View source for Independent Television Authority

{{Short description|Regulator of UK commercial television until 1972}}
{{More footnotes|date=July 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name            = Independent Television Authority
| formed          = 1954
| headquarters    = [[United Kingdom]]
| dissolved       = 1972
| superseding1    = [[Independent Broadcasting Authority]] (1972)
| logo            = Independent Television Authority logo 1972.png
| logo_caption    = ITA logo 1969–1972
}}
The '''Independent Television Authority''' ('''ITA''') was an agency created by the [[Television Act 1954]] ([[2 & 3 Eliz. 2]]. c. 55) to supervise the creation of "[[ITV (TV network)|Independent Television" (ITV)]], the first commercial [[television network]] in the [[United Kingdom]]. The ITA existed from 1954 until 1972. It was responsible for determining the location, constructing, building, and operating the transmission stations used by the ITV network, as well as determining the [[exclusive right|franchise]] areas and awarding the franchises for each regional commercial [[broadcasting|broadcaster]]. The authority began its operations on 4 August 1954, a mere four days after the Television Act 1954 received [[royal assent]], under the chairmanship of Sir [[Kenneth Clark]]. The authority's first director general, [[Robert Fraser (ITV)|Sir Robert Fraser]] was appointed by Clark a month later on 14 September.

The physics of [[Very high frequency|VHF]] broadcasting meant that a comparatively small number of [[transmitter]]s could cover the majority of the population of Britain, if not the bulk of the area of the country. The ITA determined that the first three franchise areas would cover the [[London]] area, the [[English Midlands]], and [[Northern England]] (the [[Lancashire]]/[[Yorkshire]] belt of industrial cities from [[Liverpool]] to [[Kingston upon Hull|Hull]] and the surrounding countryside). All three franchise areas would be awarded on a divided weekday/weekend basis, and it was planned that the franchise holders for these areas would produce the great bulk of network programmes, while the companies given the smaller franchises would produce mainly local programmes for their area only.

==Franchises==
The ITA awarded franchises to applicant companies, selecting between applicants on the basis of the financial soundness and structure of the company, the proposals for the service to be offered, and often on connections between the applicant company and the area to be served.

Franchises were awarded initially between 1954 and 1961, with the new television stations usually beginning their broadcasting one-to-two years later. During September 1963 the ITA invited new applications for franchises to operate from July 1964 for three years or until the arrival of a [[Fourth UK television service|second commercial channel]], whichever came first, but in fact no changes were made to any franchise holders at that time, except for confirming the merger of the ''South Wales and the West'' franchise held by [[Television Wales and the West|TWW]] and the ''Wales West and North'' franchise held by [[Wales West and North Television|WWN]] following the financial collapse of WWN. (In the event, a second commercial channel did not begin until 1982, under the guise of [[Channel 4]].)

===Initial franchises awarded in 1954===
* The London (Monday to Friday) franchise was awarded to [[Associated-Rediffusion]]. 
* The London (Saturday and Sunday) and Midlands (Monday to Friday) franchises were awarded to the Associated Broadcasting Company, later renamed [[Associated TeleVision]] (ATV). 
* The Midlands (Saturday and Sunday) and North of England (Saturday and Sunday) franchises were awarded to [[Kemsley-Winnick Television]] (which subsequently collapsed; the franchise was reallocated in 1955 to the [[Associated British Picture Corporation]] as [[ABC Weekend Television]]). 
* The North of England (Monday to Friday) franchise was awarded to [[Granada Television]].

In January 1955 the ITA authorised the creation of [[ITN]] (Independent Television News), a company owned and operated by the ITV companies collectively, to provide a news service for the new network.

On 22 September 1955 the ITV service opened in the London area, where the ITA transmitter could reach a population of nearly 12&nbsp;million. The first commercial on British television was for "Gibbs SR" toothpaste.

===Franchises awarded in 1956===
* The Central Scotland franchise was awarded to [[Scottish Television]] (STV), from three applications.
* The South Wales and West of England franchise (on both sides of the Severn Estuary) was awarded to [[Television Wales and the West]], TWW, from ten applications.

===Franchises awarded in 1957===
* The South of England franchise was awarded to [[Southern Television]], from thirteen applications.
* The North East England franchise was awarded to [[Tyne Tees Television]], from eleven applications.

===Franchises awarded in 1958===
* The East of England franchise was awarded to [[Anglia Television]], from eight applications.
* The Northern Ireland franchise was awarded to [[UTV (TV channel)|Ulster Television]] (UTV), from four applications.

===Franchise awarded in 1959===
* The South West England franchise was awarded to [[Westward Television]], from fifteen applications.

===Franchises awarded in 1960===
* The franchise for the Channel Islands was awarded to [[Channel Television]], from two applications, following the extension of the Television Act 1954 to the Islands by the [[Television Act 1954 (Channel Islands) Order 1961]] ([[SI 1961]]/2039), as it normally would not apply there.
* The franchise for the English-Scottish Border and the [[Isle of Man]] was awarded to [[Border Television]], from two applications, following the [[Television Act 1954 (Isle of Man) Order 1957]] ([[SI 1957]]/602)
* The franchise for North East Scotland was awarded to [[Grampian Television]], from seven applications.

===Franchise awarded in 1961===
* The franchise for West and North Wales was awarded to the Wales Television Association, Teledu Cymru, transmitting as [[Wales West and North Television|WWN]], Wales (West and North) Television.

When WWN went on the air on 14 September 1962, the ITV network was completed. However, due to the late commissioning of two of WWN's three transmitters, the company never received more than half the projected income and the company failed in January 1964; the two Welsh franchises were consequently merged, with TWW broadcasting to the whole of Wales.

