian – Zakonske osnove progona politickih protivnika i rasno nepodobnih u NDH|access-date=3 June 2011|archive-date=29 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929084301/http://www.crohis.com/izvori/ustzk.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> One day later, on 18 April, the first Croatian antisemitic racial law was published. This law did not create panic among the Jewish population, because they believed it was merely a continuation of the antisemitic laws of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, which were proclaimed in 1939.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.ceu.hu/jewishstudies/pdf/02_goldstein.pdf|title=Jews in Yugoslavia 1918–41: Antisemitism and the Struggle for Equality|last=Goldstein|first=Ivo|author-link=Ivo Goldstein|publisher=[[Central European University]]|access-date=7 February 2010|archive-date=19 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819055051/http://web.ceu.hu/jewishstudies/pdf/02_goldstein.pdf|url-status=dead}}{{better source|date=October 2024|reason=The article’s link seems to be no longer working}}</ref> However, the situation quickly changed on 30 April, with the publication of the [[Aryan race]] laws.{{clarification|date=October 2024}} A notable part of the racial legislation was the religious conversion laws, the implications of which were not understood by the majority of the population when they were published on 3 May 1941. The implications became clear following the July speech of the minister of education, [[Mile Budak]], in which he declared: "We will kill one third of all Serbs. We will deport another third, and the rest of them will be forced to convert to Catholicism". Racial laws were enforced until 3 May 1945.<ref name="crohis"/>

The NDH government cooperated with Nazi Germany in [[the Holocaust]] and exercised their own version of the [[genocide]] against ethnic Serbs living within their borders. State policy regarding Serbs was first declared in the words of [[Milovan Žanić]], the minister of the NDH Legislative council on 2 May 1941: "This country can only be a Croatian country, and there is no method we would hesitate to use in order to make it truly Croatian and cleanse it of Serbs, who have for centuries endangered us and who will endanger us again if they are given the opportunity."<ref>{{cite web|last=Johnsen |first=William T.|url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA263463.pdf|title=Deciphering the Balkan Enigma: Using History to Inform Policy |page=33 |publisher=Srategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College |date=1993}}</ref> An estimated 320,000–340,000 Serbs, 30,000 Croatian Jews and 30,000 Roma were killed during the NDH, including between 77,000 and 99,000 Serbs, Bosniaks, Croats, Jews and Roma killed in the Jasenovac concentration camp<ref name="hoare"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005449|title=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum about Jasenovac and Independent State of Croatia|work=Ushmm.org|access-date=3 June 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090916030858/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005449|archive-date=16 September 2009}}</ref> while approximately 300,000 Serbs were forced out of the NDH.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Routledge History of the Holocaust |chapter=Nation-Building and Mass Violence |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203837443-29/nation-building-mass-violence-alexander-korb |year=2010 |edition=1 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |last=Korb |first=Alexander |isbn=9780203837443 |access-date=October 19, 2024}}</ref>

Although the Ustase's main target for persecution were Serbs, it also participated in the destruction of the Jewish and Roma populations. The NDH deviated from Nazi anti-Semitic policy by promising honorary Aryan citizenship to some Jews, if they were willing to enlist and fight for the NDH.{{sfn|Tomasevich|1975|p=226}} Croatian historian [[Ivo Goldstein]] estimates that 135,000 Croats were also killed in the NDH, 70,000 as actual or suspected collaborators (killed by the Partisans) with 19,000 perishing in prisons or camps, as opponents of the Ustashe regime, and 46,000 killed as Partisans.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bideleux |first1=Robert |last2=Jeffries |first2=Ian |title=The Balkans: A Post-Communist History |date=2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-13458-328-7 |page=191 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G6iBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA191}}</ref>

According to the 1931 and 1948 census, the Serb population declined in Croatia and increased in Bosnia:
::::::::{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:60%;"
!Serbs
! class="background: red; color: purple" |[[Croatia]]
! class="background: red; color: white" |[[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]<ref>Dubravka Velat, Stanovništvo Jugoslavije u posleratnom periodu /Population in Yugoslavia in the post-war Period/ (Belgrade: SZS, 1988), p. 141. Cited in [http://www.rastko.rs/istorija/srbi-balkan/spasovski-zivkovic-stepic-bosnia.html Projekat Rastko].</ref>
! class="background: red; color: blue" | [[Syrmia|Srem, Serbia]]<ref name="Branislav Bukurov 1978">Dr. Branislav Bukurov, Bačka, Banat i Srem, Novi Sad, 1978.</ref>
! class="background: red; color: white" | '''Total'''
|-
|class="hintergrundfarbe6"| '''1931 Census'''
|  style="text-align:right; width:100px;"| 633,000
|  style="text-align:right; width:100px;"| 1,028,139
|  style="text-align:right; width:100px;"| 210,000
|  style="text-align:right; width:80px;"| 1,871,000
|-
|class="hintergrundfarbe6" | '''1948 Census'''
| style="text-align:right;"| 543,795
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,136,116
| style="text-align:right;"| unknown<ref name="Branislav Bukurov 1978"/><ref group="note">Settlement of 300,000 Serb refugees from Croatia, Bosnia and Montenegro altered the demographic balance in Vojvodina and Srem by 1948</ref>
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,672,000+
|}

