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{{Short description|Study of the history and culture of the Indian subcontinent}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
'''Indology''', also known as '''South Asian studies''', is the academic study of the [[History of India|history]] and [[Culture of India|cultures]], [[Languages of South Asia|languages]], and [[Indian literature|literature]] of the [[Indian subcontinent]], and as such is a subset of [[Asian studies]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/indology|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830095220/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/indology|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 August 2019|title=Indology &#124; Definition of Indology by Lexico|website=Lexico Dictionaries &#124; English}}</ref>

The term ''Indology'' ({{langx|de|Indologie}}) is often associated with German scholarship, and is used more commonly in departmental titles in German and continental European universities than in the anglophone academy. In the [[Netherlands]], the term ''Indologie'' was used to designate the study of Indian history and culture in preparation for colonial service in the [[Dutch East Indies]].

Classical Indology majorly includes the linguistic studies of [[Sanskrit literature]], [[Pāli]] and [[Tamil literature]], as well as study of [[Dharmic religions]] (like [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Sikhism]], etc.). Some of the regional specializations under South Asian studies include:
* [[Bengali studies]] – study of culture and languages of [[History of Bengal|Bengal]]
* [[Dravidology]] – study of [[Dravidian languages]] of [[Southern India]]
** [[Tamil studies]]
* [[Pakistan studies]]
* [[Sindhology]] – the study of the [[history of Sindh|historical Sindh region]]

Some scholars distinguish ''Classical Indology'' from ''Modern Indology'', the former more focussed on Sanskrit, Tamil and other ancient language sources, the latter on contemporary India, its [[politics of India|politics]] and [[Culture of India|sociology]].

== History ==

=== Precursors ===

The beginnings of the study of India by travellers from outside the subcontinent date back at least to [[Megasthenes]] ({{circa|350}}–290 BC), a [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] ambassador of the [[Seleucids]] to the court of [[Chandragupta Maurya|Chandragupta]] (ruled 322-298 BC), founder of the [[Mauryan Empire]].<ref name="Bosworth"/> Based on his life in India Megasthenes composed a four-volume ''Indica'', fragments of which still exist, and which influenced the classical geographers [[Arrian]], [[Diodor]] and [[Strabo]].<ref name="Bosworth">{{cite journal | last1 = Bosworth | first1 = A. B. | date = April 1996 | title = The Historical Setting of Megasthenes' Indica |journal = [[Classical Philology (journal)|Classical Philology]] |publisher = The University of Chicago Press | volume = 91 | issue = 2| pages = 113–127 | doi=10.1086/367502 |jstor=270500| s2cid = 162475029 }}</ref>

[[Islamic Golden Age]] scholar [[Al-Biruni|Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad Al-Biruni]] (973–1048) in Tarikh Al-Hind (''Researches on India'') recorded the [[history of India|political]] and [[military history of India]] and covered India's [[Culture of India|cultural]], [[Science and technology in ancient India|scientific]], social and [[Indian Religions|religious]] history in detail.<ref name=Khan>{{cite journal | last1 = Khan | first1 = M. S. | year = 1976 | title = al-Biruni and the Political History of India | journal = Oriens | publisher = Brill | volume = 25/26 | pages = 86–115 | doi=10.2307/1580658 |jstor=1580658}}</ref>
He studied the [[anthropology]] of India, engaging in extensive [[participant observation]] with various Indian groups, learning their languages and studying their primary texts, and presenting his findings with [[objectivity (philosophy)|objectivity]] and [[Neutrality (philosophy)|neutrality]] using [[Cross-cultural studies|cross-cultural comparisons]].<ref name=Ahmed>{{cite journal | last1 = Ahmed | first1 = Akbar S. | date = February 1984 | title = Al-Beruni: The First Anthropologist | journal = RAIN | publisher = Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland | volume = 60 | issue = 60| pages = 9–10 | doi=10.2307/3033407 |jstor=3033407}}</ref>