===Franchise review 1967===
The 1967 franchise review involved substantial changes: 
* All weekday/weekend split franchises were ended except in London.
* The ''North of England'' franchise was split between ''North West England'', awarded to [[Granada Television]], and the ''[[Ridings of Yorkshire|three Ridings of Yorkshire]]'' to create [[Yorkshire Television]].
* The new seven-day franchise in the Midlands was awarded to [[Associated Television|(ATV)]].
* The ITA asked [[ABC Weekend TV|ABC]] and [[Associated-Rediffusion]] to merge, forming [[Thames Television]] which was awarded the London Weekday franchise.
* [[London Weekend Television|LWT]] was awarded the London Weekend franchise (from 7&nbsp;pm on Fridays).
* Most controversially, [[Television Wales and the West|TWW]] lost its franchise for Wales and the West of England to ''Harlech Television'', which soon became known as [[ITV Wales & West|HTV]].

The 1967 franchises were subsequently extended in stages to expire in 1976, then 1979, and finally to expire on 31 December 1981. See the entry for the [[Independent Broadcasting Authority|IBA]] for details of the 1981 and 1991–2 franchise rounds.

==Changes from 1972==
The Sound Broadcasting Act 1972 gave the ITA responsibility for organising commercial radio in the UK, and reconstituted the ITA as the [[Independent Broadcasting Authority]] (IBA) with effect from Wednesday 12 July 1972. The IBA was subsequently replaced by the [[Independent Television Commission]] (ITC) and the [[Radio Authority]] under the provisions of the [[Broadcasting Act 1990]], which themselves were replaced by the Office of Communications ([[Ofcom]]) at the end of 2003.

==Chairman==
;Status
{{legend|#E6E6AA|Denotes Acting Chairman}}
{|class="sortable wikitable"
! Portrait
! Name<br>{{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! colspan=2 | Term of office
! Honour(s)
! Prime Minister
! Monarch<br>{{small|(Reign)}}
|-
| rowspan=3|
| rowspan=3 align=center|[[Kenneth Clark|Sir Kenneth Clark]]<br>{{small|(1903–1983)}}
| rowspan=3 align=center|4 August 1954
| rowspan=3 align=center|31 August 1957
| rowspan=3|[[Kenneth Clark|Baron Clark]] for life in 1969
| [[Winston Churchill]]
| rowspan=11|[[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]]<br>{{small|(1952–2022)}}
|-
| [[Anthony Eden]]
|-
| rowspan=5|[[Harold Macmillan]]
|-
| style="background:#e6e6aa;"|[[File:No image.svg|80px]]
| style="background:#e6e6aa;" align=center|Sir Ronald Matthews<br>{{small|(1885–1959)}}
| style="background:#e6e6aa;" align=center|1 September 1957
| style="background:#e6e6aa;" align=center|6 December 1957
|-
| [[File:The Inter-allied Control Commission in Germany, 1944 TR2528.jpg|80px]]
| align=center|[[Ivone Kirkpatrick|Sir Ivone Kirkpatrick]]<br>{{small|(1897–1964)}}
| align=center|7 November 1957
| align=center|6 November 1962
| 
|-
| style="background:#e6e6aa;"|[[File:No image.svg|80px]]
| style="background:#e6e6aa;" align=center|Sir John Carmichael<br>{{small|(1910–1996)}}
| style="background:#e6e6aa;" align=center|7 November 1962
| style="background:#e6e6aa;" align=center|30 June 1963
|-
| rowspan=3|
| rowspan=3 align=center|[[Charles Hill, Baron Hill of Luton|The Baron Hill of Luton]]<br>{{small|(1904–1989)}}
| rowspan=3 align=center|1 July 1963
| rowspan=3 align=center|30 August 1967
| rowspan=3|
|-
| [[Alec Douglas-Home|Sir Alec Douglas-Home]]
|-
| rowspan=2|[[Harold Wilson]]
|-
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2 align=center|[[Herbert Bowden, Baron Aylestone|The Baron Aylestone]]<br>{{small|(1905–1994)}}
| rowspan=2 align=center|1 September 1967
| rowspan=2 align=center|11 July 1972
| rowspan=2|
|-
| [[Edward Heath]]
|-
|-
|}

<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=_CmvCwAAQBAJ&dq=independent+television+authority+chairman+1954+kenneth+clarke+kirkpatrick&pg=PA307 Google Books]</ref>

==See also==
*[[History of ITV]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* [[Bernard Sendall|Sendall, Bernard]] ''Independent Television in Britain: Volume 1 - Origin and Foundation 1946-62'' London: The Macmillan Press Ltd 1982 (reprinted 1984) {{ISBN|0-333-30941-3}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-other|Communications regulation and maintenance}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-ttl|title=Regulation of [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]]|years=4 August 1954 &ndash; 11 July 1972}} 
{{s-aft|rows=2|after=[[Independent Broadcasting Authority]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Maintenance of ITV Transmitters|years=4 August 1954 &ndash; 11 July 1972}} 
{{s-end}}

{{ITV}}
{{ITV regulatory bodies}}
{{European Broadcasting Union Members}}

[[Category:ITV (TV network)]]
[[Category:1972 disestablishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Defunct mass media companies of the United Kingdom]] 
[[Category:British companies established in 1954]]
[[Category:Mass media companies established in 1954]]
[[Category:1954 establishments in England]]
[[Category:1972 disestablishments in England]] 
[[Category:British companies disestablished in 1972]]
[[Category:Mass media companies disestablished in 1972]]