Serbs in the NDH suffered among the highest casualty rates in Europe during the World War II.{{sfn|Dulić|2006}} The political scientist [[Rudolph Rummel]] placed the NDH as one of the most lethal regimes in the 20th century in his book on "[[democide]]".{{sfn|Charny|1999|pp=18-23}} However, the historian Tomislav Dulić, in a critical analysis of Rummel's estimates for Yugoslavia, said that they are in contrast with Yugoslav demographic research and are too high.<ref>Dulić, Tomislav (2004). "Tito's Slaughterhouse: A Critical Analysis of Rummel's Work on Democide". ''Journal of Peace Research''. '''41''' (1): 85–102. {{doi|10.1177/0022343304040051}}. {{JSTOR|4149657}}. {{S2CID|145120734}}.</ref> Historian [[Stanley G. Payne]] claimed that direct and indirect executions by NDH regime were an "extraordinary mass crime", which in proportionate terms exceeded any other European regime beside Hitler's Third Reich.{{sfn|Payne|2006|pp=409-415}} He added the crimes in the NDH were proportionately surpassed only by the [[Khmer Rouge]] in [[Cambodia]] and several of the extremely genocidal African regimes.{{sfn|Payne|2006|pp=409-415}}

==Economy==
[[File:NDH propaganda poster.jpg|thumb|right|Propaganda poster showing [[Winston Churchill]] and [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] with the words: "This is their social justice!; Strikes; Unemployment; Hunger and misery"]]
The economy of the Independent State of Croatia was largely subordinated to the economic interests of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, and had to meet significant obligations to them.{{sfn|Matković|2002|p=113}} The dominant power was Nazi Germany, which demanded supplies of raw materials from the NDH in order to support the German economy and its war effort. The Croatian workforce was also seen as a potential replacement for some of the German workers who had been recruited into the military and were sent off to war.{{sfn|Matković|2002|p=113}} An economic agreement signed in May 1941 provided Germany with unrestricted access to industrial raw materials in the NDH, and obligated the NDH to bear the costs of German military units stationed on its territory; this was a very large burden given the small size of the Croatian economy.{{sfn|Matković|2002|p=113}} Similar agreements were also concluded with Italy on a more short-term basis (they had to be renewed every three months), which obligated the NDH to support and resupply Italian army units within its borders, to make monthly payments to Italy, and to allow the Italian military to freely cut down trees for lumber.{{sfn|Matković|2002|pp=113–114}}

The German and Italian authorities did not coordinate their respective policies towards Croatia, resulting in overlapping and conflicting demands which further burdened the Croatian economy. In particular, both Germany and Italy demanded large quantities of [[bauxite]], [[iron ore]], [[wood]] and [[grain]].{{sfn|Matković|2002|p=115}} [[Edmund Glaise-Horstenau]], the German Plenipotentiary General, blamed Italy for demanding too much from the NDH, while [[Galeazzo Ciano]] wrote in his diary that the Germans had such control over the NDH that the Croatian economy had become an Italian-German problem.{{sfn|Matković|2002|p=115}} Officially, the economy of the NDH was supposed to be reorganized into a new economic order inspired by the German model, which was to be a [[dirigisme|managed economy]] with strong involvement of the state in economic life. However, the new economic order remained only a theoretical goal, unrealized in practice.{{sfn|Matković|2002|p=118}}

Upon coming to power, the Ustaša had promised significant social and economic changes, in line with their ideology which held that the Croatian nation had been oppressed by Jews and Serbs, economically as well as politically.{{sfn|Yeomans|2012|p=190}} In 1942, economist Ante Frlić published a report on property ownership in the NDH, which argued that the country found itself in a difficult economic situation because most of the businesses were "in the hands of the Jews, and many were in Serb hands too," while Croats only had small businesses.{{sfn|Yeomans|2012|p=193}} The "foreign businesses" – those owned by Jews or Serbs – were placed under the authority of state-appointed commissars, while Frlić called for a "new morally based economic system" that would meet the needs of the Croatian people and the army.{{sfn|Yeomans|2012|p=193}} The new economic system promised by the Ustaša was heavily inspired by Italian Fascist [[corporatism]] and went by several different names; Ustaše theoretician Aleksandar Seitz called it "Croatian socialism".{{sfn|Yeomans|2012|p=196}} This idea was opposed to both communism and capitalism and "attempted to create a psychic unity among the peasant in the village, the worker in the town, intellectuals in garrets, white-collar workers in offices, and warriors on the battlefield".{{sfn|Yeomans|2012|p=196}} Seitz declared that the aim was to bring together all classes and estates to work for the national community; this national community was held to be a concept opposed to both [[Marxism|Marxists]] and [[capitalism|capitalists]], because "the former knew only of classes, while the latter recognized only free markets."<ref name="books.google.com">Nevenko Bartulin: [https://books.google.com/books?id=8WjxRbkl9eYC Honorary Aryans: National-Racial Identity and Protected Jews in the Independent State of Croatia], Palgrave Macmillan, 2013, p. 63</ref> The desire to build a Croatian national community was seen as a part of a broader European national revolution that was opposed to the ideologies of the [[United States]] and the [[Soviet Union]], two forces accused of seeking the "levelling of all human cultures".<ref name="books.google.com"/>