=== Academic discipline ===

Indology as generally understood by its practitioners<ref>{{Cite book|title=Einführung in die Indologie: Stand, Methoden, Aufgaben|last1=Bechert|first1=Heinz|author1-link=Heinz Bechert|last2=Simson|first2=Georg von|last3=Bachmann|first3=Peter|date=1993|publisher=Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft|isbn=3534054660|location=Darmstadt|language=de|oclc = 33429713}}</ref> began in the later [[Early modern period|Early Modern period]] and incorporates essential features of [[modernity]], including critical self-reflexivity, disembedding mechanisms and globalization, and the reflexive appropriation of knowledge.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The consequences of modernity|last=Giddens|first=Anthony|date=1991|publisher=Polity Press|location=Cambridge, U.K.|language=en|oclc = 874200328}}</ref> An important feature of Indology since its beginnings in the late eighteenth century has been the development of networks of academic communication and trust<ref>{{Cite book|title=Personal knowledge: towards a post-critical philosophy|last1=Polanyi|first1=Michael|last2=Nye|first2=Mary Jo|date=2015|publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=9780226232621|language=en|oclc = 880960082}}</ref> through the creation of learned societies like the Asiatic Society of Bengal, and the creation of learned journals like the ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society'' and ''Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute''.

One of the defining features of Indology is the application of scholarly methodologies developed in European [[Classics|Classical Studies]] or "Classics" to the languages, literatures and cultures of South Asia.

In the wake of eighteenth century pioneers like [[William Jones (philologist)|William Jones]], [[Henry Thomas Colebrooke]], [[Gerasim Lebedev]] or [[August Wilhelm Schlegel]], Indology as an academic subject emerged in the nineteenth century, in the context of [[British India]], together with [[Asian studies]] in general affected by the romantic [[Orientalism]] of the time. [[The Asiatic Society]] was founded in Calcutta in 1784, [[Société Asiatique]] founded in 1822, the [[Royal Asiatic Society]] in 1824, the [[American Oriental Society]] in 1842, and the German Oriental Society ([[Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft]]) in 1845, the Japanese Association of Indian and Buddhist Studies<ref>{{cite web |url-status=dead |url=http://www.jaibs.jp/English/english.html |title=The Japanese Association of Indian and Buddhist Studies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090915194020/http://www.jaibs.jp/English/english.html |archive-date=15 September 2009  |website=Jaibs.jp |access-date=20 November 2011}}</ref> in 1949.

Sanskrit literature included many pre-modern dictionaries, especially the ''[[Amarakosha|Nāmaliṅgānuśāsana]]'' of [[Amarasimha|Amarasiṃha]], but a milestone in the Indological study of [[Sanskrit literature]] was publication of the St. Petersburg ''Sanskrit-Wörterbuch'' during the 1850s to 1870s. Translations of major Hindu texts in the [[Sacred Books of the East]] began in 1879. [[Otto von Böhtlingk]]'s edition of [[Pāṇini|Pāṇini's]] grammar appeared in 1887. [[Max Müller]]'s edition of the [[Rigveda]] appeared in 1849–1875. [[Albrecht Weber]] commenced publishing his pathbreaking journal ''Indologische Studien'' in 1849, and in 1897 [[Sergey Oldenburg]] launched a systematic edition of key Sanskrit texts, "Bibliotheca Buddhica".

==Professional literature and associations==
{{further|Indomania}}
Indologists typically attend conferences such as the American Association of Asian Studies, the American Oriental Society annual conference, the [[World Sanskrit Conference]], and national-level meetings in the UK, Germany, India, Japan, France and elsewhere.