At the beginning of 1942 the government introduced compulsory work service for all citizens between the age of 18 and 25.{{sfn|Yeomans|2012|p=203}} Economic branches of which NDH had most revenue (collected through direct and indirect taxes) included industry, trade and crafts. Around 20% of state's industrial enterprises accounted for wood industry. However, as the war progressed, industrial production in the territory of NDH was constantly decreasing, while inflation continued growing.{{sfn|Matković|2002|pp=119–120}}

In 1942, 80% of NDH exports went to Germany (including Austria, [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia]] and the Polish [[General Government]]) and 12% to Italy. Germany covered 70% of imports, while Italy covered 25%. Other trade partners included Hungary, Romania, Finland, Serbia and Switzerland. Exports from NDH mainly consisted of lumber and wood products, agricultural products (including tobacco), livestock, ore, and strategically important bauxite. NDH mostly imported machinery, tools and other metal products, textiles and fuel.<ref name=Tomasevic/>

===German role===
In the Independent State of Croatia, which Nazi Germany formally treated as a sovereign state, most, if not all, industrial and economic activity was either monopolized, or given a high priority for exploitation, by Germany. Agreements between the two governments in mid-1941 regulated foreign trade and payments and the export of Croatian labour to Germany. Germany already controlled a large number of industrial and mining enterprises in Croatia that were owned in part or in full by German citizens or citizens of German-occupied countries. Many other enterprises in Croatia, especially in the bauxite mining and timber industries, were leased to the Germans for the duration of the war. The Germans also held large interests in Croatian commercial banks, exercised either directly by banks in Berlin and [[Vienna]], or indirectly, by German banks that had large interests in [[Prague]] and [[Budapest]] banks.{{sfn|Tomasevich|2001|p=621}}

From the beginning, the Germans showed great interest in the high-quality iron ore mines of Ljubija in northwest Bosnia, in the industrial complex (steel, coal and heavy chemicals) in the Sarajevo–[[Tuzla]]–[[Zenica]] triangle in northeast Bosnia, and in bauxite. As the war advanced and German military involvement in Croatia expanded, more and more Croatian industry was put to work for the Germans. The bauxite mines in [[Hercegovina]], Dalmatia and western Bosnia, were in the Italian zone of occupation, but their total production was earmarked for German needs for the duration of the war under the German-Italian agreement of 1941.{{sfn|Tomasevich|2001|p=641}} Other Croatian industrial assets utilized by the Germans included the production of brown coal and [[lignite]], cement (major plants in Zagreb and Split), oil and salt. Crude oil production, from fields to the east of Zagreb developed by the American Vacuum Oil Company, only started in November 1941 and never reached a high level, averaging {{convert|24000|oilbbl}} a month in mid-1944. The most important commodities manufactured in Croatia for German use were prefabricated barracks (utilizing the large Croatian timber industry), clothing, dry-cell batteries, bridge construction parts and ammunition (grenades). The [[Vareš]] iron ore mine supplied the steel mill at Zenica, which had a capacity of 120,000 tons of steel annually. The Zenica mill, in turn, supplied the state arsenal in Sarajevo and the machinery and railroad car factory in [[Slavonski Brod]], both of which produced various items for the Wehrmacht during the war, including grenades and shell casings. Some Vareš iron ore was also exported to Italy, Hungary and [[Romania]].{{sfn|Tomasevich|2001|p=646}}

===Italian role===
In the region of the NDH controlled by Italy there were some important timber stands, several cement plants, an aluminium plant at Lozovac, a carbide and chemical fertilizer plant at Dugi Rat, and a ferromanganese and cast iron plant near [[Šibenik]], ship building operations in Split, a few brown coal mines supplying fuel to railways, shipping and industry, and rich bauxite fields.{{sfn|Tomasevich|2001|p=660}}

==Demographics==
[[File:Putnica_NDH,_Muzej_Srema,_2025.jpg|thumb|NDH travel document (''putnica'')]]

===Population===
According to data calculated by the [[German Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] during the creation of the state, the population was approximately 6,285,000 of which 3,300,000 (52.5%) were [[Croats]], 1,925,000 (30.6%) were [[Serbs]], 700,000 (11.1%) were Muslims, 150,000 (2.3%) [[Germans of Yugoslavia|Germans]], 65,000 (1.0%) [[Czechs]] and [[Slovaks]], 40,000 (0.6%) Jews, and 30,000 (0.4%) [[Slovenes]]. Croats comprised slightly over half of the population of the Independent State of Croatia. With Muslims treated as Croats, the Croat share of the total population was still less than two-thirds.<ref name="hoare">{{cite book|last=Hoare|first=Marko Attila|title=Genocide and Resistance in Hitler's Bosnia: The Partisans and the Chetniks|year=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-726380-1|pages=19–20}}</ref><ref>Milan Koljanin; (2019) Pokatoličavanje Srba u Nezavisnoj Državi Hrvatskoj p. 23; Srpsko narodno vijeće, {{ISBN|978-953-7442-46-0}} [https://dev.snv.hr/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Pokatolicavanje_Srba_u_NDH.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616065811/https://dev.snv.hr/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Pokatolicavanje_Srba_u_NDH.pdf|date=16 June 2021}}</ref>

===Displacement of people===
A large number of people were displaced due to the internal fighting within Yugoslavia. The NDH had to accept more than 200,000 Slovenian refugees who were forcefully evicted from their homes as part of the German plan of annexing parts of the Slovenian territories. As part of this deal, the Ustaše were to deport 200,000 Serbs from Croatia military regions; however, only 182,000 had been deported when German high commander Bader stopped this mass transport of people because of the uprising of Chetniks and partisans in Serbia. An estimated 120,000 Serbs were deported from NDH to German-occupied Serbia, and 300,000 fled by 1943.{{sfn|Ramet|2006|p=114}}<ref>Filip Škiljan; (2012) ''Organizirano masovno prisilno iseljavanje Srba iz Hrvatske 1941. godine'' pp. 31–32; [http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/0038-982X/2012/0038-982X1202001S.pdf]</ref>

Internal colonization to the region of Slavonia was encouraged during this period from Dalmatia, [[Lika]], [[Hrvatsko Zagorje]] and Bosnia and Herzegovina. The state maintained an Office of Colonization in Mostar, Osijek, Petrinja, Sarajevo, Sremska Mitrovica, and Zagreb.<ref>Balta, I. ''Kolonizacija u Slavoniji od početka XX. stoljeća s posebnim osvrtom na razdoblje 1941–1945. godine'', Rad. Zavoda povij. znan. HAZU Zadru, sv. 43/2001, pp. 464, 473.</ref>

==Culture==
Soon after the establishment of the NDH, the Yugoslav Academy of Science and Arts in Zagreb was renamed the [[Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts]]. The country had four state theatres: in [[Croatian National Theatre in Zagreb|Zagreb]], [[Croatian National Theatre in Osijek|Osijek]], Dubrovnik and [[Sarajevo National Theatre|Sarajevo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.matica.hr/Vijenac/vijenac338.nsf/AllWebDocs/Povratak_zaboravljene_glumice|title=Matica hrvatska – Povratak zaboravljene glumice|publisher=Matica.hr|date=16 November 2001|access-date=3 June 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.kazaliste-dubrovnik.hr/povijest.shtml Kazalište u Dubrovniku do osnutka prvoga profesionalnog ansambla] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080320111312/http://www.kazaliste-dubrovnik.hr/povijest.shtml |date=20 March 2008 }}</ref> The Croatian State Theatre in Zagreb played host to the [[Berlin Philharmonic]] and the [[Teatro dell'Opera di Roma]] in the 1941–42 season.<ref>[http://www.ief.hr/lib/attachment.php?id=53 Popular practice of national music during the Second World War] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611020505/http://www.ief.hr/lib/attachment.php?id=53 |date=11 June 2007 }}</ref> Volumes two to five of [[Mate Ujević]]'s ''[[Croatian Encyclopedia]]'' were published during this period. The Velebit Publishing House (''Nakladna knjižara "Velebit"''), named for the [[Velebit uprising]], published pro-Axis works, including ''Japanac o Japanu'' [''A Japanese on Japan''] by the Japanese ''chargé d'affaires'', Kazuichi Miura.<ref>{{citation |author=Nada Kisić Kolanović |title=The NDH's Relations with Southeast European Countries, Turkey and Japan, 1941–45 |journal=Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions |volume=7 |issue=4, Special Issue: The Independent State of Croatia [NDH], 1941–45 |year=2006 |pages=473–492 |doi=10.1080/14690760600963248|s2cid=144204223 }}</ref> The NDH was represented at the 1942 [[Venice Biennale]], where the works of [[Jozo Kljaković|Joza Kljaković]], [[Ivan Meštrović]], [[Antun Motika|Ante Motika]], Ivo Režek, Bruno Bulić, [[Josip Crnobori]], Antun Medić, Slavko Kopač and Slavko Šohaj were presented by Vladimir Kirin.{{citation needed|date=September 2017}}

The existing [[University of Zagreb]] was renamed the Croatian University ({{langx|sh|Hrvatsko sveučilište}}), and was the only university in the NDH. The university established a pharmaceutical faculty in 1942,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pharma.hr/Odsjek.aspx?mhID=3&mvID=58 |title=Povijesni pregled Zavoda za mikrobiologiju Farmaceutsko-biokemijskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu |publisher=Pharma.hr |access-date=3 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100524165251/http://www.pharma.hr/Odsjek.aspx?mhID=3&mvID=58 |archive-date=24 May 2010 }}</ref> and a medical faculty in Sarajevo in 1944.<ref>[http://www.mf.unsa.ba/english/ Medical Faculty of Sarajevo University Mission Statement] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080213125225/http://www.mf.unsa.ba/english/ |date=13 February 2008 }}</ref> It also opened the [[University Hospital Centre Zagreb|University Hospital Zagreb]], which later became one of the largest hospitals in Croatia.