They may routinely read and write in journals such as ''[[Indo-Iranian Journal]]'',<ref>[https://archive.today/20120911011452/http://www.springer.com/uk/home?SGWID=3-102-70-35758435-detailsPage=journal description&changeHeader=true&SHORTCUT=www.springer.com/journal/10783/about International Publisher Science, Technology, Medicine]. Springer. Retrieved on 20 November 2011.</ref> ''[[Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society]]'',<ref>[http://www.royalasiaticsociety.org/journal.html R A S – Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022194622/http://www.royalasiaticsociety.org/journal.html |date=22 October 2007 }}. Royalasiaticsociety.org. Retrieved on 20 November 2011.</ref> ''[[Journal of the American Oriental Society]]'',<ref>[http://www.umich.edu/~aos/frntmtr.htm JAOS Front Matter] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070207232151/http://www.umich.edu/~aos/frntmtr.htm |date=7 February 2007 }}. Umich.edu. Retrieved on 20 November 2011.</ref> ''[[Journal asiatique]]'',<ref>{{in lang|nl}} [http://poj.peeters-leuven.be/content.php?url=journal.php&code=JA Journal Asiatique]. Poj.peeters-leuven.be. Retrieved on 20 November 2011.</ref> the ''[[Journal of the German Oriental Society]]'' (ZDMG),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dmg-web.de/?page=6 |title=Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft (ZDMG) |website=Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft (DMG)}}</ref> ''[[Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde Südasiens]]'',<ref>[http://epub.oeaw.ac.at/0084-0084 Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde Südasiens (WZKS) Vienna Journal for Indian Studies]. Epub.oeaw.ac.at. Retrieved on 20 November 2011.</ref> ''[[Journal of Indian Philosophy]]'',<ref>[https://www.springer.com/uk/home/generic/search/results?SGWID=3-40109-70-35501059-0 Journal of Indian Philosophy] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025011729/http://www.springer.com/uk/home/generic/search/results?SGWID=3-40109-70-35501059-0 |date=25 October 2007 }}. Springer.com. Retrieved on 20 November 2011.</ref> ''[[Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute]]'', ''[[Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies]]'' (Indogaku Bukkyogaku Kenkyu), ''[[Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême Orient]]'',<ref>[http://www.maisonneuve-adrien.com/collections/coll_bulletin_efeo.htm Bulletin de l'EFEO]. Maisonneuve-adrien.com. Retrieved on 20 November 2011.</ref> and others.

They may be members of such professional bodies as the American Oriental Society, the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, the Société Asiatique, the Deutsche Morgenlāndische Gesellschaft and others.

==List of indologists==
The following is a list of prominent academically qualified Indologists.

===Historical scholars===
{{div col|colwidth=27em}}
* [[Megasthenes]] (350–290 BC)
* [[Faxian]] (337-422)
* [[Xuanzang]] (602-664)
* [[Al-Biruni]] (973–1050)
* [[Gaston-Laurent Cœurdoux]] (1691–1779)
* [[Anquetil Duperron]] (1731–1805)
* [[William Jones (philologist)|William Jones]] (1746–1794)
* [[Charles Wilkins]] (1749–1836)
* [[Colin Mackenzie]] (1753–1821)
* [[Dimitrios Galanos]] (1760–1833)
* [[Henry Thomas Colebrooke]] (1765–1837)
* [[Jean-Antoine Dubois]] (1765–1848)
* [[August Wilhelm Schlegel]] (1767–1845)
* [[James Mill]] (1773–1836)
* [[Horace Hayman Wilson]] (1786–1860)
* [[Franz Bopp]] (1791–1867)
* [[Duncan Forbes (linguist)]] (1798–1868)
* [[James Prinsep]] (1799–1840)
* [[Hermann Grassmann]] (1809–1877)
* [[John Muir (indologist)]] (1810–1882)
* [[Edward Balfour]] (1813–1889)
* [[Robert Caldwell]] (1814–1891)
* [[Alexander Cunningham]] (1814–1893)
* [[Hermann Gundert]] (1814–1893)
* [[Otto von Bohtlingk]] (1815–1904)
* [[Monier Monier-Williams]] (1819–1899)
* [[Henry Yule]] (1820–1889)
* [[Rudolf Roth]] (1821–1893)
* [[Theodor Aufrecht]] (1822–1907)
* [[Max Müller]] (1823–1900)
* [[Albrecht Weber]] (1825–1901)
* [[Ralph T. H. Griffith]] (1826–1906)
* [[William Dwight Whitney]] (1827–1894)
* [[Ferdinand Kittel]] (1832–1903)
* [[Edwin Arnold]] (1832–1904)
* [[Johan Hendrik Caspar Kern]] (1833–1917)
* [[Gustav Solomon Oppert]] (1836–1908)
* [[Georg Bühler]] (1837–1898)
* [[Chintaman Vinayak Vaidya]] (1861–1938) 
* [[Ramakrishna Gopal Bhandarkar]] (1837–1925)
* [[Arthur Coke Burnell]] (1840–1882)
* [[Julius Eggeling]] (1842–1918)
* [[Paul Deussen]] (1845–1919)
* [[Vincent Arthur Smith]] (1848–1920)
* [[James Darmesteter]] (1849–1894)
* [[Hermann Jacobi]] (1850–1937)
* [[Kashinath Trimbak Telang]] (1850–1893)
* [[Alois Anton Führer]] (1853–1930)
* [[Jacob Wackernagel]] (1853–1938)
* [[Arthur Anthony Macdonell]] (1854–1930)
* [[Hermann Oldenberg]] (1854–1920)
* [[Maurice Bloomfield]] (1855–1928)
* [[E. Hultzsch]] (1857–1927)
* [[Mark Aurel Stein]] (1862–1943)
* [[P. T. Srinivasa Iyengar]](1863–1931)
* [[Moriz Winternitz]] (1863–1937)
* [[Fyodor Shcherbatskoy]] (1866–1942)
* [[F.W. Thomas]] (1867–1956)
* [[Jadunath Sarkar]] (1870–1958)
* [[S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar]] (1871–1947)
* [[Percy Brown (scholar)|Percy Brown]] (1872–1955)
* [[John Hubert Marshall]] (1876–1958)
* Arthur William Ryder (1877-1938)
* [[Arthur Berriedale Keith]] (1879–1944)