The state had two secular holidays; the anniversary of its establishment was commemorated on 10 April and the assassination of Stjepan Radić was commemorated on 20 June.<ref name="Pozar">Požar, Petar (editor). ''Ustaša – dokumenti o ustaškom pokretu''. Zagrebačka stvarnost, Zagreb 1995. (p. 270)</ref> In addition, the state granted holidays to several religious communities:

*The Catholic community celebrated New Year's Day, [[Epiphany (holiday)|Epiphany]], the feast of the Presentation of the Lord, the feast of Saint Joseph, Easter, the feast of the [[Ascension of Jesus]], Pentecost, the feast of [[Corpus Christi (feast)|Corpus Christi]], the [[Assumption of Mary]], the feast of [[All Saints' Day|All Saints]], the feast of the [[Immaculate Conception]], and Christmas.<ref name="Pozar"/>
*The Eastern Orthodox community celebrated New Year's Day, the Epiphany, the feast of the [[Annunciation]], Easter, the feast of the [[Ascension of Jesus]], Pentecost, the [[Assumption of Mary]], and Christmas, all according to the Roman calendar.<ref name="Pozar"/>
*The Evangelical community celebrated New Year's Day, Holy Friday, Easter, the feast of the [[Ascension of Jesus]], Pentecost, [[Reformation Day]], Christmas Eve, and Christmas.<ref name="Pozar"/>
*The Muslim community celebrated [[Islamic New Year]], Mevlud ([[Mawlid]]), [[Ramadan]], and Kurban-Bajram ([[Eid al-Adha]]).<ref name="Pozar"/>

The state film institute, ''Hrvatski slikopis'', produced many films, including ''[[Straža na Drini]]'' and ''[[Lisinski (film)|Lisinski]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hfs.hr/hfs/ljetopis_clanak_detail_e.asp?sif=1777|title=The Oldest Attempt of Film Education in Croatia: Zagreb Film Schools 1917–1947|publisher=Hfs.hr|access-date=3 June 2011}}</ref> The Croatian cinema pioneer [[Oktavijan Miletić]], was active during this period.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/file/10999|title=Filmological Research in the Vienna Film Archive 2004|via=[[Hrčak]]|access-date=3 June 2011 |journal=Arhivski vjesnik |volume=47 |issue=1 |year=2004 |pages=173–176}}</ref><ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0587293/ Oktavijan Miletic profile], IMDB.com; accessed 4 December 2015.</ref> In 1943, Zagreb hosted the I. International Congress for [[Standard 8 mm film|Narrow Film]].

On 29 April 1941 the ''Decree on building Croatian workers' family homes'' was issued which resulted in the development of so-called ''Pavelić neighbourhoods'' in the state's larger northern cities: Karlovac, Osijek, Sisak, Varaždin, and Zagreb.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.matica.hr/Vijenac/vij227.nsf/AllWebDocs/mhaa|title=Matica hrvatska – Dom, krv, tlo|date=27 September 2007|access-date=2 September 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927203959/http://www.matica.hr/Vijenac/vij227.nsf/AllWebDocs/mhaa|archive-date=27 September 2007}}</ref> The neighbourhoods were largely based on similar workers housing in Germany.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/file/48582 |title=Projekt Marijana Haberlea za Provincijalat franjevaca konventualaca u Sisku iz 1943. godine|via=[[Hrčak]]|access-date=3 June 2011 |journal=Prostor: Znanstveni Časopis za Arhitekturu i Urbanizam |volume=16 |issue=2 |year=2008 |pages=210–223}}</ref> They are characterized by their wide avenues and lots, and for largely being made up of semi-detached homes.<ref>Martinčić, Julijo. ''Osječka arhitektura 1918–1945.'', Hrvatska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti. Osijek, 2006, p. 170<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref>

===Media===
The official publication of the government was the ''Narodne novine'' (Official Gazette). Dailies included Zagreb's ''Hrvatski narod'' (Croatian Nation), Osijek's ''Hrvatski list'' (Croatian Paper) and Sarajevo's ''Novi list'' (New Paper). The state's news agency was called the Croatian News Office "Croatia" (Hrvatski dojavni ured "Croatia"), which took on the role formerly performed by the Avala news agency in Yugoslavia.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://bib.irb.hr/prikazi-rad?&rad=241013|title=Hrvatska znanstvena bibliografija – Prikaz rada|journal=Hrvatski Dojavni Ured Croatia, Zagreb (1941-45)|publisher=Bib.irb.hr|date=14 May 2010|access-date=3 June 2011|last1=Heđbeli|first1=Živana|last2=Krvavica|first2=Miroslav}}</ref> After the war's end, out of 330 registered journalists in the state, 38 were executed, 131 emigrated, and 100 were banned from working as journalists in the [[Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia]].<ref>Parašcic, Ivan. ''Cenzura u Jugoslaviji od 1945. do 1990. godine'', University of Zagreb (2007), p. 15.<!-- ISSn/ISBN needed --></ref>

The state's main radio station was [[Croatian Radiotelevision|Hrvatski Krugoval]], known before the war as Radio Zagreb.<ref name="Radio">{{cite web|url=http://free-sk.htnet.hr/radio_museum/Povijest%20radija%20u%20Hrvatskoj.htm|title=History of Radio in Croatia|publisher=Free-sk.htnet.hr|access-date=3 June 2011|archive-date=21 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721100436/http://free-sk.htnet.hr/radio_museum/Povijest%20radija%20u%20Hrvatskoj.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The NDH increased the [[transmitter]]'s power to 10&nbsp;kW.<ref name="Radio"/> The radio station was based in Zagreb, but had branches in [[Banja Luka]], [[Dubrovnik]], [[Osijek]] and Sarajevo. It maintained cooperation with the [[International Broadcasting Union]].

===Sport===
The most popular sport in the NDH was [[association football|football]], which had its own [[Croatian First League|league system]], with the highest level known as the Zvonimir Group, with eight teams in 1942–1943 and 1943–1944.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nk-maksimir.hr/prosle_sezone/1942-43_drugi_razred.htm |title=Tomislav Group |publisher=Nk-maksimir.hr |access-date=3 June 2011 |archive-date=9 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309084325/http://www.nk-maksimir.hr/prosle_sezone/1942-43_drugi_razred.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Top clubs included [[Građanski Zagreb]], [[Concordia Zagreb]] and [[HAŠK]]. The [[Croatian Football Federation]] was accepted into [[FIFA]] on 17 July 1941.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hns-cff.hr/?ln=hr&w=o_hns|title=About the HNS|publisher=Hns-cff.hr|access-date=3 June 2011}}</ref>

The NDH [[Croatia national football team|national football team]] played [[Croatia national football team results (1940–1991)#1940s–1950s|14 friendly matches]] against other Axis nations and puppet states between June 1941 and April 1944, winning five.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/associations/association=cro/fixturesresults/gender=m/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629095949/http://www.fifa.com/associations/association=cro/fixturesresults/gender=m/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 June 2007|title=Fixtures and Results|publisher=FIFA|access-date=31 October 2012}}</ref>

The NDH had other national teams. The [[Croatian Handball Federation]] organized a national handball league, and a [[Croatia men's national handball team|national team]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hrs.hr/savez.php?section=2|title=History of Handball|publisher=Hrs.hr|access-date=3 June 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106050257/http://www.hrs.hr/savez.php?section=2|archive-date=6 January 2016}}</ref> Its boxing team was led by African-American [[Jimmy Lyggett Sr|Jimmy Lyggett]].<ref>[http://www.hoo.hr/izdavastvo/olimpPDF/OLIMP-18-2006.pdf Olymp, October 2006] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630200407/http://www.hoo.hr/izdavastvo/olimpPDF/OLIMP-18-2006.pdf|date=30 June 2007}}</ref>