* [[Pandurang Vaman Kane]] (1880–1972)
* [[Pierre Johanns]] (1882–1955)
* [[Andrzej Gawronski]] (1885–1927)
* [[Willibald Kirfel]] (1885–1964)
* [[Johannes Nobel]] (1887–1960)
* [[Betty Heimann]] (1888–1961)
* [[Alice Boner]] (1889–1981)
* [[Heinrich Zimmer]] (1890–1943)
* [[Ervin Baktay]] (1890–1963)
* [[Mortimer Wheeler]] (1890–1976)
* [[B. R. Ambedkar]] (1891–1956)
* [[K. A. Nilakanta Sastri]] (1892–1975)
* [[Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan]] (1893–1963)
* [[Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi]] (1893–1985)
* [[V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar]] (1896–1953)
* [[Dasharatha Sharma]] (1903–1976)
* [[S. Srikanta Sastri]] (1904–1974)
* [[Joseph Campbell]] (1904–1987)
* [[Murray Barnson Emeneau]] (1904–2005)
* [[Jan Gonda]] (1905–1991)
* [[Paul Thieme]] (1905–2001)
* [[Jean Filliozat]] (1906–1982)
* [[Alain Danielou]] (1907–1994)
* [[F B J Kuiper]] (1907–2003)
* [[Thomas Burrow]] (1909–1986)
* [[Jagdish Chandra Jain]] (1909–1993)
* [[Ramchandra Narayan Dandekar]] (1909–2001)
* [[Arthur Llewellyn Basham]] (1914–1986)
* [[Richard De Smet]] (1916–1997)
* [[Ahmad Hasan Dani]] (1920–2009)
* [[Frank-Richard Hamm]] (1920–1973) 
* [[Madeleine Biardeau]] (1922–2010)
* [[V. S. Pathak]] (1926–2003)
* [[Kamil Zvelebil]] (1927–2009)
* [[J. A. B. van Buitenen]] (1928–1979)
* [[Tatyana Elizarenkova]] (1929–2007)
* [[Bettina Baumer]] (1940–)
* [[Anncharlott Eschmann]] (1941–1977)
* [[William Dalrymple (historian)|William Dalrymple]] (1965–present)
* [[Arvind Sharma]] (1940–present)
* [[Harilal Dhruv]] (1856–1896)
* [[Ram Swarup]] (1920–1998)
* [[Mikhail Konstantinovich Kudryavtsev]] (1911–1992)
* [[Daniel H. H. Ingalls, Sr.]] (1916–1999), Wales Professor of Sanskrit, [[Harvard University]]
* [[Sita Ram Goel]] (1921–2003)
* [[Natalya Romanovna Guseva]] (1914–2010)
* [[Ram Sharan Sharma]] (1919–2011), Founding Chairperson of [[Indian Council of Historical Research]]; [[Professor Emeritus]], [[Patna University]]
* [[Bhadriraju Krishnamurti]] (1928–2012), [[Osmania University]]
* [[Fida Hassnain]] (1924–2016) [[Sri Pratap College, Srinagar]]
* [[Heinrich von Stietencron]] (1933–2018), [[University of Tübingen]], Germany
* [[Iravatham Mahadevan]] (1930–2018)- [[Indian Council of Historical Research]]
* [[Stanley Wolpert]] (1927–2019)- [[University of California, Los Angeles]] (emeritus)
* [[Karel Werner]] (1925–2019)
* [[Dietmar Rothermund]] (1933–2020), Professor of the history of South Asia at the [[Heidelberg University|Ruprecht-Karls University]] in [[Heidelberg]]
* [[Bannanje Govindacharya]] (1936–2020), scholar in Tatva-vada school of philosophy and Vedic tradition
* [[Stanley Insler]] (1937–2019), Edward E. Salisbury Professor of Sanskrit and Comparative Philology, Yale University
* [[Gérard Fussman]] (1940–2022) [[Collège de France]]

{{div col end}}

===Contemporary scholars with university posts===
{{div col|colwidth=27em}}
* [[Romila Thapar]] (1931–present), Professor of Ancient History, emerita, at the Jawaharlal Nehru University
* [[Hermann Kulke]] (1938–present), Professor of South and Southeast Asian history at the Department of History, [[Kiel University]]
* [[Asko Parpola]] (1941–present), professor emeritus of Indology and South Asian Studies at the [[University of Helsinki]]
* [[Patrick Olivelle]] (1942–present) Professor Emeritus of Asian Studies at the [[University of Texas at Austin]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Patrick Olivelle|url=https://www.britannica.com/contributor/Patrick-Olivelle/5695|website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref>
* [[Michael Witzel]] (1943–present)- [[Wales Professor of Sanskrit]] at [[Harvard University]]
* [[Ronald Inden]]- Professor Emeritus of History, South Asian Languages and Civilizations at the [[University of Chicago]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ronald Inden|url=https://history.uchicago.edu/directory/ronald-inden|website=Department of History: University of Chicago}}</ref>
* [[George L. Hart]] (1945–present)- Professor Emeritus of Tamil at the [[University of California, Berkeley]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Karnam|first=Mayukha|date=2016|title=Redefining the Classics at Harvard|url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2016/1/28/karnam-sanskrit-classical-language/|website=The Harvard Crimson}}</ref>
* [[Stephanie Jamison]] (1948–present), Distinguished Professor of Asian Languages and Cultures and of Indo-European Studies at the [[University of California, Los Angeles]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Professor Stephanie Jamison FBA|url=https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/fellows/stephanie-jamison-FBA/|website=British Academy}}</ref> 
* [[Alexis Sanderson]] (1948–present) Emeritus Fellow and former Spalding Professor of Eastern Religion and Ethics at [[All Souls College, Oxford]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Professor Alexis Sanderson|url=https://www.asc.ox.ac.uk/person/professor-alexis-sanderson|website=All Souls College, University of Oxford}}</ref>
* [[Michael D. Willis]] ([[The British Museum]])
* [[Wendy Doniger]] (1940–present) [[University of Chicago Divinity School]], as Mircea Eliade Distinguished Service Professor of the History of Religions
* [[Thomas Trautmann]] (1940–present), former Head of the Center for South Asian Studies, University of Michigan
* [[Kapil Kapoor]] (1940–present), scholar of English Literature, Linguistics, Paninan Grammar, Sanskrit Arts and Aesthetics, Director of [[Indian Institute of Advanced Studies]], Shimla
* [[Shrivatsa Goswami]] (1950–present), Indian scholar of Hindu philosophy and art at ([[Banaras Hindu University]]), as well as [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|Gaudiya Vaishnava]] religious leader.<ref name="Hawley406">{{cite book |editor-surname1=Hawley |editor-given1=John Stratton |editor-surname2=Wulff |editor-given2=Donna Marie |title=The Divine Consort: Rādhā and the Goddesses of India |series=Berkeley religious studies series, 3 |url={{Google books|j3R1z0sE340C|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |year=1982 |place=Berkeley, Ca |publisher=Graduate Theological Union |isbn=0-89581-102-2 |page=406}}</ref>
* [[Edwin Bryant (author)|Edwin Bryant]] (1957–present) [[Rutgers University]], [[New Jersey]]
{{div col end}}