The Croatian Table-Tennis Association organized a national competition as well as a national team which participated in a few international matches.<ref>[http://www.hsts.hr/history.php History of Croatian table-tennis] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070504212853/http://www.hsts.hr/history.php|date=4 May 2007}}</ref> The [[Croatian Olympic Committee]] was recognized as a special member of the [[International Olympic Committee]], with [[Franjo Bučar]] acting as its representative.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.index.hr/sport/clanak/redir/216033.aspx|title=History of Croatian Olympic Movement|publisher=Index.hr|access-date=3 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430194120/http://www.index.hr/sport/clanak/redir/216033.aspx|archive-date=30 April 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Croatian Skiing Association organized a national championship, held on Zagreb's [[Medvednica|Sljeme]] mountain.<ref>[http://www.zss.hr/110/III-poglavlje.htm 110 years of skiing in Zagreb] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706095320/http://www.zss.hr/110/III-poglavlje.htm|date=6 July 2007}}</ref> A national bowling competition was held in 1942 in Zagreb, which was won by Dušan Balatinac.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.osijek.hr/index.php/cro/Osijek/Osjecki-spomendan/Osjecki-spomendan-12.-travnja2|title=Osječki spomendan 12. travnja|date=12 April 2011|work=osijek.hr|publisher=City of Osijek|language=hr|access-date=18 April 2012|archive-date=13 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613154119/http://www.osijek.hr/index.php/cro/Osijek/Osjecki-spomendan/Osjecki-spomendan-12.-travnja2|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal bar|Croatia|History}}
*[[Concentration camps in the Independent State of Croatia]]
*[[Glina massacre]]
*[[History of the Jews in Croatia#The Holocaust|History of the Jews in Croatia: The Holocaust]]
*[[List of Croatian Righteous Among the Nations]]
*[[List of leaders of Independent State of Croatia]]
*[[Orders, decorations, and medals of the Independent State of Croatia]]
*[[The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia]]
*[[Timeline of Croatian history]]
*[[Croatian–Romanian–Slovak friendship proclamation]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin|2}}
*Ambrose, S. ''The Victors – The Men of World War II'', Simon & Schuster, London, 1998. {{ISBN|978-0-7434-9242-3}}
*{{Cite book|last=Bulajić|first=Milan|title=The Role of the Vatican in the break-up of the Yugoslav State: The Mission of the Vatican in the Independent State of Croatia|series=Ustashi Crimes of Genocide|year=1994|location=Belgrade|publisher=Stručna knjiga|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GS4_OgAACAAJ}}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vxgy4R3-A-sC |title=Armed Peacekeepers in Bosnia |last1=Baumann |first1=Robert F. |last2=Gawrych |first2=George W. |last3=Kretchik |first3=Walter E.  |year=2004 |publisher=DIANE Publishing |isbn=1-4289-1020-4}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Cohen|first1=Philip J.|title=Serbia's Secret War: Propaganda and the Deceit of History|date=1996|publisher=Texas A&M University Press|isbn=978-0-89096-760-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fz1PW_wnHYMC}}
*{{Cite book|last=Deutschland Military Tribunal|title=Trials of war criminals before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law no. 10 : Nuernberg Oct. 1946 – April 1949 Vol. 11 The High Command case. The Hostage case. Case 12. US v. von Leeb. Case 7. US v. List|year=1950|url=https://znaci.org/00002/363.htm|publisher=United States Government Printing Office|location=Washington, D.C.|oclc=247746272}}
*''Encyclopædia Britannica, 1943 – Book of the year'', page 215, Entry: Croatia.
*''Encyclopædia Britannica, Edition 1991'' Macropædia, Vol. 29, page 1111.
*Fein, Helen: ''Accounting for Genocide – Victims and Survivors of the Holocaust'', The Free Press, New York, Edition 1979, pages 102, 103.
*{{cite book|last=Hoare|first=Marko Attila|title=Genocide and Resistance in Hitler's Bosnia: The Partisans and the Chetniks 1941–1943|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|year=2006|isbn=0-19-726380-1|ref=Hoare_2006}}
*Hory, Ladislaus and Broszat, Martin: ''Der Kroatische Ustascha-Staat, 1941–1945'', Stuttgart, 1964.
*{{Cite book|last=Krizman|first=Bogdan|title=Pavelić između Hitlera i Mussolinija|trans-title= Pavelić between Hitler and Mussolini|year=1980| url=https://znaci.org/00003/529.htm|publisher=Globus|location=Zagreb|oclc=7833178}}
*Likso, T. and Čanak, D., ''Hrvatsko Ratno Zrakoplovstvo u Drugome Svjetskom Ratu (The Croatian Air Force in the Second World War)'', Zagreb, 1998. {{ISBN|953-97698-0-9}}.
*''Encyclopedia of the Holocaust'', Vol. 2, Independent State of Croatia entry.
*Maček, Vlado: ''In the Struggle for Freedom'' Robert Speller & Sons, New York, 1957.<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed, if any -->
*{{cite book|url=https://www.hrstud.unizg.hr/_download/repository/Matkovic_-_Povijest_NDH.pdf|last=Matković|first=Hrvoje|authorlink=Hrvoje Matković|title=Povijest Nezavisne Države Hrvatske|year=2002|edition=2nd|location=Zagreb|publisher=Naklada Pavičić|isbn=953-6308-39-8|language=hr|accessdate=7 April 2021}}
*Munoz, A.J., ''For Croatia and Christ: The Croatian Army in World War II 1941–1945'', Axis Europa Books, Bayside NY, 1996. {{ISBN|1-891227-33-5}}.
*Neubacher, Hermann: ''Sonderauftrag Suedost 1940–1945, Bericht eines fliegendes Diplomaten, 2. durchgesehene Auflage'', Goettingen 1956.
*{{Cite book|last=Novak|first=Viktor|author-link=Viktor Novak|title=Magnum Crimen: Half a Century of Clericalism in Croatia|volume=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b1jyvQAACAAJ|year=2011|location=Jagodina|publisher=Gambit|isbn=9788676240494}}
*{{Cite book|last=Novak|first=Viktor|author-link=Viktor Novak|title=Magnum Crimen: Half a Century of Clericalism in Croatia|volume=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vF9GMwEACAAJ|year=2011|location=Jagodina|publisher=Gambit|isbn=9788676240494}}