===Other indologists===
* [[Michel Danino]], French-Indian author and [[Historical negationism|historical negationist]]<ref name="rediff">{{cite web|last=Pande Daniel|first=Vaihayasi|title=The Sarasvati was more sacred than Ganga|url=http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/may/22/interview-with-michel-danino.htm|access-date=8 August 2011|work=[[Rediff.com]]|quote=Technically, I am not a 'foreigner': I adopted Indian citizenship some years ago.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Guha|first=Sudeshna|date=2005|title=Negotiating Evidence: History, Archaeology and the Indus Civilisation|journal=Modern Asian Studies|volume=39|issue=2|pages=399–426|doi=10.1017/S0026749X04001611|issn=0026-749X|jstor=3876625|s2cid=145463239}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chadha|first=Ashish|date=2011-02-01|title=Conjuring a river, imagining civilisation: Saraswati, archaeology and science in India|journal=Contributions to Indian Sociology|language=en|volume=45|issue=1|pages=55–83|doi=10.1177/006996671004500103|s2cid=144701033|issn=0069-9667}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bhatt|first=Chetan|date=2000-01-01|title=Dharmo rakshati rakshitah : Hindutva movements in the UK|journal=Ethnic and Racial Studies|volume=23|issue=3|pages=559–593|doi=10.1080/014198700328999|s2cid=144085595|issn=0141-9870}}</ref>
* [[Georg Feuerstein]]
* [[Hans T. Bakker]]

==Indology organisations==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Faculty of Sanskrit Vidya Dharma Vigyan, Banaras Hindu University]]
* [[Adyar Library]] and Research Centre, Chennai
* [[Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute]], Pune
* [[Oriental Research Institute Mysore]]
* [[Oriental Research Institute & Manuscripts Library]], Thiruvananthapuram
* [[Lalbhai Dalpatbhai Institute of Indology]] along with [[Lalbhai Dalpatbhai Museum]] which is adjacent to the institute, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
* [[American Institute of Indian Studies]]
* [[French Institute of Pondicherry]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060613192609/http://ochs.org.uk/ The Oxford Centre For Hindu Studies]
{{div col end}}

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=27em}}
* [[Buddhism in the West]]
* [[History of India]]
* [[Greater India]]
* [[Bibliography of India]]
* [[Sanskrit]]
* [[Sanskrit studies]]
* [[Roja Muthiah Research Library]]
* [[Area studies]]
* [[Dreaming of Words]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
*Balagangadhara, S. N. (1994). "The Heathen in his Blindness..." Asia, the West, and the Dynamic of Religion. Leiden, New York: E. J. Brill.
* Balagangadhara, S. N. (2012). Reconceptualizing India studies. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
* Vishwa Adluri, Joydeep Bagchee: ''The Nay Science: A History of German Indology''. Oxford University Press, New York 2014, {{ISBN|978-0199931361}} ([https://www.academia.edu/9924667/Introduction_to_The_Nay_Science ''Introduction,''] p.&nbsp;1–29).
* Joydeep Bagchee, Vishwa Adluri: "[https://www.academia.edu/9270352/The_passion_of_Paul_Hacker_Indology_orientalism_and_evangelism The passion of Paul Hacker: Indology, orientalism, and evangelism]." In: Joanne Miyang Cho, Eric Kurlander, Douglas T McGetchin (Eds.), ''Transcultural Encounters Between Germany and India: Kindred Spirits in the Nineteenth Century''. Routledge, New York 2013, p.&nbsp;215–229.
* Joydeep Bagchee: "[https://web.archive.org/web/20150225173207/http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195399318/obo-9780195399318-0147.xml?rskey=d2LHGG&result=25 German Indology]." In: Alf Hiltebeitel (Ed.), ''Oxford Bibliographies Online: Hinduism''. Oxford University Press, New York 2014.
*Chakrabarti, Dilip K.: Colonial Indology, 1997, Munshiram Manoharlal: New Delhi.
* Jean Filliozat and Louis Renou – ''L'inde classique'' – ISBN B0000DLB66.
* Halbfass, W. India and Europe: An Essay in Understanding. SUNY Press, Albany: 1988
* Inden, R. B. (2010). Imagining India. Bloomington, Ind: Indiana University Press.
* Vishwa Adluri, Joydeep Bagchee: The Nay Science: A History of German Indology. Oxford University Press, New York 2014, {{ISBN|978-0199931361}} 
* [[Gauri Viswanathan]], 1989, Masks of Conquest
* Rajiv Malhotra (2016), ''[[The Battle for Sanskrit|Battle for Sanskrit: Dead or Alive, Oppressive or Liberating, Political or Sacred?]]'' (Publisher: HarperCollins India; {{ISBN|978-9351775386}})
* Rajiv Malhotra (2016), [[Academic Hinduphobia|Academic Hinduphobia: ''A Critique of Wendy Doniger's Erotic School of Indology'']] (Publisher: Voice of India; {{ISBN|978-9385485015}})
* Antonio de Nicolas, Krishnan Ramaswamy, and Aditi Banerjee (eds.) (2007), ''[[Invading the Sacred|Invading the Sacred: An Analysis of Hinduism Studies in America]]'' (Publisher:  Rupa & Co.)
* Shourie, Arun. 2014. Eminent historians: their technology, their line, their fraud. HarperCollins. {{ISBN|9789351365921}}
* [[Thomas Trautmann|Trautmann, Thomas]]. 1997. Aryans and British India, University of California Press, Berkeley.
* Windisch, Ernst. Geschichte der Sanskrit-Philologie und Indischen Altertumskunde. 2 vols. Strasbourg. Trübner, K.J., 1917–1920
* Zachariae, Theodor. Opera minora zur indischen Wortforschung, zur Geschichte der indischen Literatur und Kultur, zur Geschichte der Sanskritphilologie. Ed. Claus Vogel. Wiesbaden 1977, {{ISBN|3-515-02216-3}}.
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{commons category|Indology}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130628182209/http://www.omilosmeleton.gr/en/default_en.asp Omilos Meleton]
* [http://indology.info/ www.indology.info] – since 1995, with associated discussion forum since 1990
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130516044247/http://indologiaitalia.blogspot.com/ Italian blog with many links to indological websites]
* [http://www.dkagencies.com/ Books related to Indology] (commercial publisher's website)
* [http://www.giffordlectures.org/Browse.asp?PubID=TPPHYR&Volume=0&Issue=0&ArticleID=5 The Veda as Studied by European Scholars] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009192307/http://www.giffordlectures.org/Browse.asp?PubID=TPPHYR&Volume=0&Issue=0&ArticleID=5 |date=9 October 2008 }} (Gifford Lectures Online)