* {{cite book |last1=Ognyanova |first1=Irina |chapter=Nationalism and National Policy in Independent State of Croatia (1941–1945) |editor1-last=Rogers  |editor1-first= Dorothy |editor2-last=Joshua |editor2-first=Wheeler|editor3-last= Zavacká |editor3-first=Marína |editor4-last=Casebier |editor4-first=Shawna |title=Topics in Feminism, History and Philosophy, IWM Junior Visiting Fellows Conferences, Vol. 6 |year=2000 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |location= Vienna, Austria}}
*{{Cite book|title=Hitler's new disorder: the Second World War in Yugoslavia|author-link=Stevan K. Pavlowitch|first=Stevan K.|last=Pavlowitch|isbn=978-0-231-70050-4|year=2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R8d2409V9tEC|publisher=Columbia University Press}}
*{{Cite book|last=Ramet|first=Sabrina P.|author-link=Sabrina P. Ramet|title=The Three Yugoslavias: State-Building and Legitimation, 1918–2005|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2006|location=New York|isbn=978-0-25334-656-8}}
*{{Cite book|last=Rivelli|first=Marco Aurelio|year=1998|title=Le génocide occulté: État Indépendant de Croatie 1941–1945|language=fr|trans-title=Hidden Genocide: The Independent State of Croatia 1941–1945|location=Lausanne|publisher=L'age d'Homme|isbn=9782825111529|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QwBnceJfwgUC}}
*{{Cite book|last=Rivelli|first=Marco Aurelio|title=L'arcivescovo del genocidio: Monsignor Stepinac, il Vaticano e la dittatura ustascia in Croazia, 1941-1945|language=it|trans-title=The Archbishop of Genocide: Monsignor Stepinac, the Vatican and the Ustaše dictatorship in Croatia, 1941-1945|location=Milano|publisher=Kaos|year=1999|isbn=9788879530798|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NQtnAAAAMAAJ}}
*{{Cite book|last=Rivelli|first=Marco Aurelio|title="Dio è con noi!": La Chiesa di Pio XII complice del nazifascismo|language=it|trans-title="God is with us!": The Church of Pius XII accomplice to Nazi Fascism|location=Milano|publisher=Kaos|year=2002|isbn=9788879531047|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pwPZAAAAMAAJ}}
*Russo, Alfio: ''Revoluzione in Jugoslavia'', Roma 1944.
*Savic, D. and Ciglic, B. ''Croatian Aces of World War II'', Osprey Aircraft of the Aces −49, Oxford, 2002. {{ISBN|1-84176-435-3}}.
*Shaw, L., ''Trial by Slander: A Background to the Independent State of Croatia'', Harp Books, Canberra, 1973. {{ISBN|0-909432-00-7}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Stojanović|first=Aleksandar|title=A Beleaguered Church: The Serbian Orthodox Church in the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) 1941-1945|journal=Balcanica|year=2017|issue=48|pages=269–287|doi=10.2298/BALC1748269S|url=http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/ft.aspx?id=0350-76531748269S|doi-access=free}}
*<span id="Tanner">Tanner, Marcus. ''Croatia: A Nation Forged in War.'' New Haven: Yale University Press. 1997.</span>
*Thomas, N., Mikulan, K. and Pavelic, D. ''Axis Forces in Yugoslavia 1941–45'' Osprey, London, 1995. {{ISBN|1-85532-473-3}}
*{{Cite book|last=Tomasevich|first=Jozo|title=War and Revolution in Yugoslavia 1941–1945: The Chetniks, Volume 1|year=1975|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-0857-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoCaAAAAIAAJ}}
*{{Cite book|last=Tomasevich|first=Jozo|title=War and Revolution in Yugoslavia 1941-1945: Occupation and Collaboration|year=2001|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=0-8047-3615-4}}
*''Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations, Europe'', edition 1995, page 91, entry: Croatia.
*{{Cite book|last=Yeomans|first=Rory|title=Visions of Annihilation: The Ustasha Regime and the Cultural Politics of Fascism, 1941–1945|year=2012|location=Pittsburgh|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press |isbn=978-0-82297-793-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yxv4-iqVe2wC}}
* {{cite book|last=Charny|first=Israel|author-link=Israel Charny|title = Encyclopedia of Genocide: A-H |year=1999|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9780874369281}}
* {{Cite book|last=Phayer|first=Michael|author-link=Michael Phayer|title=[[The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930–1965]]|year=2000|location=Bloomington and Indianapolis|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=9780253337252}}
* {{Cite journal|last= Payne |first=Stanley G. |author-link= Stanley G. Payne  |date=2006|title= The NDH State in Comparative Perspective|journal= Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions|volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=409–415|doi= 10.1080/14690760600963198 |s2cid=144782263 }}
* {{Cite journal|last= Dulić|first= Tomislav |date=2006|title= Mass killing in the Independent State of Croatia, 1941–1945: a case for comparative research|journal= Journal of Genocide Research |volume=8 |pages=255–281 |doi=10.1111/nana.12433 |s2cid= 242057219 }}

{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Independent State of Croatia}}
*[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/1673249.stm BBC News 29 November 2001: Croatian holocaust still stirs controversy]

{{Navboxes
|list =
{{Collaboration with Axis Powers}}
{{Fascism}}
{{Yugoslav Axis collaborationism}}
{{Factions in the Yugoslav Front}}
{{World War II}}
{{Yug-timeline}}
{{Genocide of Serbs}}
}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Croatia, Independent State Of}}
[[Category:Independent State of Croatia| ]]
[[Category:Client states of Fascist Italy]]
[[Category:Client states of Nazi Germany]]
[[Category:Condominia (international law)]]
[[Category:Croatia in World War II|*]]
[[Category:Former countries in the Balkans]]
[[Category:Former monarchies of Europe|Independent State of Croatia]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1945]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1941]]
[[Category:1941 establishments in Croatia]]
[[Category:1945 disestablishments in Croatia]]
[[Category:Yugoslavia in World War II]]
[[Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina in World War II]]
[[Category:Axis powers]]
[[Category:Totalitarian states]]
[[Category:Fascist states]]
[[Category:Croatia–Germany relations]]
[[Category:Croatia–Italy relations]]
[[Category:Countries and territories where Croatian is an official language]]