'''Institutes'''
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [http://www.istb.univie.ac.at/ Vienna]
* [http://www.sai.uni-heidelberg.de/abt/IND Heidelberg] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514160241/http://www.sai.uni-heidelberg.de/abt/IND/ |date=14 May 2013 }}
* [http://www.indologie.uni-halle.de/ Halle]
* [http://www.indologie.uni-mainz.de/ Mainz]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060519090858/http://www.ifpindia.org/-Indology-.html French Institute of Pondicherry]
* [https://uni-tuebingen.de/indologie Tübingen]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060209224928/http://www.indologie.unizh.ch/ Zürich]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110716111242/http://www.orinst.ox.ac.uk/isa/ Oxford]
{{div col end}}

===Library guides===
* {{cite web |url=https://guides.lib.berkeley.edu/south-asia |publisher=University of California, Berkeley |author=South/Southeast Asia Library |title=South Asia Studies |location=US}}
* {{cite web |url=http://guides.library.ucla.edu/south-asia |publisher=University of California |work=Research Guides |title=South Asian Studies |location=Los Angeles }}
* {{cite web |url=http://library.columbia.edu/subject-guides/southasia.html |publisher=Columbia University Libraries |title=South & Southeast Asian Studies Research Guides |location=New York, US |access-date=22 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812212634/http://library.columbia.edu/subject-guides/southasia.html |archive-date=12 August 2014 |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/library/collections/topicGuides/india/home.aspx |publisher=[[London School of Economics and Political Science]] |author=Library |title=India Studies |work=Topic Guides |location=UK |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826131203/http://www.lse.ac.uk/library/collections/topicGuides/india/home.aspx |archive-date=26 August 2014 }}
* {{cite web |url=https://libguides.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/southasia |publisher=University of Oxford, Bodleian Libraries |title=South Asia |work=Oxford LibGuides |location=Oxford, UK}}
* {{cite web |url=http://researchguides.library.wisc.edu/cat.php?cid=3004 |publisher=University of Wisconsin-Madison Libraries |work=Research Guides |title=South/Southeast Asia |location=US}}

{{South Asian topics}}
{{Regional cultural studies}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indology| ]]
[[Category:Asian studies]]